SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY

AND Society
BONCAN, TERESITA JUDY G.

BSED- SOCIAL STUDIES 1-1

MR. BONG MEJIA

Timeline of Major Discoveries and Development is Science

Articles on Explain
Date Invention or discovery
that stuff

Prehistory

4–5 billion Sun starts to produce energy. Solar cells

years ago Energy

10 million Humans make the first tools from Tools and machines
years ago. stone, wood, antlers, and bones.
1–2 million Humans discover fire. Biofuels
years ago Candles
Car engines
Jet engines

25,000– Humans first wear clothes. Biomimetic clothing

50,000
BCE

10,000 Earliest boats are constructed. Ships and boats

BCE

8000– Beginnings of human settlements Biofuels

9000 BCE and agriculture. Water

6000– Hand-made bricks first used for Brick (ceramics)

7000 BCE construction in the Middle East.

Ancient
times

4000 BCE Iron used for the first time in Iron and steel
decorative ornaments.

3500– Glass is made by people for the Glass

5000 BCE first time.

3500 BCE Humans invent the wheel. Tools and machines

Wheels and axles

3000 BCE First written languages are Digital pens

developed by the Sumerian Typewriters
people of southern Mesopotamia
(part of modern Iraq).
~2500 BCE Ancient Egyptians produce Paper
papyrus, a crude early version of
paper.

3000– Bronze Age: Widespread use of Copper

600BCE copper and its important alloy Alloys
bronze. Metals

2000 BCE Water-raising and irrigation Elevators

devices like the shaduf (shadoof), Tools and machines
invented by the Ancient Water
Egyptians, introduce the idea of
lifting things using
counterweights.

c1700 BCE Semites of the Mediterranean Digital pens

develop the alphabet.

1000 BCE Iron Age begins: iron is widely Iron and steel
used for making tools and
weapons in many parts of the
world.

600 BCE Thales of Miletus discovers static Electricity

electricity. Static electricity

~250 BCE Ancient Egyptians invent Fresnel lenses

lighthouses, including the huge
Lighthouse of Alexandria.

~300– 200 Chinese invent early magnetic Compasses

BCE direction finders.

~250 BCE Archimedes invents the screw Tools and machines

pump for moving water and other
materials.
c.150– 100 Gear-driven, precision clockwork Clockwork
BCE machines (such as the
Antikythera mechanism) are in
existence.

c.50 BCE Roman engineer Vitruvius Turbines

perfects the modern, vertical
water wheel.

62 CE Hero of Alexandria, a Greek Steam engines

scientist, pioneers steam power.

105 CE Ts'ai Lun makes the first paper in Paper

China.

27 BCE– Romans develop the first, basic Steel and concrete

395 CE concrete called pozzolana.

Middle
Ages

~600 CE Windmills are invented in the Wind turbines

Middle East.

700–900 Chinese invent gunpowder and Bullets

CE fireworks. Fireworks
Space rockets

800–1300 Thanks to inventors such as the Clockwork

CE Banū Mūsā brothers and Cams and cranks
al-Jazari, the Islamic "Golden Robots
Age" sees the development of a
wide range of technologies,
including ingenious clocks and
feedback mechanisms that are
the ancestors of modern
 automated factory machines.

1000 CE ?? Chinese develop eyeglasses by Lenses

fixing lenses to frames that fit onto
people's faces.

1206 Arabic engineer al-Jazari invents Toilets

a flushing hand-washing machine,
one of the ancestors of the
modern toilet.

1232 CE Chinese repel Mongol invaders Space rockets

using early rockets.

1450 Johannes Gutenberg pioneers the Printing

modern printing press, using
rearrangeable metal letters called
movable type.

1470s The first parachute is sketched on Parachutes

paper by an unknown inventor.

16th
century

1530s Gerardus Mercator helps to Satellite navigation

revolutionize navigation with
better mapmaking.

1590 A Dutch spectacle maker named Microscopes

Zacharias Janssen makes the first Electron
compound microscope. microscopes

1596 Sir John Harington describes one Toilets

 of the first modern flush toilets.

17th
century

~1600 Galileo Galilei designs a basic Thermometer

thermometer.

