URBAN AIR QUALITY EVALUATION:

CITY PROFILE
in INDONESIA 2011
BLUE SKY PROGRAM
VOLUME 2

MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT
CONTRIBUTORS
URBAN AIR QUALITY: CITY PROFILE IN INDONESIA 2011
ASSISTANT DEPUTY FOR POLLUTION CONTROL OF MOBILE SOURCES
DEPUTY MINISTER FOR ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION CONTROL
MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT

Director:
M R KARLIANSYAH

Supervisor:
Ade Palguna R.

Writers:
Dollaris Riauaty Suhadi, M. Zakaria, Linda Krisnawati, John HP. Tambun, M. Harsono,
Tengku Rena, Rhesa Darojat

Contributors:
Prof. Ofyar Z. Tamin, MSc., Dr. Driejana, Mohd Gempur Adnan, Dr. Ade Sjafruddin, Dr.
Kania Dewi, Haryo S. Tomo, I Made Agusetiawan, Trias Hermanu, Heru Sugiarto, Gana
Sugantana

2011 Urban Air Quality Team and Members :

Fitri Harwati, Didin Khaerudin, Mutiara Siadari, Rahmat Ulthari, Endang Nooryastuti,
Endang Hidayat, Dian Sugiarti, Bayu Widiyatama, Alfred Sitorus and team, Ahmad
Sidhi and team

Finance and Administration:

Lilis Sartika, Emi Kartini, Juliana Romauli

English Translator:
Mariana N. Sam
 URBAN AIR QUALITY:
CITY PROFILE
in INDONESIA 2011
BLUE SKY PROGRAM
VOLUME 2
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS 2
LIST OF FIGURES 4
LIST OF TABLES 5
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 5
LIST OF TERMS 6
FOREWORD 7
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 8
HIGHLIGHTS 9
CITY PROFILE 11
1. BALIKPAPAN 11
2. BANDAR LAMPUNG 13
3. BANDUNG 15
4. BANJARMASIN 18
5. BEKASI 20
6. BOGOR 22
7. DENPASAR 24
8. DEPOK 26
9. WEST JAKARTA 28
10. CENTRAL JAKARTA 30
11. SOUTH JAKARTA 31
12. EAST JAKARTA 33
13. NORTH JAKARTA 34
14. KOTA BATAM 35

02
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
15. MAKASSAR 37
16. MALANG 39
17. MEDAN 41
18. PADANG 43
19. PALEMBANG 45
20. PEKANBARU 47
21. SAMARINDA 49
22. SEMARANG 51
23. SURABAYA 53
24. SURAKARTA 56
25. TANGGERANG 58
26. YOGYAKARTA 60

BIBLIOGRAPHY 62
APPENDIXES 63

03
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1 Example of radar graph: Profile of City A 9
Figure 2 Blue Sky City Ranking, 2011 10
Figure 3 Kota Balikpapan Assessment Index Results 12
Figure 4 Bandar Lampung Assessment Index Results 13
Figure 5 Kota Bandung Assessment Index Results 16
Figure 6 Kota Banjarmasin Assessment Index Results 18
Figure 7 Kota Bekasi Assessment Index Results 21
Figure 8 Kota Bogor Assessment Index Results 22
Figure 9 Kota Denpasar Assessment Index Results 25
Figure 10 Kota Depok Assessment Index Results 27
Figure 11 West Jakarta Assessment Index Results 29
Figure 12 Central Jakarta Assessment Index Results 30
Figure 13 South Jakarta Assessment Index Results 31
Figure 14 East Jakarta Assessment Index Results 33
Figure 15 North Jakarta Assessment Index Results 34
Figure 16 Kota Batam Assessment Index Results 36
Figure 17 Kota Makassar Assessment Index Results 37
Figure 18 Kota Malang Assessment Index Results 39
Figure 19 Kota Medan Assessment Index Results 41
Figure 20 Kota Padang Assessment Index Results 43
Figure 21 Kota Palembang Assessment Index Results 45
Figure 22 Kota Pekanbaru Assessment Index Results 48
Figure 23 Kota Samarinda Assessment Index Results 49
Figure 24 Kota Semarang Assessment Index Results 52
Figure 25 Kota Surabaya Assessment Index Results 54
Figure 26 Kota Surakata Assessment Index Results 56
Figure 27 Kota Tangerang Assessment Index Results 58
Figure 28 Kota Yogyakarta Assessment Index Results 61

04
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1 City’s Blue Sky Score, 2011 10

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
APBD Regional Revenue and Expenditure Budget
APILL Traffic Light
Asdep Assistant Deputy
ATCS Area Traffic Control System
BRT Bus Rapid Transit
BBM Crude Oil
CO Carbon Monoxide
dpl Above Sea Level
EKUP Urban Air Quality Evaluation
EST Environmentally Sustainable Transportation
HC Hydrocarbon
H2S Hydrogen Sulphide
JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency
KepMen LH Ministry of Environment Decree
KLH Ministry of Environment
LOS Level of Service
MRT Mass Rapid Transit
NH3 Ammonia
NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide
O3 Ozone
Pb Lead
PDRB Regional Gross Domestic Product
PKB Roadworthiness Inspection
PLB Blue Sky Program
PM2,5 Particulate matter 2.5 micrometer
PM10 Particulate matter 10 micrometer
SMP Passenger Car Equivalent
SO2 Sulphur Dioxide
Tatralok Local Transportation Order
TSP Total Suspended Particulate
UNCRD United Nations Center for Regional Development
VCR Volume Capacity Ratio

05
LIST OF TERMS
µg/m3
Ammonia (NH3)
Anthrpogenic
Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S)
Hydrocarbon (HC)
Carbon Monoxide (CO)
Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)
Ozone (O3)
Particulate Matter 2,5 micron (PM2.5)
Particulate Matter 10 micron (PM10)
Sulphur Dioxide (SO2)
Lead (Pb)
Total Suspended Particulate (TSP)
Volume Capacity Ratio (VCR)
Concentration unit (amount of substance in micrograms per volume of air in cubic meter
or 1000 litres)
Colorless gas with pungent odor; caustic and hazardous to health
Created by people or caused by human activity
Colorless gas, very poisonous, flammable gas with foul odor like rotten eggs; results
from the bacterial breakdown of organic matter in the absence of oxygen, such as in
swamps and sewers; can also be formed by volcanic and hot springs activities
Important contaminants of outdoor air contained in various types; originate from fuel
burning, fuel evaporation, industrial solvent, forest fire, and cigarette smoke; causes
ozone to increase in the surface; trigger of cancer
Colorless/ odorless / tasteless gas; a product of incomplete combustion; flammable and
toxic; originate mainly from motor vehicles; interfere with the blood's ability to carry
oxygen; causes oxygen deficiency to blood
Emitted from high temperature combustion (nitrogen gas in the air and nitrogen
element contained in fuels); form a layer of brown haze in the sky; the main sources are
motor vehicles, power plants, and industrial processes; causes ozone to increase in the
surface
Secondary pollutant formed by the help of sunlight; reactive (destroy/alter the
molecules); key component of smog; hazardous to health; reduce crop production;
resulting in thermal effect
Very fine particles or aerosol under 2,5 micrometers in diameter that can enter the lung;
very dangerous because of its very fine size
Fine particle or aerosol up to 10 mircometers; can enter the respiratory system; caused
health problems; heart disease, decline in lung function, lung cancer; anthropogenic and
natural sources
Soluble, odorless, and colorless gas; emitted from the combustion of fossil fuel containing
sulphur (oil, coal, metal-containing ores); precursor to acid rain; originate mainly from
power plant; other sources include motor vehicles (high sulfur diesel oil)
Lead is used in building construction, lead-acid batteries, bullets and shots, lead-based
paints; damages the nervous system and causes brain disorders; lead was first introduced
to enhance the octane rating of petrol which prevents engine knocking and results in
smoother engine operation
Particles or aerosols <100 micrometers; coarse particles filtered in the upper respiratory
system; very fine particles may enter the lung; may contain metals, secondary compound
(sulfuric acid/nitric)
Index to assess the performance of traffic in urban areas; where V is the total number
of vehicles passing through one point at a time and C is the maximum number of vehicles
that may pass through one point in normal traffic conditions

06

Air is a substantial life component for
humans and other living beings, without
food and water we may survive for several
days but without air we only can live for a
few minutes. Unlike the water that we can
choose to drink, polluted air is difficult to
be cleaned because we cannot choose the
air we breathe.
Maintaining air quality is the responsibility
for all of us, and the city government
becomes the spearhead in disseminating
the efforts of air pollution control to the
public. Clean air will create a healthy
generation and subsequently polluted air
will build a generation vulnerable to disease.
In 2011, the Evaluation Program of Urban
Air Quality was conducted in 26
metropolitan and big cities aiming to
determine the urban air quality emitted
from transportation.
FOREWORD
This book is expected to become a source
of information and reference for
municipalities and the public in improving
urban air quality of their respective city.
Based on the information provided, it is
expected that municipalities prepare work
plan and implement efforts to improve
urban air quality as well as increase public
awareness in the effort to maintain a
healthier and cleaner air quality.
The book also describes the position of
municipality performance in managing air
quality in comparison with other cities of
the same category.
We’d like to express our deepest thanks to
all who were involved and contributed to
the successful completion of this book.
Jakarta, 14 December 2011
M R Karliansyah
Deputy II Ministry of Environment
Environmental Pollution Control
07
 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
First of all, on behalf of the Ministry of
Environment, we would like to express our
deepest thanks to all Mayors of 26 cities in
Indonesia and the municipal government
agencies; Governors of 16 provinces in
Indonesia together with the provincial
government agencies; Indonesian National
Police and their staff; Regional
Environmental Management Board;
Ministry of Environment; Ministry of
Transportation; and the Ministry of Energy
and Mineral Resources for their
cooperation, support, and opportunity to
the successful completion of 2011 Urban
Air Quality Evaluation Program in 26 cities.
On this occasion, we also would like to
express our highest appreciation to the
Ministry of Environment and the Ministry
of Finance for their technical and logistical
support and guidance in the
implementation of Urban Air Quality
Evaluation Program in 26 cities in Indonesia.
08
We’d also like to express our deepest thanks
to Prof. Ofyar Z. Tamin and staff; the
Chairman of Joint Committee for Lead
Phase-Out and staff; and all members of
Monitoring Team for their exceptional
coordination, assistance and cooperation
during the evaluation of cities.
To all Heads of the Environmental Agency
in 26 cities along with other leaders and
staff, we are grateful for their cooperation
in providing data and information to the
Monitoring Team and for their invitation to
attend coordination meetings from the
beginning until the completion of the
program.
We would like to thank all the people in 26
cities for their hospitality and making our
visit comfortable and enjoyable during the
evaluation. We would also like to thank
fellow media who have made an extensive
coverage of this program.
Jakarta, 7 December 2011
Ade Palguna
Assistant Deputy Pollution
Control of Mobile Sources
 HIGHLIGHTS

This is book is divided into two volume: c. Air quality on roadway

· Volume I: Urban Air Quality Evaluation in Indonesia - Passive air quality measurement in 3
2011 spots for SO2 (24 hours), CO (24 hours), NO2
· Volume II: Urban Air Quality Evaluation: City Profile in (24 hours), O3 (1 hour), HC (3 hours), TSP (24
Indonesia 2011 hours)

Volume II explains the profile of cities evaluated as part of The measurement result for traffic performance and
2011 Urban Air Quality Evaluation Program. City profile air quality on roadway is presented in tables and
include the following aspects: graphs attached in the Appendix.

1. Background: demography, geography, land use, 3. Assessment of Urban Air Quality Evaluation (City’s
economy and finance Blue Sky Value)

This section presents background information on City’s Blue Sky value is presented in a graphical format
cities to provide an overview of conditions that affect of radar graph ( also known as web chart) that
urban air quality management. illustrates the index of monitoring assesment criteria
in a city compared with the median value of all cities
2. Urban Air Quality Evaluation monitoring results for each assessment indicators. Discussion of
assessment results for each indicator is also presented
This section summarizes monitoring results of Urban in this section.
Air Quality Evaluation implemented based on non-
physical criteria and physical criteria which consists
FIGURE 1: Example of radar graph: Profile of City A
of indicators as explained below.
Emission test
Non-physical assessment criteria include the efforts
10
made by the local government in terms of:
a. Air quality monitoring 8
Public Traffic
- Whether air quality monitoring is conducted awareness 6
performance
- If conducted, how many monitoring spots, is raising activity 4
the location on-road or non-road, the 2
monitoring frequency, number of parameters 0
measured, and availability of data reporting
and archiving of urban air quality monitoring
results. Emission Air Quality
reduction
b. Reduction of air pollution level emitted from activity
mobile sources
- What has been done to address traffic
Monitoring
congestion and air pollution activity
- Whether or not there is development for City A
public transportation and non-motorized Median
transportation
c. Increasing public awareness level on air pollution
- Whether Car Free Day is implemented 4. Recommendations
- If so, how many times
Based on monitoring results and City’s Blue Sky
Physical assessment criteria include field valuation as well as the condition and development
measurements: status of Environmentally Sustainable Transportation
a. Roadway motor vehicle emission quality in cities, recommendations on efforts to improve
- Private passenger vehicle emission test for urban air quality in achieving a clean and healthy
gasoline and diesel powered vehicle in 3 air is summarized in this section.
locations
b. Traffic performance Detailed explanations on the background of Urban Air Quality
- Traffic density (ratio between traffic volume Evaluation (Evaluasi Kualitas Udara Perkotaan), EKUP
and road capacity- Volume Capacity Ratio- purposes and objectives, EKUP methodologies and valuation
VCR) and traffic speed in 3 arterial roads (score and ranking), mechanism and field monitoring
- Level of Service (LOS)

09
 procedures, EKUP results, lessons learned, conclusions and EKUP assessment results and Blue Sky City Ranking 2011 is
technical and policy recommendations can be found in presented in Figure 2 and Table 1.
Volume I. Summary of monitoring results and the score for
each city is also attached in Volume I (Appendix 6). While
monitoring results of physical criteria in each city can be
found in the Appendixes of Volume II in this book.

FIGURE 2: Blue Sky City Ranking, 2011

9.00 8.42
8.11
8.00 7.53
7.21 6.72 6.66 6.60 6.48
7.00 6.90 6.67 6.64 6.58 6.39
6.41 5.94
6.09
5.87 5.75 5.43 5.06
6.00 5.46 5.30 4.94
4.99
Index

5.00 4.71
4.00
3.00 2.61
2.00
1.00
0.00
TA PA NG

PA DE RTA
BA DU TA

DE PU A

A
JA N
AR JAK A

NT AK NG

N R A
UT M A
BA A
M TAM

W BE NG
AR U
PA ANG
BA RT AKA N
BO AYA

SA JAK R
R
YO IKPA G

M T

KA NG
RA G

RT
ND H RT

BA MA ART
EA ME R
JA N

JA SI
H ASI
TA RT

M K
SO JAR IND
L SA

M AR
NG SA
NO GY PA
BA KAR

LA AR
L N
SU AN

GO

LE PO
ST DA

CE M ERA

ES KA
KA

KA
KO AKA

PE DA
B

RA AS

SE NB
B
AL

N
R

T
SU

TABLE 1: City’s Blue Sky Score, 2011

NON- CITY SCORE

CITY PHYSICAL
NO CITY PHYSICAL (75%PHYSICAL AND
CLASSIFICATION INDEX
INDEX 25% NON-PHYSICAL)

1 SURAKARTA Big 8.28 8.84 8.42

2 KOTA BATAM Big 8.09 8.17 8.11
3 MALANG Big 7.71 6.98 7.53
4 SURABAYA Metro 6.77 8.56 7.21
5 BOGOR Big 7.09 6.35 6.90
6 MEDAN Metro 6.73 6.68 6.72
7 EAST JAKARTA Metro 6.84 6.16 6.67
8 BANDUNG Metro 6.27 7.81 6.66
9 BALIK PAPAN Big 6.62 6.72 6.64
10 YOGYAKARTA Big 5.72 9.25 6.60
11 NORTH JAKARTA Metro 6.02 8.23 6.58
12 BANDAR LAMPUNG Big 6.63 6.05 6.48
13 DENPASAR Big 6.01 7.62 6.41
14 TANGERANG Metro 6.04 7.45 6.39
15 MAKASSAR Metro 5.20 8.75 6.09
16 CENTRAL JAKARTA Metro 5.89 6.09 5.94
17 SAMARINDA Big 5.99 5.50 5.87
18 BANJARMASIN Big 6.21 4.36 5.75
19 SOUTH JAKARTA Metro 5.34 5.83 5.46
20 DEPOK Metro 5.27 5.89 5.43
21 PALEMBANG Metro 3.99 9.23 5.30
22 PADANG Big 5.46 3.85 5.06
23 PEKAN BARU Big 4.97 5.05 4.99
24 SEMARANG Metro 4.12 7.40 4.94
25 BEKASI Metro 3.49 8.36 4.71
26 WEST JAKARTA Metro 2.63 2.53 2.61

