Geography

 Earliest civilizations
rose in the valleys
between the Tigris and
Euphrates Rivers.
 Some say this Fertile
Crescent was the real
Garden of Eden.
Mesopotamian Law
HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS IN THE COURSE OF SCIENCE - Code of Hammurabi
AND TECHNOLOGY - Written on a stele (at right) in cuneiform
ANCIENT TIMES - people were concerned with - Based on the premise of an“eye for an eye
transportation and navigation, communication and tooth for a tooth”
record keeping, mass production, security and Hammurabi’s Code
protection, as well as health, aesthetics and
architecture. - Strict code of justice with severe penalties
* Penalties varied according to the social
Transportation - was significant during that time class of the victim
because people were trying to go places and discover * Largest category of laws focused on
new horizons. marriage and the family – supported the
Communication- was also essential in their endeavors patriarchal society
to discover and occupy new places. Ziggurats (Temples)
Record-keeping- was also important since they needed Sumerian Achievements
to remember the places they had been to and
document the trades they made with each other. The Big Idea
Weapons and armors were important as well in the The Sumerians made many advances that
discovery of new places or the establishment of new helped their society develop.
alliances with other tribes.
Main Ideas
Conservation of Life a primary challenge they faced.
Different illnesses and diseases both natural and man- • The Sumerians invented the world’s first writing
made, hampered the full potential of a human being. system.
• Advances and inventions changed Sumerian
Engineering. The development in this field allowed
humans to build structures that would address their lives.
specific needs and wants. • Many types of art developed in Sumer.
Architecture. The development in engineering also The Sumerians invented the world’s first writing
ushered in the introduction of architecture. Others system.
might see architecture as a mere style, but during the
ancient times, elaborate architectural designs were  The cuneiform system involved the use of sharp
signs of technological advancement of a particular tools called styluses.
civilization.  The Sumerians first used cuneiform to keep
SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION business records.

ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA  The Sumerians also used their writing skills to

write books about history, poems, and math.
 Oldest known civilization
Invention of Writing
 Cradle of human civilization
 Old Testament
 Ziggurat (right)
 Hanging gardens
Writing
- The most important invention of the
Sumerians was writing.
- The writing of the Sumerians was called
cuneiform.
Advances and inventions changed Sumerian lives.
 Development of the wheel
o Used for carts and wagons
o Potter’s wheel
 The plow increased farm production.
 Sewers under city streets
 Math and science
o Number system based on 60
o Names of animals, plants, and minerals
 Used medicines for healing and catalogued
medical knowledge
Food in Sumer
- Sumerians grew several kinds of crops. The
most valuable one was barley, which was
used to make flour and bread. Dates were
also very valuable to the Sumerians.
City-states
 Each Sumerian city and the land around it
became a separate city-state.
 Each city-state had its own government and
was not part of any larger unit.
SOCIAL CLASSES IN SUMER
Upper class - kings, priests, warriors, and government
officials.
Middle class - artisans, merchants, farmers, and fishers.
These people made up the largest group.
Lower class - enslaved people who worked on farms or in
the temples.
TheEpic of Gilgamesh
- most famous piece of literature from Sumer
- hero Gilgamesh is a king who travels around
the world with a friend and performs great
deeds. When his friend dies, Gilgamesh
searches for a way to live forever.
Sumerian Inventions
 wagon wheel
 plow
 sailboat
 number system based on 60
 geometry
 12 month calendar
Sargon
- 2340 B.C., Sargon conquered all of
Mesopotamia creating the world’s first
empire.
Empire - group of many different lands under one ruler.
Sargon’s empire lasted for more than 200 years before
falling to invaders.
The Babylonians
Babylon - Old Babylonian Period
- High point was reign of King Hammurabi
(1792-1750 B.C.) united all of Mesopotamia
through conquest
- During reign government controlled
economy and passed comprehensive laws
called the Hammurabi Code
Hammurabi Code
 Code reinforced “An eye for an eye” mentality
 Laws focused on property rights, slaves, children
and women’s rights, murder, theft and marriage
 Punishment differed based on a person’s social
class
 Laws were introduced for two main reasons:
To establish order in a land in constant conflict
To represent a king’s beliefs of justice
 Several laws were written to protect the poor
and powerless from abuse
HAMMURABI CODE
5. If a judge try a case, reach a decision, and
present his judgment in writing; if later error
shall appear in his decision, and it be through his
own fault, then he shall pay twelve times the fine
set by him in the case, and he shall be publicly
removed from the judge's bench, and never
again shall he sit there to render judgement.