1600 William Gilbert publishes his great Magnetism

book De Magnete describing how
Earth behaves like a giant
magnet. It's the beginning of the
scientific study of magnetism.

1609 Galileo Galilei builds a practical Space telescopes

telescope and makes new
astronomical discoveries.

mid-17th Antoni van Leeuwenhoek and Microscopes

century Robert Hooke independently Electron
develop microscopes. microscopes

1643 Galileo's pupil Evangelista Barometers

Torricelli builds the first mercury
barometer for measuring air
pressure.

1650s Christiaan Huygens develops the Pendulum clocks

pendulum clock (using Galileo's
earlier discovery that a swinging
pendulum can be used to keep
time).

1687 Isaac Newton formulates his three Motion

laws of motion.
1700s Bartolomeo Cristofori invents the Pianos
piano.

18th
century

1701 English farmer Jethro Tull begins Tractors

the mechanization of agriculture
by inventing the horse-drawn
seed drill.

1703 Gottfried Leibniz pioneers the How computers work

binary number system now used History of computers
in virtually all computers.

1712 Thomas Newcomen builds the Steam engines

first practical (but stationary)
steam engine.

1700s Christiaan Huygens conceives the Car engines

internal combustion engine, but
never actually builds one.

1737 William Champion develops a Zinc

commercially viable process for
extracting zinc on a large scale.

1757 John Campbell invents the Satellite navigation

sextant, an improved navigational
device that enables sailors to
measure latitude.

1730s– John Harrison develops reliable Quartz clocks and

1770s chronometers (seafaring clocks) watches
that allow sailors to measure Satellite navigation
longitude accurately for the first
 time.

1751 Axel Cronstedt isolates nickel. Nickel

1756 Axel Cronstedt notices steam Zeolites

when he boils a rock—and
discovers zeolites.

1769 Wolfgang von Kempelen Speech synthesizers

develops a mechanical speaking
machine: the world's first speech
synthesizer.

1770s Abraham Darby III builds a Bridges

pioneering iron bridge at a place
now called Ironbridge in England.

~1780 Josiah Wedgwood (or Thomas Pyrometers

Massey) invents the pyrometer.

1783 French Brothers Joseph-Michel Hot-air balloons

Montgolfier and Jacques-Étienne
Montgolfier make the first practical
hot-air balloon.

1791 Reverend William Gregor, a Titanium

British clergyman and amateur
geologist, discovers a mysterious
mineral that he calls menachite.
Four years later, Martin Klaproth
gives it its modern name, titanium.

19th
century
1800 Italian Alessandro Volta makes Electricity
the first battery (known as a Batteries
Voltaic pile).

1801 Joseph-Marie Jacquard invents History of computers

the automated cloth-weaving
loom. The punched cards it uses
to store patterns help to inspire
programmable computers.

1803 Henry and Sealy Fourdrinier Paper

develop the papermaking
machine.

1806 Humphry Davy develops Electrolyzers

electrolysis into an important
chemical technique and uses it to
identify a number of new
elements.

1807 Humphry Davy develops the Xenon lamps

electric arc lamp.

1814 George Stephenson builds the Steam engines

first practical steam locomotive.

1816 Robert Stirling invents the efficient Stirling engines

Stirling engine.

1820s– Michael Faraday builds primitive Electricity generators

1830s electric generators and motors. Electric motors
Hub motors

1827 Joseph Niepce makes the first Photography

modern photograph. Digital cameras
1830s William Sturgeon develops the Electric motors
first practical electric motor. Hub motors

1830s Louis Daguerre invents a practical Digital cameras

method of taking pin-sharp Photography
photographs called
Daguerreotypes.

1830s William Henry Fox Talbot Digital cameras

develops a way of making and Photography
printing photographs using
reverse images called negatives.

1830s– Charles Wheatstone and William Telephones

1840s Cooke, in England, and Samuel
Morse, in the United States,
develop the electric telegraph (a
forerunner of the telephone).

1836 Englishman Francis Petit-Smith Propellers

and Swedish-American John
Ericsson independently develop
propellers with blades for ships.

1839 Charles Goodyear finally perfects Rubber

a durable form of rubber
(vulcanized rubber) after many
years of unsuccessful
experimenting.