10

1.1 Background
Geography: Kota Balikpapan is located between 1,0-1,5°
South Latitude and 116,5-117,5° East Longitude with a total
area of 503,3 Km2 or 50.331 ha. Administratively, Kota
Balikpapan consists of five districts and 27 sub-districts with
the following administrative boundaries :
· North: Kutai Regency
· South and East: Makassar Strait
· West: Pasir Regency
About 85 percent of the area is hilly and the remaining is
narrow lowland along the coast. Balikpapan City is passed
by 19 rivers. The climate is tropical with temperatures
between 24-30° C.
Demography: In 2009, the estimated population of Kota
Balikpapan was 621.862 people with a population density
of 12 people/ha. The average population growth per year is
3.4 percent.
Economy and finance: in 2010, the total number of registered
vehicles was 342.606 with an average growth rate of 12
percent per year. The environmental management budget
is 6.9 percent from the total of Regional Revenue and
Expenditure Budget (Anggaran Pendapatan dan Belanja
Daerah [APBD]).
1.2 Urban Air Quality Evaluation Monitoring Results
1.2.1 Non-physical monitoring
Air Quality Monitoring Activities
Balikpapan Municipality (Pemerintah Kota [Pemkot]) conduct
periodic ambient air quality for 200 times in a year using
automatic monitoring equipment. There are 6 roadside
monitoring locations. The parameters monitored are NO2,
CO, SO2, PM10, Pb. However, monitoring data is not available
because the monitoring equipment is under maintenance.
Air pollution reduction activities from mobile sources
Kota Balikpapan has an urban transport policy, namely Mass
Public Transportation Facility (Sarana Angkutan Umum
Massal [SAUM]) based on Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) which is
currently in engineering design process. Bicycle lane and
pedestrian sidewalk have also been developed. Traffic
management is applied to help reduce air pollution level
which includes installation and maintenance of traffic signs,
lane marking, traffic lights (Alat Pemberi Isyarat Lalu Lintas
[APILL]).
BALIKPAPAN 1
Public awareness raising activities on air pollution
Car Free Day is conducted once a week on Sundays from
06.00 until 10.00. Vehicle exhaust gas emission test is also
conducted on a regular basis every 6 months for public
transportation and goods as part of roadworthiness test.
Emission ‘spotcheck’ against a number of private vehicles
was also conducted in 2010 with an average passing rate of
78%.
1.2.2 Physical Monitoring
Vehicle emission quality on roadway
Spotcheck emission test results for 2.296 vehicles passing Jl.
Jend. Sudirman, MT. Haryono, and Letjen Suprapto had an
average passing rate of 84 percent. For diesel powered vehicle
the passing rate was 87 percent while 66 percent for gasoline
powered vehicle. The passing percentage is much higher
compared to vehicle emission spotcheck conducted in March
2010.
Traffic Performance
Traffic performance is measured along the same road as the
location for emission testing. Based on EKUP monitoring
results, the level of service in Kota Balikpapan is D (from a
scale of A to F with A being the best). This means that traffic
flow is approaching an unstable flow and low speed. This
score is equal to the median value of all cities evaluated.
Air Quality on roadway
Passive air quality measurements were conducted in 3
locations, around same road as the emission testing and
traffic performance monitoring. Monitoring results show
that the concentration of paremeters measured, except for
hydrocarbon (HC), meet the air quality standard. The average
concentration of HC in 3 locations was 249 µg/m3 (above
the standard quality limits of 160 µg/m3 for 3 hours
measurement). The concentration of HC almost doubled on
roadside monitoring location of Jl. Jend. Sudirman compared
to the other two spots. The primary source of HC is motor
vehicle. Although for some parameters the sources of primary
pollutants can be identified (for instance HC and CO which
is generally derived from motor vehicle), but other pollutants
cannot be identified, for instance dust, PM10, and O3. For
that reason emission inventory is needed to derive
information on the number of pollutants and identify the
sources of pollutants.
11
 1.3 Urban Air Quality Evaluation Assesment (Blue 1.4.2 Air Quality Monitoring
Sky City Index)
1. Improve the operation of existing automatic air quality
monitoring and document monitoring results
FIGURE 3: Balikpapan Assessment Index Results
Emission test 2. Publish monitoring data results to the public and utilize
10 monitoring data to develop strategies and action plan
8
Public Traffic
for air quality management
awareness 6
performance
raising activity 4
2 3. Develop a city emission inventory. Emission inventory is
0 needed to identify the sources of pollutants and
contribution of each source to the percentage of all
Emission
reduction Air pollutants.
activity Quality

1.4.3 On-road vehicle emission test

BALIKPAPAN Monitoring
Median activity
1. Improving the performance of Roadworthiness Inspection
(Pengujian Kendaraan Bermotor [PKB]). Current periodic
Kota Balikpapan: The index for public awareness raising motor vehicle inspection (roadworthiness) needs to be
activities is high given 10 points. The activities being evaluated strenghthened through system improvement,
are Car Free Day and vehicle exhaust gas emission test. Index implementation of institutional reforms, and
for air quality is slightly above the median. Index for emission implementation of automatic testing.
reduction activities and emission test is at the median value,
whereas the value for traffic performance is equal to the 2. Continuing and documenting emission spotcheck results.
median value. Air quality monitoring activities is below the Emission spotcheck should be conducted routinely to
median value. As for emission reduction activities from increase the awareness level and evaluate the public
mobile sources, although Balikpapan has plan for developing compliance to the exhaust gas emission standard quality.
Mass Public Transportation Facility or SAUM, but Balikpapan
has not yet implemented or developed the concept. Kota
Balikpapan is ranked fifth out of 12 cities evaluated in EKUP
2011 for big city category and ranked ninth out of 26 cities
for all city category.

1.4 Recommendations

1.4.1 Environmentally Sustainable Transportation

1. Realizing the plan for developing road based SAUM. The

solution includes developing BRT, as well as
bicycle lane/pedestrian sidewalk.

2. Introducing public transportation system based on

transportation Minimum Standard Service

3. Extending non-motorized zone/area. Permanent non-

motorized zone can be developed and established in
certain areas; not limited to certain time like Car Free
Day. The zone can be developed into tourist attraction
filled with socio-economic activities in the absence of
traffic vehicles.

4. Increasing the effectiveness of traffic performance. Efforts

to be taken include: implementation of intelligent
transport system, separation of localized movements and
continous /high speed traffic on arterial road, provide
segregated motorcycle lanes, improve intersection
capacity.

12
 BANDAR
LAMPUNG 2
2.1 Background 2.2.2 Physical Monitoring

Geography: Bandar Lampung is the capital city of Lampung
Province, located at 5°24'00"- 5°32'00" South Latitude and
105°12'00" - 105°18'00" East Longitude with a total area of
192,96 km 2 or 19.296 ha. Administratively, Bandar Lampung
consists of 13 districts and 98 sub-districts.
Vehicle emission quality on roadway
Emission spotcheck test result for 2.255 private vehicles
passing Jl. Tirtayasa, ZA Pagar Alam, and Yos Sudarso had a
75 percent passing rate. The passing rate for gasoline powered
and diesel powered vehicle was 86% and 39% respectively.

Demography: The population density of Bandar Lampung is Traffic Performance

45 people/ha with a population of 881.801 in 2010. Traffic performance was measured along Jl. Pangeran
Antasari, Yos Sudarso, and ZA Pagar Alam. Based on EKUP
Economy and finance: Vehicle population in 2009 was 52.958 monitoring results, Bandar Lampung is given a D for the level
with an average motor vehicle growth rate of 10 percent of service. This score is equal to the median score of all cities
per year, while the average growth rate for motorcycle is 20 evaluated: traffic approaching unstable flow and low speed.
percent. Trade, hotel, and restaurant contributed the highest
to the RGDP, at 19 percent, followed by bank and finance Air Quality on roadway
(17,5 percent) and manufacturing (17,2 percent). Air quality measurements were conducted in 3 roadside
location along the same road as the location for traffic
performance monitoring. Monitoring results showed that
2.2 Urban Air Quality Evaluation Monitoring Results the concentration of all parameters, except for HC, meet the
quality standard limits. Other cities evaluated also
2.2.1 Non-Physical monitoring experienced a high HC concentration. The high concentration
of HC in Bandar Lampung cannot be compared with periodic
Air Quality Monitoring Activities monitoring conducted by the Municipality of Bandar Lampung
Air quality monitoring has been conducted manually once because the Municipality does not monitor HC.
a year at 5 monitoring spots; 2 spots on roadside and 3 spots
in residential area. Parameters monitored include NO2, SO2,
dust, Pb, NH3, and H2S. Monitoring results indicated good 2.3 Urban Air Quality Evaluation Assesment (Blue
air quality for Bandar Lampung (the concentration of Sky City Index)
parameters monitored was below the standard quality limits).
FIGURE 4: Kota Bandar Lampung Assessment Index Results
Air pollution reduction activities from mobile sources Emission test
Unlike other big cities, Bandar Lampung has not yet developed 10
Bus Rapid Transit (BRT). But there are plans to develop such 8
Public
transportation. As for non-motorized transportation, currently awareness 6 Traffic
performance
raising activity 4
the municipality has not yet formulated any plan. Traffic
2
management implemented to help reduce air pollution level 0
include: widening road, controling side constraints, applying
one-way street, banning parking on road verges. These efforts Emission
Air
reduction
are also implemented in other cities. activity Quality

Public awareness raising activities on air pollution BANDAR LAMPUNG Monitoring

Car Free Day is conducted once a month on the first Sunday
of the month from 06.00 until 10.00. Vehicle exhaust gas
emission test is also conducted periodically every 6 months
for public transportation and goods as part of the
roadworthiness test. Bandar Lampung Municipality have not
yet conducted vehicle emission ‘spotcheck’ test as a whole.
activity
Median
Bandar Lampung: The index for air quality monitoring,
emission reduction activities and emission test results are
below the median value, meanwhile the index for public
raising awareness activities and traffic performance are the

13
 same as the median value. Bandar Lampung’s air quality is
considered good, above the median value. Bandar Lampung
is ranked seventh for big city category (out of 12 cities) and
twelfth for all city category (out of 26 cities).
Based on the scoring conducted for EKUP 2011, air quality
monitoring activities conducted by the Municipality of Bandar
Lampung needs to be improved, including the number of
spots and frequency of monitoring.Meanwhile to reduce
emission from mobile sources, Bandar Lampung have the
potential to develop public transportation and non-motorized
transportation aside from conducting traffic management
through traffic engineering, given the level of service in
Bandar Lampung is nearing the condition that occurred in
most metropolitan cities (congested traffic) which could
potentially increase the level of air pollution. In other words,
prevention efforts should be directed now before the issue
of traffic density and air pollution from mobile sources is
increasingly becoming worse.
2.4.3 On-road vehicle emission test
1. Improving the performance of Roadworthiness Inspection
(PKB). Current periodic motor vehicle inspection
(roadworthiness) needs to be strengthened through
system improvement, implementation of institutional
reforms, and implementation of automatic testing.
2. Introducing emission spot check. The Municipality of
Bandar Lampung can start conducting on-road emission
test (at least once a year) to increase public awareness
on air pollution from motor vehicle and improving public
obligation to comply to the standard quality of exhaust
gas emission.

2.4 Recommendations

2.4.1 Environmentally Sustainable Transportation

1. Realizing the development plan for service-based

commuter/transit bus

2. Introducing bicycle lane and pedestrian sidewalk

integrated to the development of commuter/transit bus
facility

2.4.2 Air Quality Monitoring

1. Continuing and increase routine air quality monitoring

to at least twice a year. Monitoring locations should
include roadside where HC tends to be at the highest.

2. Developing a city emission inventory to identify the

number of air pollutants, sources, and contribution of
each pollutants to the pollutant in total. Specifically,
emission inventory also include stationary sources given
that Bandar Lampung has stationary sources like industrial
processing in which the potential of pollutant needs to
be indentified urgently.

14

3.1 Background
Geography: Kota Bandung is the capital city of West Java
Province, located 6°55' South Latitude and 107°00' East
Longitude with a total area of 167,30 km 2 or 16.730 ha. In
the southern region, the soil surface is relatively flat, while
hilly surface dominates the northern area. Altitude in Bandung
ranges between 675-1.050 meters above sea level. The
climate in Bandung is influenced by the mountainous
surrounding that is humid and cool with an average
temperature of 23,5°C.
Demography: Bandung is a city of trade, services, tourism,
and education.Bandung has an estimated population of
2.510.982 pepole with a population density of 155 people/ha.
The average population growth per year is 1,65 percent.
Land use: The built environment in Bandung is 79 percent
of the total land area. The remaining land is used for paddy
field, fields, ponds and vacant land.
Economy and finance: The total number of registered vehicle
in 2010 was 1.400.000 with an average growth rate of 15
percent per year. Trade, hotels, and restaurants contributed
the highest to the RGDP at 34 percent, followed by industry
(29 percent). The transportation sector contributed 12
percent to the RGDP. The economic growth rate between
2009 and 2010 was 7,5 percent, higher than the national
average (6,1 percent).
3.2 Urban Air Quality Evaluation Monitoring Results
3.2.1 Non-Physical monitoring
Air Quality Monitoring Activities
The Municpality of Kota Bandung conduct automatic and
manual air quality monitoring. There are 19 monitoring
spots, of which 3 non-roadside and the remaining (16) on
roadside. Automatic monitoring is conducted daily for 24
hours, while manual monitoring is conducted twice in a year.
Parameter measured include NO2, CO, SO2, O3, PM10 for
automatic monitoring and NO2, CO, SO2, O3, PM10, dust,
and Pb for manual monitoring.
In the last three years (2008-2010) monitoring has been
done manually at the same location to analyze air quality
trends in these locations. Automatic monitoring in 2010
(only 3 parameters were measured, PM10, CO and O3 from
5 parameters initially monitored) showed that the average
concentration of these three parameters was still below the
standard quality limits. It is interesting to analyze the results
of manual air quality in the last three years. The concentration
of SO2 tend to increase in all locations, whereas the
BANDUNG 3
concentration for O3 and CO on the contrary tend to decrease.
Other parameters showed an inconsistent trend, which
means there is a tendency to increase at some monitoring
spots and a tendency to also decrease. This variation can be
understood given passive monitoring is influenced by the
condition at the time monitored (for instance, metereological
condition). These conditions need to be documented so that
changes and trends can be explained.
Air pollution reduction activities from mobile sources
Bandung has a City Transportation Masterplan for 2010-
2030 which include land development plans, including public
and goods transportation network, arrangement of road
hierarchy and transportation route, inter-modal integration,
non-motorized transportation (bicycle lanes), traffic
engineering, and parking management. Development of
public transportation will rely on Bus Rapid Transit (BRT).
On certain roads, bicycle lanes and segregated lanes for
motorcycle have been realized, including clearing illegal
parking on road verges in Pasar Baru area. In terms of traffic
management and engineering, Bandung has implemented
Area Traffic Control System (ATCS), orderly traffic area, Safe
School Zone (School zone with pedestrian crossing as the
priority).
Public awareness raising activities on air pollution
Car Free Day is held every Sunday along the Jl. Ir. H. Juanda
starting from 06.00 until 10.00. Vehicle Inspection Center
(Kantor Pengujian Kendaraan Bermotor) of Bandung
Transportation Agency is one of the only agency in Indonesia
that received an ISO 9001 certificate, emission test is
conducted transparently and accountably. PKB becomes a
pilot project for the Corruption Eradication Commission
(Komisi Pemberantas Korupsi) to be replicated in other parts
of Indonesia. Moreover, in 2010 PKB was also equipped with
Mobile Emission Test.
Exhaust gas emission test (specifically private vehicles) is
also conducted as part of the Mayor Regulation on Motor
Vehicle Exhaust Gas Standard Quality Limits. In some areas
(governmental and private office as well as commercial
district), vehicle emission passed zone is established where
only vehicles with a sticker certifying that the motor vehicle
has passed the compulsory emission can enter the zone.
Emission test is offered by privately-owned vehicle workshop
approved by the Municipality. On-road emission spotcheck,
conducted once in the last three years (2008-2010), showed
an increasing passing rate, consecutively at 71 percent, 77
percent, and 80 percent .
15
 3.2.2 Physical Monitoring
Vehicle emission quality on roadway
Emission spotcheck results for 2.231 vehicles crossing Jl.
Soekarno Hatta, Padjdjaran, and Pelajar Pejuang showed an
increase passing rate of 65 percent. The passing rate for
gasoline powered vehicle was 62 percent while for diesel
powered vehicle the passing rate was 85 percent. There is
a considerable difference between the emission test result
performed periodically once year by the Municipality of
Bandung and emission test results as part of the EKUP
program. Specifically, the passing rate for diesel powered
vehicle is higher compared to the passing rate of diesel
powered vehicle in Indonesia estimated at 50 percent or
lower. Thereby, further evaluation is needed to analyze the
underlying factors.
Traffic Performance
Traffic performance is measured along the same road as
roadside emission test. Based on EKUP 2011 monitoring
results, the level of service in Bandung is D. This means that
traffic is approaching unstable flow and low speed. This
score is the equal to the median value in all evaluated cities.
Compared to 2007 and 2008, the level of service in Bandung
increased from F in 2007 to a D in 2008 and 2011. Level F,
being the worst, is characterized by obstructed flow, low
speed, volume have more demand than capacity and frequent
stopping/slowing required.
Air Quality on roadway
Passive air quality monitoring was conducted in 3 locations,
close to the location where emission test and traffic
performance was conducted. Measurement results showed
that the concentration for parameters, except for HC and
O3, fulfill the standard quality. HC concentration around
Padjajaran and Pelajar Pejuang Street exceeded the standard
quality limits. The high concentration of O3 needs to be
verified with periodic measurement conducted by the
municipality to makes sure whether O3 at a critical level
(exceeding the quality standard).
3.3 Urban Air Quality Evaluation Assesment (Blue
Sky City Index)
FIGURE 5: Kota Bandung Assessment Index Results
Emission test
10
8
Public
Traffic
awareness 6
raising activity 4
performance
2 on the number of pollutants emitted and identify the
0 sources of pollutants emitted and the contribution
Emission
reduction Air
activity Quality
Kegiatan
BANDUNG
pemantauan
Median
16
Bandung City: The index for air quality emission activities,
emission reduction activities, and emission result is slightly
above the median value. As for public awareness raising
activities, air quality results and traffic performance index
is equal to the median value. Bandung is ranked fourth in
EKUP 2011 for metropolitan city out of (14 cities evaluated)
and ranked eighth for all city category (out of 26 cities
evaluated).
3.4 Recommendations
3.4.1 Environmentally Sustainable Transportation
1. Realizing Transportation Master Plan for 2010- 2030
which focuses on one or two choices to solve the problem
completely. The solution include development of BRT
and bicycle lane and pedestrian sidewalk.
2. Restructuring and reforming public transportation
a. Restructuring public transportation route based on
road hierarchy
b. Introducing public transportation system based on
Standard Minimum Service
3. Extending non-motorized zone. Permanent non-motorized
zone can be developed and established in certain areas;
not limited to certain time such as Car Free Day. The
zone can be developed into tourist attraction filled with
socio-economic activities in the absence of traffic from
vehicles.
4. Increasing the effectiveness of traffic performance. Efforts
to be taken include: implementation of intelligent
transport system, separation of localize movements and
continuous/high speed traffic on arterial road, and
improve intersection capacity.
3.4.2 Air Quality Monitoring
1. Continue and strengthen routine air quality
monitoring either manually or automatically
2. Publish monitoring data results to the public and utilize
monitoring data to develop strategies and action plan
for air quality management in the city, reviewing air
pollution control efforts, and analyze the effectiveness
of policies and strategies
3. Develop an urban emission inventory and update
periodically. Emission inventory is needed so the
Municipality of Bandung can possess basic information
percentage of pollutants in total.
3.4.3 On-road vehicle emission test
1. Continuing PKB reformation and monitor the
implementation. An improvement in roadworthiness
inspection conducted by the Bandung Transportation
 Agency will be a benchmark for PKB reformation 3. Continuing and improving emission spotcheck. Emission
throughout Indonesia. For this reason, consistency and spotcheck is conducted periodically to improve and
application of the updated system needs to be evaluate the public compliance towards the fulfillment
continuously monitored. of emission standard quality. The frequency of emission
test can be added to twice a year.
2. Introducing verification. The purpose is to verify PKB
results, although vehicles have been inspected for
roadworthiness, but changes in exhaust gas emission can
be altered intentionally or unintentionally by the driver
or manager.

