CRITICAL BOOK REPORT

“GENERAL BIOLOGY”

Lecturer : Dra. Martina Asiati Napitupulu, M.Sc.

Environmental Biology Course

Submitted by

Name : Rizka Annisa

Nim : 4182141015

Study Program : Bilingual Biology Education

BILINGUAL BIOLOGY EDUCATION

DEPARTMEN OF BIOLOGY

FACULTY OF MATHEMATICS AND NATURAL SCIENCE

STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN

2018
 CHAPTER I

BOOK IDENTITY

Title : General Biology

Author : Masdiana Sinambela, et.al.

Publish City : Medan

Year of publication : 2018

Book thicknes : 185 pages

The author explains his intention to publish this book in the preface, namely
with the aim to get a holistic understanding of the situation related to himself and the
student environment of FMIPA Unimed, so that he is skillful in using his knowledge
and can form positive and caring characters for his environment.
 CHAPTER II

SUMMARY

I. THE ROLE OF BIOLOGY ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE

AND TECHNOLOGY
By Hasruddin and M. Yusuf

The development of industry is increasing rapidly every year, which aims to meet
the needs and welfare of humans. The development of biology as a science is also
increasing rapidly, this is marked by the increasing number of fields of biology that
are useful in human welfare, such as in the fields of agriculture, health, food, culinary,
medicine, pharmacy, animal husbandry, etc. Some influential biological scientists are:
1. Dorothy Hodgin, as the inventor of the three-dimensional biomolecular
structure as well as a pioneer of biomolecular X-ray crystallography studies.

2. William Harvey, inventor of anatomical and physiological structures.

3. Edwart Jenner, proposed a Smallpox vaccine to ward off smallpox in Europe

4. Alfred Russel Wallace, established Wallace's line in Indonesia

5. Robert Koch, identified the causative agent for a number of diseases, namely
tuberculosis, cholera, and antarks.

6. Sir Allec John Jeffreys, developed the RNAd fingerprint technique and made
DNA profiles Heinrich Anton de bary, founder of modern micrology.

7. Sir David Hopwood, made hybrid antibiotics with genetic manipulation of the
Streptomyces bacteria.

8. Carrolus Linnaeus, a system for naming living things binomial nomenclature

 9. Al-Jahiz, the description of the theory of evolution is almost similar to
Darwin's theory

10. Charles Darwin, put forward the theory of evolution.

11. Rosalin Franklin, researching the structure of DNA

12. Frederick Sanger, determination of the structure of amino acids in proteins

13. Antonie Van Leeuwenhook, inventor of the microscope

Development of biology is due to problem solving based on scientific methods, the

ways are: (1) observing the existence of problems, (2) formulating problems, (3)
formulating hypotheses, (4) designing experiments, (5) data collection and data
analysis, (6) draw conclusions and publish them.

II. BIONUTRITION FOR FEED AND FOOD

By Uswatun Hasanah, A. Syafwan, dan Salwa Rezeki

Food is an important thing that must be met by all living things. Adequacy of
components of food ingredients will cause the body to be healthy and energized. The
materials available in nature can be in the form of macronutrients and micronutrients.

Macronutrients are more needed by the body than micronutrients. Examples

of macronutrients are carbohydrates, fats, and proteins, while examples of
micronutrients are vitamin A, folic acid, iodine, iron and zinc, etc. All cerbohydrates
come from plants through photosynthesis. In the body, carbohydrates can be formed
from several amino acids and a portion of fat glycerol. In general, carbohydrates are
classified into three, namely monosaccharides and derivatives, disaccharides, and
polysaccharides.

Protein is a major component of animal or human cells, so protein is the main

substance in the formation and growth of the body. The advantages of consuming
protein are: 1. Energy sources that are needed for the development of the body, 2.
Formation of cells and tissues while repairing damaged cells and tissues, 3. As a
synthesis of hormones, enzymes, and antibodies, 4. Regulating the balance of acid
and base levels in cell. Fats are produced by plants or animals. Peanut fat is consumed
because it has many benefits for the body as a source of energy, protects body parts,
which is important, gives a sense of warmth to the body, satiety, implementing
metabolism, solvents of vitamins D, A, E and K as well as providers of essential lipid
acids.

Vitamins are a group of organic amine compounds that are very important and
are needed by the body, because vitamins function to help regulate or process the
body's metabolism. If humans, animals or other living things without vitamins, then
they will not be able to do life activities properly, lack of vitamins can cause our body
to be susceptible to disease.