1840s Scottish physicist James Prescott Energy

Joule outlines the theory of Great physics
the conservation of energy. experiments

1840s Scotsman Alexander Bain invents Fax machines

a primitive fax machine based on
 chemical technology.

1849 James Francis invents a water Turbines

turbine now used in many of the Water
world's hydropower plants.

1850s Henry Bessemer pioneers a new Iron and steel

method of making steel in large
quantities.

1850s Louis Pasteur develops Pasteurization

pasteurization: a way of
preserving food by heating it to kill
off bacteria.

1850s Italian Giovanni Caselli develops Fax machines

a mechanical fax machine called
the pantelegraph.

1860s Frenchman Étienne Lenoir and Car engines

German Nikolaus Otto pioneer the Cars, history of
internal combustion engine.

1860s James Clerk Maxwell figures out Radio

that radio waves must exist and
sets out basic laws of
electromagnetism.

1860s Fire extinguishers are invented. Fire extinguisher

1861 Elisha Graves Otis invents the Elevators

elevator with built-in safety brake.

1867 Joseph Monier invents reinforced Reinforced concrete

 concrete.

1868 Christopher Latham Sholes Typewriters

invents the modern typewriter and
QWERTY keyboard.

1871 Frank Wenham, a British Wind tunnels

aeronautical engineer, invents the Aerodynamics
wind tunnel.

1876 Alexander Graham Bell patents Telephones

the telephone, though the true
ownership of the invention
remains controversial even today.

1870s Thomas Edison develops the CD players

phonograph, the first practical MP3 players
method of recording and playing
back sound on metal foil.

1870s Lester Pelton invents a useful new Turbines

kind of water turbine known as a
Pelton wheel.

1877 Thomas Edison invents his Record players

sound-recording machine or Sound
phonograph—a forerunner of the
record player and CD player.

1877 Edward Very invents the flare gun Flares

(Very pistol) for sending distress
flares at sea.

1880 Thomas Edison patents the Incandescent lamps

modern incandescent electric
 lamp.

1880 Pierre and Paul-Jacques Curie Piezoelectricity

discover the piezoelectric effect.

1880s Thomas Edison opens the world's Power plants

first power plants.

1880s Charles Chamberland invents the Autoclaves

autoclave (steam sterilizing
machine).

1880s Charles and Julia Hall and Paul Aluminum

Heroult independently develop an
affordable way of making
aluminum.

1880s Carrie Everson invents new ways Copper

of mining silver, gold, and copper. Gold
Silver

1881 Jacques d'Arsonval suggests heat OTEC (Ocean

energy could be extracted from Thermal Energy
the oceans. Conversion)

1883 George Eastman invents plastic Digital cameras

photographic film. Plastics

1884 Charles Parsons develops the Steam turbines

steam turbine. Turbines

1885 Karl Benz builds a Car engines

gasoline-engined car.
1886 Josephine Cochran invents the Dishwashers
dishwasher.

1888 Friedrich Reinitzer discovers LCD screens and

liquid crystals. displays

1888 John Boyd Dunlop patents Pneumatics

air-filled (pneumatic) tires.

1888 Nikola Tesla patents the Electricity

alternating current (AC) electric Electric motors
induction motor and, in opposition Induction motors
to Thomas Edison, becomes a Power plants
staunch advocate of AC power.

1899 Everett F. Morse invents the Pyrometers

optical pyrometer for measuring
temperatures at a safe distance.

1890s French brothers Joseph and Louis Camcorders

Lumiere invent movie projectors Projection TV
and open the first movie theater.

1890s German engineer Rudolf Diesel Diesel engines

develops his diesel engine—a
more efficient internal combustion
engine without a sparking plug.

1890s Russian Konstantin Tsiolkovsky Space rockets

figures out the theory of space
rockets.

1894 Physicist Sir Oliver Lodge sends Radio

the first ever message by radio
wave in Oxford, England.
1895 German physicist Wilhelm X rays
Röntgen discovers X rays.

1895 American Ogden Bolton, Jr. Electric bikes

invents the electric bicycle.