17
 4 BANJARMASIN
4.1 Background
Geography: Kota Banjarmasin is the provincial capital of
South Kalimatan with a total area of 72 km2 or 7.200 ha.
Administratively, Banjarmasin consists of 5 districts with the
following administrative boundaries:
· North: Barito Utara Regency
· South and East: Banjar Regency
· West: Barito Kuala Regency
Kota Banjarmasin is dominated by marshes.
Demography: Banjarmasin has a population of 627.245 with
a population density of 87 people/ha. The population grow
by an average of 2,07 percent each year.
Economy and finance: Trade, hotel and restaurant sector
contributed the highest to the RGDP of Banjarmasin at 23
percent followed by transportation and communiacation (21
percent). The economic growth rate between 2008 and 2009
was 6,2 percent. RGDP increase year by year. In 2010, the
environmental management budget is 4,41 percent from
the total of Regional Revenue and Expenditure Budget
(Anggaran Pendapatan dan Belanja Daerah [APBD]).
4.2 Urban Air Quality Evaluation Monitoring Results
4.2.1 Non-Physical monitoring
Air Quality Monitoring Activities
The Municipality of Banjarmasin has conducted roadside
ambient air quality monitoring in 4 spots with a frequency
of 4 times in a year. Parameters monitored include NO2, SO2,
O3, and TSP. Monitoring results showed that TSP has exceeded
the standard ambient air quality limits. While for other
parameters, the concentration is still below the standard
quality.
Air pollution reduction activities from mobile sources
The Municipality of Banjarmasin have plans for developing
public transportation including converting retired city bus
from microbus to minivan taxi, and also developing non-
motorized transportation. However, no further information
is available concerning the plan.
Public awareness raising activities on air pollution
Currently, Banjarmasin does not have car-free zone or even
Car Free Day activities. Meanwhile, emission exhaust gas
test is conducted periodically every 6 months for public
transportation and goods as part of roadworthiness test.
The Municipality of Banjarmasin have not yet conducted
emission spotcheck to monitor the passing rate of all vehicles.
18
4.2.2 Physical Monitoring
Vehicle emission quality on roadway
Emission spotcheck results for 2.457 private vehicle passing
Jl. Ahmad Yani, Jl. Brigjen Hassan Basri, and Anang
Adenansi/Kamboja showed 77 percent passing rate. The
passing rate for gasoline powered vehicle was 87 percent
while 43 percent for diesel powered vehicle.
Traffic Performance
Traffic performance was measured along Ahmad Yani, Brigjen
Hasan Basri, and Sutoyo S. road. Based on EKUP monitoring
results, the level of service for Banjarmasin is D. This score
is equal to the median of all cities evaluated: traffic
approaching unstable flow and low speed.
Air Quality on roadway
Air quality was monitored in 3 roadside locations, the same
location as monitoring traffic performance. Monitoring results
showed that the concentration of all parameters, except for
HC, meet the standard quality. Other cities evaluated also
experienced a high HC concentration. But, out of 2 locations
monitored, HC has exceeded the standard quality limits in
one monitoring location, Brigjen Hasan Basri road.
4.3 Urban Air Quality Evaluation Assesment (Blue
Sky City Index)
FIGUR 6: Kota Banjarmasin Assesment Index Results
Emission test
10
8
Public
awareness 6 Traffic
performance
raising activity
4
2
0
Emission
Air
reduction
activity Quality
BANJARMASIN Monitoring
Median activity
Kota Banjarmasin: Index assessment results for air quality
is above the average, but for other index, Kota Banjarmasin
is below or equal to other cities evaluated. Banjarmasin is
ranked tenth for big city category (out of 12 cities evaluated)
and eighteenth for all city category (out of 26 cities evaluated).
The air quality in Banjarmasin is considered good. But, given
that the level of service in Kota Banjarmasin is leaning towards
unstable traffic flow, thereby it is recommended that Kota
Banjarmasin implement efforts to reduce emission by
applying environmentally sustainable transportation and
increase public awareness on air pollution before the air
quality becomes worse.
4.4 Recommendations
4.4.1 Environmentally Sustainable Transportation
1. Formulating plan for the development of environmentally
sustainable transportation with priority given to public
transport bus service as well as bicycle lane and pedestrian
sidewalk.
4.4.2 Air Quality Monitoring
4.4.3 On-road vehicle emission test
1. Document and publish emission test result in PKB to
analyze the level of passing rate for public transportation
and goods against the standard quality of exhaust gas
emission.
2. Introduce emission spotcheck. The Municipality of
Banjarmasin can start conducting emission test on
roadway (at least once a year) to remind the public on
the dangers of air pollutant from vehicles and the public
obligation to comply with the emission exhaust gas
guideline.

1. Continuing and improving periodic air quality monitoring

in the same location to analyze the air quality trends
from year to year, and adding monitoring locations on
non-roadside.

2. Developing emission inventory to identify the number

of pollutants, sources, and contribution of each pollutant
to the total number of pollutants. Specifically, emission
inventory should consists of stationary sources given the
fact that TSP have exceeded the air quality standard in
several monitoring locations thus it is important to
understand the sources of air pollutant, for instance
whether TSP originate from road dust, forest fires, motor
vehicles or construction; and the contribution of each
pollutant.

19
 5 BEKASI
5.1 Background
Geography: Kota Bekasi is located 6°14'00" South Latitude
and 106°00'00" East Longitude, and situated 19 meters above
sea level. Kota Bekasi has a total area of 210,49 km2 or
21.049 ha. Administratively, Kota Bekasi consists of 12 districts
and 56 sub-districts with the following administrative
boundaries:
· North: Kabupaten Bekasi
· South: Bogor Regency and Kota Depok
· West: DKI Jakarta Province
· East: Bekasi Regency
Demography: In 2010, the population was 2.336.489 with
a population density of 111 people/ha.
Land used: Built environment in Bekasi City is 90 percent of
the total area.
Economy and finance: The number of vehicle population in
2010 was 172.734 with an average growth rate of 12 percent
per year. The industrial sector contributes the highest to
Bekasi’s RGDP at 39 percent, followed by trade, hotel and
restaurant (31 percent). Transportation sector contributed
8 percent to the RGDP. The economic growth between 2009
and 2010 was 4.1 percent, lower than the national average
of 6.1 percent.
5.2 Urban Air Quality Evaluation Monitoring Results
5.2.1 Non-Physical monitoring
Air Quality Monitoring Activities
The Municipality of Bekasi claimed that they have conducted
ambient air quality monitoring. However, further information
on location, method, and parameter monitored is not
available. There may be a misunderstanding between air
quality monitoring (due to motor vehicle traffic) and vehicle
emission test, thus information available provided in
supporting documents are only for vehicle emission test
results.
Air pollution reduction activities from mobile sources
Bekasi City have Local Transportation Order (Tatanan
Transportasi Lokal – Tatralok), Road Transportation Network
Plan, and Mayor Regulation on Vehicle Emission Exhaust Gas
Inspection. Traffic management implemented include traffic
engineering (one-way street, controlling intersection by using
traffic light, separation of slow and fast moving traffic) and
park-n-ride (car parks with connections to public transport
that allow commuters to leave their vehicles). BRT is still in
development plan. Limited bicycle lanes are available in Jl.
Ahmad Yani.
20
Public awareness raising activities on air pollution
Car Free Day is held every Sunday along Jl.Ahmad Yani. But
no information is available on the time of the event.
Meanwhile, exhaust gas emission test as part of
roadworthiness inspection for public transportation and
goods is conducted once every 6 months. Vehicle exhaust
gas emission test (specifically for private vehicles) is conducted
by privately-owned workshop appointed and approved by
the Municipality (as stipulated in Mayor Regulation). Roadside
vehicle emission spot check is conducted once a year. The
results for vehicle emission spotcheck in 2010 showed a
passing rate of 65 percent.
5.2.2 Physical Monitoring
Vehicle emission quality on roadway
Emission spotcheck results for 2.687 private vehicles passing
Jl. Ahmad Yani, Boulevard Harapan Indah and Jatiwaringin
showed a passing rate of 71 percent. The passing rate for
gasoline powered vehicle was 84 percent, while the passing
rate for diesel powered vehicle was 45 percent. The emission
passing rate is the average profile for cities.
Traffic Performance
Traffic performance was measured along Jl. Ahmad Yani,
Jatiwaringin and Sultan Agung. Based on EKUP 2011
monitoring results, the level of service in Bekasi is F (the
lowest) characterized by obstructed flow, low speed, volume
have more demand than capacity, and frequent
stopping/slowing required. This condition effect the air
quality since the amount of exhaust gas emission is influenced
by vehicle speed. The lower the vehicle speed and below
optimum level, the higher the emission.
Air Quality on roadway
Passive air quality measurement was conducted in three
locations, close to the location where traffic performance
was monitored. Monitoring results showed that the
concentration of all parameters measured, except for HC,
meet the standard quality. HC concentration along Jl. Ahmad
Yani and Jatiwaringin was higher compared to Sultan Agung
street, almost doubled.
2.3 Urban Air Quality Evaluation Assesment (Blue 5.4.2 Air Quality Monitoring
Sky City Index)
1. Conducting manual ambient air quality monitoring in
FIGURE 7: Kota Bekasi Assesment Index Results several roadside locations and non-roadside locations
Emission test
10 2. Documenting air quality monitoring data and publishing
8 the data to the public
Public
awareness 6 Traffic
raising activity performance
4
5.4.3 On-road vehicle emission test
2
0
1. Improving PKB performance. Current PKB system
Emission
Air (roadworthiness) should be strengthened through system
reduction
activity Quality improvement, institutional reforms, and the
implementation of automated testing.
BEKASI Monitoring
activity
Median 2. Continuing and improving emission spotcheck test.
Kota Bekasi: The index for emission reduction activities Emission spotcheck test should be conducted routinely
(transportation management including public transportation to increase public awareness and evaluate the public
development plan) is above the median. Meanwhile, air compliance to meet the standard quality of exhaust
quality monitoring index, public awareness raising activities emissions.
(emission spotcheck test and Car Free Day), and other air
quality monitoring activities, the value are equal to or lower
than the median. Traffic performace index in Bekasi City is
the lowest. Based on EKUP 2011 results, Bekasi is ranked
thirteenth for metropolitan city category (out of 14 cities
evaluated) and twenty-fifth for all city category (out of 26
cities evaluated).

5.4 Recommendations

5.4.1 Environmentally Sustainable Transportation

1. Conducting Local Transportation Order in Kota Bekasi

with focus on one or two options to solve the problems
completely. The solution suggested includes BRT
development as well as bicycle lane and pedestrian
sidewalk.

2. Introducing transportation based on Minimum Standard

Service including managing transportation route based
on road hierarchy

3. Extending non-motorized area. Certain areas can be

developed into permanent non-motorized zone; not
limited to specific time like in Car Free Day.

4. Increasing the effectiveness of traffic performance. Efforts

to be taken include: implementation of intelligent
transport system, separating localized movement and
high traffic speed in arterial road, segregating motorcycle
lanes, and improving intersection.

21
 6 BOGOR
6.1 Background
Geography: Kota Bogor is located 6°26'00" South Latitude
and 106°48'00" East Longitude, situated between 190 and
330 meters above sea level. Bogor has a total area of
118,50 km2 or 11.850 ha. Administratively, Bogor City consists
of 6 districts and 68 sub-districts, bordering Bogor Regency.
Demography: Kota Bogor is a city for services, industry and
tourism. Kota Bogor had an estimated population of 834.000
people as of 2010 with a population density of 70 people/ha.
Land Use: Built environment in Kota Bogor is 80 percent
from the total area. The remaining land is farmland, river,
and lake.
Economy and finance: Vehicle population in 2010 was
257.076 with an average growth rate of 12 percent per year.
Trade, hotel and restaurant sector contributed the most to
the RGDP at 31 percent, followed by processing industry (26
percent). Transportation contributed 11 percent to the RGDP.
6.2 Urban Air Quality Evaluation Monitoring Results
6.2.1 Non-Physical monitoring
Air Quality Monitoring Activities
Kota Bogor Municipality conducted ambient air quality
monitoring manually once a year in 30 roadside spots.
Paremeters monitored include NO2, CO, SO2, O3, HC, dust,
H2S, NH3, and Pb. Monitoring was conducted for 24 hours.
Monitoring results in 2010 showed that the concentration
of parameters monitored meet the standard quality, except
for dust which in some locations the concentration exceeded
the standard quality. Other sources of dust beside motor
vehicle are road dust, construction and others.
Air pollution reduction activities from mobile sources
Kota Bogor has transportation policy, one of them being the
development of mass public transportation named Trans
Pakuan, scheduling the operation of city microbus (angkot),
ACTS implementation and bus priority. Traffic engineering
and traffic management helped to manage traffic flow and
air pollution level; efforts include freight management, Safe
School Zone, parking restriction on road verges, as well traffic
engineering in intersection. In terms of public transportation
management, Trans Pakuan has been in operation in Bogor.
The management of rickshaw (becak), horse carriage (delman)
and the development of bicycle and pedestrian lanes are
part of the non-motorized development plan in Kota Bogor.
22
Public awareness raising activities on air pollution
Car Free Day is conducted once a week every Sunday along
Jl. Harupat starting from 06.00 until 09.00. Meanwhile,
exhaust gas emission test activities for public transportation
and goods/freight are part of the roadworthiness inspection.
Emission spotcheck is conducted once a year to monitor the
level of passing rate of emission test. The average passing
rate percentage in Kota Bogor is 85 percent.
6.2.2 Physical Monitoring
Vehicle emission quality on roadway
Emission spotcheck results for 2.097 private vehicles crossing
Jl. Pajajaran, Juanda, Baru Yasmin showed a passing rate of
81 percent. The passing rate for gasoline powered vehicle
was 82 percent while 75 percent for diesel powered vehicle.
The percentage is nearing the average emission test
conducted by the Municipality of Bogor.
Traffic Performance
Traffic performance was monitored along the Jl. Sudirman,
Pajajaran, and Baru Yasmin. Based on EKUP monitoring
results, the level of service in Bogor is C; characterized by
stable free-flow, volume equivalent to out-of-state road, and
restricted maneuverability within the traffic stream. The
score is higher compared to the average of cities evaluated.
Air Quality on roadway
Passive air quality monitoring in 3 roadside locations was
conducted on the same location as traffic performance
monitoring. Monitoring results showed that the concentration
of parameter measured, except for HC, meet the quality
standard. High HC concentration was also found in all cities
evaluated.
6.3 Urban Air Quality Evaluation Assesment (Blue
Sky City Index)
FIGURE 8: Kota Bogor Assessment Index Results
Emission test
10
8
Public
6 Traffic
awareness
raising activity 4
performance
2
0
Emission
reduction Air
Quality
activity
BOGOR Monitoring
Median activity
Kota Bogor: Index for emission test and traffic performance
is above average, meanwhile public awareness raising
activities, air quality monitoring results, and air quality
monitoring activities is equal or slightly above the median
value for all cities. Emission reduction activities for Kota
Bogor is below the median value. Kota Bogor is ranked fourth
for big city category (out of 12 cities evaluated) and fifth for
all city category (out of 26 cities evaluated).
Based on EKUP 2011 valuation, the high value of 2 out of 3
physical parameters test (emission test and traffic
performance) contributed to the evaluation result and ranking
for Kota Bogor.
5.4.3 On-road vehicle emission test
1. Improving PKB performance. Current periodic PKB system
(roadworthiness) have to be strengthened through
improving system, implementing institutional reforms
and implementation of automatic testing.
2. Continuing emission spotcheck and document the
emission results. Through routine roadside emission test
(conduct at least more than one a year if possible) the
public is expected to understand that each vehicle
operated on the road have to comply with the emission
exhaust gas quality standard.

6.4 Recommendations

6.4.1 Environmentally Sustainable Transportation

1. Realizing route structuring, permit, and distribution of

public transportation operating time

2. Improving Trans Pakuan BRT services

3. Realizing the plan for the development of bicycle lane

and pedestrian sidewalk

4. Extending non-motorized area. Certain area can be

developedd into permanent non-motorized area to attract
tourists.