Balanced nutrition pans are designed to help everyone choose the right type
and amount of food. In accordance with different needs according to age (infants,
toddlers, children, adolescents, adults, old age), and in accordance with health
(pregnancy, breastfeeding, body activity, illness, etc. Balancing balanced nutrition
and four principles of balanced nutrition, namely: (1) various foods according to
needs, (2) cleanliness, (3) physical activity, (4) monitoring ideal body weight,
diseases caused by food can be divided into two groups based on the nature of the
transmission, namely: (1) infectious diseases, and (2 ) food poisoning, feed functions
as the building and maintenance of the body, sources of energy, production, and
regulating the processes in the body. The nutritional content that must be present in
feed is protein, fat, carbohydrates, minerals, vitamins, and water.
 III. HEALTH AND RISK

By Masdiana Sinambela and Martina A. Napitupulu

WHO identifies 10 factors that influence global health risks that cause illness
and death, namely: underweight in childhood and pregnant women, overweight and
obesity, unprotected sex, high blood pressure, cigarettes, alcohol, sanitation and
unprotected cleanliness, high cholesterol, indoor smoke from fuel, and iron opacity.
Disruption of health is influenced by lifestyle and eating patterns that are irregular, so
the transportation system is disrupted by the blood so that it affects the work of the
heart, characterized by the emergence of heart disease.

The transport system in the body of living things is the transfer of substances
from a place in the body to another place. Cells need to supply chemical substances
such as glucose and oxygen for cellular respiration activities. Cell respiration supplies
energy to the needs of other reaction reactions needed to live and produce waste or
toxic waste such as carbon dioxide, so it must be removed from the cell and body so
that toxic materials do not damage the body.

System transport in low-level organisms through diffusion processes because

of the concentration gradient, while the transport system in high-level organisms
consists of billions of cells and arranged into special tissues and organs.

IV. BIOREGULATION AND BIOLOGICAL SAFETY

By Erlintan Sinaga, Idram, dan Aryeni

Modern biotechnology has great potential to improve the lives and welfare of
humanity in the agricultural, food, industry, health, human, and environmental
sectors. One of the advantages of genetic engineering techniques is that the source of
genes inserted into an organism can come from non-related organisms.
 This is expected to overcome the constraints of the unavailability of beneficial
gene sources in closely related organisms. Security review of genetically engineered
food products is 1. biological safety, is environmental safety, food safety, and / or
security of genetically engineered food products. 2. Genetically engineered products
and biotechnology, are organisms that have undergone changes in their DNA by using
a method called modern biotechnology, so as to produce an organism or product that
is different from its natural product, so it has several advantages compared to its
natural product. 3. security of genetically engineered food products, conditions and
efforts needed to prevent the possibility of adverse effects and endanger human
health, due to the production, preparation, storage, circulation and utilization of
genetically engineered food products.

The regulation of the safety of genetically engineered food products is: the
security of genetically engineered food products according to international law, the
Cartagena protocol on biosafety, and the safety of genetically engineered food
products in Indonesia.

V. BIOENERGETICS

By Lazuardi, Endang S.G, and Fren S.

Biochemistry is a branch of the study of living things. Energy is indispensable

by every living thing. Metabolism is a transformation of energy using chemical
reactions. Metabolism can be interpreted as all chemical reactions that occur in the
body of living things. Metabolism is divided into two types, namely catabolism and
anabolism.

Catabolism is a reaction to the breakdown of complex chemical compounds

that contain high energy into simple compounds containing lower energy. Whereas
anabolism is an event of changing simple compounds into more complex compounds.
Reactions that can take place always produce free energy and are called exergonic
reactions. Reactions that require free energy are endergonic reactions, reactions like
this cannot stand alone.

This first rule is the law of energy storage which states that the total energy of
a system, including the surrounding energy is constant. The second rule states that the
total entropy of a system must increase if the process wants to take place
spontaneously.

VI. BIODIVERSITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION

By Binari Manurung and Puji Prastowo

Indonesia is one of the centers of world biodiversity. The rich university will
become the basic raw material for human survival, not only for the Indonesian people
but also for other nations. The existing flora, fauna, and microorganisms in Indonesia
can be used for biopics, biopics, biofuel, biopharmaceuticals, bioecology, etc. the use
of biodiversity that is unwise in meeting the needs of human life can cause a
biodiversity crisis.