6. If any one steal the property of a temple or of
the court, he shall be put to death, and also the
one who receives the stolen thing from him shall
be put to death.
14. If any one steal the minor son of another, he
shall be put to death.
22. If any one is committing a robbery and is
caught, then he shall be put to death.
195. If a son strike his father, his hands shall be
hewn off.
 197. If he break another man's bone, his bone
shall be broken.
202. If any one strike the body of a man higher
in rank than he, he shall receive sixty blows with
an ox-whip in public.
218. If a physician make a large incision with the
operating knife, and kill him, or open a tumor
with the operating knife, and cut out the eye, his
hands shall be cut off.
219. If a physician make a large incision in the
slave of a freed man, and kill him, he shall
replace the slave with another slave.
282. If a slave say to his master: "You are not my
master," if they convict him his master shall cut
off his ear.
Babylonian Mathematics
- Babylonians used advance mathematics like
algebra and geometry
- They used linear and quadratic equations
- Adopted Sumerian mathematics because it
was sound
- Studied and made observations of natural
phenomena
Downfall of Babylon
- 1595 B.C. Hittites invaded Babylon and
conqueror it
- Hittites introduced international commerce
by trading in the Mediterranean region
- Modified Hammubria Code and made it
more lenient
- A large tribe called Kassites seized
Mesopotamia (Babylon) because region
hard to protect
- During rule of Kassites, Babylon saw a period
of no growth
- Adopted ziggurat, cuneiform and Laws of
Hammubria
- Period of famines, disease and nomadic
invasions plagued Babylon
- Kassites will not hold Babylon as well and it
falls to the Assyrians
ANCIENT EGYPT
The Geography of Ancient Egypt
- located on the Nile River
- The Nile begins in the Highlands of Ethiopia with
two branches:
- The White Nile and the Blue Nile
- These rivers unite and flow north where they
empty into the Mediterranean Sea.
- Where the river empties into the Nile it forms
the Nile Delta, a rich area of alluvial soil
- The most important thing to the Egyptians about
The Nile was the yearly flooding.
- Nile would flood each year in the spring. With
the flood it would deposit a rich later of silt, or
soil on either side of the river.
- The rich soil around the Nile was called the Black
land. The desert was called the Red Land.
The Pyramids and Sphinx
- Pyramids were built during the Old Kingdom
- They were designed to be tombs for the Pharaoh
- Originally there were step pyramids, then the
pyramids evolved into the ones we see at Giza
- The Pyramids were designed to protect the
mummies of the Pharaohs, but they ultimately
failed. They were robbed and pillaged.
Mummification
- preserve the body so that the soul could stay in
the afterlife, the Egyptians perfected the process
of mummification. Mummification was
expensive, however, and during the Old
Kingdom was a luxury of the rich.
Process:
- body was washed and the internal organs
including the lungs, stomach, liver and intestines
were removed. The heart was left in the body
because the Egyptians viewed it as the center of
emotion.
- The Brain was removed through the nose and
thrown away. The Egyptians didn’t think it
served any purpose
- The Body was packed in Natron (a drying agent)
and left for 70 days. After that the body was
wrapped in linen with tree resin for glue.
Magical amulets and other treasures were
buried with the body.
Egyptian Society
Egypt had a hierarchical social structure
Daily Life
The people had a positive
attitude toward life.
Monogamy was the rule,
and women had more
rights in Ancient Egypt
than the rest of the
Ancient world.
Women could own property, business, and request a
divorce.
Hieroglyphics
- Writing began in Egypt around 3000 B.C.
There were different types of writing for
different occasions:
- Hieroglyphics were ideograms used for formal
writing
- Hieratic Script (Demotic) was a simplified
version of Egyptian writing.
 Egyptians carved their writing on stone, or wrote
on papyrus, a form of paper made from a reed
that grew along the Nile River.
 The Rosetta Stone
- The discovery of the Rosetta stone allowed for
the translation of Hieroglyphics .It contained the
same passage in three languages:
Hieroglyphics
Greek
Demotic
Egyptian Art
- In Egyptian art the human body is usually shown
in profile or partial profile
Egyptian Advancements in Math and Science
- The Egyptians used math to calculate area and
volume in building the pyramids and in
surveying flooded land for farming
- developed an accurate solar (365 day) calendar.
