Proceedings of the ASME 2016 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition

IMECE2016
November 11-17, 2016, Phoenix, Arizona, USA

IMECE2016-66072

THE IMPACT OF THE INTERACTION BETWEEN IMPELLER AND SPIRAL CASING

ON THE PERFORMANCE OF RADIAL FANS

Philipp Epple Manuel Fritsche

Coburg University of Applied Sciences Coburg University of Applied Sciences
Coburg, Bavaria, Germany Coburg, Bavaria, Germany

Hans Rußwurm
Rußwurm Ventilatoren GmbH
Meitingen-Ostendorf, Bavaria,
Germany

ABSTRACT ease of manufacture in the industry, spiral casings for larger

In thermal recycling plants high performance fans are
needed to transport gas through the process. For this
application, the fans have to fulfill very special requirements.
The pyrolysis and gasification processes transform different
kinds of waste, e. g. biomass and municipal scrap waste,
electronic or industrial waste, into highly clean efficient
synthetic gas, i.e. usable energy. Therefore, the thermal
operating range of these fans lies between ambient
temperatures of about 20°C and 530°C. Due to the
requirements and design space of the recycling facility, new
radial fans were developed according to these particular
specifications.
Two different impellers were designed with an extended
analytical method, as described in Epple et al. [1] and [2]. The
first one was designed with a parallel flat shroud and the second
one with a conical shroud. In order to fulfill the manufacturer
requirements of ease of manufacturing, the impellers were
designed with circular arc blades. With these two impellers and
at a temperature of 530 °C, as it is needed in the recycling
plants, a first Bommes spiral casing was optimized adjusting
the spiral casing opening angle and the Bommes parameter, i.e.
the ratio of the spiral casing width to the impeller exit width,
BSC/b2 (Epple et al. [3]). The results show that the predictions
of Bommes work well with impellers with conical shrouds, but
for impellers with parallel shrouds the Bommes prediction does
not work properly.
INTRODUCTION
For the design of the spiral casing there are many cross
section shapes know in the literature, e. g. rectangular,
trapezoidal or circular [1], [2], [4] and [5]. However, due to the
fans are often usually made of metal sheet with parallel upper
and lower surfaces. The spiral casing shape itself is then
approximated by four circular arc segments of bended metal
sheets approximating a logarithmic spiral. This kind of spiral
casing is known as Bommes spiral casing and is widely used in
Germany due to high efficiency and ease of manufacturing, [6],
[7] and [8].
In the classical literature, the design of the impeller and the
spiral casing is basically done separately [4], [9], [10] and [11],
just to give a few examples. In the work of Epple et al. [3],
however, it was recently shown in detail, that there is a strong
interaction between impeller and volute design. For instance, a
good impeller running in a spiral casing may result in an
inefficient fan and an inefficient impeller when running in the
very same spiral casing may result in an efficient fan. This is
due to the nonlinear nature of fluid flows. In the present study
of the interaction between the impeller and the spiral casing
was considerably extended. For this purpose further CFD
simulations with ANSYS CFX 16.1 were performed.
The fan had to be developed for a thermal recycling plant.
The design requirements of the fan at the design point are given
in Table 1:
Table 1: Design point (DP)
Parameter Value
Total pressure at DP 4900 Pa
Flow rate at DP 90000 m³/h
Speed 1320 1/min
Process temperature 530 °C
Ambient pressure 1.01325 bar

1 Copyright © 2016 by ASME

Downloaded From: http://proceedings.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/pdfaccess.ashx?url=/data/conferences/asmep/90992/ on 03/27/2017 Terms of Use: http://www.asme.org/abo

 The fans designed in this work have to operate in a thermal
recycling plant at high temperatures of about 530°C. The
operating point specified by the thermal recycling plant is
shown in Table 1. Due to the high process temperature, the
density of air is reduced to about 0.45 kg/m³, as compared to
the normal density of the air at ambient temperatures of about
1.15 kg/m³. This reduced density has to be considered in design
stage and when analyzing the results in the following sections.

