Proton magnetometer

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Jump to navigationJump to search

Proton magnetometer from 1967.

The proton magnetometer, also known as the proton precession magnetometer (PPM),
uses the principle of Earth's field nuclear magnetic resonance (EFNMR) to measure
very small variations in the Earth's magnetic field, allowing ferrous objects on
land and at sea to be detected.

It is used in land-based archaeology to map the positions of demolished walls and

buildings, and at sea to locate wrecked ships, sometimes for recreational diving.

PPMs were once widely used in mineral exploration. They have largely been
superseded by Overhauser effect magnetometers and alkali vapour (cesium, rubidium,
potassium) or helium magnetometers, which sample faster and are more sensitive.

Contents
1 Principles of operation
2 Proton magnetometer in archaeology
3 See also
4 References
5 Further reading
Principles of operation
A direct current flowing in a solenoid creates a strong magnetic field around a
hydrogen-rich fluid (kerosine and decane are popular, and even water can be used),
causing some of the protons to align themselves with that field. The current is
then interrupted, and as protons realign themselves with the ambient magnetic
field, they precess at a frequency that is directly proportional to the magnetic
field. This produces a weak rotating magnetic field that is picked up by a
(sometimes separate) inductor, amplified electronically, and fed to a digital
frequency counter whose output is typically scaled and displayed directly as field
strength or output as digital data.

The relationship between the frequency of the induced current and the strength of
the magnetic field is called the proton gyromagnetic ratio, and is equal to
0.042576 Hz nT-1. Because the precession frequency depends only on atomic constants
and the strength of the ambient magnetic field, the accuracy of this type of
magnetometer can reach 1 ppm.[1]

The frequency of Earth's field NMR for protons varies between approximately 900 Hz
near the equator to 4.2 kHz near the geomagnetic poles. These magnetometers can be
moderately sensitive if several tens of watts are available to power the aligning
process. If measurements are taken once per second, standard deviations in the
readings is in the 0.01 nT to 0.1 nT range, and variations of about 0.1 nT can be
detected.

For hand/backpack carried units, PPM sample rates are typically limited to less
than one sample per second. Measurements are typically taken with the sensor held
at fixed locations at approximately 10 meter increments.

The two main sources of measurement errors are magnetic impurities in the sensor,
errors in the measurement of the frequency and ferrous material on the operator and
the instruments, as well as rotation of the sensor as a measurement is taken.

Portable instruments are also limited by sensor volume (weight) and power
consumption. PPMs work in field gradients up to 3,000 nT m-1 which is adequate from
most mineral exploration work. For higher gradient tolerance such as mapping banded
iron formations and detecting large ferrous objects Overhauser magnetometers can
handle 10,000 nT m-1 and Caesium magnetometers can handle 30,000 nT m-1.

Proton magnetometer in archaeology

In 1958 Glenn A. Black and Eli Lilly, following the work of M. J. Aitken and his
associates at the Oxford University (UK) Archaeometric Laboratory, used proton
magnetometers to locate and map buried archaeological features, including iron
objects in the soil, thermoremanent magnetization of fired clays, and differences
in the magnetic susceptibility of disturbed soils. During 1961�1963, they surveyed
more than 100,000 square feet (9,300 m2) of the Angel Mounds State Historic Site in
Indiana and excavated more than 7,000 square feet (650 m2) to match anomalous
magnetometer readings with the archaeological features that produced them. This was
the first systematic use of a proton magnetometer for archaeological research in
North America.[2]