- practice of mummification and embalming led
to advances in medical knowledge including
how to set broken bones, wounds, and disease
EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION
Paper or Papyrus
- one of the earlier contributions of Egyptian
civilization
Papyrus
- a plant that grew abundantly along the Nile
River in Egypt
- they were able to process the plant in order to
produce thin sheets on which they could write
down things
- lighter, easier to carry and store, less breakable
compared to clay tablets
- major accomplishment in Egyptian record-
keeping and communications
INK
- Egyptians invented ink by combining soot with
different chemicals to produce inks of different
colors
- must withstand the elements of nature since it
was used to record history, culture and codified
laws
- must also be tamper-proof so that people could
not simply tinker with those written down by
authorities
COSMETICS
- Egyptians also invented the use of cosmetics
- for health and aesthetic reasons
- cosmetics in the modern times are used to
improve and highlight the facial features of a
person
- Egyptians wore KOHL around the eyes to prevent
and even cure eye diseases
Kohl
- was created by mixing soot or malachite with
mineral galena
- Egyptians also believed that a person wearing
make-up was protected from evil and that
beauty was a sign of holiness
WIG
- are used to enhance the appearance of people
who are balding or those who want to try new
hair trends
- better than putting on a scarf or any other head
cover since a wig allowed heat to escape
- considered cleaner than natural hair because it
prevented the accumulation of head lice
WATERCLOCK/CLEPSYDRA
- this device utilizes gravity that affects the flow
of water from one vessel to the other
- The amount of water (or its height, depending on
the method used) remaining in the device
determines how much time has elapsed since it
is full
- widely used as a timekeeping device during the
ancient times
GREEK CIVILIZATION
Greece
- is an archipelago in the southeastern part of
Europe
- known as the birthplace of western philosophy
Major Achievements
 in-depth works on philosophy and mathematics
 more than coliseums and the Olympics
 contributed much to the world especially in the
field of science and technology
ALARM CLOCK
- most utilized gadgets today that was invented
by ancient Greeks
Ancient Greek’s Alarm Clocks
- used large complicated mechanisms to time the
alarm
- they made used of water (or sometimes small
stones or sand) that dropped into drums which
sounded the alarm
WATER MILL
- were also considered as one of the most
important contributions of the Greek civilization
to the world
- commonly used in agricultural processes like
milling of grains which was necessary form of
food processing during that time
- considered better that mills powered by farm
animals because they required less effort and
time to operate since the farmer did not have to
raise animals
-
ROMAN CIVILIZATION - silk trade opened China to the outside world,
making way for cultural, economic and scientific
ROMAN EMPIRE exchanges
- was perceived to be the strongest political and - bridged the gap between the western world and
social entity in the west the middle kingdom
TEA PRODUCTION
- considered to be the cradle of politics and
governance during that period - a beverage produced by pouring hot or boiling
water over crushed or shredded dried leaves
NEWSPAPER - was believed that the first tea was drunk by a
- one of the major contributions of the Romans Chinese emperor
- China thus became known for its tea export
Gazettes aside from its silk products
- first newspapers GREAT WALL OF CHINA
- contained announcement of the Roman Empire
to the people - once considered the only man-made structure
- made before the invention of paper that could be seen from outer space
- were engraved in metal or stone tablets and - said to be the largest and most extensive
then publicly displayed infrastructure that the nation built
- it is conducted to keep out foreign invaders and
BOUND BOOKS OR CODEX control the borders of China
- with the invention of paper, it became easier for - made with stone, brick, wood, earth and other
civilizations to write down everything that materials and it showcased the extent of Chinese
happened in their time engineering technology at that time
- Record-keeping was much easier since paper did - wall’s construction put the nation among the
not easily break, was lightweight, and did not powerful civilizations during the ancient times
occupy much space - was the pride of their land and their crowning
- they were able to provide covers to protect the glory
papyrus the Great Wall still continues to be a world attraction
- earlier covers were made of wax but were later due to its historical significance and architectural
on replaced by animal skin which proved to be grandeur
stronger and longer lasting
- With the papyrus pages bound together and GUNPOWDER
covered by animal skin, the Ancient Roman
- one of the most interesting inventions in China
Empire was able to produce the first books or - it was developed by Chinese alchemists who
codex aimed to achieve immortality
ROMAN ARCHITECTURE -

Roman Forum in Italy GUNPOWDER FORMULA

- one of the most visual contributions of the
ancient Roman Empire to the world
- was considered a continuation of Greek
architecture hence, the resemblance
ROMAN NUMERALS
CHINESE CIVILIZATION
- considered to be the oldest civilization in Asia, if
not in the world
- also known as the middle kingdom
- China, was located on the far east of Asia
- was famous among other ancient civilizations
because of its silk trade
SILK
- one of the things that connected China to the
world
- it is naturally produced by silk worms
- silk production resulted in the creation of a
product for trade
- they mixed charcoal, sulfur, and potassium
nitrate, but instead of creating an elixir of life,