DESIGN OF THE TWO IMPELLERS

For the given design point two completely different

impellers were designed: one with a parallel shroud and one
with a conical shroud. This was done in order to capture the
most of differences possible when these impellers interact with
the spiral casings of the Bommes type. These two impellers
were designed applying the extended analytical method (Epple
et al. [1], [2] and [12]). Due to the ease of manufacture
requirements the blade shapes are circular arcs for both of the
Figure 3: Impeller sketch with main dimensions
impellers. The main dimensions of the two impellers are shown
in Table 2. The CAD models of these two impellers are shown
As can be seen from the main dimensions in Table 2 the
in Figure 1 and Figure 2 and the main dimensions in Figure 3.
exit height b2 of the parallel impeller is much larger than the
one of the conical. On the other hand side the conical impeller
Table 2: Main dimensions of the two impellers is larger in diameter and has a higher exit blade angle ß2. The
Parameter Conical Parallel maximum flow rate expected, when computed ideally (Epple et
Outlet diameter d2 2240mm 2000mm al. [9])
Inlet diameter d1 800mm 1000mm =
Outlet width b2 129mm 400mm Applying this design equation a flow rate of 122.2 m³/s results
Inlet width b1 360mm 400mm for the conical impeller and 243.3 m³/s for the parallel impeller,
Outlet angle β2 41° 35° i.e. there is a factor of about 2 between these two theoretically
maximal flow rates. However, one has to keep in mind that the
Inlet angle β1 31° 25°
flow in a parallel impeller is much more instable, since due to
Number of blades z 9 11 the huge area increase with the radius the meridian flow has to
decrease very fast. Therefore it is expected that this theoretical
difference in maximal flow rate will not come out in that form
in the results. Indeed the maximum flow rate, as shown in the
results below, is basically the same, which was the aim of these
two very different designs.

DESIGN OF THE SPIRAL CASINGS

The spiral casings designed were of the Bommes kind.

Figure 1: CAD model of conical impeller
Leonhard Bommes, a German emeritus professor of
Turbomachinery in Düsseldorf/Germany, suggested a spiral
casing design composed of four bended circular arc sheet
metals at the side walls and a parallel sheet metal at the top and
another one at the bottom of the spiral casing. This kind of
spiral casings is very popular in Germany, due to very good
efficiencies and ease of manufacturing. These four 90° circular
arcs approximate quite well a logarithmic spiral:

( )
( )=
Figure 2: CAD model of parallel impeller

2 Copyright © 2016 by ASME

Downloaded From: http://proceedings.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/pdfaccess.ashx?url=/data/conferences/asmep/90992/ on 03/27/2017 Terms of Use: http://www.asme.org/abo

