CHEMISTRY PROJECT

ON

“ TO STUDY THE SOLUBILITY OF

DIFFERENT SUBSTANCES AT
DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES ”

GUIDED BY - SUBMITTED BY
SHAMIM AHMED SIR HARSHIT ROY
XII A

YEAR 2019-20

BISHOP CONRAD SENIOR SECONDARY

SCHOOL, DOHNA BAREILLY
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I have taken efforts in this project. However, it
would not have been possible without the kind
support and help of many individuals. I would like to
extend my sincere thanks to all of them.
I am highly indebted to my teacher “Shamim Sir” for
their guidance and constant supervision as well as
for providing necessary information regarding the
project & also for his support in completing the
project.
I would like to express my gratitude towards my
parents for their kind co-operation and
encouragement which help me in completing of this
project.
I would like to express my special gratitude and
thanks to my friends for giving me such attention
and time in developing the project.
Harshit Roy
XIIth
 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that it’s bonafide work of Harshit
Roy of class XIIth of Bishop Conrad senior secondary
School.
He has done this project report in the academic year
2019-20 for CBSE board under the guidance of
Shamim Sir.
Project report is of chemistry on the topic
“SOLUBILITY OF DIFFERENT
SUBUTANCES AT DIFFERENT
TEMPERATURE”.

………………………… ………………………

SHAMIM AHMAD SIR SR. MERCY JOHN K

(CHEMISTRY TEACHER) (PRINCIPLE)

……………………………
EXAMINER SIGNATURE

INDEX
1. EXPERIMENT-1
2. EXPERIMENT-2
3. EXPERIMENT-3
4. BIBLIOGRAPHY
 EXPERIMENT-1
Aim
- To investigate the solubility of ammonium chloride at different
temperatures.

- Theory
- Independent variable: different amounts of ammonium chloride in 10ml
of distilled water. It is measured using a scale balance and 10ml
measuring cylinder.
- Dependent variable: the temperature of the first crystals appearing in the
test tubes filled with different amounts of ammonium chloride that are
dissolved in water. It is measured using a temperature probe.
- Controlled variable: the size and type of containers used to measure
chemicals. It must be controlled to keep the measurements consistent.
Also, it is controlled by using the same size and type of containers
throughout the experiment. For instance, using the same measuring
cylinder to measure 10ml of distilled water.
- Increasing the temperature result in an increase in the amount of
ammonium chloride that dissolve in 10ml of water. Therefore, if the
temperature is increased then the solubility of solids in a liquid (vice
versa for a decrease in temperature).

- Requirements
- Ammonium chloride solid
- Distilled water
- Digital thermometer
- Analytical balance
- 5 x Large clean test tubes
- 2 x 500ml beakers
- 1 x measuring cylinder
 - Procedure
- Step 1: Weigh out 4.000g of ammonium chloride directly into a labelled
dry test tube on an analytical balance. Be careful not to have any solid
stick to the wall of the test tube.
- Step 2: Use a graduated cylinder to measure 10.0ml of distilled water.
Pour the measured water in the test tube with the solid, be careful not to
have any solid or water splashed onto the inside wall of the test tube.
- Step 3:Place the test tube into a half filled beaker of hot water and stir
gently with a thermometer until all the white solid dissolves. Boiling
water bath is necessary to hasten the dissolution of the 5.500g and 6.000g
samples.
- Step 4:Allow the contents of the test tube to cool while stirring gently
with a thermometer. A cold water bath is necessary to hasten the
crystallisation of the 4.000g and 4.500g samples. Record the temperature
with a digital thermometer at which the first crystals begin to appear
(cloudy) during the crystallisation of the solid from solution.
- Step 5:Using the same test tube with its contents, place in the hot water
bath again to dissolve the solid. Allow it to cool, and once again record
the temperature with a digital thermometer at which the first crystals
being to appear during crystallisation. Repeat one more time in order to
have three trials for each sample.
- Step 6: Repeat the process with the 4.500g, 5.000g, 5.500g, and 6.000g
samples.

