Fungi

Kingdom Fungi

 Eukaryotes
 Some are edible some are poisonous
 Live in aquatic environments, soil, mud and decaying plants
 Include black bread mold, yeast, mushrooms, and truffles
 Not motile - Don’t move around.
 Not dependant upon light - can occupy dark habitats
 Can grow in any direction

Fungi Structure

 Hyphae = thread-like filaments that build all multi-cellular fungi (basic

unit of structure)
 Mycelium = network of hyphae (may contain different types of hyphae)
 Cell walls of fungi composed of Chitin = complex carbohydrate for
strength and flexibility.
Mode of Nutrition
Fungi are Heterotrophic and secrete enzymes, allowing then to digest their
food

 Fungi are also saprophytes – organisms that live in or on matter that

they decompose as they use it for food.
 Food digested outside body and nutrients absorbed from the
environment. They digest then ingest.

 Major decomposers, mutualists, and parasites

o Lichen is a fungus that grows together with algae creating a
symbiotic relationship. Rocks and dead trees are broken down
into soil by the lichen. The algae provide food through
photosynthesis, and the fungi provide protection and
structure. Some lichens cannot grow in areas with high pollution,
so they are often used as an indicator or the level of pollution in
an area
o Fungi along with bacteria are the great recyclers. Together they
keep the earth from becoming buried under mountains of waste.

Reproduction

 Reproduce sexually and asexually with reproductive cells called spores.

o Spores are produced sexually by the fruiting body, the visible
portion of a reproductive structure like a mushroom. The spore is
released into the air and if conditions are right, it grown into an
individual on its own. The fruiting body forms gametes that
reproduce sexually.
o Fungi reproduce asexually through mitosis and budding. Budding
occurs when a piece of the organism becomes detached and
continues to live and grow on its own as a complete structure

Harmful Fungi

 Human diseases - Nail fungus

 Diseases in plants and animals
  Some fungal species cause diseases by growing on and causing
irritation to the skin, hair, nails or mucus membrane of animals
 Many are not harmful, but they are irritating and difficult to
eliminate. Fungal spores can also be inhaled and cause infections in the
lungs and other organs. These types of infections are not very common
but can cause permanent damage.
 Causes rot and contamination of food.
 Can destroy manufactured goods except plastic and some pesticides.

Useful Fungi

 Yeast
 Antibiotics (penicillin and cephalosporin)
 Medicines (cyclosporine)
 Organic acids - citric acids in Coke is from Aspergilla
 Steroids and hormones - the pill
 “Stinky Cheese” - Fungus Pencillium is responsible for the
flavors of Roquefort and Camembert
Protists

Kingdom Protista

Large, mixed up group!!!

 eukaryotes
 Can be unicellular, multicellular, or colonial
 Need a watery environment
 Fresh or marine, snow, or damp soil
 Aerobic and have mitochondria for cellular respiration
 Some have chloroplasts for photosynthesis
 Grow or reproduce by mitosis, some by meiosis and fertilization.
Three Subgroups

1. Animal – like

 One-celled known as Protozoa

 Many protozoa are parasites living in water, on soil and on living and
dead organisms
 Hetertrophs
 Animal like in mode of Nutrition - ingest food by phagocytosis like
endocytosis); some have a mouth-like structure into which prey is
put. Prey includes bacteria and small one celled organisms
 Four phylum of protozoan divided according to their method of
movement

Ciliates

 Have hair like structures called cilia which help them move freely
 Paramecium
 Live in fresh and salt water
 Have oral grooves to take in food – making them heterotrophic
 Reproduce by fission and conjugation

Flagellates

 Live in fresh and salt water

 Move by one or more flagella (look like a long whip)
 Some may be parasites and may cause disease
 Trypanosome, a flagellate, causes African sleeping sickness in humans
and animals when it is transmitted by a bite of the tsetse fly
Amoeboids

 Move by pseudopods (false feet)