 The logarithmic spiral is the ideal flow solution for
swirling flows and widely used for spiral casing designs, e.g.
[4], [5], [9] and [10]. Details of the spiral casings are shown in
Figure 4 and Figure 5.
Figure 4: CAD sketch of the spiral casing geometry
Figure 5: Sketch of parallel impeller and spiral casing
The approximation of the logarithmic spiral with four 90°
circular arcs is very accurate, as can be seen in Figure 6. For the
spiral casings designed in this work the error is less than 1%, as
shown in Figure 7. The Bommes spiral casing matches exactly
at four points, i.e. at the radii rSC2 to rSC5, a logarithmic spiral
with opening angle α. Based on these points the four circular
arc radii rarc1 to rarc4 are computed [4]. The Bommes factor is
defined as
= /
i.e. it is the ratio of the spiral casing width to the impeller exit
width. In [4] Bommes describes that the optimum Bommes
factor B = 2..3. It is one of the aims of this work to verify the
generality of this assumption.
Figure 6: Comparison between theoretical logarithmic
spiral casing and Bommes design
3 Copyright © 2016 by ASME
Downloaded From: http://proceedings.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/pdfaccess.ashx?url=/data/conferences/asmep/90992/ on 03/27/2017 Terms of Use: http://www.asme.org/abo
Figure 7: Relative difference of the Bommes design
NUMERICAL SIMULATION
The numerical computations were performed using the
commercial code ANSYS CFX 16.1 solving the conservation
equations, i.e. the continuity equation,
( )
∇ ⋅ ρU = 0
the Navier-Stokes equation
∂U  
ρ
∂t
( ) 1
( )
+ ρ U ⋅∇ U = −∇p + µ  ∆U + ∇ ∇ ⋅ U  + ρ f e
 3 
and energy equation, see [13]. The computations were
performed with URANS. For these simulations the Shear Stress
Transport (SST) turbulence model from Menter was used. The
model works by solving a turbulence/frequency-based k-ω-
model at the wall and the k-ε-model in the bulk flow. A
blending function ensures a smooth transition between the two
models [14]. The convergence criteria was based on monitor
points of the pressure difference, the comparison of the mass
flow rate at the inlet and the outlet until they were the same
combined with residuals less than 10-4.
At the beginning of the CFD simulations a grid study was
done. For this study a baseline fan CFD model was simulated
with different numbers of elements and refinement levels. In
order to verify the grid independence of the solutions the
residuals and relevant physical quantities were monitored. In
Figure 8 the grid independence of the total pressure is shown.
For the further CFD simulations a grid with about 2.0 million
elements proved to be grid independent and well suited.
 4690
Total-to-total pressure ∆pt-t [-]

4685
4680
4675
4670
4665
4660
4655
Grid study
4650
0 500000 1e+006 1.5e+006 2e+006
Number of elements [-]
Figure 8: Analysis of the mesh quality

RESULTS

In order to study the influence of the spiral casing width

BSC, and hence of the Bommes parameter B, and of the spiral
casing angle α on the performance of radial fans four series of
fans were designed and simulated. With the two impellers,
parallel and conical, the variation of the Bommes factor B and
of the spiral casing opening angle α was studied.
For all the fans four characteristics against flow rate were
evaluated: total-to-total pressure, total-to-static pressure, total-
to-total efficiency and total-to-static efficiency.
Finally, for all series, the total-to-total efficiency is
evaluated against the Bommes factor B and against the spiral
opening angle α.
Figure 9: Spiral casings for the parallel impeller with
SERIES 1: PARALLEL IMPELLER AND THE variation of the Bommes-factor B
VARIATION OF THE BOMMES-FACTOR
Total-to-total pressure ∆pt-t [Pa]

6000
In order to study the influence of the Bommes factor B on 5000
the performance of radial fans, with the parallel impeller, six
4000
different spiral casings were designed. In all these spiral casings
the impeller is placed in the mid height and the Bommes factor 3000 B=1.0
B=1.5
ranges from B=1.0 to B=4.0. These six spiral casings are shown 2000 B=2.0
in Figure 9. B=2.5
1000 B=3.0
The CFD results show as a general result that the B=4.0
0
maximum pressure, total-to-total and total-to-static, raises as 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
the Bommes factor drops, Figure 10 and Figure 11. Also the Flow rate Q [m³/s]
maximum flow rate goes back.
Figure 10: parallel impeller, total-to-total pressure

4 Copyright © 2016 by ASME

Downloaded From: http://proceedings.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/pdfaccess.ashx?url=/data/conferences/asmep/90992/ on 03/27/2017 Terms of Use: http://www.asme.org/abo

 Total-to-static pressure ∆pt-s [Pa]

6000

5000

4000

3000 B=1.0
B=1.5
2000 B=2.0
B=2.5
1000 B=3.0
B=4.0
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Flow rate Q [m³/s]
Figure 11: parallel impeller, total-to-static pressure