- Result
Mass of Temperature of crystallisation (±0.1 ˚C)
Ammoniu
Volume
m Solubility
of water
chloride g/100g of
(l) Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Average
(s) water
±0.1 (ml)
±0.001
(g)
4.000 10.0 19.7 21.7 25.0 22.1 40g
4.500 10.0 33.4 30.0 28.7 30.7 45g
5.000 10.0 65.3 62.7 64.2 64.1 50g
5.500 10.0 73.7 69.9 70.4 71.3 55g
6.000 10.0 81.0 80.3 79.6 80.3 60g
- Observations
- A test tube consists of white solid and colourless solution is put in a hot
water bath in order to fasten the dissolving of the solid. When the solid is
fully dissolved, it is transferred into a cold water bath where the
crystallisation occurs as it produces a white precipitate (crystals) at a
certain temperature.

- Calculations

CONVERSIONS OF CONCENTRATION

Mass of ammonium Average temperature of Solubility g/100g of

chloride (s) ±0.001 (g) crystallisation (±0.1 ˚C) water
4.000 22.1 40g
4.500 30.7 45g
5.000 64.1 50g
5.500 71.3 55g
6.000 80.3 60g

Average temperature of crystallisation =

Temperature in trial 1 + Temperature in trial 2 + Temperature in trial 3

3
- Solubility of ammonium chloride g/100g of water =
Mass of ammonium chloride x 10 (g)/ Mass of water x 10
(In this investigation, the solute is added into 10g of water therefore we
have to times 10 in order to compare with the real value which is grams
of solute per 100g of water)
 - GRAPH

As the temperature increases, the solubility of ammonium chloride increases.

- Safety
- Ammonium chloride is hazardous in case of eye contact (irritant). It is
slightly hazardous in case of skin contact (irritant, sensitizer), of
ingestion, of inhalation.
- First aid measures:
 Eye contact: Check for and remove any contact lenses. In case of
contact, immediately flush eyes with plenty of water for at least 15
minutes. Cold water may be used. Get medical attention.
 Skin contact: Immediately flush skin with plenty of water. Cover
the irritated skin with an emollient. Remove contaminated clothing
and shoes. Cold water may be used. Wash clothing and shoes
before reuse. Get medical attention.
 Serious skin contact: Wash with a disinfectant soap and cover the
contaminated skin with an anti-bacteria cream. Seek immediate
medical attention.
 Inhalation: If inhaled, remove to fresh air. If not breathing, give
artificial respiration. If breathing is difficult, give oxygen. Get
medical attention.
  Ingestion: Do not induce vomiting unless directed to do so by
medical personnel. Never give anything by mouth to an
unconscious person. If large quantities of this material are
swallowed, call a physician immediately. Loosen tight clothing.
- Personal protection: Gloves, lab coat, splash goggles, dust respirator
should be worn during the experiment.
- Hazard of hot water and cold ice: if contacted run under cool water for 5
minutes.

- Errors
- Systematic error: The ammonium chloride solution from the first trials
was recycled to be used for further trials. This could have changed the
ratio or concentration of the ammonium chloride. Moreover, this is result
in lower values of temperature of crystallisation than the accepted values.
 An improvement that would address this error is to use new solid
for every trial. This will keep the concentration of the ammonium
chloride in the water constant in every trial which makes the results
more accurate.
- Random error: For the temperature of crystallisation recorded, two
different people judged when the crystals first formed. This random error
would affect the precision of a measurement as two different people
would have different reaction time to when they thought the crystals
formed causing the value to fluctuate above/below the accepted value.
 An improvement that would address this error is to carry out more
trials and have one person judge the temperature of crystallisation.
This will ensure the consistent of the results as the precision is
higher.