6.4.2 Air Quality Monitoring

1. Continuing and adding the frequency of routine air quality

monitoring (twice a year)

2. Publishing air quality monitoring results to the public

and utilize monitoring data to formulate strategies and
action plan to control urban air quality

3. Formulating urban emission inventory to identify the

number of pollutants, sources, and contribution of each
source to the percentage of pollutant in total

23
 7 DENPASAR
7.1 Background
Geography: Kota Denpasar is the capital city of the Province
of Bali, located between 08°35'31" and 08°44'49" South
Latitude and between 115°11'23" and 115°16'27" East
Longitude with a total area of 127,78 km2 or 12.778 ha. Kota
Denpasar borders administratively with the following:
· North and West: Badung Regency
· Selatan: Indian Ocean
· Timur: Gianyar Regency
Kota Denpasar is a flat- gradient area (0-8 percent slope
inclination) situated 0-75 meters above sea level.
Demography: Kota Denpasar is a tourist, service, trade,
industry and education city. The estimated population in
2010 was 637.701 people with a population density of 50
people/ha.
Land Use: 61 percent of the total area is residential area and
the remaining 39 percent is used for argiculture and forestry.
Economy and finance: The number of vehicle in 2010 was
492.285 with an average growth rate of 12 percent per year.
Trade, hotel and restaurant sector contributed the highest
to the RGDP at 34 percent, followed by finance (15 percent).
Transportation sector contributed 14 percent to the RGDP.
7.2 Urban Air Quality Evaluation Monitoring Results
7.2.1 Non-Physical monitoring
Air Quality Monitoring Activities
Denpasar Municipality conducted routine ambient air quality
in 3 roadside monitoring spots and one spot in non-roadside.
The frequency of monitoring is 26 days x 24 hours in one
year. The parameter monitored include NO2, CO, SO2, and
HC. Automatic monitoring result is not available. However,
the Municipality conducted monitoring manually in 2009
and 2010. Monitoring results showed that dust is at crticial
level, the concentration has exceeded the air quality standard.
In several monitoring spots in 2010, the concentration of Pb
has also exceeded the standard quality limits. In several
monitoring location in 2010, Pb have exceeded the standard
quality. Further study and analysis needs to be conducted
to understand the source of Pb.
Air pollution reduction activities from mobile sources
Traffic management implemented in Denpasar to help reduce
air pollution include: regulate traffic direction, regulate
parking, evaluate working and school hours. Denpasar
Municipality has a public transportation development plan,
24
Trans Sarbagita, but it has not yet been operated. Non-
motorized transportation like dokar/delman is used for
touristic purposes.
Public awareness raising activities on air pollution
Car Free Day is held once a week. Emission spotcheck is
conducted once a year in 3 locations to monitor the passing
rate of emission test. Emission test results in 2010 showed
a passing rate of 76 percent. The passing rate for gasoline
powered vehicle and diesel powered vehicle was 79 percent
and 66 percent respectively. For the period of 2007-2010,
emission test passing rate increase consistently, from 42
percent, 54 percent, 71 percent to 75 percent.
5.2.2 Physical Monitoring
Vehicle emission quality on roadway
Emission test results for 2.005 vehicles passing Jl. Hayam
Wuruk, Raya Sesetan, and Mahendradata showed passing
rate of 88 percent. The passing rate for gasoline powered
vehicle was 94 percent while the passing rate for diesel
powered vehicle was 45 percent.
Traffic Performance
Traffic performance was measured along the same road as
emission test. Based on EKUP monitoring results, the level
of service in Kota Denpasar is D, the same as in other cities
evaluated; traffic is at unstable flow and low speed. The level
of service in Kota Denpasar increased from E in 2008 to D in
2011.
Air Quality on roadway
Passive air quality monitoring was conducted in 3 roadside
spots in Jl. Cokroaminoto, Hayam Wuruk and Raya Sesetan.
Monitoring result showed that the concentration of all
parameter measured, except for HC, fulfilled the quality
standard. Other cities evaluated also experienced a high HC
concentration. Specifically in Jl. Cokroaminoto, the level of
HC is almost double than the concentration in two other
locations.
7.3 Urban Air Quality Evaluation Assesment (Blue 7.4.2 Air Quality Monitoring
Sky City Index)
1. Revitalize current continous air quality monitoring by
FIGURE 9: Kota Denpasar Assessment Index Results adding monitoring spots and by conducting manual
monitoring to at least once year
10
8
Public
awareness 6 Traffic 2. Publish monitoring data results to the public and utilize
performance
raising activity 4 monitoring data to develop strategies and action plan
2 for air quality management
0

Emission
Air
reduction
Quality
activity
DENPASAR Monitoring
Median activity
Kota Denpasar: The three physical parameter index (emission
test, traffic performance, and air quality) is equal or slightly
above the median value. Awareness raising activities and
monitoring activities is equal or below the average of all
cities. The index for emission reduction activity is above the
median value. EKUP 2011 results ranked Kota Denpasar
eighth for metropolitan city and thirteenth for all city category.
Kota Denpasar have the potential to increase the performance
of air quality management and develop environmentally
sustainable transportation, including public transport bus
service and improving non-motorized facility (bicycle lane
and pedestrian zone).
7.4 Recommendations
3. Implement urban emission inventory. Emission inventory
is needed to identify the sources of pollutants and
contribution of each source to the percentage of all
pollutants. Specifically for dust and Pb that have exceeded
the standard quality, it is important to identify the source
of those two pollutants and calculate the number of
pollutants emitted.
7.4.3 On-road vehicle emission test
1. Improving PKB (roadworthiness inspection) performance
and document as well as publish periodic emission test
results. Current roadworthiness (including exhaust gas
emission test) needs to be strengthened through
improving system, institutional reform, and
implementation of automatic monitoring test.
2. Continuing emission spotcheck test. Through routine
emission test on roadway (increase the frequency if
possible) the public is expected to be reminded that each
vehicle operating on road must fulfill the standard quality
limits of emission exhaust gas.

7.4.1 Environmentally Sustainable Transportation

1. Realizing development plans for Trans Sarbagita BRT

2. Extending non-motorized area. Certain areas can be

developed into permanent non-motorized zone; not
limited to certain time like Car Free Day. Car-free zone
can be developed into touristic area.

3. Developing non-motorized transportation facility (bicycle

lane and pedestrian zone), by conducting pilot project
first

4. Increasing the effectiveness of traffic performance. Efforts

to be taken include: implementation of intelligent
transport system, separation of localized movements and
continous /high speed traffic on arterial road, provide
segregated motorcycle lanes, improve intersection
capacity.

25
 8 DEPOK
8.1 Background
Geography: Kota Depok was originally part of Bogor Regency.
Throughout time, Kota Depok became a City divided into 6
districts and 63 sub-districts with a total area of 200,29 km2
or 20.029 ha. Geographically, Kota Depok is located between
6°19'00" and 6°28'00" South Latitude and between
106°43'00" and 106°55'30" East Longitude. Depok borders
administratively with :
· North: Tangerang Regency and DKI Jakarta
· South, West, and East: Bogor Regency
Kota Depok is dominted by a flat terrain; while hill dominates
the southern area (2-15 percent inclination slope).
Demography: The total population in 2010 was 1.751.696
people with population a density of 87 people/ha.
Land Use: Built environment in Kota Depok is 50 percent,
the remaining land is used for open space.
Economy and finance: The number of vehicle in 2010 was
approximately 12.514 with an average growth rate of 12
percent per year. Processing industry sector contributed the
most to the RGDP (37 percent), followed by trade, hotel and
restaurant (35 percent), and services (7 percent). The
transportation sector contributed 6 percent to the RGDP.
8.2 Urban Air Quality Evaluation Monitoring Results
8.2.1 Non-Physical monitoring
Air Quality Monitoring Activities
Depok Municipality conducted manual ambient air quality
twice a year. There are 27 monitoring spots consisting of 8
roadside spots and 19 non-roadside spots. The parameter
monitored include dust, NO2, CO, SO2, O3, Pb, PM10, and
PM2.5. The parameter PM2.5 (dust particle measuring 2,5
micrometer) is rarely measured in cities in Indonesia except
for Kota Depok and Kota Yogyakarta. Monitoring results in
certain areas, especially on roadside, the concentration of
O3 and PM2.5 has exceeded the standard quality.
Air pollution reduction activities from mobile sources
Kota Depok has Local Transportation Order which provides
a basis for developing the following public transportation:
· Traffic management: improve space and intersection
capacity, reduce barriers, manage bicycle lanes,
construction of railway depot in Citayam, provision of
pedestrian lane in arterial road and collector, management
of office working hours and school hours
26
· Public transportation system: restructuring route based
on road hierarchy, additional restrictions on public
transportation, increase frequency of bus transit service,
improving park-n-ride facility, provision of ‘Busway’ feeder
from Depok to Jakarta.
Kota Depok does not have plans for the development of
non-motorized transportation.
Public awareness raising activities on air pollution
Car Free Day has not yet been introduced and currently Kota
Depok does not have car-free zone. Meanwhile, emission
test as part of roadworthiness inspection is conducted every
6 months, the Municipality of Depok also conducted vehicle
exhaust gas emission test (especially to private vehicles)
conducted by private-owned workshop approved by the
Municipality (Mayor Regulation). Emission spot check on
roadway is conducted once a year. Emision spotcheck data
results in 2010 showed a passing rate of 86 percent.
8.2.2 Physical Monitoring
Vehicle emission quality on roadway
Emission spotcheck results for 1.873 private vehicles passing
Raya Bogor, Margonda, and Sawangan Bogor showed a
passing rate of 70 percent. The passing rate for gasoline
powered vehicle was 88 percent and 35 percent for diesel
powered vehicle.
Traffic Performance
Traffic performance was measured along the Bojongsari,
Margonda and Raya Bogor. Based on EKUP 2011 monitoring
results, the level of service in Kota Depok is D; characterized
by unstable flow and vehicle travel at low speed. The level
of service in Kota Depok has increased from E in 2008 to D
in 2011.
Air Quality on roadway
Passive air quality monitoring was conducted in 3 locations
near the location where emission test was conducted. The
result showed that the concentration for all parameters
measured, except for HC, fulfilled the standard quality. The
concentration of HC along Margonda Street was higher
compared to other locations monitored. Moroever, the
concentration for O3 was quite high in 3 locations eventhough
it was still below the limits (averaging 191 ug/m3 compared
to the limits of 235 ug/m3 ).
8.3 Urban Air Quality Evaluation Assesment (Blue 8.4.3 On-road vehicle emission test
Sky City Index)
1. Improving PKB (roadworthiness inspection) performance
and document as well as publish periodic emission test
FIGURE 10: Kota Depok Assessment Index results result in vehicle inspection center. Current roadworthiness
(including exhaust gas emission test) needs to be
Emission test
10
strengthened through improving system, institutional
8 reform, and implementation of automatic monitoring
Public
awareness 6 Traffic test.
raising activity performance
4
2 2. Improving emission spotcheck and documenting emission
0
test result. Through routine emission test on roadway
Emission (increase the frequency if possible) the public is expected
Air
reduction
activity Quality to be reminded that each vehicle operating on road must
meet emission exhaust gas standard quality limits.
DEPOK Monitoring
Median activity

Kota Depok: The index for all parameter is below or the

same as median value, apart from air quality monitoring
activities. Specifically for public raising awareness activities
(car free day and emissioin spotcheck) is the lowest (scoring
1). Based on EKUP 2011 results, Kota Depok is ranked tenth
for metropolitan category (out of 14 cities evaluated) and
ranked twentieth for all city category (out of 26 cities
evaluated).

8.4 Recommendations

8.4.1 Environmentally Sustainable Transportation

1. Developing Kota Depok Local Transportation.

Development focuses on: restructuring public
transportation based on road hierarchy and Standard
Minimum Service, providing feeder Busway from Depok
to Jakarta, improving railway service, and providing
pedestrian sidewalk and bicycle lanes.

2. Introducing non-motorized transportation, for instance

Car Free Day

3. Continuing and increasing the effectiveness of traffic

performance. Efforts to be taken include: implementation
of intelligent transport system, separation of localized
movements and continuous/high speed traffic on arterial
road, provide segregated motorcycle lanes, improve
intersection capacity.

8.4.2 Air Quality Monitoring

1. Continuing and improving manual ambient air quality

monitoring and if necessary adding the frequency of
monitoring

2. Documenting air quality monitoring results data and

publish to the public

27
 9 WEST
JAKARTA
9.1 Background
Geography: Jakarta Barat (West Jakarta) Municipality is
located 6°12'00" South Latitude and 106°48'00" East
Longitude. West Jakarta has a total area of 12.615 ha divided
into 8 districts and 56 sub-districts.
Demography: West Jakarta has a current population of
1.600.000.
9.2 Urban Air Quality Evaluation Monitoring Results
9.2.1 Non-Physical monitoring
Specifically for cities within the Jakarta Special District
(Provinsi DKI Jakarta) - West Jakarta, Central Jakarta, South
Jakarta, East Jakarta, and North Jakarta - efforts directed
towards air quality monitoring, reduction of air pollution
emitted from mobile sources through transportation
management, and public awareness raising (car-free zone
and the implementation of exhaust gas emission test) is
managed and coordinated by agencies in provincial level.
Thereby, specifcially for non-physical monitoring in five cities
within the DKI Jakarta Province, the result will be relatively
similar.
Air Quality Monitoring Activities
The Municipality of West Jakarta conducted ambient air
quality monitoring once a month in one spot near the
roadway. The parameters monitored include NO, NO2, SO2,
dust, Pb. The concentration of parameter that have exceeded
the standard quality and occurring once in 2009 was for the
parameter of dust.
Air pollution reduction activities from mobile sources
Transportation development in West Jakarta and other four
cities is an integral part for the development of DKI Jakarta
Macro Transportation Pattern (Pola Transportasi Makro
Provinsi DKI Jakarta). The development encompasses:
‘Busway’ Bus Rapid Transit, commuter rail, Mass Rapid Transit
(MRT), bicycle and pedestrian sidewalk. Furthermore, traffic
management implemented to reduce traffic congestion and
air pollution level include restructuring parking space on
road verges, managing goods transportation, implementing
ACTS and intelligent transport system (arrangement of traffic
lights and traffic flows so that traffic flow smoothly and not
congested) and developing park-n-ride concept. The use of
gas as fuel is also part of the Provincial Jakarta transportation
policy.
28
Public awareness raising activities on air pollution
Car Free Day is held twice in a year in West Jakarta. But for
the whole area of DKI Jakarta, Car Free Day is held every
Sunday along the Sudirman-Thamrin main road from 06.00-
12.00. Exhaust gas emission test is also conducted specifically
in West Jakarta twice a year. But the emission test result is
not available.
9.2.2 Physical Monitoring
Unlike non-physial monitoring, physical monitoring is
conducted in each administrative city within the DKI Jakarta
Province.
Vehicle emission quality on roadway
The result of emission test conducted for spotcheck 2.135
private vehicles passing Lingkar Luar Barat, Mall Taman
Anggrek, and Kali Besar/ Kota Tua showed a passing rate of
79 percent. The passing rate for gasoline powered vehicle
was 91 percent while the passing rate for diesel powered
vehicle was 52 percent.
Traffic Performance
Traffic performance was measured along the road of Daan
Mogot, Hayam Wuruk/Gajah Mada, and Kyai Tapa. Based
on EKUP monitoring results, the level of service in West
Jakarta is F (the lowest); characterized by obstructed flow,
low speed, volume have more demand than capacity,
frequent stopping/slowing required. Compared to 2007 and
2008, traffic performance in West Jakarta in 2011 decreased
from D to F.
Air Quality on roadway
Passive air quality monitoring was conducted in 3 spots on
the roadside of Daan Mogot, Hayam Wuruk, and
Letjen S. Parman. Monitoring result showed that the
concentration of all parameters measured, except for HC,
has fulfilled the standard quality. HC concentration in 3
locations has exceeded twice the standard quality limits.
9.3 Urban Air Quality Evaluation Assesment (Blue 9.4.2 Air Quality Monitoring
Sky City Index)
1. Continue and strengthen periodic air quality
FIGURE 11: West Jakarta Assessment Index Results monitoring using automatic or manual methods
Uji emisi
10 2. Publish monitoring result data to the public and utilize
8 monitoring data to develop strategy and air quality
Kegiatan
peningkatan 6 Kinerja
lalu lintas
monitoring action, review air pollution control efforts,
kesadaran 4 and analyze the effectiveness of policies and strategies
2
0
3. Implement urban emission inventory. Emission inventory
Kegiatan
Kualitas
is needed to identify the sources of pollutants and
pengurangan
emisi
udara contribution of each source to the percentage of all
pollutants.
WEST JAKARTA Kegiatan
pemantauan
Median 9.4.3 On-road vehicle emission test

West Jakarta: Index for non-physical parameter is well below
the median value. Only the index for emission spotcheck
test result that is slightly above the median value. West
Jakarta is ranked at the bottom of in EKUP 2011 for
metropolitan city and all city category.
9.4 Recommendations
Specific recommendations of 5 Admistrative Cities of DKI
Jakarta is limited to the recommendations on physical
monitoring because the authority for transportation
management, emission test, car-free zone, and air quality
monitoring lies in Provincial Government of DKI Jakarta. In
general, the recommendations given to the Provincial
Government of DKI Jakarta are as follows:
9.4.1 Environmentally Sustainable Transportation
1. Improving Roadworthiness Inspection. Current periodic
PKB system (roadworthiness) have to be strengthened
through improving system, institutional reformation, and
implementation of automatic testing.
2. Conducting verification of exhaust gas emission test for
public transportation and goods. The purpose is to verify
PKB results, although vehicles have been inspected for
roadworthiness, but changes in exhaust gas emission can
be altered intentionally or unintentionally by the driver
or manager.
3. Continuing and improving emission spotcheck
test. Through routine emission test on roadway (increase
the frequency if possible) the public is expected to be
reminded that each vehicle operating on road must fulfill
the standard quality limits of emission exhaust gas

1. Implement Macro Transportation Pattern (Pola

Transportasi Makro) with focus on improving Busway
facility, commuter rail, MRT, monorail (elevated Busway)
and development of bicycle lane/ pedestrian sidewalk

2. Restructuring and reforming public transportation

a. Improvement of public transportation route based
on road hierarchy
b. Introducing public transportation system based on
Standard Minimum Service
c. Improvement of Busway feeder service

3. Extending non-motorized zone. Permanent non-

motorized zone can be developed and established in
certain areas; not limited to certain time like Car Free
Day. The zone can be developed into tourist attraction
filled with socio-economic activities in the absence of
traffic vehicles.

4. Improving the effectiveness of traffic performance. Efforts

to be taken include: implementation of intelligent
transport system, separation of localize movements and
continuous/high speed traffic on arterial road, and
improve intersection capacity.

29
 10 CENTRAL
JAKARTA

10.1 Background Air Quality on roadway

Geography: The total area of Central Jakarta Municipality is
48,17 km 2 or 4.817 ha divided into 8 districts and 44 sub-
districts.
Demography: Central Jakarta has a current population of
890.000.
Passive air quality monitoring in 3 roadside locations was
conducted along the same raod as traffic performance
monitoring. Monitoring results showed that the
conocentration for all parameters measured, except for HC,
meet the standard quality. The concentration of HC along
Merdeka Barat has exceeded twice the air quality standard
limits.

