1001 Inventions lex ¢ re 0 pasten Heritage in Our World Second Edition Chief Editor Salim TS Al-Hassani Co-editors B&B - ; Elizabeth Woodcock & Rabah Saoud SEBS Technology and Cvitzaton‘Much ofthe msterisl for thisbook is based cn aticles published on ‘worn Muslimberitage com. Principal articles are written by the following schelars, arranged in alphabetical order: Professor Mohammed Abattouy (Engineeting and Mechanics) RH Princess Wiidan Ali (Art and Islas coins) Dr Salim Ayduz (Ouoman Scienee) Dr Suibhi Al-Azzawi (Architecture) Professor Charles Burnet (Medicine and Methematis) Dr Mahtub Gani (Mathematics and ruumbers) Professor SM Ghazanfar (Muslim Spain) Professor Salim TS Al-Hassani (Engineering) Dr Zohor lds (Agriculture and Codes) Professor Fkmeleddin Ihsancehs (History of Science) Dr Absdul Nasser Kaacan (Medicine) Dr Munim Al-Rawi (Geology) Dr Rabah Saoud (Architecture and Town Planning) Professor NilSari (Ottoman Medicine) Professor Aydin Sayili (Muslim Observatories) Dr Ibrahim Shah (Surgery) Professor Sevim Tekeli (Enginecring and Mapping) Dr Emily Winterburn (Astroiabes) Dr Salah Zaimeche (Muslim Science and Geugraphy) Professor Salim TS AL-Tlasanl, University of Manchester, Chairman of Foundation for Science, Techncllogy and Civilisation (FSTC) Flizabeth Woodceck, 1001 Inventions Lad Dr Rabah Sacud, Muslim Heritage Consuling (MHC) De Salim Ayes, FSTC ‘Wai Yin Chang, MHC. Mora Kamal, MC ‘Margaret Mores, PSTC Dr Rabia Yousef, MHC FIRST EDITION PUBLISHED 8Y FSTC LTD) Copyright © 2006 by the Foundation for Science, Technology and Civtsation (FSC), UK, + 27 Turner Strcot, Manchester (Ma 1DY,Great Britain SxconD EDITION PUaLIsHEa ay ssrC 10 Copii 2007 by te Foundation fr Since Technology snd istion (STC), UK “Allnights reserved, No part ofthis hock may be repraduced Inany form or by ary meas without permission fron the hers. although brief passages may be quoted for reviews ts0n13:978-0-9552426-2-8 Dr Subki ALAzzawi, Architect, Kent Dr Faroog Baja, FSTC, London Dr Ruth Barnes, Ashinolean Museu, Oxfocd Dr Anne-Maria Brennan, London South Rank Univesity » Professor Charles Burnett, The Warburg Insitute, London , Professor Sami Chathoub, Institute of History of Arab Science, Uni Professor Nabil Dawoed, Centre forthe Study cf Arab & Musien University of Baghdad Professor Mohanniad El-Gornath, University of York Dr Abdul Nasser Kaadan, Institute of History of Arab Science, University of Aleppo ‘Mr Paul Keder, Golden Wel, Cambridge Dr Masiafa Mawaldi, stitute of History of Arab Science, Aleppo Mr Peter Raymond, MBE, Manchester Professor Emily Savage Smith, University of Oxford [Dr Rim Turkmani, Imperial College and Micine, London, fe. Semia Khan, MHC Nosheen Ladha, MHC: ‘Mukhtar Sanders Thspiral Design Ali Amro, MHC, Sayed Al Hashinl, 1G cor ‘Nighat Bajwa (Carolyn Garwes epiron Carolyn Garwes De Ranjan Chancho Baits Library CIP Date Al-Hassani, Salim TS 1001 Inventions: Maslin Heritage in ‘Our Wore US Library of Congress CIP Data: Al Hassani, Salim TS. 1001 Inventions: Muslin Heritage in ‘Our World Salim T'S Al-Hassani 1 Adlamic Science History Includes manuscript ist. 2. Technology Civilisation, 1. Technology: Islam story. 1 Title 2-Sclence-Civilistion. 50953/ Has Lie en-igi-s9siny7 2005 Printed end bound by Mega Basim in Istanbsl, TurkeyPreface Te FIRST EDITION OF THIS BOOK was part of the 1001 Inventions project. com- prising a touring exhibition, book, teachers’ pack, educational posters and website www. €0Linventions.com, within three months. Th The resounding success of this project saw the bouk selling, revised second edition provides an opportunity to improve the content by introducing new material im- ages and clarifying ambiguities. For the benefit of the academic reader there isa fuller reference list of authoritative manuscripts and their locations. An expanded glossary of Arabic and other relevant terms have also been added and the index extended. ‘There is a worldwide demand for the 1001 inventions project. and we are ow trarislating the book into other languages and developing the exhibition to tour the world, ‘The popular and specialist media, the public, the education communityand academe have praised the project and from various surveys conducted on the impact’of the 1001 Inventions project, it seems that it has impinged positively upon the public mind, Thowsands have re-evaluated their perception of the so-called 'Dark Ages’ and the role of Muslint civilization in laying the founda. tions of modern science and technology. The question very frequently asked is why it is that none of this material is found in the UK National Curriculum? ‘The 1001 Inventions project has proved its effeetiventss to stimulate young people’ interest in si ence and technology, to instil confidence, and to provide positive Muslim role models for evolving ‘Muslim identities, especially in the West. Great Muslim men and women of the past - mathematicians, astronomers, chemists, physicians, architects, engineers, economists, sociologists, artists, artisans, and educators - expressed their religiosity through beneficial contributions to society and humanity. They did so with open: mindedness and, in manyirstances, positively and constructively worked alongside non-Muslims. ‘This track record of co@perstion over the centuries, although deeply rooted within early Muslim society. seems to have been forgotten. The 1001 Inventions project, indirectly, is tapping. into that tradition by sceking to develop a better understanding between peoples and cultures Some terminology used here can have a wide meaning, used in specific contexts, and should not be taken literally, For example, in this book the word invention can also mean innovation, erbrac ing new discoveries, concepts, methods, devices and machines which were hitherto unknown, It also includes items stich as chess, the waterwheel and paper, which were known before Islam but ‘brought to Europe by Muslims. Ttis encouraging to see Muslim heritage at the forefront of media coverage, documentaries, arti- cles, festivals, books and academic projects. In this context, | would like to take this opportunity to express my deep gratitude to the endless number of supporters of this project, in particular to those who have joined the global community of Muslim Heritage since the launch of the frst edi tion. For new readers, I wish them an enjoyable and stimulating journey of discovery: PROFESSOR SALIM T § AL-HASSANI Chief Editor & Chairman of FSTC