Similar behavior can be seen in the efficiency

characteristics, total-to-total and total-to-static, Figure 12 and
Figure 13. Also here the efficiencies rise when the Bommes
factor drops, being more pronounced for the total-to-total Figure 14: Streamlines due to variation of Bommes factor
efficiency.
1 SERIES 2: CONICAL IMPELLER AND THE VARIATION
B=1.0
OF THE BOMMES-FACTOR
Total-to-total efficiency ηt-t [-]

B=1.5
0.8 B=2.0
B=2.5 For this second series the conical impeller was used. Due
B=3.0
0.6 to the conical shape of the shroud one is limited on the lower
B=4.0
end of the Bommes factor B, as can be seen in Figure 15.
0.4
Therefore, for the conical impeller, the Bommes factor ranges
0.2
from B=3.1 to B=5.0, four casings were designed.

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Flow rate Q [m³/s]
Figure 12: parallel impeller, total-to-total efficiency

1
B=1.0
Total-to-static efficiency ηt-s [-]

B=1.5
0.8 B=2.0
B=2.5
B=3.0
0.6
B=4.0

0.4

0.2
Figure 15: Spiral casings for the conical impeller with
0 variation of the Bommes factor B
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Flow rate Q [m³/s] Since the variation of the Bommes factor B is less than for
Figure 13: parallel impeller, total-to-static efficiency series 1 with the parallel impeller, also the spreading of the
Hence, for these fans with the parallel impeller, the pressure and efficiency characteristics is less. However, the
smaller the Bommes factor the higher the pressures and basic qualitative behavior, i.e. the increase of pressure and
efficiencies, but also the smaller the maximum flow rates. efficiency with dropping Bommes factor B is the same, as can
be seen in Figure 16 to Figure 17.
In Figure 14 the influence of the Bommes factor B on the
streamlines is shown. The influence seems not to be very
pronounced.

5 Copyright © 2016 by ASME

Downloaded From: http://proceedings.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/pdfaccess.ashx?url=/data/conferences/asmep/90992/ on 03/27/2017 Terms of Use: http://www.asme.org/abo

 Total-to-total pressure ∆pt-t [Pa]

6000 and the conical impellers when running in spiral casings of

5000 different widths. However, the conical impeller has a much
higher efficiency than the parallel one, which in general was
4000
expected.
3000

2000 B=3.1 In Figure 20 the influence of the Bommes factor B on the

B=3.6 streamlines for the case if the conical impeller is shown. Also
1000 B=4.0
B=5.0
here the influence seems not to be very pronounced.
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Flow rate Q [m³/s]
Figure 16: conical impeller, total-to-total pressure
Total-to-static pressure ∆pt-s [Pa]

6000

5000

4000

3000

2000 B=3.1
B=3.6
1000 B=4.0
B=5.0
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Flow rate Q [m³/s] Figure 20: Streamlines due to variation of Bommes factor
Figure 17: conical impeller, total-to-static pressure
SERIES 3: PARALLEL IMPELLER AND THE
1 VARIATION OF THE SPIRAL ANGLE
B=3.1
Total-to-total efficiency ηt-t [-]

B=3.6
0.8 B=4.0
B=5.0
In this third series, the second fundamental investigation
0.6
i.e. the variation of the spiral casing angle α, is performed for
the parallel impeller. This investigation to some extent is
0.4 similar as the variation of the Bommes factor, since increasing
the spiral casing angle α increases the cross sectional area of
0.2 the spiral casing. The same happens when increasing the
Bommes factor B. The larger the spiral casing angle α or the
0 Bommes factor B, the larger the cross section area of the spiral
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
casing, and the other way around. The spiral casings resulting
Flow rate Q [m³/s]
from a variation of the spiral casing angle α are shown in
Figure 18: conical impeller, total-to-total efficiency Figure 21.
1
B=3.1
Total-to-static efficiency ηt-s [-]