10.2 Urban Air Quality Evaluation Monitoring Results 10.3 Urban Air Quality Evaluation Assesment (Blue
Sky City Index)
10.2.1 Non-Physical monitoring
FIGURE 12: Central Jakarta Index Assessment Results
Air Quality Monitoring Activities
Emission test
The Municipality of Central Jakarta conducted ambient air 10
quality monitoring in 4 spots near the roadway. In air quality 8
Public
monitoring station in Istiqlal, the parameter monitored are awareness 6 Traffic
performance
NO, NO2, SO2, dust, Pb; while in Bundaran HI station, the raising activity 4

parameter monitored are PM10, NO, NO2, SO2, O3, CO, HC. 2
0
Dust has exceeded the standard quality limits twice in 2010.
While for other parameters, on average the parameters meet Emission
reduction Air
the standard quality. activity Quality

Air pollution reduction activities from mobile sources Monitoring

CENTRAL JAKARTA
See West Jakarta (Jakarta Barat) Median activity

Public awareness raising activities on air pollution

Car Free Day is conducted in Central Jakarta along Thamrin
road starting from 06.00 until 12.00 twice every month on
second and fourth Sunday. Exhaust gas emission spotcheck
is also conducted specifically in Central Jakarta twice every
year. Emission test is provided by private-run workshops
approved by the Municipality currently numbering 24 in
total. Emission spotcheck in 2010 showed that the average
passing rate was 79 percent.
Central Jakarta: The highest index goes to traffic performance
given 10 points. The air quality monitoring index and emission
test results are above the average, but the index for public
awareness raising and emission reduction activities are below
the median. Central Jakarta is ranked eighth in EKUP 2011
for metropolitan city category and sixteenth for all city
category.

10.2.2 Physical Monitoring 10.4 Recommendations

Vehicle emission quality on roadway See West Jakarta (Jakarta Barat)

Emisson spotcheck results for 2.249 private vehicles passing
Proklamasi, Medan Merdeka Timur, and Asia Afrika showed
a passing rate of 85 percent. The passing rate for gasoline
powered vehicle 59 percent for diesel powered vehicle.

Traffic Performance
Traffic performance was conducted along Imam Bonjol,
Gerbang Pemuda TVRI, and Medan Merdeka Barat. Based
on EKUP monitoring results, the level of service in Central
Jakarta is B (the highest); characterized by reasonable free-
flow, volume equivelant to out-of-state road,limited speed.
Compared to 2007 and 2008, traffic performance in Central
Jakarta increased from C and F respectively to B in 2011.

30
 SOUTH
JAKARTA 11
11.1 Background 11.2.2 Physical Monitoring

Geography: Jakarta Selatan (South Jakarta) Municipality is Vehicle emission quality on roadway
lcoated 5°19'12" South Latitude and 106°22'42" - 106°58'18" Emission spotcheck results for 1.978 private vehicles passing
East Longitude. The total area of South Jakarta is 145,37 km2 Karang Tengah/Cinere, TB Simatupang and Kalibata showed
or 22,41 percent from DKI Jakarta Province. South Jakarta an 80 percent passing rate. The passing rate for gasoline
is divided into 10 districts and 65 sub-districts. The powered vehicle was 91 percent while 49 percent for diesel
topographic land in South Jakarta is low hill with 0,25 percent powered vehicle.
slope inclination. The average land elevation is 5-50 meters
above sea level. Traffic Performance
Traffic performance measured was on the same road as
Demography: In 2010 the total poulation in South Jakarta emission test. Based on EKUP monitoring results, the level
was 1.893.705 with a population density of 130 people per of service in South Jakarta is E; characterized by unstable
ha. flow, volume at/approaching capacity, and low speed.
Compared to 2007 (scoring a D) and 2008 (scoring an E), the
Economy and finance: In 2010, the number of motor vehicle traffic performance in South Jakarta for 2011 decreased or
was 342.606 with an average growth rate of 12 percent per relatively unchanged.
year. The budget for environment is 6,9 percent of the total
of Revenue and Expenditure Budget. Air Quality on roadway
Pasive air quality monitoring in 3 roadside locations was
conducted on the same location as traffic performance
11.2 Urban Air Quality Monitoring Evaluation Results monitoring. Monitoring results showed the concentration
for all parameters measured, except for HC, fulfilled the
11.2.1 Non-physical monitoring standard quality. But, the concentration of HC along Karang
Tengah/Cinere and TB Simatupang was below the standard
Air Quality Monitoring Activities quality.
The Municipality of South Jakarta conducted
automatic/continous and manual ambient air quality in 4 11.3 Urban Air Quality Evaluation Assesment (Blue
monitoring spots; 3 spots on non-roadside and 1 on-roadside. Sky City Index)
Automatic monitoring is conducted continuously for 24 hours
in a year. Parameter monitored in automatic station include FIGURE 13: South Jakarta Assessment Index Results
NO2, PM10, SO2, CO, and O3; as for manual monitoring the Emission test
parameter monitored are SO2, NO2, dust, and Pb. Monitoring 10
results showed O3 in several locations have exceeded the Public
8
6 Traffic
standard limits. awareness
raising activity performance
4
2
Air pollution reduction activities from mobile sources 0
See West Jakarta (Jakarta Barat)
Emission
reduction Air
Quality
Public awareness raising on air pollution activities activity
Car Free Day in South Jakarta is conducted along Sudirman
road starting from 06.00 until 12.00 twice a month every SOUTH JAKARTA Monitoring
activity
second and fourth Sunday, and Rasuna Said Road twice a Median

year. Exhaust gas emission spotcheck is also conducted by

the Municipality of South Jakarta twice in a year. Emission
test is provided by private-run workshop approved by the
Municipality. Emission spotcheck in 2009-2010 showed a
passing rate of 75-80 percent. Similar to other cities and
regencies in Indonesia, emission test is part of roadworthiness
inspection for every public transportation and goods
implemented every 6 months.
South Jakarta: The index for emission test and air quality
monitoring is slightly above the median value. The index for
the other parameters is below the median value. Jakarta
Selatan is ranked ninth in EKUP 2011 for metropolitan
category (out of 14 cities evaluated) and nineteenth for all
city category (out of 26 cities evaluated).

31
 11.4 Recommendations

See West Jakarta (Jakarta Barat)

32

12.1 Background
Geography: East Jakarta is located 6°10'35" South Latitude
and 106°49'35" East Longitude; has a total area of
187,75 km2 (28,37 percent of DKI Jakarta area). East Jakarta
consists of 10 districts and 65 sub-districts. The average
alleviation of East Jakarta is 50 meters above sea level.
Demography: The current total population is 2.413.875.
Land Use: 95 percent of the land is mainland, the remaining
is swamp or rice paddy field, the city is also passed by river
canal.
12.2 Urban Air Quality Evaluation Monitoring Results
EAST
JAKARTA 12
Traffic Performance
Traffic performance was conducted along Ciracas, Gusti
Ngurah Rai and Pemuda road. Based on EKUP monitoring
results, the level of service for East Jakarta is C, characterized
by stable-free flow, volume equivelant to out-of-state road,
and restricted maneuverability within the traffic stream.
Compared to 2007 and 2008 (scoring an E), traffic
performance in East Jakarta increased to C.
Air Quality in roadway
Passive air quality monitoring was conducted in 3 roadside
locations in Rajiman, Pemuda, and Pinang Ranti road.
Monitoring results showed that the concentration of all
parameters measured, except for HC, meet the air quality
standard.

12.2.1 Non-Physical monitoring 12.3 Urban Air Quality Evaluation Assesment (Blue
Sky City Index)
Air Quality Monitoring Activities
Automatic/continous and manual ambient air quality FIGURE 14: East Jakarta Assessment Index Results
monitoring conducted by the Municipality of East Jakarta is
conducted in 2 monitoring spots, roadside and non-roadside. Emission test
10
Continous automatic monitoring is conducted for 24 hours 8
everyday in a year. Manual monitoring is conducted twice Public
awareness 6 Traffic
performance
in a year. Parameter monitored for automatic monitoring raising activity 4
are NO2, NO, PM10, SO2, CO, and O3; while for manual 2
monitoring the parameter monitored are CO, NO2, and PM10. 0

Emission
Air
Air pollution reduction activities from mobile sources reduction
Quality
activity
See West Jakarta (Jakarta Barat)

EAST JAKARTA Monitoring

Public awareness raising activities on air pollution
Car Free Day is conducted in East Jakarta along Jl. Pemuda
twice a year. Exhaust gas emission spotcheck is also conducted
in East Jakarta twice a year. Emission test is provided in
private-run workshop throughout the year. Similar to all
cities and regencies in Indonesia, emission test is part of
roadworthiness inspection for public transportation and
goods conducted every 6 months.
Median activity
East Jakarta: Index for emission test result, traffic
performance, air quality results is above the median value.
Other parameters are below the median value. East Jakarta
is ranked third in EKUP 2011 for metropolitan category (out
of 14 cities evaluated) and seventh for all city category (out
of 26 cities evaluated).

12.2.2 Physical Monitoring 12.4 Recommendations

Vehicle emission quality on roadway See West Jakarta (Jakarta Barat)

Emission spotcheck conducted for 1.789 private vehicles
crossing Mesjid At-Tin, Raden Inten, and Pemuda
Rawamangun street showed an 80 percent passing rate. The
passing rate for gasoline powered vehicle was 84 percent
and 55 percent for diesel powered vehicle.

33
 13 NORTH
JAKARTA

13.1 Background Air Quality on roadway

Geography: North Jakarta Administrative City is located at
15°10'00" South Latitude and between 106°07'00" -
106°29'00" East Longitude. North Jakarta has a total area of
139,56 km2.
Passive air quality monitoring is conducted in 3 locations
near the monitoring location of traffic performance and
emission test. Measurement showed the concentration of
all parameter measured, except for HC, fulfilled the quality
standard.

Demography: The current population is 1.452.285 with an 13.3 Urban Air Quality Evaluation Assesment (Blue
average growth rate of 0,32 percent. Sky City Index)

13.2 Urban Air Quality Evaluation Monitoring Results FIGURE 15: North Jakarta Assessment Index Results

13.2.1 Non-Physical monitoring Emission test

10
8
Air Quality Monitoring Activities Public
awareness 6 Traffic
performance
Ambient air quality monitoring is conducted manually in 4 raising activity 4
monitoring spots, 2 spots on non-roadside and 2 on roadside. 2
0
Monitoring is conducted 14 times within one year. The
parameters monitored are NO2, NO, SO2, TSP, Pb. Emission
reduction Air
activity Quality
Air pollution reduction activities from mobile sources
See West Jakarta (Jakarta Barat)
NORTH JAKARTA Monitoring
Median activity
Public awareness raising activities on air pollution
Car Free Day is conducted twice in a year in North Jakarta. North Jakarta: The highest index goes to emission test given
North Jakarta Mayor Office implemented a limited parking 10 points followed by emission reduction activities. The index
only for vehicles with a sticker certifying that the vehicle for air quality monitoring and publc awareness raising is
passed the emission test. Exhaust gas emission test is also below the median value. North Jakarta is ranked fifth in EKUP
conducted twice a year. In 2010, the emission test passing 2011 for metropolitan city category (out of 14 cities evaluated)
rate for gasoline powered vehicle was 68 percent and, 32 and eleventh for all city category (out of 26 cities evaluated).
percent for diesel powered vehicle. Emission test is conducted
in private-run workshop approved by the Municipality. Similar 13.4 Recommendations
to other cities and regencies in Indonesia, emission test is
part of roadworthiness for public transportation and goods See West Jakarta (Jakarta Barat)
conducted every 6 months.

13.2.2 Physical Monitoring

Vehicle emission quality on roadway

Emission spotcheck conducted for 1.582 private cars passing
Boulevard Barat, Yos Sudarso, and Danau Sunter Raya showed
an 89 percent passing rate. The passing rate for gasoline
powered vehicle was 89 percent while the passing rate for
diesel powered vehicle was 90 percent. The high passing
rate for diesel powered vehicle needs to be further studied
to identify the underlying factors.

Traffic Performance
Traffic performance was measured along the same road as
emission test. Based on EKUP monitoring results, the level
of service given to North Jakarta is D; characterized by
approaching unstable flow and low speed. The traffic
performance in North Jakarta has unchanged from 2007 and
2008.

34

14.1 Background
Geography: Kota Batam is situated between 0°25'29" and
1°15'00" North Latitude and between 103°34'35" and
104°26'04" East Longitude with a total area of 3.990 km2.
Kota Batam is relatively flat, with an altitude between
7 - 160 meters above sea level. Administratively, Kota Batam
consists of 12 districts and 64 sub-districts with the following
administrative boundaries:
· North: Singapore Strait
· South: Lingga Regency
· East: Bintan Island
· West: Karimun Regency
Demography: Kota Batam is a city dominted by industry,
trade, service and tourism. In 2010, Kota Batam had a
population of 1.137.894 people with a population density
of 11 people/ha.
Economy and finance: The number of motor vehicle in 2010
was 236.000 with an average growth rate of 7 percent per
year. The processing industry contributed the highest to the
RGDP of Kota Batam at 72 percent, followed by trade, hotel,
and restaurant (11 percent). The transportation sector
contributed 3,4 percent to the RGDP.
14.2 Urban Air Quality Evaluation Monitoring Results
14.2.1 Non-Physical monitoring
Air Quality Monitoring Activities
The Municipality of Batam conducted manual ambient air
quality monitoring at least once a year in 18 monitoring
spots, 9 spots on roadside and 9 other spots on non-roadside.
The parameters monitored include NO2, CO, SO2, O3, HC,
dust, and Pb. Monitoring was conducted for 1 hour except
for dust and Pb monitored for the duration of 24 hours
period. The results for passive monitoring (most are
conducted within 1 hour) are as follows:
· NO2: has exceeded the standard quality in 9 spots
· SO2: has exceeded the standard quality in 2 spots
· HC: has exceeded the standard quality in 6 spots
· Dust: has exceeded the standard quality in 13 spots
· Pb: has exceeded the standard quality in 4 spots
Passive monitoring (conducted once a year within one hour
and 24 hours period) have not yet given an illustration of
the condition and trends of air quality in Kota Batam.
However, the conclusion that can be made is that the high
concentration of Pb in 4 locations (monitored for 24 hours)
have to be further analyzed to identify the potential sources
KOTA
BATAM 14
of Pb in that monitoring location, for instance sources can
originate battery smelting, or metal and paint industry. Dust
is not only sourced from motor vehicles, but also from road
dust, construction and others.
Emission reduction activities from mobile sources
The Municipality of Kota Batam has already started a public
transportation pilot project initated by Ministry of
Transportation in 2004 which have chosen Kota Batam as
pilot project for transportation delevopment.
Public awareness raising activities on air pollution
Car Free Day is conducted once a month. Meanwhile, exhaust
gas emission test is conducted every 6 months for public
transportation and goods as part of roadworthiness
inspection. Emission spotcheck is conducted once a month
to monitor the passing rate of emission test. In 2010, results
showed a passing rate of 92 percent for gasoline powered
vehicle and 67 percent for diesel powered vehicle. The passing
rate for diesel powered vehicle was above average at 50
percent.
14.2.2 Physical Monitoring
Vehicle emission quality on roadway
Emission spotcheck results as part of EKUP implementation
conducted towards 1.587 private vehicles passing Ahmad
Yani, Jend. Sudirman, RE. Martadinata representing south,
central and west area showed a passing rate of 79 percent.
The passing rate for gasoline powered vehicle was 92 percent
while for diesel powered vehicle was 52 percent.
Traffic Performance
Traffic performance was measured along the same road as
emission test. Based on EKUP monitoring results, the level
of service given to Kota Batam is B which is characterized by
reasonable free-flow, volume equivelant to out-of-state road,
and limited speed. This score is the highest for all citoes
evaluated. Other big cities who also receive a high score are
Malang and Surakarta.
Air Quality on roadway
Passive air quality measurement on roadway was conducted
in 3 roadside locations along the same road where traffic
performance monitoring and emission test was conducted.
Measurement results showed the concentration of
parameters, except for HC, meet the quality standard. The
Municipality of Batam also found high HC concentration.
35
 14.3 Urban Air Quality Evaluation Assesment (Blue 2. Publish monitoring results to the public and utilize
Sky City Index) monitoring data to develop strategy and air quality
monitoring action.
FIGURE 16: Kota Batam Assessment Index Results
3. Implement urban emission inventory. Emission inventory
Emission test
10
is needed to identify the sources of pollutants and
8 contribution of each source to the percentage of all
Public
awareness 6 Traffic pollutants.
raising activity performance
4
2
14.4.3 On-road vehicle emission test
0

Emission
Air
1. Improving Roadworthiness Inspection performance.
reduction
activity Quality Current periodic PKB system (roadworthiness) have to
be strengthened through improving system, institutional
KOTA BATAM Monitoring reformation, and implementation of automatic testing.
Median activity

2. Continuing emission spotcheck test. Through routine

Kota Batam: The index for air quality monitoring activities emission test on roadway (increase the frequency if
is above average, the highest for big city category. The index possible) the public is expected to be reminded that each
for public awareness raising activities is the same as the vehicle operating on road must fulfill the standard quality
median while air quality is above the median. Emission limits of emission exhaust gas.
reduction activities and emission test is slightly above the
median, while traffic performance is the highest. Kota Batam
is ranked second in EKUP 2011 for big city category and for
all city category.

Based on EKUP 2011 valuation, air quality activities conducted

by the Municipality of Kota Batam is amongst the best
compared to other big cities. Kota Batam is relatively the
same as in other cities in terms of organizing Car Free Day
and exhaust emission test. The pilot project on public
transportation development contributed to a high index
value, above the median, for emission reduction activities.

14.4 Recommendations

1.4.1 Environmentally Sustainable Transportation

1. Realizing pilot project on public transportation

development becomes a priority for the realization of
environmentally sustainable transportation.

2. Introducing non-motorized transportation. The

Municipality of Kota Batam can start developing bicycle
and pedestrian lanes integrated with Bus Rapid Transit
(BRT)

3. Extending non-motorized zone. Certain areas can be

developed into permanent non-motorized zone to attract
tourists.

14.4.2 Air Quality Monitoring

1. Continue and increase the frequency of periodic air

quality monitoring to at least 4 times a year within 24
hours measurement duration for one time monitoring.

36

15.1 Background
Geography: Kota Makassar is the capital city of South Sulawesi
Province, located between 5°00'30" - 5°14'06" South Latitude
and between 119°18'28" and 119°32'31" East Longitude
with a total area of 175,77 km2 or 17.577 ha. Administratively,
Kota Makassar is divided into 14 districts and 142 sub-districts
with the following administrative boundaries:
· North: Pangkajene Kepulauan Regency
· South: Gowa Regency
· West: Makassar Strait
· East: Maros Regency
The altitude of Kota Makassar varies between 0-25 meters
above sea level, with an average temperature of 20°C to
32°C.
MAKASSAR 15
Public awareness raising activities on air pollution
Car Free Day is conducted every Sunday. Losari Beach ( Pantai
Losari) have been established as car-free zone. Vehicle
emission test (especially private vehicle) is also conducted
twice a year besides roadworthiness emission test conducted
every 6 months. Vehicle emission spotcheck passing rate in
2009-2010 varies between 66 to 71 percent.
15.2.2 Physical Monitoring
Vehicle emission quality on roadway
Emission spotcheck for 2.101 private vehicles crossing Jl. AP
Petarani, Jend. Sudirman, and Urip Sumoharjo showed an
80 percent passing rate. The passing rate for gasoline powered
vehicle was 93 percent while for diesel powered vehicle was
26 percent.

