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Introduction

A truss bridge is a bridge that consists of a truss with a load-bearing superstructure. This truss is

a structure forming triangular units of connected elements. In response to dynamic loads, the

connected elements (typically straight) can be stressed by tension, compression, or sometimes

both. One of the oldest types of modern bridges is Truss bridges. The basic types of truss bridges

have simple designs that engineers from the 19th and early 20th century could easily analyze.

Because of its efficient use of materials, a truss bridge is economical to build. Structural

engineers need to understand the processes involved in designing and building different

structures. Bridge design is one of the basic skills in structural engineering. In addition,

translating the design into reality is extremely important.

For this project, the task is to efficiently design and build a bridge to hold a number of cars

weighing 2000lb. Also, the number of members should be at least 15. Also, the sample of the

bridge should be made. There are also some bonus objectives to strive towards achieving. These

include having, the lightest successful bridge, the most attractive bridge and the best overall

design.
Theory

In trusses, triangular-member systems produce load-bearing, efficient, lightweight members. A

modified version of a Pratt truss was chosen for the design with this fact. In order to strengthen

the truss, it was decided to have one large triangle at the centre. The moment diagram is concave

down in shape for a simple supported beam with a distributed load. Building the truss to

resemble this shape creates an effective, light weight design. We're going to consider internal

forces now.

In the force analysis of structures, the structure must be dismantled and the separate FBD of

individual members analyzed in order to determine the internal forces of the structure. This

analysis calls for very careful observance of Newton's 3rd law, which states that each is

accompanied by an equal and opposite reaction.

3 Engineering structures categories:

1). Trusses- support loads, stationary, 2 force members

2). Frames- support loads, stationary, at least one multi-force members

3). Machines- transmit and modify forces, at least one multi-force member

A truss is a framework composed of members connected at their ends to form a rigid structure.

Examples: Bridges, roof supports, derricks

Structural members used: I-beams, channels, angles, bars

Fastened together at ends by: Welding , rivets, bolts

It is assumed that the weights of truss members are applied to the joints, half the weight at each

end. Compared to the forces that the members support, weight is often small so it is neglected.

In the analysis, the members are assumed to be pinned together.

What's that doing? The forces are reduced to a single force at each end of a member and no

couple. Members become a member of the 2-force. Equal, contrary, collinear (the 3rd law of

Newton)

tension Compression

Total # of members, m

m=2n-3

n=total # of joints

Notice Newton's 3rd law between the equal and opposite pin and member.

Since the whole truss is in balance, each pin is in balance.

Truss contains n Pins => 2n equations (x, y)

but:

m=2n-3=> 2n=m + 3
Thus 2n or m=+3 unknowns may be determined

m => all the forces in the members

3 => R Ax , R Ay , and RB

The entire truss is a rigid body in equilibrium thus we can write the following equation for the

entire truss.

 Fx  0
F y  0
M  0

These do not contain any new information and are therefore not independent. But we can use

these to determine the support reactions. The arrangement of pins and members in a simple truss

is such that a joint involving only 2 unknown forces can always be found. After determining

these forces, their values are transferred to adjacent joints and this joint is analyzed. This is

repeated until all the forces that are unknown are determined.

Once the truss shape has been determined, the next step is to select the members ' material and

size. It was decided to use bass wood for each of the members to make the truss light weight.

The design incorporates member sizes of 0.2 in2 and 0.5 in2 based on the requirement that the

maximum deflection of the truss should not exceed 0.2 inches.

Design Calculations

Determine the force in each member of the truss and state whether the force is tension or

compression. The truss is symmetric.

Since the structure span must be 1200 feet, let the scale be 3:100

Assuming each car weighs 2000#

The bridge can support upto 5 cars. The total load is 10000 pounds.
 Free body diagram

Equilibrium equations for entire truss

𝛴𝐹𝑥 = 0: 𝐴𝑥 = 0

𝛴𝐹𝑦 = 0:

𝐴𝑦 + 𝐷𝑦 − 3 𝑘𝑖𝑝 − 3 𝑘𝑖𝑝 − 3 𝑘𝑖𝑝 − 3 𝑘𝑖𝑝 = 0

𝛴𝑀𝐴 = 0:

−3𝑘𝑖𝑝(200𝑓𝑡) − 3 𝑘𝑖𝑝(400𝑓𝑡) − 3𝑘𝑖𝑝(800𝑓𝑡) − 3𝑘𝑖𝑝(1000𝑓𝑡) + 𝐷𝑦 (1200𝑓𝑡) = 0

𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑜𝑢𝑠𝑙𝑦 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑠

𝐴𝑥 = 0
 𝐴𝑦 = 6𝑘𝑖𝑝

𝐷𝑦 = 6𝑘𝑖𝑝

𝑈𝑠𝑒 𝑎 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑒 − 𝑏𝑜𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑗𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝐴 𝑏𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒

𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑦 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑢𝑛𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑚𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒

𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡.

𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑒 − 𝑏𝑜𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑗𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝐴.

𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑏𝑟𝑖𝑢𝑚 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑗𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝐴

𝛴𝐹𝑥 = 0:

−𝐹𝐴𝐵 cos 30 − 𝐹𝐴𝐸 − 𝐴𝑦 cos 60 = 0

𝛴𝐹𝑦 = 0:

𝐹𝐴𝐵 𝑠𝑖𝑛 30° − 𝐴𝑦 sin 60 = 0

𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑜𝑢𝑠𝑙𝑦 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑠

𝐹𝐴𝐵 = 10.392 𝑘𝑖𝑝 (𝑇)

𝐹𝐴𝐸 = −12 𝑘𝑖𝑝 = 12 𝑘𝑖𝑝 (𝐶)

 𝑇ℎ𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑚𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝑗𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝐸,

𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑒 − 𝑏𝑜𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑗𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝐸

𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑏𝑟𝑖𝑢𝑚 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑗𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝐼

𝛴𝐹𝑥 = 0:

−𝐹𝐸𝐼 + 𝐹𝐸𝐴 − 𝐹𝐸𝐵 cos 60 + (3 𝑘𝑖𝑝) cos 60 = 0

𝛴𝐹𝑦 = 0:

𝐹𝐸𝐶 + 𝐹𝐸𝐵 sin 60 + (3 𝑘𝑖𝑝) sin 60 = 0

𝑈𝑠𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑛𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑗𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝐹 𝑎𝑠 𝑤𝑎𝑠 𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑡 𝑗𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝐼:

𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑡𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝐵𝐹 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐹𝐾.

𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑒 − 𝑏𝑜𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑗𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝐹

 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑏𝑟𝑖𝑢𝑚 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑗𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝐹

𝛴𝐹𝑦 = 0:

𝐹𝐸𝐹 𝑠𝑖𝑛 60° − (1.732 𝑘𝑖𝑝) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 60° = 0

𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑜𝑢𝑠𝑙𝑦 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑠

𝐹𝐸𝐹 = 1.732 𝑘𝑖𝑝 (𝑇)

𝐴𝑡 𝑗𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝐸, 𝑛𝑜𝑤 𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑦 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑚𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑠, 𝐹𝐸𝐼 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐹𝐸𝐵 , 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛.

𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑒 − 𝑏𝑜𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑗𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝐸

𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑏𝑟𝑖𝑢𝑚 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑗𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝐸

𝛴𝐹𝑥 = 0: (10 𝑘𝑖𝑝) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 30° + 𝐹𝐸𝐼 𝑐𝑜𝑠 30° + 𝐹𝐵𝐸 𝑐𝑜𝑠 30° + 1.732 𝑘𝑖𝑝 = 0

𝛴𝐹𝑦 = 0: (10 𝑘𝑖𝑝)𝑠𝑖𝑛 30° + 𝐹𝐸𝐼 𝑠𝑖𝑛 30° − 𝐹𝐵𝐸 𝑠𝑖𝑛 30° − 2 𝑘𝑖𝑝 = 0

𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑜𝑢𝑠𝑙𝑦 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑠

𝐹𝐸𝐼 = − 9.0 𝑘𝑖𝑝 = 9.0 𝑘𝑖𝑝 (𝐶)

𝐹𝐵𝐸 = −3.0 𝑘𝑖𝑝 = 3.0 𝑘𝑖𝑝 (𝐶)

𝐴𝑡 𝑗𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝐵, 𝑛𝑜𝑤 𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑦 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑚𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑠, 𝐹𝐵𝐹 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐹𝐵𝐶 , 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛.

𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑒 − 𝑏𝑜𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑗𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝐵

 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑏𝑟𝑖𝑢𝑚 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑗𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝐵

𝛴𝐹𝑥 = 0:

(3 𝑘𝑖𝑝)𝑐𝑜𝑠 30° − 8.660 𝑘𝑖𝑝 + 𝐹𝐵𝐹 𝑐𝑜𝑠 60° + 𝐹𝐵𝐶 = 0

𝛴𝐹𝑦 = 0:

−(3 𝑘𝑖𝑝) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 30° + 𝐹𝐵𝐹 𝑠𝑖𝑛 60° = 0

𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑜𝑢𝑠𝑙𝑦 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑠

𝐹𝐵𝐹 = 1.732 𝑘𝑖𝑝 (𝑇)

𝐹𝐵𝐶 = 5.196 𝑘𝑖𝑝 (𝑇)

𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑢𝑛𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑚𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑠, 𝐹𝐼𝐾 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐹𝐹𝐾 , 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑟𝑒𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑒

− 𝑏𝑜𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑗𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝐼 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐹.

Using Free-body diagram of joint F

𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑏𝑟𝑖𝑢𝑚 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑗𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝐼

𝛴𝐹𝑥 = 0:

9.0 𝑘𝑖𝑝 − (2 𝑘𝑖𝑝) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 60° + 𝐹𝐼𝐾 = 0

 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑠

𝐹𝐼𝐾 = −8.0 𝑘𝑖𝑝 = 8.0 𝑘𝑖𝑝 (𝐶)

𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑒 − 𝑏𝑜𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑗𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝐹

𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑏𝑟𝑖𝑢𝑚 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑗𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝐹

𝛴𝐹𝑥 = 0:

𝐹𝐹𝐾 1.732 𝑘𝑖𝑝 − (1.732 𝑘𝑖𝑝)𝑐𝑜𝑠 60° − (1.732 𝑘𝑖𝑝) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 60° = 0

𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑠

𝐹𝐹𝐾 = 3.464 𝑘𝑖𝑝 (𝑇)

𝐵𝑦 𝑠𝑦𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑦, 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑓 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑜 𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛.

Conclusions

Using the results, because of its robust design, the design should not have an extreme deflection.

A safety factor should have been taken into consideration. There are several options to reduce the

deflection, including selecting thicker sizes of members and changing the truss design.
The design was enough; the safer and more cost-effective option would have been to increase

each member's sizes slightly, or perhaps to use more than two sizes of bass wood. The design

was not a failure in its entirety. Under the loading of 10 kips, it can not break and is extremely

lightweight.

This can be applied in a number of ways to the real world. The structure of our design may be

highly deflective, which illustrates the importance of a safety factor when designing structures.

Building is not 100% accurate. As a team, this aspect should have been considered by the design.