20th
century

1901 Guglielmo Marconi sends Radio

radio-wave signals across the
Atlantic Ocean from England to
Canada

1901 The first electric vacuum cleaner Vacuum cleaners

is developed.

1903 Brothers Wilbur and Orville Wright Airplanes

build the first engine-powered Jet engines
airplane.

1905 Albert Einstein explains the Photoelectric cells

photoelectric effect.

1905 Samuel J. Bens invents the Chainsaws

chainsaw.

1906 Willis Carrier pioneers the air Air conditioners

conditioner.

1906 Mikhail Tswett discovers Chromatography

chromatography.
1907 Leo Baekeland develops Bakelite, Plastics
the first popular synthetic plastic.

1907 Alva Fisher invents the electric Clothes washer

clothes washer.

1906-8 Frederick Gardner Cottrell Air pollution

develops the electrostatic smoke Electrostatic smoke
precipitator (smokestack pollution precipitators
scrubber).

1908 American industrialist and Car engines

engineer Henry Ford launches the Cars, history of
Ford Model T, the world's first truly
affordable car.

1909 German chemists Fritz Haber and pH meters

Zygmunt Klemensiewicz develop
the glass electrode, enabling very
precise measurements of acidity.

1912 American chemist Gilbert Lewis Lithium-ion batteries

describes the basic chemistry that
leads to practical, lithium-ion
rechargeable batteries (though
they don't appear in a practical,
commercial form until the 1990s).

1912 Hans Geiger develops the Geiger Geiger counters

counter, a detector for
radioactivity.

1916 Robert Hutchings Goddard, an Space rockets

American physicist, publishes
influential ideas on building space
rockets.
1919 Francis Aston pioneers the mass Mass spectrometers
spectrometer and uses it to
discover many isotopes.

1920s John Logie Baird develops Television

mechanical television. LCD TV

1920s Philo T. Farnsworth invents Television

modern electronic television. LCD TV

1920s Robert H. Goddard develops the Bullets

principle of the modern, Space rockets
liquid-fueled space rocket.

1920s German engineer Gustav OCR

Tauschek and American Paul
Handel independently develop
primitive optical character
recognition (OCR) scanning
systems.

1920s Albert W. Hull invents the Magnetrons

magnetron, a device that can Microwave ovens
generate microwaves from
electricity.

1921 Karel Capek and his brother coin Robots

the word "robot" in a play about
artificial humans.

1921 John Larson develops the Polygraphs

polygraph ("lie detector")
machine.

1928 Thomas Midgley, Jr. invents Air conditioners

 coolant chemicals for air Refrigerators
conditioners and refrigerators.

1928 The electric refrigerator is Refrigerators

invented.

1920s– Frank Whittle of England and Jet engine

1930s Hans Pabst von Ohain of
Germany develop rival jet
engines.

1930s Peter Goldmark pioneers color Television

television. LCD TV

1930s Laszlo and Georg Biro pioneer the Digital pens

modern ballpoint pen.

1930s Maria Telkes creates the first Passive solar

solar-powered house. Solar cells

1930s Wallace Carothers develops Kevlar

neoprene (synthetic rubber used Nomex
in wetsuits) and nylon, the first Nylon
popular synthetic clothing Wetsuits
material.

1930s Robert Watson Watt oversees the Radar

development of radar.

1930s Arnold Beckman develops the pH meters

electronic pH meter.

1931 Harold E. Edgerton invents the Xenon lamps

xenon flash lamp for high-speed
 photography.

1932 Arne Olander discovers the shape Shape memory

memory effect in a gold-cadmium alloys
alloy.

1936 W.B. Elwood invents the magnetic Reed switches

reed switch.

1938 Chester Carlson invents the Photocopiers

principle of photocopying
(xerography).

1938 Roy Plunkett accidentally invents Gore-Tex

a nonstick plastic coating called Nonstick pans
Teflon.

1939 Igor Sikorsky builds the first truly Helicopters

practical helicopter.

1940s English physicists John Randall Magnetrons

and Harry Boot develop a Radar
compact magnetron for use in
airplane radar navigation
systems.

1942 Enrico Fermi builds the first Nuclear power

nuclear chain reactor at the
University of Chicago.