So that biodiversity should not be used beyond its reproductive capacity.

Decrease or degradation of biodiversity in various habitats can be caused by various
activities carried out by humans, such as forest clearing for industrial, mining and
housing purposes. Fish cultivation activities in water bodies can also cause
degradation of the quality of the water body. Therefore, let us become people who
care about the environment so that degradation of environmental quality can be
reduced.
 VII. BIOREPRODUCTION AND INNOVATION OF REPRODUCTIVE
TECHNOLOGY

By Mariaty and Dirga

The male genitalia has two reproductive functions, namely the function of
gamete reproduction (sperm) and the release of this gamete into the female genital
tract. The function of the female reproductive system is not only to produce eggs but
also to receive sperm, to prepare conditions suitable for fertilization, to provide baby
food that is developing before and after birth.

The definition of a family planning program according to Law No. 10 of 1992

is an effort to increase awareness and participation of the community through
maturing marriage age, birth regulation, fostering family defense, improving the
welfare of small families, happy and prosperous

Contraception comes from the word conta which means to prevent or fight,
while conception is a meeting between a mature egg and sperm cells which results in
pregnancy.

Sexually transmitted diseases are infections that are transmitted through

sexual intercourse carried out by one partner who is infected

Reproductive technology is a human effort to breed animals or plants in

several ways that are expected to overcome breeding problems. Some innovations in
reproductive technology include: artificial insemination, cloning, tissue culture,
hydroponics, and verticulture.

Artificial insemination in livestock is a method or technique for inserting

liquefied semen or spermatozoa which has been processed first from male cattle into
the genital tract of a female by using a special tool called insemination gun. one of the
goals of artificial insemination in animals is to increase the birth rate quickly and
regularly
 Cloning is a gene multiplication technique that produces the same derivative
both in terms of heredity and appearance. Cloning is the process of making a number
of cells or molecules that are entirely identical to the cell or molecule of origin.

Plant tissue culture (micropropagation) or invitroo culture can be defined as a

method to isolate parts of plants, such as protoplasm, cells, tissues, and organs, and to
grow them in aseptic conditions (germ-free), so that parts can multiply and grow into
plants complete.

Hydroponics is a culture of cultivating water without using soil by

emphasizing the fulfillment of nutritional needs in plants. While verticulture is a
vertical farming technique by arranging plants in stages from bottom to top.

VIII. BIOINDUSTRI

By Martina Restuati, Dina Handayani, and Nanda Pratiwi

Biotechnology is a principle of science and engineering for handling and

processing materials with the help of biological agents that produce goods and
services. Bioindustry is one part of biotechnology, namely the application of
microorganisms and enzymes on a large scale (industry) that takes into account the
economic studies and the profit and loss of a production process.

The era of biotechnology is divided into five, namely the pre-pasteur era, the
Pasteur era, the antibiotic era, the post-antibiotic era, and the modern era. In
developed countries bioindustry companies have used many principles of energy
generation, environmental cleansing, bioremediation, food production using the
principle of genetic engineering. Whereas in developing countries it is still
determined by old biotechnology that has not utilized genetic engineering. Trends in
the biological product industry include health, energy, biochemistry, and
environmental products.
 The resources that must be considered are men, money, materials, methods,
machines, and markets. Important factors in the progress of biotechnology are
politics, law, social, economy, education, technology and demography.

The development of biocontrol fungi aims to minimize the use of synthetic

chemical pesticides which often adversely affect the environment and health. Fungi
that can be used as biocontrol fungi must have several criteria, including: 1. Not
pathogenic to animals or plants, 2. Resistant to residual pesticides, 3. Can reduce
mosquito populations and protect animals and humans from various diseases caused
by pathogenic fungi. The mechanism of protection by biocontrol fungi occurs through
several stages, namely 1. Microparasitic (the ability to become a parasite for
pathogenic fungi), 2. Antibiosis (the ability to produce antibiotics), 3. Permeability of
cell membtan, and chitinase enzyme, laminarinase which can cause cell wall lysis, 4.
Competition to obtain food and place, 5. Destroy cell walls of pathogenic fungi with
chitinase enzymes.

IX. BIOLOGICAL ENGINEERING

By Dicky Setya Diningrat

Biological engineering is an interdisciplinary biology and technique applied in

biosystem-based engineering to improve the efficiency of biosystem functions and
benefits for industry. The development of science and technology has changed the
world as the first generation revolution has carved history when the biological power
of humans and animals is replaced by mechanics.