 Amoeba – change shape as they move around their food. Some have
hard shells. When dead on the ocean floor they become chalk or
limestone

Sporozoa

 Contains only parasites that feed on the blood of humans and other
animals
 Malaria is a disease that attacks humans when sporozoa are transmitted
to the human bloodstream in the bite of the mosquito.
 Sporozoa have no way of moving on their own

2. Plant – like

o Algae (page 514)

o Unicellular or multicellular
o Chlorophyll-containing chloroplasts – can make their own food
(producers)
o Nutrition is plant-like by photosynthesis. Most have chlorophyll.
o Classified into six phylum based upon pigments and how they
store food

Euglenas

 Characteristics of both plants and animals.

 Autotrophic and heterotrophic
 Live in fresh water
 Move around with a flagellum
  Have no cell wall
 Have an eyespot that responds to light

Golden Algae or Diatoms

 Single celled algae

 Chloroplasts filled with chlorophyll
 Store food in the form of oil
 Have a golden brown pigment that cover the green color of the
chlorophyll
 Found in salt water
 Source of food for marine animals
 Have a cell wall
 When they are dead, form diatomaceous earth used in detergent, paint
removers, and scouring powders
 Diatom shells contain silica – main element in glass and it is used in
road paint to make the yellow lines visible at night

Dinoflagellates

 Found in both fresh and salt water

 Red pigment
 Move by using two flagella
 Glow in the dark
 Source of food for marine animals
 Have occasional “blooms” and over-populate in the water producing a
“red tide” which creates massive fish kills

Brown Algae

 Multicellular and vary in size

 Kelp – type of brown algae important food source
  Carry on photosynthesis and play a role as producers in environment,
producing about ¾ of world oxygen

Red Algae

 Multicellular
 Produce a type of starch on which they live
 Irish moss is a type of algae used to give tooth paste and pudding its
smoothness
 Commonly called seaweed
 Food source in Asia and Europe
 Found in marine habitats with only 200 of the estimated species found
in freshwater environments.
 Absorb blue waves and are found at great depth often devoid of other
photosynthetic organisms

Green Algae

 Store food in the form of starch

 one-celled colonial or multinucleated organisms
 live in water or out of water
 chlorophyll
 thought to be ancestors to land plants

3. Fungi-like - Absorb nutrients from the environment.

o Features of both fungi and protists

o Slime molds, water molds, and labylathulomyetes
o Obtain energy from decomposing organic material – hetertrophs
o Slime molds – found in damp soil and on rotting food
 reproduce using sporagia (a structure found in fungi)
 decomposers
 o Water molds, downy mildews and white rusts
 Feed on dead organisms and some parasites to plants or
animals
 One of the water molds attacked the potato crop in Ireland
in the 1840s causing famine that resulted in death of over a
million people.

Unique Structure of Protists

 Contractile Vacuoles = pump out excess water

Synthesis

 DNA Synthesis, protein synthesis (enzymes), organic compound

synthesis, photosynthesis in some.

Transport

 Cytoplasmic streaming àmovement of cytoplasm all around the cell

(organism’s body), moves material like a river
 Endocytosis, exocytosis (vacuoles)

Excretion

 Contractile vacuole - get rid of excess water (most live in watery

environments – fresh and marine)
 Exocytosis to get rid of waste (food)
 Example: amoeba

Respiration

 Diffusion
Nutrition

 Autotrophs and Hetertrophs

 Absorb nutrition/food directly from outside through membrane
(endocytosis, phagocytosis)
 Digest food inside of vacuoles, using enzymes found in lysosome

Growth and Development

 Asexual - one cell grows until it reaches limit. It divides to make 2

protists

Regulation

 Eye spots - pigments that help find sunlight

 Positive Phototaxis

Reproduction

 Unicellular = asexual reproduction

 Some sexual = fission, conjugation (connect and swap parts of DNA)
Bacteria

Kingdom Monera (Bacteria)