1945 US government scientist Electronic books

Vannevar Bush proposes a kind of World Wide Web
desk-sized memory store called
Memex, which has some of the
features later incorporated into
 electronic books and the World
Wide Web (WWW).

1945 Arthur C. Clarke conceives the Satellites

idea of the communications
satellite, a space-based signal
"mirror" that can bounce radio
waves from one side of Earth to
the other.

1947 John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, Amplifiers

and William Shockley invent the Electronics
transistor, which allows electronic History of computers
equipment to made much smaller Transistors
and leads to the modern computer
revolution.

1949 Bernard Silver and N. Joseph Barcodes and

Woodland patent barcode scanners
barcodes—striped patterns that
are initially developed for marking
products in grocery stores.

1950s Charles Townes and Arthur Lasers

Schawlow invent the maser
(microwave laser). Gordon Gould
coins the word "laser" and builds
the first optical laser in 1958.

1950s Stanford Ovshinksy develops Batteries

various technologies that make Electric bicycles
renewable energy more practical, Electric cars
including practical solar cells and Solar cells
improved rechargeable batteries.

1950s European bus companies Flywheels

experiment with using flywheels
 as regenerative brakes

1950s Percy Spencer accidentally Microwave ovens

discovers how to cook with
microwaves, inadvertently
inventing the microwave oven.

1954 Indian physicist Narinder Kapany Fiber optics

pioneers fiber optics. Endoscopes

1956 First commercial nuclear power is Nuclear power plants

produced at Calder Hall, Cumbria,
England.

1957 Soviet Union (Russia and her Satellites

allies) launch the Sputnik space
satellite.

1957 Lawrence Curtiss, Basil Endoscopes

Hirschowitz, and Wilbur Peters
build the first fiber-optic
gastroscope.

1958 Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce, History of computers

working independently, develop integrated circuits
the integrated circuit. Transistors

1959 IBM and General Motors develop Computer graphics

Design Augmented by
Computers-1 (DAC-1), the first
computer-aided design (CAD)
system.

1960s Joseph-Armand Bombardier Snowmobiles

perfects his Ski-Doo®
 snowmobile.

1960 Theodore Maiman invents the Lasers

ruby laser.

1962 William Armistead and S. Donald Photochromic lenses

Stookey of Corning Glass Works
invent light-sensitive
(photochromic) glass.

1963 Ivan Sutherland develops Computer graphics

Sketchpad, one of the first
computer-aided design programs.

1964 IBM helps to pioneer e-commerce E-commerce

with an airline ticket reservation
system called SABRE.

1965 Frank Pantridge develops the Defibrillators

portable defibrillator for treating
cardiac arrest patients.

1966 Stephanie Kwolek patents a Kevlar

super-strong plastic called Kevlar.

1966 Robert H. Dennard of IBM invents Computer memory

dynamic random access memory
(DRAM).

1967 Japanese company Noritake Vacuum fluorescent

invents the vacuum fluorescent displays
display (VFD).

1968 Alfred Y. Cho and John R. Arthur, Molecular beam

 Jr invent a precise way of making epitaxy
single crystals called molecular
beam epitaxy (MBE).

1969 World's first solar power station Solar cells

opened in France. Energy

1969 Long before computers become Electronic books

portable, Alan Kay imagines
building an electronic book, which
he nicknames the Dynabook.

1969 Willard S. Boyle and George E. CCDs

Smith invent the CCD Digital cameras
(charge-coupled device): the
light-sensitive chip used in digital
cameras, webcams, and other
modern optical equipment.

1969 Astronauts walk on the Moon. Space rockets

1960s Douglas Engelbart develops the Computer mouse

computer mouse.

1960s James Russell invents compact CD players

discs.

1971 Electronic ink is pioneered by Nick Electronic ink and

Sheridon at Xerox PARC. paper

1971 Ted Hoff builds the first History of computers

single-chip computer or
microprocessor.
1973 Martin Cooper develops the first Cellphones
handheld cellphone (mobile
phone).

1973 Robert Metcalfe figures out a Computer networks

simple way of linking computers Internet
together that he names Ethernet.
Most computers hooked up to the
Internet now use it.