The development of biotechnology and bio engineering encourages scientists to

look at the biological process in more detail, as a complex biological system process
and spread throughout the world.
 X. INFORMATION BIOLOGY

By Adriana YD Lumbangaol and Halim Simatupang

The industrial revolution is a rapid change in the economic field, namely the
activities of the agricultural economy into the industrial economy that uses machines
to process raw materials into ready-to-use materials. Characteristics of the industrial
revolution include.

1. Turnaround in the industrial world, which originally only used human labor or
hand work then changed using mechanical power or machine work.

2. The occurrence of shifting traditional systems or domestic systems into a

manufacturing system or factory system in the world of industry so that
industrial results are increasing.

3. The start of phenomenal discovery discoveries in the field of industry that

makes the world of industry increasingly developing.

4. Making production increase with the existence of machines that support an

industry.

5. Human power is no longer a top priority in production

The European Union's rejection of the Indonesian CPO was caused by: a. Forest
reduction (deforestation),b. Human rights violations are exploitation of child labor in
oil palm plantations.

Standard management of export products according to industry revolution 4.0,

namely: 1. Sustainable Palm Oil Certification, 2. Standard Certification for Hazard
Analysis and Critical Control points, 3. Code of Conduct For Responsible Fisheries.
 XI. ADAPTATION, EVOLUTION, VARIATION AND DIVERSITY

Living things adapt to survive. Adaptation is caused by natural selection. There

are three adaptations by animals, namely physiological adaptation, morphological
adaptation, and behavioral adaptation. While there are only two plant adaptations,
namely physiological adaptation and morphological adaptation. In the process of
adaptation, plants go through various stages, namely the acclimation stage, the
naturalization stage, and the domestication stage. Evolution occurs due to changes in
genetic changes that are influenced by factors surrounding the environment.

Variations are things that refer to genetic events that cause certain individuals or
groups of species to have different characteristics from one another. Variations due to
mutations occur randomly, and nature is the one that deletes them. The process of
natural selection is divided into 3 types, namely stabilition selection (this selection
tends to reduce the population and inhibit evolution), Direction selection (slices that
put pressure on one variation of an unusual species, so the variation will disappear),
disruptive selection (selection occurs when environmental conditions vary, so
variations in species will tend to find their most comfortable place and then they
develop themselves on their own without being more dominant.

The diversity of living things includes a variety of aspects such as morphological

characteristics, anatomy, physiology, and behavior which will further form a
particular ecosystem. Experts classify living things in taxa based on similarities
between species, namely genus, familia, order, class, phylum, and kingdom.
 CHAPTER III

In this chapter I will review a book entitled "General Biology" written by

Masdiana Sinambela, et al. The theme of this book is "Biological Sciences". This
book consists of 11 chapters, namely The Role Of Biology On The Development Of
Science And Technology, Bionutrition For Feed And Food, Health And Risk,
Bioregulation And Biological Safety, Bioenergetics, Biodiversity And Environmental
Degradation, Bioeproduction And Innovation Of Reproductive Technology,
Bioindustry , Biological Engineering, Information Biology, and the last Adaptation,
Evolution, Variation and Diversity.

The aim of the author to publish this book is to get a holistic understanding of the
situation related to himself and the student environment of FMIPA Unimed, so that he
is skillful in using his knowledge and can form positive and caring characters for his
environment.

According to me, the best part of this book is part III. Because this chapter is very
clearly explained by the author regarding health and risk, so that after reading this
chapter the reader will be aware of how to maintain health and what happens if the
body is not properly maintained. The content provided is very clear and easy to
understand. The material provided by the author is very complete.

In my opinion, the worst part of this book is part V that is bioenergetics. because
in this chapter the indicators of achievement presented by the authors were not
achieved because the authors were not presented. The material provided has nothing
to do with the indicators that the writer wants to achieve. And the material given is
too little. From the beginning to the end of this chapter only contains an introduction.
Why is that? Because after the introduction the author does not include the title of the
sub-chapter.
 In general, I recommend this book, with notes being edited again, because in
some chapters there are still typing errors and there are still irrelevant material. There
are chapters that include too much material but are not relevant to other material. And
there are also those who lack material, meaning that they do not include important
material that should be included. As I told my opinion about the best and the best
part.