Two types

 Archaebacteria - Extreme environment

 Eubacteria - Common, majority
Bacterial Shapes

 Spherical
 Rod-like
 Spiral
 Thread-like

Archaebacteria
Prokaryotic bacteria

 Thrive in harsh environments previously through inhabitable

 Archa – means ancient
o Thought to be similar to the first organisms on earth
 Single celled or clustered together to form filaments
 Cell wall lacks peptidoglycan (a protein-carbohydrate molecule found in
all other bacteria),
 cell membrane and ribosomal RNA
 Anaerobic (can not tolerate oxygen)
 Producers, Consumers or Decomposers

Classified according to the environment in which they live

1. Methanogens – produce methane gas and live in places such as soil and
intestines of herbivores
2. Halophiles – live in extremely salty environments – like the Dead Sea
3. Thermoacidophiles – live in acid sulfur springs of Yellowstone National
Park and Undersea Vents

Reproduce asexually by Binary fission (asexual à copy chromosomes, attach

and divide).

Binary Fission - How does this work?

First the bacterium copies its chromosomes. The original chromosome and
copy become attached to the cells plasma membrane for a while. The cell
grows larger and larger, and eventually the two chromosomes separate and
move to opposite ends of the cell. Then a partition forms between the
chromosomes. The partition separates cell into two smaller cells. Because
each new cell has either the original or copy of the chromosome the resulting
cells are identical. This process is rapid!

Also reproduce asexually by budding

Eubacteria
Eu- means true - True bacteria

 Single celled or cluster together to form colonies

 Prokaryotic
 Cell wall, cell membrane and circular DNA called a plasmid
 Heterotrophic, autotrophic, chemotropic
 Found everywhere and most are harmless
 Some are decomposers
 Reproduce asexually through budding or binary fission

Are they Helpful?

MOST are HELPFUL!!!

 Fertilize fields (nitrogen fixation)

 Recycle nutrients (decomposers à breakdown dead organism and
waster into nutrients.
 Produce Food and medicine (food such as cheese, pickles, yogurt,
vinegar, sauerkraut, and antibiotics such as streptomycin, erythromycin,
bacitracin)

Are they harmful?

YES - Examples

 Strep throat
 Tuberculosis
 Tetanus
 Lyme Disease
 Dental Cavities
  Cholera

How do we destroy bacteria?

 In diseases… - Antibiotics
 In Food….- Heat Pasteurisation or Canning

Viruses

Viruses

 Not living
 Don’t grow or develop
 No respiration
 Only reproduce within a host (can’t do it alone MUST have a host)
o Virus multiply through the lytic cycle where the virus attacks the
host, injects it nucleic acid into the host, and then spreads or
bursts from the host.
Virus Structure

Structure = Made up of
(1) protein coat- capsid (located on the outside)
(2) small amount of nucleic acid - DNA or RNA (located on the inside).

Shape of Viruses

Viruses have three distinct shapes

1. Spherical
2. Rod
3. Phage

How are viruses named?

 Named after the disease it causes. For example, rabies viruses or polio
viruses
 Named after the tissues they infect. For example, Adenoviruses cause
common cold found in the adenoids tissues between the back of the
throat and the nasal cavity.
 Today viruses are given a genus name ending in the word virus and a
species name.
 If a virus affects bacteria it is called a bacteriophage or phage.

Examples of Viruses

 HIV - RNA virus called retrovirus. HIV in a human host affects white
blood cells. People with HIV eventually will get AIDS because more
white blood cells become infected and produce new viruses. Remember
white blood cells are used to fight diseases leaving the body unable to
protect itself.
 Cancer - Some viruses are linked to cancer. Hepatitis B is a virus that
can cause liver cancer and disrupts the normal growth and division of
cells.
 Plant viruses - Plant viruses require wounds or bites to enter the
host. ex. Tobacco mosaic virus – disease in tobacco plants which stunts
plant growth.