1974 First grocery-store purchase of an Barcodes and

item coded with a barcode. barcode scanners

1975 Whitfield Diffie and Martin Encryption

Hellman invent public-key
cryptography.

1975 Pico Electronics develops X-10 Smart homes

home automation system.

1976 Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs History of computers

launch the Apple I: one of the
world's first personal home
computers

1970s– James Dyson invents the bagless, Vacuum cleaners

1980s cyclonic vacuum cleaner.

1970s– Scientists including Charles Quantum computers

1980s Bennett, Paul Benioff, Richard
Feynman, and David Deutsch
sketch out how quantum
computers might work.

1980s Japanese electrical pioneer Akio CD players

 Morita develops the Sony MP3 players
Walkman, the first truly portable
player for recorded music.

1981 Stung by Apple's success, IBM History of computers

releases its own affordable
personal computer (PC).

1981 The Space Shuttle makes its Space Shuttle

maiden voyage.

1981 Patricia Bath develops laser eye Lasers

surgery for removing cataracts.

1981 Fujio Masuoka files a patent for Flash memory

flash memory—a type of reusable
computer memory that can store
information even when the power
is off.

1981– Alexei Ekimov and Louis E. Brus Quantum dots

1982 (independently) discover quantum
dots.

1983 Compact discs (CDs) are CD players

launched as a new way to store
music by the Sony and Philips
corporations.

1987 Larry Hornbeck, working at Texas DLP® projectors

Instruments, develops DLP®
projection—now used in many
projection TV systems.

1989 Tim Berners-Lee invents the Internet

 World Wide Web. World Wide Web

1990 German watchmaking company Radio-controlled

Junghans introduces the MEGA 1, clocks
believed to be the world's first Quartz clocks and
radio-controlled wristwatch. watches

1991 Linus Torvalds creates the first Computers

version of Linux, a collaboratively Linux
written computer operating
system.

1994 American-born mathematician Iris scans

John Daugman perfects the
mathematics that make iris
scanning systems possible.

1994 Israeli computer scientists Alon VoIP

Cohen and Lior Haramaty invent
VoIP for sending telephone calls
over the Internet.

1995 Broadcast.com becomes one of Streaming media

the world's first online radio
stations.

1995 Pierre Omidyar launches the eBay E-commerce

auction website.

1996 WRAL-HD broadcasts the first HDTV

high-definition television (HDTV)
signal in the United States.

1997 Electronics companies agree to Wireless Internet

make Wi-Fi a worldwide standard
 for wireless Internet.

21st
century

2001 Apple revolutionizes music MP3 players

listening by unveiling its iPod MP3
music player.

2001 Richard Palmer develops Energy-absorbing

energy-absorbing D3O plastic. materials

2001 The Wikipedia online Electronic books

encyclopedia is founded by Larry
Sanger and Jimmy Wales.

2001 Bram Cohen develops BitTorrent BitTorrent

file-sharing. Internet

2001 Scott White, Nancy Sottos, and Self-healing

colleagues develop self-healing materials
materials.

2002 iRobot Corporation releases the Roomba

first version of its Roomba® Robots
vacuum cleaning robot.

2004 Electronic voting plays a major Touchscreens

part in a controversial US
Presidential Election.

2004 Andre Geim and Konstantin Graphene

Novoselov discover graphene.
2005 A pioneering low-cost laptop for Computers
developing countries called OLPC
is announced by MIT computing
pioneer Nicholas Negroponte.

2007 Amazon.com launches its Kindle Electronic books

electronic book (e-book) reader.

2007 Apple introduces a touchscreen Cellphones

cellphone called the iPhone. Touchscreens

2010 Apple releases its touchscreen Computers

tablet computer, the iPad. Touchscreens

2010 3D TV starts to become more 3D Television

widely available. Television

2013 Elon Musk announces Pneumatics

"hyperloop"—a giant, pneumatic Pneumatic transport
tube transport system. tube

2015 Supercomputers (the world's Supercomputers

fastest computers) are now a
mere 30 times less powerful than
human brains.

2016 Three nanotechnologists win the Nanotechnology

Nobel Prize in Chemistry for
building miniature machines out of
molecules.

2017 Quantum computing shows signs Quantum computers

of becoming a practical
technology.