EXPERIMENT-2
- Aim
- To investigate the solubility of sodium chloride at different temperatures.
- Theory
- Independent variable: different amounts of sodium chloride in 10ml of
distilled water. It is measured using a scale balance and 10ml measuring
cylinder.
- Dependent variable: the temperature of the first crystals appearing in the
test tubes filled with different amounts of sodium chloride that are
dissolved in water. It is measured using a temperature probe.
- Controlled variable: the size and type of containers used to measure
chemicals. It must be controlled to keep the measurements consistent.
Also, it is controlled by using the same size and type of containers
throughout the experiment. For instance, using the same measuring
cylinder to measure 10ml of distilled water.
- Increasing the temperature result in an increase in the amount of sodium
chloride that dissolve in 10ml of water. Therefore, if the temperature is
increased then the solubility of solids in a liquid (vice versa for a decrease
in temperature).

- Requirements
- Sodium chloride solid
- Distilled water
- Digital thermometer
- Analytical balance
- 5 x Large clean test tubes
- 2 x 500ml beakers
- 1 x measuring cylinder

- Procedure
- Step 1: Weigh out 4.000g of sodium chloride directly into a labelled dry
test tube on an analytical balance. Be careful not to have any solid stick to
the wall of the test tube.
 - Step 2: Use a graduated cylinder to measure 10.0ml of distilled water.
Pour the measured water in the test tube with the solid, be careful not to
have any solid or water splashed onto the inside wall of the test tube.
- Step 3: Place the test tube into a half filled beaker of hot water and stir
gently with a thermometer until all the white solid dissolves. Boiling
water bath is necessary to hasten the dissolution of the 5.500g and 6.000g
samples.
- Step 4: Allow the contents of the test tube to cool while stirring gently
with a thermometer. A cold water bath is necessary to hasten the
crystallisation of the 4.000g and 4.500g samples. Record the temperature
with a digital thermometer at which the first crystals begin to appear
(cloudy) during the crystallisation of the solid from solution.
- Step 5: Using the same test tube with its contents, place in the hot water
bath again to dissolve the solid. Allow it to cool, and once again record
the temperature with a digital thermometer at which the first crystals
being to appear during crystallisation. Repeat one more time in order to
have three trials for each sample.
- Step 6: Repeat the process with the 4.500g, 5.000g, 5.500g, and 6.000g
samples.

- Result
Mass of Temperature of crystallisation (±0.1 ˚C)
Sodium Volume
Solubility
chloride of water
g/100g of
(s) (l) Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Average
water
±0.001 ±0.1 (ml)
(g)
4.000 10.0 19.7 21.7 25.0 22.1 35g
4.500 10.0 33.4 30.0 28.7 30.7 36g
5.000 10.0 65.3 62.7 64.2 64.1 37g
5.500 10.0 73.7 69.9 70.4 71.3 37g
6.000 10.0 81.0 80.3 79.6 80.3 38g

- Observations
- A test tube consists of white solid and colourless solution is put in a hot
water bath in order to fasten the dissolving of the solid. When the solid is
fully dissolved, it is transferred into a cold water bath where the
 crystallisation occurs as it produces a white precipitate (crystals) at a
certain temperature.

- Calculations

CONVERSIONS OF CONCENTRATION

Mass of sodium Average temperature of Solubility g/100g of

chloride (s) ±0.001 (g) crystallisation (±0.1 ˚C) water
4.000 22.1 35g
4.500 30.7 36g
5.000 64.1 37g
5.500 71.3 37g
6.000 80.3 38g

Average temperature of crystallisation =

Temperature in trial 1 + Temperature in trial 2 + Temperature in trial 3

3
- Solubility of sodium chloride g/100g of water =
Mass of sodium chloride x 10 (g)/ Mass of water x 10
(In this investigation, the solute is added into 10g of water therefore we
have to times 10 in order to compare with the real value which is grams
of solute per 100g of water)

- GRAPH
As the temperature increases, the solubility of sodium chloride increases.