Demography: In 2010, Kota Makassar had a population of Traffic Performance

1,168,258 with an average population density of 66
people/ha. The average population growth is 1,53 percent
per year.
Economy and finance: The total number of registered vehicles
in 2010 was 843.473 with an average growth rate of 12
percent per year. Trade, hotel, and reastaurant sector
contributed the highest to the RGDP at 28 percent, followed
by processing industry (26 percent). The transportation
sector contributed 12 percent to the RGDP.
15.2 Urban Air Quality Evaluation Monitoring Results
15.2.1 Non-Physical monitoring
Air Quality Monitoring Activities
Manual ambient air quality monitoring is conducted by the
Municipality of Makassar. There are a total of 16 monitoring
spots; the parameters monitored are NO2, CO, SO2, O3, PM10,
H2S and Pb.
Traffic performance was measured along the same location
as roadside emission test. Based on EKUP 2011 monitoring
results, the level of service in Kota Makassar is C which is
characterized by stable-free flow, volume equivelant to out-
of-state road, and restricted maneuvaribility within the traffic
stream. Compared to 2007 and 2008, traffic performance in
Kota Makassar experienced an increase from D in 2007, then
E in 2008 to C in 2011.
Air Quality on roadway
Passive air quality monitoring was conducted in 3 locations
near where emission test and traffic performance monitoring
were performed. Monitoring results showed that the
concentrations of all parameters measured, except for HC,
meet the quality standard.
15.3 Urban Air Quality Evaluation Assesment (Blue
Sky City Index)
FIGURE 17: Kota Makassar Assessment Index Results

In the last three years (2008-2010) monitoring has been

conducted manually in the same location to analyze air Emission test
10
quality trends. Monitoring results showed that the average
8
concentration of all parameters was above the standard Public
6 Traffic
awareness
quality. raising activity 4
performance

2
Air pollution reduction activities from mobile sources 0

Transportation management implemented include traffic

Emission
regulated area, free student transport/school bus, Trans reduction Air
Quality
activity
Studio mass transit development, BRT corridor 1, parking
management, regulating route and scheduling goods (freight)
Monitoring
operations. Development of public transportation based on MAKASSAR
Median activity
BRT.

37
 Kota Makassar: The index for public awareness raising (car
free day and emission test activities) is the highest amongst
other cities. Similarly, the index for emission reduction
activities and traffic performance is also above or equal the
median. As for emission test results, the index is below the
median. Kota Makassar is ranked seventh in EKUP 2011 for
metropolitan city (out of 14 cities evaluated) and ranked
fifteenth for all city category (out of 26 cities evaluated).
15.4 Recommendations
PKB results, although vehicles have been inspected for
roadworthiness, but changes in exhaust gas emission can
be altered intentionally or unintentionally by the driver
or manager
3. Continuing and improving emission spotcheck test.
Through routine emission test on roadway (increase the
frequency if possible) the public is expected to be
reminded that each vehicle operating on road must fulfill
the standard quality guideline of emission exhaust gas.

15.4.1 Environmentally Sustainable Transportation

1. Implementing BRT transportation development plan

2. Restructuring and reforming public transportation

a. Improvement of public transportation routes based
on road hierarchy
b. Introducing public transportation system based on
Standard Minimum Service

3. Extending non-motorized area. Certain areas can be

developed into permanent non-motorized zone, not
limited to certain time like Car Free Day. The zone can
be developed into touristic area filled with socio-economic
activities in the absence of traffic from vehicles.

4. Improving the effectiveness of traffic performance. Efforts

to be taken include: implementing intelligent transport
system, separation of localize movements and
continous/high speed traffic on arterial road, and improve
intersection capacity.

15.4.2 Air Quality Monitoring

1. Continue and strengthen routine air quality

monitoring through manual method

2. Publish monitoring result data to the public and utilize

monitoring data to develop strategy and air quality
monitoring action, review air pollution control efforts,
and analyze the effectiveness of policies and strategies

3. Implement urban emission inventory. Emission inventory

is needed to identify the sources of pollutants and
contribution of each source to the percentage of all
pollutants.

15.4.3 On-road vehicle emission test

1. Revitalizing PKB (Roadworthiness Inspection) system and

monitor its implementation.

2. Conducting verification of exhaust gas emission test for

public transportation and goods. The purpose is to verify

38
 MALANG 16
16.1 Background 16.2.2 Physical Monitoring

Geography: Kota Malang is located between 112°31'42" -
112°48'48" East Longitude and between 07°46'48" - 08°46'42"
South Latitude with an altitude between 440 - 667 meters
above sea level. Kota Malang is one of the popular tourist
desitination in East Java renowned for its natural beauty and
climate, Kota Malang borders Malang Regency. Kota Malang
consists of 5 districts and 57 sub-districts, with a total area
of 110,06 km 2.
Demography: In 2010, Kota Malang had a population of
820.243 with a population density of 62 people/ha. The
average population growth rate is 1 percent per year.
Economy and finance: In 2010, the total number of registered
vehicles was 350.000 with an average growth rate of 10
percent per year. The processing industry contributed the
highest to the RGDP at 35 percent, followed by trade, hotel,
and restaurant (32 percent). The transportation sector
contributed 8 percent to the RGDP.
16.2 Urban Air Quality Evaluation Monitoring Results
16.2.1 Non-Physical monitoring
Air Quality Monitoring Activities
The Municipality of Malang conducted ambient air quality
monitoring manully every 5 years. There are 20 monitoring
spots dividided into 14 spots on roadside and 6 spots on
non-roadside. The parameters monitored include NO2, CO,
Vehicle emission quality on roadway
Emission spotcheck results for 2.313 private vehicles crossing
Jl. Soekarno Hatta, Besar Ijen, and Merdeka Utara showed
a passing rate of 75 percent. The passing rate for gasoline
powered vehicle was 87 percent while 41 percent for diesel
powered vehicle.
Traffic Performance
Traffic performance was measured along Sudirman, Ijen,
and Soekarno Hatta road. Based on EKUP 2011 monitoring
results, the level of service in Kota Malang is B; characterized
by reasonable free-flow, volume equivelant to out-of-state
road, and limited speed. Kota Malang level of service is the
highest in EKUP 2011.
Air Quality on roadway
Passive air quality monitoring was conducted in 3 locations
near the location of emission test. Measurement results
showed that the concentration for all parameters measured,
except for HC, meet the standard quality.
16.3 Urban Air Quality Evaluation Assesment (Blue
Sky City Index)
FIGURE 18: Malang Assessment Index Results
Emission test
10
8
Public
6 Traffic
awareness
raising activity 4
performance

SO2, O3, dust, NH3 and Pb. Monitoring results showed that 2
in some locations, dust have exceeded the standard quality. 0

Emission
Air pollution reduction activities from mobile sources reduction Air
Quality
activity
Transportation management implemented include provision
of traffic signs, repainting road markings, road median
Monitoring
maintenance. Public transportation development focuses MALANG
Median activity
on Bus Rapid Transit (BRT), and it has not yet been realized.

Public awareness raising activities on air pollution
There are no car-free zone in Kota Malang or even Car Free
Day. Exhaust gas emission test (specifically for private cars)
is conducted at least once a year beside roadworthiness
emission test which is conducted every 6 months. The passing
rate of emission spotcheck in 2010 was 80 percent.
Kota Malang: The index for increasing public awareness
activities (non-motorized zone and emission test activities
monitoring quality) is the lowest amongs other cities. But
the index for traffic performance monitoring is the highest.
This is also the case for emission reduction activities,
monitoring activities, and air quality monitoring results which
is above the median. Whereas, the index for emission test
results, the value is slightly below the median. Kota Malang
is ranked third in EKUP 2011 for big city category (out of 12
cities evaluated) and all city category (out of 26 cities
evaluated).

39
 The air quality in Kota Malang is relatively good. To maintain 16.4.3 On-road vehicle emission test
good air quality, the Municipality of Malang have the potential
to conduct preventive actions before the condition is 1. Revitalizing Roadworthiness Inspection (PKB) and monitor
becoming worst. the implementation

16.4 Recommendations 2. Conducting verification of exhaust gas emission test for

16.4.1 Environmentally Sustainable Transportation
1. Implementing BRT public transportation development
plan
public transportation and goods. The purpose is to verify
PKB results, although vehicles have been inspected for
roadworthiness, but changes in exhaust gas emission can
be altered intentionally or unintentionally by the driver
or manager

2. Introducing non-motorized zone. Can be initiated by
implementing Car Free Day in certain areas.
16.4.2 Air Quality Monitoring
1. Increase the frequency of routine air quality monitoring
using manual method in the same location to analyze
the trends
3. Continuing and improving emission spotcheck test.
Through routine emission test in roadway (increase the
frequency if possible) the public is expected to be
reminded that each vehicle operating on road must fulfill
the standard quality guideline of emission exhaust gas.

2. Publish air quality data results to the public and utilize

the monitoring data to formulate strategy and action
plan in urban air quality management.

3. Implement urban emission inventory. Emission inventory

is needed to identify the sources of pollutants and
contribution of each source to the percentage of all
pollutants.

40

17.1 Background
Geography: Medan is the capital city of North Sumatra
Province, located between 3 ° 30'00 "- 3 ° 43'00" North
latitude and 98 ° 35'00 "- 98 ° 44'00" East Longitude with an
area of 265.10 km2 or 26 510 ha. Administratively, Kota
Medan consists of 21 districts and 151 sub-districts bordering
with the Straits of Malacca to the north and Deli Serdang
Regency to the west, east, and south. Medan topography
tend to incline in the north with an altitude ranging between
2.5 and 37.5 meters above sea level.
Demography: Kota Medan is city of trade, services and
industry with an estimated population of 2,121,053 people
as of 2010 and a population density of 80 people/ ha.
MEDAN 17
Public awareness raising activities on air pollution
Kota Medan does not have a car-free zone or even Car Free
Day activities. But exhaust emission test is performed regularly
every 6 months for public transportation and goods as part
of roadworthiness. While emission spotcheck campaign is
conducted every 6 months.
17.2.2 Physical Monitoring
Vehicle emission quality on roadway
Emission spotcheck for 2.003 private vehicles passing Gatot
Subroto, Sisingamangaraja, and Ringroad/Gagak Hitam
showed a passing rate of 81 percent. The passing rate for
gasoline powered vehicle was 87 percent while for diesel
powered vehicle was 61 percent.

Land Use: The built environment in Kota Medan is 44 percent Traffic Performance
of the total area. The remaining land is used for plantation Traffic performance was conducted on the same road as
(3 percent), mixed plantation and paddy field (51 percent). emission test. Based on EKUP monitoring, the level of service
in Kota Medan is B characterized by reasonable free-flow,
Economy and finance: The number of motor vehicles in volume equivelant to out-of-state road, and restricted
2010 was 2,708,511 with an average growth of 24 percent maneuvaribility within the traffic stream. Compared to 2007
per year. Trade, hotels, and restaurants contributed the (E) and 2008 (D), the level of service in Kota Medan has
highest to the RGDP of Kota Medan, at 28 percent, followed increased in 2011.
by transport and telecommunications sector (19 percent)
and manufacturing (14 percent). Air Quality on roadway
Passive air quality measurement was conducted in 3 locations
17.2 Urban Air Quality Evaluation Monitoring Results where emission test and traffic performance monitoring was
conducted. Measurement results showed that the
17.2.1 Non-Physical monitoring concentration for all parameters, except for HC, meet the
quality standard.
Air Quality Monitoring Activities
The Municipality of Medan conducted ambient air quality 17.3 Urban Air Quality Evaluation Assesment (Blue
monitoring continuously every 24 hours. Parameters Sky City Index)
monitored include NO2, CO, SO2, O3, PM10. Monitoring results
showed that PM10 and O3 is at critical level; the parameter FIGURE 19: Medan Assessment Index Results
has exceeded the standard quality in several monitoring
locations in one year.
Emission test
10
Air pollution reduction activities from mobile sources 8
Public
Kota Medan has Tatralok or Public Transportation Order that awareness 6 Traffic
performance
stipulates plans for transportation development of which raising activity 4
one of the plan is the development of new road construction 2
0
in the north, noise reduction, arrangement of road transport
based on hierarchy, development of railway station as an Emission
Air
integrated multimodal terminals, and development of BRT. reduction
activity Quality
Currently the development of BRT and non-motorized
transport has not been realized. Monitoring
MEDAN
Median activity

41
 Kota Medan: The index for traffic performance is the highest
(10 points). But the index for air quality monitoring, public
awareness raising, and air quality measurement results is
below the average. But emission test quality is quite good
with a score above average. Based on EKUP 2011, Kota
Medan is ranked second for metropolitan city (out of 14
cities evaluated) and ranked sixth for all city category (out
of 26 cities evaluated).
17.4 Recommendations
17.4.1 Environmentally Sustainable Transportation
1. Realizing the plan of BRT development
2. Restructuring and reforming public transportation
a. Improving public transportation routes based on
road hierarchy
b. Introducing public transportation system based on
Standard Minimum Service
3. Introducing car-free zone through Car Free Day
17.4.2 Air Quality Monitoring
1. Continue and strengthen routine air quality
monitoring through manual or automatic method
2. Publish monitoring data results to the public and utilize
the data to develop strategy and action plan in air quality
management
42
3. Develop Urban Emission Inventory. Emission inventory
is needed so that the Municipality of Medan can identify
the sources or air pollutants, and determine the amount
of pollutant discharge from these sources and estimate
its contribution to the total amount of pollutant.
17.4.3 On-road vehicle emission test
1. Improve the performance of Roadworthiness Inspection
(Pengujian Kendaraan Bermotor [PKB]). Current periodic
PKB system (roadworthiness) have to be strengthened
through improving system, institutional reformation, and
implementation of automatic testing.
2. Conduct verification of exhaust gas emission test for
public transportation and goods. The purpose is to verify
PKB results, although vehicles have been inspected for
roadworthiness, but changes in exhaust gas emission can
be altered intentionally or unintentionally by the driver
or manager.
 PADANG 18
18.1 Background 18.2.2 Physical Monitoring

Geography: Kota Padang is the capital city of West Sumatra
Province, located between 0°44'00" - 1°08'35" South Latitude
and 100°05'05" - 100°34'09" East Longitude with a total
area of 694,96 km2 or 69.496 ha. Administratively, Kota
Padang consists of 11 districts and 103 sub-districts with the
following administrative boundaries:
· North: Padang Pariaman Regency
· South: Pesisir Selatan Regency
· West: Mentawai Strait
· Timur: Solok Regency
The topography of Kota Padang is low land with an average
altitude between 0 and 1.853 meters above sea level. About
60 percent of the area is high altitude covered with protected
forrest. In addition to the land mass of Sumatra island, Kota
Padang has 19 islands.
Demography: Kota Padang is a trade, services and tourist
city. The estimated population in 2010 was 836.060 people
with a population density of 12 people/ha.
Vehicle emission quality on roadway
Vehicle emission spotcheck conducted for 1.353 private
vehicles passing Air Paca, H. Agus Salim, and S. Parman
showed a 56 percent passing rate. The passing rate for
gasoline powered vehicle was 65 percent while for diesel
powered vehicle was 37 percent.
Traffic Performance
Traffic performance on roadway was conducted along the
same road as air quality monitoring. Based on EKUP
monitoring, the level of service in Kota Padang is D
characterized by approaching unstable flow and low speed.
This score is the same as the median for all cities evaluated.
Air Quality on roadway
Air quality measurement on roadway in 3 locations was
conducted along the same road as traffic performance
monitoring and emission test. Monitoring results showed
that the concentration for all parameters, except for HC,
meet the quality standard.