See also
NMR
References
Dr. Ivan Hrvoic, Ph.D., P.Eng. "Requirements for obtaining high accuracy with
proton magnetometers". GEM Systems Inc., 2010-01-11.
Peebles, Christopher S. (July 23, 1996). "Geophysics at the Angel site: Past,
present and future". Glenn Black Laboratory of Archaeology and The Trustees of
Indiana University. Archived from the original on 2010-06-26. Retrieved 19 March
2014.
Further reading
Black, G. A. and Johnston, R. B., "A Test of Magnetometry as an Aid to
Archaeology," American Antiquity, Vol. 28, pp. 199-205, 1962.
Black, G. A., Angel Site: An Archaeological Historical, and Ethnological Study, 2
vols., Indiana Historical Society, Indianapolis, 1967.
Breiner, Sheldon, "Applications Manual for Portable Magnetometers" 1999.
Johnston, R. B., "Proton Magnetometry and its Application to Archaeology: An
Evaluation at Angel Site," Indiana Historical Society, Prehistory Research Series,
Vol. IV, No. II, 1962.
Smekalova T. N., Voss O., Smekalov S. L. "Magnetic Surveying in Archaeology. More
than 10 years of using the Overhauser GSM-19 gradiometer", Wormianum 2008.
Categories: Diving equipmentMagnetic devicesGeomagnetismIndiana Historical Society
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This page was last edited on 24 February 2019, at 03:50 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License;
additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and
Privacy Policy. Wikipedia� is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation,
Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policyAbout WikipediaDisclaimersContact WikipediaDevelopersCookie
statementMobile viewWikimedia Foundation Powered by MediaWiki

Proton magnetometer
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigationJump to search

Proton magnetometer from 1967.

The proton magnetometer, also known as the proton precession magnetometer (PPM),
uses the principle of Earth's field nuclear magnetic resonance (EFNMR) to measure
very small variations in the Earth's magnetic field, allowing ferrous objects on
land and at sea to be detected.

It is used in land-based archaeology to map the positions of demolished walls and

buildings, and at sea to locate wrecked ships, sometimes for recreational diving.

PPMs were once widely used in mineral exploration. They have largely been
superseded by Overhauser effect magnetometers and alkali vapour (cesium, rubidium,
potassium) or helium magnetometers, which sample faster and are more sensitive.

Contents
1 Principles of operation
2 Proton magnetometer in archaeology
3 See also
4 References
5 Further reading
Principles of operation
A direct current flowing in a solenoid creates a strong magnetic field around a
hydrogen-rich fluid (kerosine and decane are popular, and even water can be used),
causing some of the protons to align themselves with that field. The current is
then interrupted, and as protons realign themselves with the ambient magnetic
field, they precess at a frequency that is directly proportional to the magnetic
field. This produces a weak rotating magnetic field that is picked up by a
(sometimes separate) inductor, amplified electronically, and fed to a digital
frequency counter whose output is typically scaled and displayed directly as field
strength or output as digital data.
The relationship between the frequency of the induced current and the strength of
the magnetic field is called the proton gyromagnetic ratio, and is equal to
0.042576 Hz nT-1. Because the precession frequency depends only on atomic constants
and the strength of the ambient magnetic field, the accuracy of this type of
magnetometer can reach 1 ppm.[1]

The frequency of Earth's field NMR for protons varies between approximately 900 Hz
near the equator to 4.2 kHz near the geomagnetic poles. These magnetometers can be
moderately sensitive if several tens of watts are available to power the aligning
process. If measurements are taken once per second, standard deviations in the
readings is in the 0.01 nT to 0.1 nT range, and variations of about 0.1 nT can be
detected.

For hand/backpack carried units, PPM sample rates are typically limited to less
than one sample per second. Measurements are typically taken with the sensor held
at fixed locations at approximately 10 meter increments.

The two main sources of measurement errors are magnetic impurities in the sensor,
errors in the measurement of the frequency and ferrous material on the operator and
the instruments, as well as rotation of the sensor as a measurement is taken.

Portable instruments are also limited by sensor volume (weight) and power
consumption. PPMs work in field gradients up to 3,000 nT m-1 which is adequate from
most mineral exploration work. For higher gradient tolerance such as mapping banded
iron formations and detecting large ferrous objects Overhauser magnetometers can
handle 10,000 nT m-1 and Caesium magnetometers can handle 30,000 nT m-1.