they accidentally invented a black powder that
could actually generate large amount of heat
and gas in an instant
- widely used to prepare bullets from guns and
cannons which cause countless deaths
it is also used in fireworks during important
celebrations in China
MEDIEVAL/MIDDLE AGES
- start of middle ages was marred by massive
invasions and migrations
- wars were prevalent during this time
- great technology was needed in the fields of
weaponry, navigation, mass food and farm
production, and health
- there was a significant rise in the population
- trade and commerce among nations increased,
which resulted in greater demands for
transportation technology
Printing Press
- a more reliable way of printing using a cast type
- this general invention soon evolved to be the
mechanical printing press which was eventually
used all over the world
- invention also made works accessible to
individuals who could not even write
(Streissguth 1997)
MICROSCOPE
- with this device, people were able to observe
organisms that were normally unseen by the
nakedeyE
- growing populations caused massive migration
and urbanization during the period
Zacharias Janssen
- was able to develop the first compound
microscope
TELESCOPE
- since middle ages, was also known as the Age of
Exploration, the need for nautical inventions was
high
- optical instrument that helps in the observation
of remote objects
- was a great help for navigators during this time
- Together with the telescope, the invention of
the compass, oars and rudders made sea
travelling easier and safer ( Helden 1989)
WAR WEAPONS
- since wars were widespread during the middle
ages, great development in the weaponry
technology occurred
- all sides must develop weaponries not only as
offensive tools but also as defensive intruments
Cross bows
Long bows
Iron Body Armors - in close-range hand-to-hand combat,
soldiers should wear something to protect themselves
- however, body armors were heavy and limited
their movements. The problem was eventually
solved by the invention of the chainmail
MODERN TIMES
- the booming world population during the 19th
century onwards
- demanded that more goods be produced at a
faster rate
- people needed efficient means of transportation
to trade more goods and cover a larger distance
- All these needs resulted to the development of
industries
- However, due to massive industrialization, the
modern times again faced more complicated
problems
- Food processing and medicine posed some of
the bigger challenges since health was of great
concern
PASTEURIZATION
- As people were able to develop better means of
production to meet the needs of the population,
food preservation and food safety became an
issue
- challenge to keep manufactured food from
deteriorating was greater for dairy products,
especially milk, since they usually spoiled faster
Dairy Products
- needed to be consumed almost immediately
after production or they would cause illness like:
diphtheria, food poisoning and typhoid fever
Louis Pasteur
- a French biologist, microbiologist and chemist
(found a way to solve the problem)
- He invented pasteurization
PASTEURIZATION
- the process of heating dairy products to kill the
harmful bacteria that allow them to spoil faster
- through this process, milk could be restored and
consumed for a longer period
- it also prevented illnesses caused by harmful
bacteria (Macalester College 2010)
- Pasteur other contributions to Science &
Technology and medicine included his works on
molecular asymmetry, fermentation, and
vaccination
PETROLEUM REFINERY
- The modern times demanded better means of
powering homes and transportation
- At first, people used animal oils for generating
light to illuminate their homes. However the
production of animal oils could not keep up with
the demand
Faced with this concern:
Samuel M. Kier
- was able to invent kerosene by refining
petroleum
Kerosene
- was later on referred to as the “illuminating
oil”- because it was used at first to provide
lighting to homes
- after some time, it was applied to heating
purposes
- the development of kerosene established the
petroleum refinery industry (Skrabec, 2010)
At present:
Petroleum
- is widely used in powering automobiles,
factories, and power plants among others
TELEPHONE
- the more people got connected by trade and
exploration, the more they needed a way to
 easily maintain these connections and
communicate with each other in real time
Alexander Graham Bell
- was the one who invented and developed the
telephone
- One of the most important inventions at that
time
CALCULATOR
- Although an earlier version of the calculator had
already been developed, circumstances in the
modern times required a faster way to compute
more complicated equations
Mechanical Calculator
- Computing devices must also be easy to carry
since they would be utilized on a day-to-day
basis
- The creation of modern calculators did not only
pave the way for easier arithmetic calculations,
but also resulted in the development of more
complex processing machines like the computer
PHILIPPINE INVENTION
- The Philippines also contributes to the global
advancement of science and technology
- it is remarkable to note the ingenuity of the
Filipinos despite the lack of resources
- The Philippines is known to be one of the most
vulnerable countries in terms of natural disasters
SALAMANDER AMPHIBOIUS TRICYCLE
- It has become ordinary for Filipinos to convert
transport vehicles into something more useful
Example:
Conversion of American military jeeps used in World war
II into jeepneys
Conversion of US jeep to PH jeep
another Filipino innovation is the addition of sidecar to
a motorcycle – transforming it into tricycle to
accommodate more passengers
During the rainy season, flooding is a common
occurrence in many areas in the country
Tricycle – find it very difficult to traverse the streets.