Economy and finance: Vehicle population in 2010 was 18.3 Urban Air Quality Evaluation Assesment (Blue
314.460 with an average growth rate of 24 percent per year Sky City Index)
in the last three years. Transportation and telecommunication
contributed the highest to the RGDP of Kota Padang at 27 FIGURE 20: Kota Padang Assessment Index Results
percent, followed by trade, hotel and restaurant (23 percent)
Emission test
and processing industry (16 percent). The environmental
10
budget in Regional Revenue and Expenditure Budget is 1-3 8
percent. Public
awareness 6 Traffic
raising activity performance
4
18.2 Urban Air Quality Evaluation Monitoring Results 2
0

18.2.1 Non-Physical monitoring Emission

Air
reduction
activity Quality

Air Quality Monitoring Activities

The Municipality of Kota Padang have not yet conducted PADANG Monitoring
activity
ambient air quality monitoring. Median

Air pollution reduction activities from mobile sources
Transportation management to reduce the level of air
pollution include traffic engineering such as regulating
intersection through traffic light, applying one-way street,
and installing road barrier. Public transportation development
plan have not yet been implemented.
Public awareness raising activities on air pollution
Car Free Day have not yet been implemented, but planned
for in 2011 which is going to be held once a month. Exhaust
gas emission test in Kota Padang will be conducted every 6
months for public transportation and goods as part of
roadworthiness. Emission spotcheck is conducted once a
year, but no further information is available on the
implementation of emission spotcheck.
Kota Padang: The index for non-physical parameter is equal
to the median (air quality monitoring activities, emission
reduction activities and public awareness raising). The index
for traffic performance is the same as the average for other
cities. The index for air quality measurement is higher than
the median. Based on EKUP 2011 monitoring results, Kota
Padang is ranked eleventh for big city category (out of 12
cities evaluated) and twenty-second for all city category (out
of 26 cities evaluated).
43
 18.4 Recommendations 18.4.3 On-road Vehicle emission test

18.4.1 Environmentally Sustainable Transportation 1. Improve the performance of Roadworthiness Inspection

(Pengujian Kendaraan Bermotor [PKB]). Current periodic
1. Develop environmentally sustainable transportation vision PKB system (roadworthiness) have to be strengthened
with stakeholders. This is important in the development through improving system, institutional reformation, and
of transportation policy and in the management of air implementation of automatic testing.
quality from mobile sources.
2. Conduct emission test to identify the public compliance
2. Implement a transportation based on Standard Minimum level towards the fulfillment of emission exhaust gas
Service including the management of transportation standard quality
route

3. Introduce car-free zone, including Car Free Day

implemented within a limited period or permanently

18.4.2 Air Quality Monitoring

1. Conduct ambient air quality monitoring using manual

method on several roadside locations and non-roadside

2. Document air quality monitoring results and publish to

the public

44

19.1 Background
Geography: Kota Palembang is the capital city of South
Sumatra Province located between 2°52'00" and 3°5'00"
South Latitude and between 104°37'00" and 104°52'00"
East Longitude with a total area of 400,61 km2 or 40.061 ha.
Administratively, Kota Palembang consists of 16 districts and
107 sub-district bordering Banyuasin Regency to the north,
east, and west, and Ogan Komering Iling to the south. The
average altitude of Kota Palembang is 0-20 meters above
sea level, passed by Sungai Musi (the longest river in Sumatra)
which divide the city into two.
Demography: Kota Palembang is a trade and industrial city.
The estimated population in 2010 was 1.451.059 with a
population density of 36 people/ha.
Economy and finance: Processing and quarrying industry
sector contributed the highest to Kota Palembang’s RGDP
at 40 percent, followed by trade, hotel, and restaurant (22
percent). Transportation contributed 14 percent to the RGDP.
19.2 Urban Air Quality Evaluation Monitoring Results
19.2.1 Non-Physical monitoring
Air Quality Monitoring Activities
The Municipality of Palembang conducted ambient air quality
4 times in 16 roadside spots. The parameters monitored
include NO2, SO2, PM10, Pb, HC. Monitoring result showed
the concentration measured is below the standard quality.
However, in some locations, the concentration for SO2 and
PM10 is quite high. The source for SO2 comes from industry
and mobile sources using a high sulphur ( such as fuel for
river transportation), while PM10 originates from industry,
motor vehicle, road dust, and construction.
Air pollution reduction activities from mobile sources
Implementation of transportation management to reduce
traffic jam and the level of air pollution in Kota Palembang
include: age restrictions for public transportation (public
transportation reformation), BRT Trans Musi development,
the use of gas in public transportation, provision of bicycle
lanes, the establishment of traffic regulated area, and traffic
engineering (one-way system, and others). The Municipality
of Kota Palembang has also devised an action plan for air
quality improvement.
PALEMBANG 19
months for public transportation and goods as part of
roadworthiness. Emission spotcheck is also conducted every
6 months. Emission spotcheck for the period of 2008-2010
showed a passing rate of 65 percent (2008), 90 percent
(2009), and 79 percent (2010). There is an increase in emission
passing rate in the last 5 years.
19.2.2 Physical Monitoring
Vehicle emission quality on roadway
Emission spotcheck result for 1.516 private vehicles crossing
Demang Lebar Daun, AKBP Cek Agus, and Ryacudu street
showed a passing rate of 65 percent. The passing rate for
gasoline powered vehicle was 74 percent while for diesel
powered vehicle was 49 percent. The passing rate is lower
compared to the passing rate for emission test and emission
spotcheck conducted by the Municipality of Palembang in
2009 and 2010.
Traffic Performance
Traffic performance is measured along the same road as
emissin test. Based on EKUP monitoring results, the passing
rate for Kota Palembang is F; characterized by obstructed
flow, low speed, volume have more demand than capacity
and frequent stopping/slowing required. This level of service
is the same as in 2008 (F).
Air Quality on roadway
Passive air quality was conducted in 3 locations, in the same
road as emission test monitoring and traffic performance.
Measurement result showed that the parameter measured,
except for HC, meet the quality standard.
19.3 Urban Air Quality Evaluation Assesment (Blue
Sky City Index)
FIGURE 21: Kota Palembang Assessment Index Results
Emission test
10
Public
8
6 Traffic
awareness
performance
raising activity 4
2
0
Emission
Air
reduction
activity Quality

Public awareness raising activities on air pollution PALEMBANG Monitoring

activity
Car Free Day event is conducted every Saturday and Sunday Median

in Kambang Iwak area and touristic place of Benteng Kuto

Besak starting from 05.00-10.00. Exhaust vehicle emission
test is conducted by the Municipality of Palembang every 6

45
 Kota Palembang: The index for emission reduction
(transportation management) is the highest (10 points). Air
quality monitoring is also high. However, traffic performance
in Kota Palembang is the lowest. Meanwhile, public
awareness raising activities, air quality condition and emission
test during evaluation is below the median. Kota Palembang
is ranked eleventh in EKUP 2011 for metropolitan city category
and twenty-first for all city category.
19.4 Recommendations
19.4.1 Environmentally Sustainable Transportation
3. Continue the plan for the development of urban
emission inventory. Emission inventory is needed to
determine the basis for action plan of air quality
improvement in Kota Palembang.
19.4.3 On-road vehicle emission test
1. Improve the performance of Motor Vehicle Instepction
(Pengujian Kendaraan Bermotor [PKB]). Current periodic
PKB system (roadworthiness) have to be strengthened
through improving system, institutional reformation, and
implementation of automatic testing.

1. Implement environmentally sustainable transportation

focusing on one or two options to solve the problem
completely. The solution have to include BRT
development and bicycle lane/pedestrian sidewalk.

2. Restructure and reform public transportation

a. Improvement of public transportation route based
on road hierarchy
b. Introducing transportation system based on Standard
Minimum Service

3. Continue and improve non-motorized area. Certain

areas can be developed and established into permanent
non-motorized area, not limited to certain time such as
Car Free Day. This area could be developed into a touristic
area filled with socio-economic activitiy without the
hinderance of traffic vehicle.

4. Improve the effectiveness of traffic performance. Efforts

include: implementation of intelligent transport system,
the separation of local and continous/high speed
movement in arterial road, provision of segregated
motorcycle lane, improve intersection capacity.

19.4.2 Air Quality Monitoring

1. Continue and strengthen routine air quality

monitoring using manual or even automatic method

2. Publish monitoring results to the public and use

monitoring data to develop strategy and action plan in
air quality management, review air pollution control
efforts and analyze the effectiveness of policies and
strategies

46

20.1 Background
Geography: Kota Pekanbaru is the capital city of Riau
Province, located between 0°25'00" and 0°45'00" North
Latitude and between 101°14'00" and 101°34'00" East
Longitude with a total area of 632,26 km 2 or 63.226 ha.
Administratively, Kota Pekanbaru consists of 8 districts and
45 subdistricts with the following administrative boundaries:
· North: Siak Regency and Kampar Regency
· South: Kampar and Pelalawan Regency
· West: Kampar Regency
· East: Siak Regency and Pelalawan Regency
The city is divided by a river, Sungai Siak, flowing from the
west to the east with an average altitude of 5-50 meters
above sea level.
Demography: Kota Pekanbaru is a trade and industrial city
(specifically for excavation-oil and gas). In 2010, Kota
Pekanbaru had a population of 897.767 with a population
density of 14 people/ha.
Economy and finance: Vehicle population in 2010 was
430.000. The other sector, besides oil and gas, that
contributed the highest to the RGDP is trade, hotel, and
restaurant contributing 30 percent to the RGDP, followed by
services (18 percent). The transportation sector contributed
14 percent to the RGDP. The Fund balance (share) accounts
for 82 percent in terms of bringing revenue to the Regional
Revenue and Expenditure Budget.
20.2 Urban Air Quality Evaluation Monitoring Results
20.2.1 Non-Physical monitoring
Air Quality Monitoring Activities
The Municipality of Pekanbaru have conducted continous
ambient air quality monitoring using automatic method since
2000. There are three monitoring spots (non roadside). The
parameters monitored include NO2, NO, CO, SO2, O3, PM10.
Monitoring results in 2010 showed that PM10 and O3 were
at critical level, the concentration have exceeded the standard
quality in a year, that is 197 and 141 consecutive days. The
high concentration of PM10 and O3 indicated that apart from
mobile sources, other sources may come from stationary
sources for instance forrest fire that often occur in Riau
Province. The high concentration of O3 can occur in places
far from the source.
PEKANBARU 20
Air pollution reduction activities from mobile sources
Traffic management implemented in Pekanbaru to reduce
the level of air pollution include: changing work hours so as
not to clash with school hours, change working days to 5
days, parking arrangement on road verges, traffic engineering,
restructuring public transportation route, application of
traffic lights. The Municipality of Pekanbaru have also
developed service-based public transportation.
Public awareness raising on air pollution activities
Car Free Day activity is conducted once a week. In addition,
exhaust gas emission test is conducted every 6 months for
public transportation and goods as part of roadworthiness.
The Municipality of Pekanbaru has also conducted emission
spotcheck once a year to monitor the passing rate. Emission
test results in 2010 showed a passing rate of 85 percent
passing rate for gasoline powered vehicle and 51 percent
for diesel powered vehicle.
20.2.2 Physical Monitoring
Emission quality on roadway
The results of emission test for 2.088 private vehicles passing
Diponegoro, Jend. Sudirman, and Tembusai/Nangka showed
a passing rate of 77 percent. The passing rate for gasoline
powered vehicle was 90 percent while 37 percent for diesel
powered vehicle.
Traffic Performance
Traffic performance was measured along Jend. Sudirman,
Nangka, and Soekarno Hatta. Based on EKUP monitoring
results, the level of service of Kota Pekanbaru is D
characterized by unstable flow and low speed. The score is
the median for other cities evaluated.
Air Quality on roadway
Passive air quality measurement was conducted in 3 roadside
locations along the same road as traffic performance
monitoring. Monitoring results showed the concentration
for all parameters, except for HC, fulfilled the standard quality.
The tendency for high HC concentration also occurred in
other cities.
47
 20.3 Urban Air Quality Evaluation Assesment (Blue 20.4.2 Air Quality Monitoring
Sky City Index)
1. Continue and strengthen existing continous air
FIGURE 22: Kota Pekanbaru Assessment Index Results quality monitoring, and add the number of continuous
monitoring spots measured through manual method at
Emission test
least once a year
10
8
Public
awareness 6 Traffic 2. Publish the data results to the public and utilize monitoring
performance
raising activity 4 data to develop strategy and action plan in air quality
2 management
0

Emission
3. Develop an urban emission inventory. Emission
Air
reduction
activity Quality inventory is neeed to identify the sources of air pollutants
in Pekanbaru and the contribution of each source to the
total amount of pollutant. Specifically for PM10 and O3
PEKANBARU Monitoring
Median activity which is at a critical level, it is important to identify the
sources of those two parameters and and the amount
Kota Pekanbaru: Index for all parameters monitored is the of PM10 and O3 emitted from those sources.
same or below the median value. Kota Pekanbaru is ranked
at the bottom for big city category and ranked twenty-third 20.4.3 On-road Vehicle emission test
for all city category.
1. Improving the performance of Roadworthiness Inspection
Kota Pekanbaru have the potential to increase the (Pengujian Kendaraan Bermotor [PKB]) and publishing
performance in managing air quality and environmentally the results periodically. Current periodic PKB system
sustainable transportation, including the addition of air (roadworthiness) has to be strengthened through
quality monitoring spots, the development and improvement improving system, institutional reformation, and
of non-motorized transportation (bicycle lane, pedestrian implementation of automatic testing.
sidewalk).
2. Continuing emission spotcheck test. Through periodic
20.4 Recommendations emission test on roadway (increase the frequency if
possible) the public is expected to be reminded that
20.4.1 Environmentally Sustainable Transportation every vehicle operating on road have to comply with the
exhaust gas emission standard quality limits.
1. Continuing with the restructuring and reforming of public
transportation
a. Improvement of public transportation route
b. Introducing public transportation system based on
Standard Minumum Service

2. Extending non-motorized area.Certain areas can be

developed and established into permanent non-motorized
area, not limited to certain time like Car Free Day.
This area could be developed into a touristic area filled
with socio-economic activitiy without the hindrance of
traffic vehicles.

3. Developing non-motorized transportation (bicycle lane

and pedestrian sidewalk), by implementing pilot project

4. Improving the effectiveness of traffic performance. Efforts

include: separation of local and continous/high speed
traffic in arterial road, improvement of capacity.

48

21.1 Background
Geography: Kota Samarinda is the capital city of East
Kalimantan Province, located between 0°21'18" and 1°09'16"
South Latitude and between 116°15'36" and 117°24'16" East
Longitude. The city is divded by Sungai Mahakam with a
total area of 718 km 2 or 71.800 ha. Administratively, Kota
Samarinda consists of 10 districts and 53 sub-districts. From
altitude perspective, the city has a flat topography and
located in lowland with an altitude between 7-25 meters
above sea level.
Demography: The population in 2010 was 726.223 with a
population density of 10 people/ha.
Land Use: Built environment in Kota Samarinda is 32 percent
from the total area. The remaining are protected forrest,
rice fields, fields, ponds, swamps, and vacant land. Open
space is 34 percent of the total area of the city.
Economy and finance: Vehicle population in 2010 was
55.000, increased by 80 percent from previous year.
Processing industry (wood processing) contributed the highest
to Kota Samarinda RGDP at 36 percent followed by trade
(29 percent).
21.2 Urban Air Quality Evaluation Monitoring Results
21.2.1 Non-Physical monitoring
Air Quality Monitoring Activities
The Municipality of Samarinda conducted manual ambient
air quality monitoring in 10 monitoring spost (8 spots on
roadside and 2 on non-roadside) with monitoring frequency
of at least once a year. The parameter monitored include
NO2, SO2, CO, O3, and PM10. Monitoring results showed that
the concentration of all parameters monitored meet the air
quality standard.
Air pollution reduction activities from mobile sources
Transportation policy of Kota Samarinda is stipulated in
Regional Medium Term Development Plan (RPJM Daerah)
SAMARINDA 21
Public awareness raising activities on air pollution
Car Free Day is conducted every two weeks from 06.00 to
09.00. Meanwhile, exhaust gas emission test is conducted
periodically every 6 months for public transportation and
goods as part of roadworthiness. No data is available on the
passing rate of mandantory exhaust gas emission test.
Emission spotcheck monitoring of vehicle passing rate have
not yet been conducted.
21.2.2 Physical Monitoring
Vehicle emission quality on roadway
Emission spotcheck for 2.122 private vehicles passing Baru
Kusuma Bangsa, Wahid Hasyim, and Slamet Riyadi road
showed a passing rate of 76 percent. The passing rate for
gasoline powered vehicle was 86 percent while for diesel
powered vehicle was 42 percent.
Traffic Performance
Traffic performance was measured along the same road as
air quality measurement on roadway. Based on EKUP
monitoring results, the level of service in Kota Samarinda is
the same as the average of other cities which is D;
characterized by approaching unstable flow and low speed.
Air Quality on roadway
Air quality monitoring conducted on 3 roadside locations
was the same as the road where traffic performance was
monitored. Smilar to other evaluated cities, measurement
results showed that the concentration for all
parameters,except for HC, fulfilled the air quality standard.
21.3 Urban Air Quality Evaluation Assesment (Blue
Sky City Index)
FIGURE 23: Kota Samarinda Assessment Index Results
Emission test
10
8
Public
6 Traffic
awareness
raising activity 4
performance

Kota Samarinda for 2005 -2010. Transportation infrastructure 2

include road transportation, river transportation, lake and 0
air transportation. No further information is available on the
Emission
plan for urban transportation, including the development reduction Air
Quality
activity
of public transportation. In the case for non-motorized
transportation, the Municipality of Samarinda does not have
Monitoring
a plans to developing non-motorized transportation (for SAMARINDA
activity
Median
instance, bicycle lanes).

49
 Kota Samarinda: Index for emission test, traffic performance,
and public awareness raising is the same as the average of
other cities. Emission reduction activity (environmentally
sustainable transportation) the index value is the lowest
compared to other cities. Whereas the index for air quality
measurement, Kota Samarinda has a score above average.
This means that the air quality at the time of measurement
is slightly better than other cities. Kota Samarinda is ranked
ninth for big city category (out of 12 cities evaluated) and
seventeenth for all city category (out of 26 cities evaluated).
As with other cities, the air quality is generally good. But
considering the level of service leading towards unstable
traffic, that means efforts to reduce emission by implementing
environmentally sustainable transportation and increase
public awareness level on air pollution level needs to be
implemented immidately before air quality becomes worse.
21.4 Recommendations
21.4.1 Environmentally Sustainable Transportation
1. Immidiately develop plan for the development of public
transportation service-based public transportation and
non-motorized transportation (bicycle lane and
pedestrian sidewalk) as priority
50
21.4.2 Air Quality Monitoring
1. Continue and improve routine air quality monitoring
in the same location to analyze the trends of air quality
from year to year
2. Develop urban emission inventory to identify the number
of pollutants, sources, and contribution of each source
to the total of pollutant. Emission inventory also include
stationary sources to identify the sources of pollutants
in Kota Samarinda and the total amount of pollutants
emitted.
21.4.3 On-road vehicle emission test
1. Document and publish the data of emission test results
in PKB (emission test) to analyze the level of passing rate
for public transportation and goods towards the exhaust
emission quality standard
2. Introduce emission spotcheck. The Muncipality of
Samarinda can start conducting emission test on roadway
(at least once a year) to increase the level of public
awareness towards the dangers of air pollutants fro motor
vehicles and increase the compliance level of fulfilling
exhaust gas emission standard quality.