Proton magnetometer in archaeology

In 1958 Glenn A. Black and Eli Lilly, following the work of M. J. Aitken and his
associates at the Oxford University (UK) Archaeometric Laboratory, used proton
magnetometers to locate and map buried archaeological features, including iron
objects in the soil, thermoremanent magnetization of fired clays, and differences
in the magnetic susceptibility of disturbed soils. During 1961�1963, they surveyed
more than 100,000 square feet (9,300 m2) of the Angel Mounds State Historic Site in
Indiana and excavated more than 7,000 square feet (650 m2) to match anomalous
magnetometer readings with the archaeological features that produced them. This was
the first systematic use of a proton magnetometer for archaeological research in
North America.[2]

See also
NMR
References
Dr. Ivan Hrvoic, Ph.D., P.Eng. "Requirements for obtaining high accuracy with
proton magnetometers". GEM Systems Inc., 2010-01-11.
Peebles, Christopher S. (July 23, 1996). "Geophysics at the Angel site: Past,
present and future". Glenn Black Laboratory of Archaeology and The Trustees of
Indiana University. Archived from the original on 2010-06-26. Retrieved 19 March
2014.
Further reading
Black, G. A. and Johnston, R. B., "A Test of Magnetometry as an Aid to
Archaeology," American Antiquity, Vol. 28, pp. 199-205, 1962.
Black, G. A., Angel Site: An Archaeological Historical, and Ethnological Study, 2
vols., Indiana Historical Society, Indianapolis, 1967.
Breiner, Sheldon, "Applications Manual for Portable Magnetometers" 1999.
Johnston, R. B., "Proton Magnetometry and its Application to Archaeology: An
Evaluation at Angel Site," Indiana Historical Society, Prehistory Research Series,
Vol. IV, No. II, 1962.
Smekalova T. N., Voss O., Smekalov S. L. "Magnetic Surveying in Archaeology. More
than 10 years of using the Overhauser GSM-19 gradiometer", Wormianum 2008.
Categories: Diving equipmentMagnetic devicesGeomagnetismIndiana Historical Society
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????????
???
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This page was last edited on 24 February 2019, at 03:50 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License;
additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and
Privacy Policy. Wikipedia� is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation,
Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policyAbout WikipediaDisclaimersContact WikipediaDevelopersCookie
statementMobile viewWikimedia Foundation Powered by MediaWiki

Proton magnetometer
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigationJump to search

Proton magnetometer from 1967.

The proton magnetometer, also known as the proton precession magnetometer (PPM),
uses the principle of Earth's field nuclear magnetic resonance (EFNMR) to measure
very small variations in the Earth's magnetic field, allowing ferrous objects on
land and at sea to be detected.

It is used in land-based archaeology to map the positions of demolished walls and

buildings, and at sea to locate wrecked ships, sometimes for recreational diving.
PPMs were once widely used in mineral exploration. They have largely been
superseded by Overhauser effect magnetometers and alkali vapour (cesium, rubidium,
potassium) or helium magnetometers, which sample faster and are more sensitive.

Contents
1 Principles of operation
2 Proton magnetometer in archaeology
3 See also
4 References
5 Further reading
Principles of operation
A direct current flowing in a solenoid creates a strong magnetic field around a
hydrogen-rich fluid (kerosine and decane are popular, and even water can be used),
causing some of the protons to align themselves with that field. The current is
then interrupted, and as protons realign themselves with the ambient magnetic
field, they precess at a frequency that is directly proportional to the magnetic
field. This produces a weak rotating magnetic field that is picked up by a
(sometimes separate) inductor, amplified electronically, and fed to a digital
frequency counter whose output is typically scaled and displayed directly as field
strength or output as digital data.

The relationship between the frequency of the induced current and the strength of
the magnetic field is called the proton gyromagnetic ratio, and is equal to
0.042576 Hz nT-1. Because the precession frequency depends only on atomic constants
and the strength of the ambient magnetic field, the accuracy of this type of
magnetometer can reach 1 ppm.[1]

The frequency of Earth's field NMR for protons varies between approximately 900 Hz
near the equator to 4.2 kHz near the geomagnetic poles. These magnetometers can be
moderately sensitive if several tens of watts are available to power the aligning
process. If measurements are taken once per second, standard deviations in the
readings is in the 0.01 nT to 0.1 nT range, and variations of about 0.1 nT can be
detected.

For hand/backpack carried units, PPM sample rates are typically limited to less
than one sample per second. Measurements are typically taken with the sensor held
at fixed locations at approximately 10 meter increments.

The two main sources of measurement errors are magnetic impurities in the sensor,
errors in the measurement of the frequency and ferrous material on the operator and
the instruments, as well as rotation of the sensor as a measurement is taken.