To remedy the issue:
Victor Llave and his team at H20 Technologies – were
able to invent the Salamander
Salamander
- an amphibious tricycle that can cross not only in
flooded streets but also rivers and lakes
- it may also be utilized to travel from island to
island
- Since the Philippines is an archipelago, the
Salamander is a useful invention that has a lot
of potential
-
SALT LAMP
one of the major needs in the Philippines, as a
developing nation is – electrification
Electricity - powers various types of machines,
including light sources
- In many rural areas in the country, activities
would cease when it gets dark
- it also becomes more dangerous to travel
- Filipinos have resorted to using candles and
kerosene lamps but they carry certain risks as
they are fire hazards
Solar power
- is also a welcome development but like
rechargeable batteries, solar panels are too
expensive for ordinary Filipinos
Aisa Mijeno
- a young Filipino inventor
- was able to invent a lighting system that utilizes
a material abundant in the Philippines –
saltwater
- invented the Sustainable Alternative Lighting
(SALt) lamp
Sustainable Alternative Lighting (SALt) lamp
- an environment-friendly light source that runs
on saltwater
- is safer as it poses no risk of fire and emits no
toxic gases
MEDICAL INCUBATOR
- A common problem in the Philippines is the high
mortality rate of newborn babies
- One reason for this problem in the 20th century
was the lack of available incubators especially in
fur-flung rural areas due to lack of resources and
electricity
Dr. Fe del Mundo
- deviced a medical incubator made from
indigenous and cheap materials which did not
run on electricity
Dr. Fe del Mundo’s Incubator
- was made by placing a native laundry basket
inside a bigger one
- hot water bottles were inserted between the
baskets to provide warmth and makeshift hood
to allow oxygen circulation
- Other breakthroughs in Philippine Medicine
attributed to – Dr. Del Mundo – include her
works on the immunization and treatment of
jaundice and the BRAT diet for curing diarrhea
Incubator
- its main purpose was to maintain conditions
suitable for a newborn, usually a pre-term baby
 MOSQUITO OVICIDAL / LARVICIDAL TRAP SYSTEM
DENGUE
- a mosquito-borne viral illness
- endemic in tropical and subtropical areas
including the Philippines
- this virus is usually transmitted by Aedes egypti
mosquito
- rampant during rainy season
In 2010 DOST-ITDI (Department of Science and
Technology-Industrial Technology Development
Institute)
- was able to produce a Mosquito
Ovicidal/Larvicidal Trap system aka OL Trap
- this trap system is made of natural ingredients
that are lethal to mosquitos but safer to humans
and the environment
eJEEPNEY
- A major innovation that change the
transportation industry in the Philippines
- this iconic public utility vehicle was built during
the military jeeps left by the Americans after
World War II
- the chassis and the body of the military jeeps
were extended to accommodate more load and
passengers
Because of its usefulness, the jeepney dominated
the Philippine streets and is considered as the
primary mode of transportation of most Filipinos
Diesel powered jeepney
- produces large quantities of black smoke
- usually a major contributor of noise pollution
due to its primitive exhaust system
- To encounter these disadvantages,
the electric jeepney was developed
Ejeepney
- this modern type of transportation utilizes
electricity instead of the more expensive diesel
- it is environmental-friendly since it does not emit
any smoke and noise