B=3.6
0.8 B=4.0
B=5.0
0.6

0.4

0.2

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Flow rate Q [m³/s]
Figure 19: conical impeller, total-to-static efficiency

Therefore, up to this point of the investigation no

Figure 21: Variation of the spiral angle α with parallel
qualitative difference seems to be visible between the parallel
impeller

6 Copyright © 2016 by ASME

Downloaded From: http://proceedings.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/pdfaccess.ashx?url=/data/conferences/asmep/90992/ on 03/27/2017 Terms of Use: http://www.asme.org/abo

 Also for this series for the parallel impeller the basic Since the increase of the spiral angle α results in an
qualitative behavior, i.e. the increase of pressure and efficiency increase of the cross sectional area of the spiral casing – as it is
with dropping spiral casing angle α – instead of the Bommes the case increasing the Bommes factor B – these results can be
factor B – is the same, as can be seen in Figure 22 to Figure 25. expected.
In Figure 26 the influence of the spiral casing opening
angle α on the streamlines for the parallel impeller is shown. In
Total-to-total pressure ∆pt-t [Pa]

6000

5000 this case there is a visible change in the streamlines, especially

4000
in the value of the velocity.
3000

2000 α= 4°
α= 6°
1000 α= 8°
α=10°
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Flow rate Q [m³/s]
Figure 22: parallel impeller, total-to-total pressure
Total-to-static pressure ∆pt-s [Pa]

6000

5000

4000

3000

2000 α= 4°
α= 6°
1000 α= 8°
α=10° Figure 26: Streamlines due to variation of the spiral angle
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Flow rate Q [m³/s]
SERIES 4: CONICAL IMPELLER AND THE VARIATION
OF THE SPIRAL ANGLE
Figure 23: parallel impeller, total-to-static pressure

1
The final study in this fourth series is the variation of the
α= 4° spiral casing angle α for the fans with conical impeller. These
Total-to-total efficiency ηt-t [-]

α= 6°
0.8 α= 8° spiral casings are shown in Figure 27.
α=10°
0.6

0.4

0.2

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Flow rate Q [m³/s]
Figure 24: parallel impeller, total-to-total efficiency

1
α= 4°
Total-to-static efficiency η t-s [-]

α= 6°
0.8 α= 8°
α=10°
0.6

0.4
Figure 27: Variation of the spiral angle α with conical
0.2 impeller
0 Also for this series last for the conical impeller the basic
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
qualitative behavior, i.e. the increase of pressure and efficiency
Flow rate Q [m³/s]
with dropping spiral casing angle α – instead of the Bommes
Figure 25: parallel impeller, total-to-static efficiency
factor B – is the same, as can be seen in Figure 28 to Figure 31.

7 Copyright © 2016 by ASME

Downloaded From: http://proceedings.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/pdfaccess.ashx?url=/data/conferences/asmep/90992/ on 03/27/2017 Terms of Use: http://www.asme.org/abo

 7000 However, also here the conical impeller has a much higher
Total-to-total pressure ∆pt-t [Pa]

6000
efficiency than the parallel one.
5000

4000

3000

2000 α=2.5°
α=5.0°
1000 α=7.5°
α=10°
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Flow rate Q [m³/s]
Figure 28: conical impeller, total-to-total pressure
Total-to-static pressure ∆pt-s [Pa]

7000
6000
5000
4000
3000 Figure 32: Streamlines due to variation of the spiral angle
α=2.5°
2000
α=5.0°
1000 α=7.5° In Figure 32 the influence of the spiral casing opening
0
α=10° angle α on the streamlines for the conical impeller is shown. In
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 this case there is also a visible change in the streamlines,
Flow rate Q [m³/s] especially in the value of the velocity.
Figure 29: conical impeller, total-to-static pressure
Due to the results up to here and in the scope of this work,
1 one can state the general rule that the smaller the cross section
α=2.5° area of the spiral casing, no matter if because of a smaller
Total-to-total efficiency ηt-t [-]