Portable instruments are also limited by sensor volume (weight) and power
consumption. PPMs work in field gradients up to 3,000 nT m-1 which is adequate from
most mineral exploration work. For higher gradient tolerance such as mapping banded
iron formations and detecting large ferrous objects Overhauser magnetometers can
handle 10,000 nT m-1 and Caesium magnetometers can handle 30,000 nT m-1.

Proton magnetometer in archaeology

In 1958 Glenn A. Black and Eli Lilly, following the work of M. J. Aitken and his
associates at the Oxford University (UK) Archaeometric Laboratory, used proton
magnetometers to locate and map buried archaeological features, including iron
objects in the soil, thermoremanent magnetization of fired clays, and differences
in the magnetic susceptibility of disturbed soils. During 1961�1963, they surveyed
more than 100,000 square feet (9,300 m2) of the Angel Mounds State Historic Site in
Indiana and excavated more than 7,000 square feet (650 m2) to match anomalous
magnetometer readings with the archaeological features that produced them. This was
the first systematic use of a proton magnetometer for archaeological research in
North America.[2]

See also
NMR
References
Dr. Ivan Hrvoic, Ph.D., P.Eng. "Requirements for obtaining high accuracy with
proton magnetometers". GEM Systems Inc., 2010-01-11.
Peebles, Christopher S. (July 23, 1996). "Geophysics at the Angel site: Past,
present and future". Glenn Black Laboratory of Archaeology and The Trustees of
Indiana University. Archived from the original on 2010-06-26. Retrieved 19 March
2014.
Further reading
Black, G. A. and Johnston, R. B., "A Test of Magnetometry as an Aid to
Archaeology," American Antiquity, Vol. 28, pp. 199-205, 1962.
Black, G. A., Angel Site: An Archaeological Historical, and Ethnological Study, 2
vols., Indiana Historical Society, Indianapolis, 1967.
Breiner, Sheldon, "Applications Manual for Portable Magnetometers" 1999.
Johnston, R. B., "Proton Magnetometry and its Application to Archaeology: An
Evaluation at Angel Site," Indiana Historical Society, Prehistory Research Series,
Vol. IV, No. II, 1962.
Smekalova T. N., Voss O., Smekalov S. L. "Magnetic Surveying in Archaeology. More
than 10 years of using the Overhauser GSM-19 gradiometer", Wormianum 2008.
Categories: Diving equipmentMagnetic devicesGeomagnetismIndiana Historical Society
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Not logged inTalkContributionsCreate accountLog inArticleTalkReadEditView
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Upload file
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Download as PDF
Printable version

Languages
Deutsch
????????
???
Polski
Ti?ng Vi?t
Edit links
This page was last edited on 24 February 2019, at 03:50 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License;
additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and
Privacy Policy. Wikipedia� is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation,
Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policyAbout WikipediaDisclaimersContact WikipediaDevelopersCookie
statementMobile viewWikimedia Foundation Powered by MediaWiki

Proton magnetometer
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigationJump to search

Proton magnetometer from 1967.

The proton magnetometer, also known as the proton precession magnetometer (PPM),
uses the principle of Earth's field nuclear magnetic resonance (EFNMR) to measure
very small variations in the Earth's magnetic field, allowing ferrous objects on
land and at sea to be detected.

It is used in land-based archaeology to map the positions of demolished walls and

buildings, and at sea to locate wrecked ships, sometimes for recreational diving.

PPMs were once widely used in mineral exploration. They have largely been
superseded by Overhauser effect magnetometers and alkali vapour (cesium, rubidium,
potassium) or helium magnetometers, which sample faster and are more sensitive.

Contents
1 Principles of operation
2 Proton magnetometer in archaeology
3 See also
4 References
5 Further reading
Principles of operation
A direct current flowing in a solenoid creates a strong magnetic field around a
hydrogen-rich fluid (kerosine and decane are popular, and even water can be used),
causing some of the protons to align themselves with that field. The current is
then interrupted, and as protons realign themselves with the ambient magnetic
field, they precess at a frequency that is directly proportional to the magnetic
field. This produces a weak rotating magnetic field that is picked up by a
(sometimes separate) inductor, amplified electronically, and fed to a digital
frequency counter whose output is typically scaled and displayed directly as field
strength or output as digital data.