- Safety.
- First aid measures:
 Eye contact: Check for and remove any contact lenses. In case of
contact, immediately flush eyes with plenty of water for at least 15
minutes. Cold water may be used. Get medical attention.
 Skin contact: Immediately flush skin with plenty of water. Cover
the irritated skin with an emollient. Remove contaminated clothing
and shoes. Cold water may be used. Wash clothing and shoes
before reuse. Get medical attention.
 Serious skin contact of acid: Wash with a disinfectant soap and
cover the contaminated skin with an anti-bacteria cream. Seek
immediate medical attention.
 Inhalation: If inhaled, remove to fresh air. If not breathing, give
artificial respiration. If breathing is difficult, give oxygen. Get
medical attention.
 Ingestion: Do not induce vomiting unless directed to do so by
medical personnel. Never give anything by mouth to an
unconscious person. If large quantities of this material are
swallowed, call a physician immediately. Loosen tight clothing.
- Personal protection: Gloves, lab coat, splash goggles, dust respirator
should be worn during the experiment.
- Hazard of hot water and cold ice: if contacted run under cool water for 5
minutes.
- Error
- Systematic error: The sodium chloride solution from the first trials
was recycled to be used for further trials. This could have changed
the ratio or concentration of the sodium chloride. Moreover, this is
result in lower values of temperature of crystallisation than the
accepted values.
 An improvement that would address this error is to use new solid
for every trial. This will keep the concentration of the sodium
chloride in the water constant in every trial which makes the results
more accurate.
- Random error: For the temperature of crystallisation recorded, two
different people judged when the crystals first formed. This
random error would affect the precision of a measurement as two
different people would have different reaction time to when they
thought the crystals formed causing the value to fluctuate
above/below the accepted value.
 An improvement that would address this error is to carry out more
trials and have one person judge the temperature of crystallisation.
This will ensure the consistent of the results as the precision is
higher.
 EXPERIMENT-3
- Aim
- To investigate the solubility of potassium chloride at different
temperatures.

- Theory
- Independent variable: different amounts of potassium chloride in 10ml of
distilled water. It is measured using a scale balance and 10ml measuring
cylinder.
- Dependent variable: the temperature of the first crystals appearing in the
test tubes filled with different amounts of potassium chloride that are
dissolved in water. It is measured using a temperature probe.
- Controlled variable: the size and type of containers used to measure
chemicals. It must be controlled to keep the measurements consistent.
Also, it is controlled by using the same size and type of containers
throughout the experiment. For instance, using the same measuring
cylinder to measure 10ml of distilled water.
- Increasing the temperature result in an increase in the amount of
potassium chloride that dissolve in 10ml of water. Therefore, if the
temperature is increased then the solubility of solids in a liquid (vice
versa for a decrease in temperature).

- Requirements
- Potassium chloride solid
- Distilled water
- Digital thermometer
- Analytical balance
- 5 x Large clean test tubes
- 2 x 500ml beakers
- 1 x measuring cylinder
 - Procedure
- Step 1: Weigh out 4.000g of potassium chloride directly into a labelled
dry test tube on an analytical balance. Be careful not to have any solid
stick to the wall of the test tube.
- Step 2: Use a graduated cylinder to measure 10.0ml of distilled water.
Pour the measured water in the test tube with the solid, be careful not to
have any solid or water splashed onto the inside wall of the test tube.
- Step 3:Place the test tube into a half filled beaker of hot water and stir
gently with a thermometer until all the white solid dissolves. Boiling
water bath is necessary to hasten the dissolution of the 5.500g and 6.000g
samples.
- Step 4:Allow the contents of the test tube to cool while stirring gently
with a thermometer. A cold water bath is necessary to hasten the
crystallisation of the 4.000g and 4.500g samples. Record the temperature
with a digital thermometer at which the first crystals begin to appear
(cloudy) during the crystallisation of the solid from solution.
- Step 5:Using the same test tube with its contents, place in the hot water
bath again to dissolve the solid. Allow it to cool, and once again record
the temperature with a digital thermometer at which the first crystals
being to appear during crystallisation. Repeat one more time in order to
have three trials for each sample.
- Step 6: Repeat the process with the 4.500g, 5.000g, 5.500g, and 6.000g
samples.