α=5.0°
0.8 α=7.5° Bommes factor or of a smaller spiral casing angle α, the higher
α=10° the pressures and efficiencies and the smaller the maximal flow
0.6 rates. The actual shape of the spiral casing does not have a
sensible influence on the performance of these fans, only the
0.4 cross section area.
0.2 BOMMES FACTOR
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Although up to here all the fans and impellers seem to have
similar performance characteristics, the Bommes factor shown
Flow rate Q [m³/s]
in Figure 33 gives a better insight and shows a fundamental
Figure 30: conical impeller, total-to-total efficiency
difference. For the case of the conical impeller the fan behaves
according to the prediction of Bommes. The parallel impeller,
1
α=2.5° however, has a different behavior. It does not have its
Total-to-static efficiency ηt-s [-]

α=5.0° maximum for the Bommes factor between 2 and 3. Indeed, the
0.8 α=7.5°
α=10° higher the Bommes factor, the lower the efficiency. And that is
0.6
not because the parallel impeller has in general a lower
efficiency, since in Figure 33 not the efficiency but the
0.4 efficiency divided by the optimum efficiency of the respective
impellers is depicted. Therefore, the Bommes diagram is not
0.2 confirmed in detail when running parallel impellers in spiral
casings.
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Flow rate Q [m³/s]
Figure 31: conical impeller, total-to-static efficiency

8 Copyright © 2016 by ASME

Downloaded From: http://proceedings.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/pdfaccess.ashx?url=/data/conferences/asmep/90992/ on 03/27/2017 Terms of Use: http://www.asme.org/abo

 1.2 Since the flow in radial fans is subsonic, the interaction of
1 the impeller and the spiral casing is strongly given, as shown in
this work. In order to get a deeper insight in this interaction,
0.8
ηt-t/ηt-t,opt

more studies will be performed and the present work extended,

0.6 for instance changing the impeller blade shapes including their
0.4
exit angles, just to mention one. In general the interaction
Bommes original between the spiral casing and the impeller will be investigated
0.2 parallel impeller with further geometrical parameter studies, in order to get a
conical impeller
0 better understanding of this interaction.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Bommes factor B ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Figure 33: Bommes factor for both impellers, parallel and
conical This research was funded by the German
Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Technologie (Federal
SPIRAL CASING OPENING ANGLE Ministry for Economics and Technology), program: Zentrales
Innovationsprogramm Mittelstand.
Similar to the graph in Figure 33 for the Bommes factor,
Figure 34 shows the effect of the spiral casing opening angle a
on the normalized efficiencies of the fans. Here the parallel NOMENCLATURE
impellers have again the steeper characteristic, showing that
they operate differently from the conical ones. Latin symbols:

1.2 B = Bommes-factor
1 BSC = spiral casing width
b1 = inlet width
0.8
ηt-t/ηt-t,opt

b2 = outlet width
0.6 d1 = inlet diameter
0.4 d2 = outlet diameter
DP = design point
0.2 parallel impeller

0
conical impeller f e = body forces
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 I = impeller
Spiral opening angle α p = pressure
Figure 34: Spiral opening angle α and fan efficiency r = radius
SP = spiral casing
U = velocity vector
CONCLUSIONS AND OUTLOOK U2 = tangential velocity
In this work the interaction of two impellers, one with a Greek symbols:
parallel shroud and the other with a conical shroud, with spiral
casings were studied. It was shown that the general behavior is α = spiral opening angle
the same: the smaller the cross section area of the spiral casing ß2 = outlet angle
the higher the maximum pressure and efficiency and the lower ∆pt-s = total-to-static pressure
the maximum efficiency. The efficiency of the fans with conical ∆pt-t = total-to-total pressure
impeller in general is much higher as the ones with the parallel
ρ = density
impeller. It was shown, however, that the behavior of the
normalized efficiency as a function of the Bommes factor B is µ = viscosity
quite different. The conical impellers agree basically with the ηt-s = total-to-static efficiency
prediction of Bommes, whereas the parallel impeller does not, ηt-t = total-to-total efficiency
it has a much steeper characteristic and the maximum does not Θ = polar angle
lie between 2 and 3, as for the conical impellers. That means
that the Bommes prediction cannot be used in general, although
for conical impellers it gives a very good prediction. For
impellers with parallel shroud, however, the Bommes
prediction is not useful or wrong.