The relationship between the frequency of the induced current and the strength of
the magnetic field is called the proton gyromagnetic ratio, and is equal to
0.042576 Hz nT-1. Because the precession frequency depends only on atomic constants
and the strength of the ambient magnetic field, the accuracy of this type of
magnetometer can reach 1 ppm.[1]

The frequency of Earth's field NMR for protons varies between approximately 900 Hz
near the equator to 4.2 kHz near the geomagnetic poles. These magnetometers can be
moderately sensitive if several tens of watts are available to power the aligning
process. If measurements are taken once per second, standard deviations in the
readings is in the 0.01 nT to 0.1 nT range, and variations of about 0.1 nT can be
detected.
For hand/backpack carried units, PPM sample rates are typically limited to less
than one sample per second. Measurements are typically taken with the sensor held
at fixed locations at approximately 10 meter increments.

The two main sources of measurement errors are magnetic impurities in the sensor,
errors in the measurement of the frequency and ferrous material on the operator and
the instruments, as well as rotation of the sensor as a measurement is taken.

Portable instruments are also limited by sensor volume (weight) and power
consumption. PPMs work in field gradients up to 3,000 nT m-1 which is adequate from
most mineral exploration work. For higher gradient tolerance such as mapping banded
iron formations and detecting large ferrous objects Overhauser magnetometers can
handle 10,000 nT m-1 and Caesium magnetometers can handle 30,000 nT m-1.

Proton magnetometer in archaeology

In 1958 Glenn A. Black and Eli Lilly, following the work of M. J. Aitken and his
associates at the Oxford University (UK) Archaeometric Laboratory, used proton
magnetometers to locate and map buried archaeological features, including iron
objects in the soil, thermoremanent magnetization of fired clays, and differences
in the magnetic susceptibility of disturbed soils. During 1961�1963, they surveyed
more than 100,000 square feet (9,300 m2) of the Angel Mounds State Historic Site in
Indiana and excavated more than 7,000 square feet (650 m2) to match anomalous
magnetometer readings with the archaeological features that produced them. This was
the first systematic use of a proton magnetometer for archaeological research in
North America.[2]

See also
NMR
References
Dr. Ivan Hrvoic, Ph.D., P.Eng. "Requirements for obtaining high accuracy with
proton magnetometers". GEM Systems Inc., 2010-01-11.
Peebles, Christopher S. (July 23, 1996). "Geophysics at the Angel site: Past,
present and future". Glenn Black Laboratory of Archaeology and The Trustees of
Indiana University. Archived from the original on 2010-06-26. Retrieved 19 March
2014.
Further reading
Black, G. A. and Johnston, R. B., "A Test of Magnetometry as an Aid to
Archaeology," American Antiquity, Vol. 28, pp. 199-205, 1962.
Black, G. A., Angel Site: An Archaeological Historical, and Ethnological Study, 2
vols., Indiana Historical Society, Indianapolis, 1967.
Breiner, Sheldon, "Applications Manual for Portable Magnetometers" 1999.
Johnston, R. B., "Proton Magnetometry and its Application to Archaeology: An
Evaluation at Angel Site," Indiana Historical Society, Prehistory Research Series,
Vol. IV, No. II, 1962.
Smekalova T. N., Voss O., Smekalov S. L. "Magnetic Surveying in Archaeology. More
than 10 years of using the Overhauser GSM-19 gradiometer", Wormianum 2008.
Categories: Diving equipmentMagnetic devicesGeomagnetismIndiana Historical Society
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Not logged inTalkContributionsCreate accountLog inArticleTalkReadEditView
historySearch
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Random article
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Related changes
Upload file
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Permanent link
Page information
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Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version

Languages
Deutsch
????????
???
Polski
Ti?ng Vi?t
Edit links
This page was last edited on 24 February 2019, at 03:50 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License;
additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and
Privacy Policy. Wikipedia� is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation,
Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policyAbout WikipediaDisclaimersContact WikipediaDevelopersCookie
statementMobile viewWikimedia Foundation Powered by MediaWiki