- Result

Mass of Temperature of crystallisation (±0.1 ˚C)

Potassium Volume
Solubility
chloride of water
g/100g of
(s) (l) Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Average
water
±0.001 ±0.1 (ml)
(g)
4.000 10.0 19.7 21.7 25.0 22.1 28g
4.500 10.0 33.4 30.0 28.7 30.7 33g
5.000 10.0 65.3 62.7 64.2 64.1 38g
5.500 10.0 73.7 69.9 70.4 71.3 44g
6.000 10.0 81.0 80.3 79.6 80.3 50g
- Observations
- A test tube consists of white solid and colourless solution is put in a hot
water bath in order to fasten the dissolving of the solid. When the solid is
fully dissolved, it is transferred into a cold water bath where the
crystallisation occurs as it produces a white precipitate (crystals) at a
certain temperature.

- Calculations

CONVERSIONS OF CONCENTRATION

Mass of potassium Average temperature of Solubility g/100g of

chloride (s) ±0.001 (g) crystallisation (±0.1 ˚C) water
4.000 22.1 28g
4.500 30.7 33g
5.000 64.1 38g
5.500 71.3 44g
6.000 80.3 50g

Average temperature of crystallisation =

Temperature in trial 1 + Temperature in trial 2 + Temperature in trial 3

3
- Solubility of potassium chloride g/100g of water =
Mass of potassium chloride x 10 (g)/ Mass of water x 10
(In this investigation, the solute is added into 10g of water therefore we
have to times 10 in order to compare with the real value which is grams
of solute per 100g of water)
 - GRAPH

As the temperature increases, the solubility of potassium chloride increases.

- Safety
- Potassium chloride is hazardous in case of eye contact (irritant). It is
slightly hazardous in case of skin contact (irritant, sensitizer), of
ingestion, of inhalation.
- First aid measures:
 Eye contact: Check for and remove any contact lenses. In case of
contact, immediately flush eyes with plenty of water for at least 15
minutes. Cold water may be used. Get medical attention.
 Skin contact: Immediately flush skin with plenty of water. Cover
the irritated skin with an emollient. Remove contaminated clothing
and shoes. Cold water may be used. Wash clothing and shoes
before reuse. Get medical attention.
  Serious skin contact: Wash with a disinfectant soap and cover the
contaminated skin with an anti-bacteria cream. Seek immediate
medical attention.
 Inhalation: If inhaled, remove to fresh air. If not breathing, give
artificial respiration. If breathing is difficult, give oxygen. Get
medical attention.
 Ingestion: Do not induce vomiting unless directed to do so by
medical personnel. Never give anything by mouth to an
unconscious person. If large quantities of this material are
swallowed, call a physician immediately. Loosen tight clothing.
- Personal protection: Gloves, lab coat, splash goggles, dust respirator
should be worn during the experiment.
- Hazard of hot water and cold ice: if contacted run under cool water for 5
minutes.

- Errors
- Systematic error: The potassium chloride solution from the first trials was
recycled to be used for further trials. This could have changed the ratio or
concentration of the potassium chloride. Moreover, this is result in lower
values of temperature of crystallisation than the accepted values.
 An improvement that would address this error is to use new solid
for every trial. This will keep the concentration of the potassium
chloride in the water constant in every trial which makes the results
more accurate.
- Random error: For the temperature of crystallisation recorded, two
different people judged when the crystals first formed. This random error
would affect the precision of a measurement as two different people
would have different reaction time to when they thought the crystals
formed causing the value to fluctuate above/below the accepted value.
 An improvement that would address this error is to carry out more
trials and have one person judge the temperature of crystallisation.
This will ensure the consistent of the results as the precision is
higher.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. www.wikipedia.org
2. www.icbse.com
3. www.quara.com
4. www.seminorsonly.com
5. www.academia.com