9 Copyright © 2016 by ASME

Downloaded From: http://proceedings.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/pdfaccess.ashx?url=/data/conferences/asmep/90992/ on 03/27/2017 Terms of Use: http://www.asme.org/abo

 REFERENCES

[1] Epple et al. (2009): Design of radial impellers: a

combined extended analytical and numerical method,
Proc. IMechE Vol. 223 Part C: J. Mechanical
Engineering Science.
[2] Epple, Ph.; Durst, F.; Delgado, A. (2010): A theoretical
derivation of the Cordier diagram for turbomachines.
In: Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical
Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering
Science 225, S. 354–368.
[3] Epple, Ph.; Friedrich, F.; Rußwurm, H. (2015):
Impeller Matched Spiral Casing Design for
Centrifugal Fans and Blowers. In: Proceedings of
IMECE 2015 (ASME), S. 52447.
[4] Bommes, Leonhard; Fricke, Jürgen; Grundmann,
Reinhard (2003): Ventilatoren. 2. Aufl. Essen: Vulkan-
Verl.
[5] Carolus, Thomas (2013): Ventilatoren.
Aerodynamischer Entwurf, Schallvorhersage,
Konstruktion. 3., überarb. u. erw. Aufl. 2013.
Wiesbaden: Vieweg+Teubner Verlag.
[6] Bommes, L. (1974): Problemlösungen bei der
Gestaltung von Radialventilatoren. In: HLH 25 (12),
S. 420–425.
[7] Bommes, L.; Reinartz, D. (1997 (Zakopane)):
Entwurfspolynome zur optimalen Auswahl und
Bemessung von Industrieventilatoren radialer Bauart.
[8] Bommes, L.; Reinartz, D. (1997): Polynomisches
Verfahren zur optimalen Gestaltung von
Radialventilatoren. In: HLH 48 (4), S. 30–32.
[9] Eck, Bruno (2003): Ventilatoren. Entwurf und Betrieb
der Radial-, Axial- und Querstromventilatoren. 6.
Aufl. Berlin, New York: Springer (Klassiker der
Technik (Springer-Verlag)).
[10] Bohl, Willi (2012): Strömungsmaschinen 2.
Berechnung und Konstruktion. 8. Aufl. Würzburg:
Vogel Fachbuchverlag.
[11] Bohl, Willi; Elmendorf, Wolfgang (2011):
Strömungsmaschinen 1. Aufbau und Wirkungsweise.
11. Aufl. Würzburg: Vogel Fachbuchverlag.
[12] Epple, Ph.; Miclea, M.; Luschmann, Ch.; Ilic, C.;
Delgado, A. (2009): An Extended Analytical and
Numerical Design Method with Applications of Radial
Fans. In: Proceedings of IMECE 2009 (ASME), S.
11283.
[13] Hirsch, C.: Numerical Computation of Internal and
External Flows, Butterworth-Heinemann, Elsevier,
Oxford, 2007.
[14] Menter, F. “Zonal Two Equation k- ω Turbulence
Models for Aerodynamic Flows”, AIAA Paper 93-
2906, 1993.

10 Copyright © 2016 by ASME

Downloaded From: http://proceedings.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/pdfaccess.ashx?url=/data/conferences/asmep/90992/ on 03/27/2017 Terms of Use: http://www.asme.org/abo