22.1 Background
Geography: The capital city of Central Java province is located
between 6°50'00" and 7°10'00" South Latitude and between
109°35'00" and 110°50'00" East Longitude with a total area
of 373,67 km2 or 37.367 ha. Administratively, Kota Semarang
consists of 16 districts and 177 sub-districts with the following
administrative boundaries :
· North : Java Sea
· South : Semarang Regency
· West : Kendal Regency
· East : Demak Regency
Kota Semarang is situated 0,75-348 meters above sea level.
Demography: The total population in 2010 was 1.268.292
with a population density of 39 people/ha.
Land Use: Built environment is 33 percent of the total area,
followed by dry field at 24 percent. The remaining land is
used for paddy field, plantation, fields, ponds and others.
Economy and finance: In 2010, the vehicle population was
1.086.890 with an average growth rate of 10 percent per
year. Trade, hotel, and restaurant sector contributed the
highest to Kota Semarang RGDP at 41 percent followed by
processing industry (28 percent). Transportation sector
contributed 6 percent to the RGDP.
22.2 Urban Air Quality Evaluation Monitoring Results
22.2.1 Non-Physical monitoring
Air Quality Monitoring Activities
Manual ambient air quality monitoring is conducted by the
Municipality of Kota Semarang. There are 16 monitoring
spots located in non-roadside. Monitoring is conducted once
a year, measuring NO2, CO, SO2, dust, H2S, NH3. Monitoring
results for 2008-2010 showed the concentration of dust have
exceeded the standard quality in several locations. Dust
comes from many sources, for instance motor vehicle ,
construction, road dust, industry, and others.
Air pollution reduction activities from mobile sources
Kota Semarang has Tatralok consisting of transportation
development plan: development of road networks, bicycle
and pedestrian lanes, parking arrangements, development
of intelligent transport system, mass public transportation
services, development of double track rail and commuter
transport, access to ports, pedestrian facility, tricycle
arrangement, Safe School Zone handling, and traffic
engineering ( one-way, and traffic light). Traffic management
SEMARANG 22
currently in operation: BRT Corridor I (Mangkang-Penggaron)
along 30 km route, provision of pedestrian facility, parking
management on road verges, intersection improvement,
establishment of Safe School Zone. BRT Corridor II is planned
for operation in 2011.
Public awareness raising activities on air pollution
Car Free Day is held every Sunday along Pemuda, Kartini,
Pahlawan and Simpang Lima street starting from 06.00 to
10.00. Meanwhile, periodic emission test as part of
roadworthiness is conducted in PKB Center. Vehicle exhaust
gas emission test ( specifically for private vehicles) is
conducted once a year. Emission spotcheck from 2008-2010
showed a varying passing rate between 70-93 percent.
22.2.2 Physical Monitoring
Vehicle emission quality on roadway
Emission spotcheck for 2.265 private vehicles crossing
Setiabudi, Sudirman, and Majapahit street showed a passing
rate of 53 percent. The passing rate for gasoline powered
vehicle was 67 percent while for gasoline powered vehicle
was 21 percent. The passing rate for diesel powered vehicle
is the lowest amongst other evaluated cities.
Traffic Performance
Trafic performance measurement was conducted along the
same road as vehicle emission test. Based on EKUP 2011
monitoring results, the level of service in Kota Semarang is
C characterized by stable-free flow, volume equivelant to
out-of-state-road, and restricted meneuvaribility within the
traffic stream. Compared to 2007 and 2008, traffic
performance in Kota Semarang increased from E in 2007 and
2008 to C in 2011.
Air Quality on roadway
Passive air quality measurement was carried out in three
locations adjacent to the location of the traffic performance
monitoring. The measurement results show that the
concentrations of all measured parameters, except for HC,
meet the quality standards.
51
 22.3 Urban Air Quality Evaluation Assesment (Blue 2. Publish the results of the monitoring data to the public
Sky City Index) and utilize monitoring data to develop a strategy and
action plan for urban air quality management, review of
FIGURE 24: Kota Semarang Assessment Index Results air pollution control efforts, and analyze the effectiveness
of policies and strategies
Emission test
10
3. Develop an urban emission inventory to identify the
8
Public
6 Traffic sources of pollutants, estimate emission load and measure
awareness
raising activity 4
performance the effectiveness of air pollution control
2
0 22.4.3 On-road vehicle emission test
Emission
Air
reduction
Quality 1. Improve the performance of PKB and document test
activity
results. PKB periodic system should be strengthened
through improvement of the system, implementing
SEMARANG Monitoring
Median activity institutional reforms, and implementation of automated
testing.
Kota Semarang: Traffic performance index, as well as emission
reduction activity index (transportation management) are 2. Continue and increase emission test ‘spotcheck’ and
slightly above average. For other parameters, Kota Semarang documentation. Emission spotcheck should be conducted
has a low index, which is equal to or below the median. on a regular basis to increase public awareness and
Index for physical parameters (emissions test, traffic evaluate public compliance in meeting exhaust gas
performance, air quality measurements) has a higher weight emission quality standard. The frequency of emission
compared to non-physical parameters. For Kota Semarang, test can be added to twice a year. In addition, it is
a low index for emission test contributes to a low Blue Sky necessary to verify the results of emission test.
score. Thus, the city of Semarang is ranked twelfth (out of
14 cities evaluated) in 2011 for EKUP metropolitan city
category and ranked twenty-fourth (out of 26 cities evaluated)
for all city category.

22.4 Recommendations

22.4.1 Environmentally Sustainable Transportation

1. Continuing to develop and improve BRT services and the

expansion of bicyclelane/ pedestrian sidewalk

2. Realizing transportation system based on Standard

Minimum Service

3. Extending non-motorized zone. Certain area can be

developed and established into a permanent non-
motorized zone, not limited to certain time like Car Free
Day. The zone can be developed into a touristic area filled
without socio-economic activity with the disturbance of
traffic vehicle.

4. Improving the effectiveness of traffic performance. Efforts

to be taken include: implementing intelligent transport
system, seperating local and continous/high speed traffic
in arterial road, provision of segregated motorcycle lane,
improvement of intersection capacity.

22.4.2 Air Quality Monitoring

1. Continue and strengthen air quality monitoring on a

regular basis with both manual and automated methods

52

23.1 Background
Geography: Kota Surabaya is the capital city of East Java
Province, located between 7°12'00" and 7°21'00" South
Latitude and between 112°36'00" and 112°54'00" East
Longitude with a total area of 326,37 km 2 or 32.637 ha.
Administratively, Kota Surabaya consists of 31 districts and
163 sub-districts with the following administrative boundaries:
· North: Madura Strait
· South: Sidorajo Regency
· West: Gresik Regency
· East: Madura Strait
Approximately 81 percent of the area is lowland with an
altitude ranging between 3 and 6 meters above sea level.
While the rest (19 percent) is hilly (20-50 meters above sea
level). Kota Surabaya has a tropical climate with temperatures
ranging between 23-35 °C.
Demography: Kota Surabaya is a city of trade, services,
tourism, and education. In 2010, Kota Surabaya had a
population of 2.900.000 with population density of 830
people/ha. The average population growth is 1,66 percent.
The population does not include residents who live in the
outskirt of Kota Surabaya but commute to Kota Surabaya for
social and economic activities. The current daytime
population in Kota Surabaya is estimated to be more than
3.5 million people.
Land Use: Built environment in Kota Surabaya is 63 percent
of the total area. The remaining land is wetland, moor, ponds,
and vacant land. Extensive green open space has increased
from 226 ha in 2002 to 269 ha in 2006.
Economy and finance: Vehicle population in 2010 was 3.9
million with an average growth of 12 percent per year. Trade,
hotels, and restaurants contributed the highest to the RGDP
of Surabaya at 39 percent, followed by industry (27 percent).
The transport sector contributed 10 percent to the RGDP.
Economic growth between 2009 and 2010 was 6.7 percent,
higher than the national average (6.1 percent). RGDP per
capita increased from year to year. Environmental budget is
10 percent of the total budget in 2010.
23.2 Urban Air Quality Evaluation Monitoring Results
23.2.1 Non-Physical monitoring
Air Quality Monitoring Activities
The Municipality of Kota Surabaya conduct daily ambient air
quality monitoring using automatic method for 24 hours and
using manual method once every 6 months. Automatic
monitoring is conducted in 5 spots, while manual monitoring
SURABAYA 23
is conducted in 10 roadside spots. The Municipality of Kota
Surabaya also conduct ambient air quality monitoring in
industrial areas, as many as 20 spots were tested in 2009.
Parameters monitored include NO2, CO, SO2, O3, PM10 for
automatic monitoring and NO2, CO, SO2, O3, PM10, dust, Pb,
H2S, NH3 for manual monitoring. Automatic monitoring
showed that PM10 and O3 is at a critical level, which means
the concentration has exceeded the standard quality in
several monitoring locations for a year.
Air pollution reduction activities from mobile sources
Kota Surabaya has City Transportation Masterplan for 2017
which include the development of an integrated
transportation plan including development plan for commuter
rail network and commuter rail service, development of bus
rapid transit which is currently in study phase, and plan to
establish bicycle lanes. Pedestrian facility also increased.
One of the undergoing development in Kota Surabaya is the
provision of parking specifically for rickshaw in certain
locations.
Public awareness raising activities on air pollution
Car Free Day is conducted every Sunday along Raya Darmo
main road and every last Sunday of the calendar month
along Raya Kertajaya. Car Free Day is held from 06.00 to
10.00. Exhaust emission test is also conducted every 6 months
for public transportation and goods as part of roadworthiness;
verification on roadway as well as on the spot emission test
is also implemented as part of public campaign. Verification
is conducted once a week, while emission test campaign is
conducted every 4 months.
23.2.2 Physical Monitoring
Vehicle emission quality on roadway
Vehicle emission test conducted for 2.003 private vehicles
passing Darmo Boulevard, Pandegiling and Kertajaya Indah
showed a passing rate of 80 percent. The passing rate for
gasoline powered vehicle was 93 percent while the passing
rate for diesel powered vehicle was 45 percent. The passing
rate is higher compared to the passing emission test rate in
the last campaign conducted in May 2010; that is 75 percent
for gasoline powered vehicle and 35 percent for diesel
powered vehicle.
53
 Traffic Performance
Traffic performance was measured along Ambengan, Darmo
Boulevard and Kertajaya Indah. Based on EKUP monitoring
results, the level of service in Kota Surabaya is D which is
characterized by approaching unstable flow and low speed.
The score is the same as the median score for all cities
evaluated. Compared to 2007 and 2008, traffic performance
in Kota Surabaya for 2011 has relatively unchanged.
Air Quality on roadway
Passive measurement was conducted in 3 locations, Bukit
Darmo Boulevard (West Surabaya), Pandegiling (Central
Surabaya ), and Raya Kertajaya Indah (East Surabaya).
Measurement result showed that concentration of all
parameters measured, except for HC, meet the standard
quality. The average concentration of HC from the three
locations was 179,9 µg/m3 (above the standard quality of
160 µg/m3 for three hours measurement). The main source
of HC is motor vehicle. Based on HC, dust, PM10, dan O3.
Although the main sources of some parameters can be
identified (for instance HC), but for other parameters the
sources are unknown, like dust, PM10, and O3 because there
are no information available on the number of pollutants
and sources (emission inventory).
23.3 Urban Air Quality Evaluation Assesment (Blue
Sky City Index)
FIGURE 25: Kota Surabaya Assessment Index Results
Emission test
10
8 2. Publishing the results of the monitoring data to the public
Public
awareness 6 Traffic
performance
raising activity 4 action plan for urban air quality management, review of
2
0
Emission
reduction Air
activity Quality
SURABAYA Monitoring
Median activity
Kota Surabaya: The index for air quality monitoring and
public awareness raising activities is the highest (10 points).
While air quality is above the median. Emission reduction
activities and emissions test is slightly above the median,
while traffic performance is equal to the median. Kota
Surabaya is ranked first in EKUP 2011 for metropolitan city
category and third for all city category.
Based on the assessment conducted in EKUP 2011, air quality
monitoring activities conducted by the the Municipality of
Kota Surabaya is the best among other cities, except for the
city of Tangerang which also obtain an index value of 10 for
air quality monitoring activities.
54
23.4 Recommendations
1.4.1 Environmentally Sustainable Transportation
1. Implement the 2017 Transportation Master Plan focusing
on one or two options to solve the problem completely.
Solution include development of BRT, strengthening
commuter rail service, and development of lane and
pedestrian sidewalk.
a. Improvement of public transportation route based
on road hierarchy
b. Introducing public transportation based Standard
Minimum Payment
3. Extend non-motorized zone. Certain areas can be
developed into permanent non-motorized transportation;
not limited to certain time like Car Free Day. The zone
can be developed into touristic area filled with socio-
economic activities without the disturbance of motor
vehicle traffic.
4. Improve the effectiveness of traffic performance. Efforts
include: implementation of intelligent transport system,
separating local and continous/high speed traffic in arterial
road, provision of segregated motorcycle lane, improving
intersection capacity.
23.4.2 Air Quality Monitoring
1. Continuing and strengthening air quality monitoring on
a regular basis with both manual and automated methods
and utilize monitoring data to develop a strategy and
air pollution control efforts, and analyze the effectiveness
of policies and strategies
3. Developing an urban emission inventory and update
continuously. Emission inventory is needed to identify
the source of air pollutants in Surabaya and the
contribution of each source to the total amount of
pollutant.
23.4.3 On-road vehicle emission test
1. Improve Vehicle Inspection Performance. Current periodic
PKB system (roadworthiness) have to be strengthened
through improving system, institutional reformation, and
implementation of automatic testing.
2. Continue and improve emission test on the road on regular basis help to increase public awareness and
(quotation and spotcheck test). The purpose is to verify evaluate the compliance to meet the exhaust emission
PKB results, although vehicles have been inspected for quality standard.
roadworthiness, but changes in exhaust gas emission can
be altered intentionally or unintentionally by the driver
or manager. Meanwhile, emission spotcheck conducted

55
 24 SURAKARTA

24.1 Background 10.2.2 Physical Monitoring

Geography: Kota Surakata or popularly known by the name Emission quality on roadway
of Solo, is a city in Central Java, located between 7°36'00" Emission spotcheck for 2.454 private vehicles crossing
and 7°56'00" South Latitude and between 110°45'15" and Bhayangkara, Ir. Sutami, and Slamet Riyadi road showed a
110°45'35" East Longitude. The east side of town is bypassed passing rate of 70 percent. The passing rate for gasoline
by Sungai Bengawan Solo. The total area of Solo is powered vehicle was 77 percent while for diesel powered
44,04 km 2 or 4.404 ha. Administratively, Kota Surakata vehicle was 44 percent.
consists of 5 districts and 51 sub-districts. Kota Surakata has
a flat topography and located in a lowland area Traffic Performance
95-105 meters above sea level. Traffic performance was measured along Adi Sucipto, Ir.
Sutami, and Slamet Riyadi road. Based on EKUP 2011
Demography: In 2010, the population of Surakata was monitoring, the level of service in Surakata is B (the best)
503.421 with a population density of 114 people/ha. which is characterized by reasonable free-flow, volume
equivelant to out-of-state road, and limited speed.
Economy and finance: The processing industry contributed
the highest to Kota Surakata RGDP at 30 percent followed Air Quality on roadway
by trade, hotel, and restaurant (25 percent). The Passive air quality measurement was conducted in 3 roadside
transportation sector contributed 10 percent to the RGDP. locations along Kolonel Sutarto, Slamet Riyadi, and Ir. Sutami
road. Measurement results showed that the concentration
24.2 Urban Air Quality Evaluation Monitoring Results for all parameter measured, except for HC in one monitoring
spot, fulfilled the standard quality. On average, the
24.2.1 Non-Physical monitoring concentration of HC in 3 monitoring spots was below the
quality standard, thereby Kota Surakata is one of two cities
Air Quality Monitoring Activities where the parameter for HC meet the standard quality.
Ambient air quality monitoring is conducted manually by
the Municipality of Surakata. There are 12 roadside 24.3 Urban Air Quality Evaluation Assesment (Blue
monitoring spots. Monitoring is conducted one time in a Sky City Index)
year. The parameter monitored include NO2, SO2, and O3.
Monitoring resulst from 2006-2009 showed a relatively good FIGURE 26: Kota Surakarta Assessment Index Results
air quality in Kota Surakata.
Emission test
10
Emission reduction activities from mobile sources 8
Public
Kota Surakata has a Tatralok oriented towards the awareness 6 Traffic
performance
development of environmentally sustainable transportation raising activity 4
with a principle of ‘move people not cars’. The Tatralok 2
0
includes development plan for bus rapid transit called Solo
Trans, pedestrian sidewalk, bus priority (give priority to bus Emission
Air
at intersections) and traffic engineering (traffic lights, one- reduction
activity Quality
way, and others). Currently, Batik Solo operates one corridor.
SURAKARTA Monitoring
Public awareness raising activities on air pollution Median activity
Car Free Day is conducted every Sunday along Slamet Riyadi
main road from 05.00 to 09.00. Periodic emission test as
part of roadworthiness is conducted in PKB Center. Kota Surakarta: obtains the highest index for the three
Verification on the road is also conducted by the parameters, two of which are physical parameters that have
Transportation Agency towards mandatory vehicle emission high weight. Index for emission test result and monitoring
testing. Emission spotcheck (specifically for private vehicles) activities is slightly below the median. Index emission test
is conducted annually. results and monitoring activities is slightly below the median.

56
While the index for public awareness raising activities (car-
free zone and emission spotcheck) is equal to the median.
Kota Surakata is ranked first (out of 12 cities evaluated) in
EKUP 2011 for big city category and all city category.
24.4 Recommendations
24.4.1 Environmentally Sustainable Transportation
1. Continuing to develop and improve BRT services and
expand bicycle lane/pedestrian sidewalk
2. Realizing public transportation system based on
Standard Minimum Service
3. Extending non-motorized zone. Certain areas can be
developed into permanent non-motorized zone; not
limited to certain times like Car Free Day. The zone can
be developed into touristic area filled with socio-economic
activities without the hinderance of traffic from vehicles.
4. Improving the effectiveness of traffic performance. Efforts
include: implementation of intelligent transport system,
separating local and continous/high speed traffic in arterial
road, segregating motorcycle lane, and improving
intersection capacity.
24.4.2 Air Quality Monitoring
1. Continuing and strengthening air quality monitoring on
a regular basis (if possible add the frequency of monitoring
to least twice a year)
2. Publishing the results of monitoring data to the public
and utilize monitoring data to develop a strategy and
action plan for urban air quality management, review
air pollution control efforts, and analyze the effectiveness
of policies and strategies
3. Developing urban emission inventory. This is needed so
that the Municipality of Surakata is able to answer how
many pollutants emitted from respective sources and
the percentage of contribution towards pollutants in
total
24.4.3 On-road vehicle emission test
1. Improve the performance of PKB and document test
results. PKB periodic system should be strengthened
through the improvement of the system, implementing
institutional reforms, the implementation of automated
testing.
2. Continue and improve the emissions testing and
spotcheck data results. Conduct emission spotcheck on
a regular basis to increase public awareness and evaluate
compliance to meet the quality standard of exhaust
emissions. Emission test frequency can be increased to
twice a year.
57
 25 TANGERANG
25.1 Background
Geography: Kota Tangerang is located between 6°06'00" -
6°13'00" South Latitude and 106°36'00" - 106°42'00" East
Longitude with a total area of 184,23 km2 or 18.423 ha.
Administratively, Kota Tangerang consists of 13 districts
bordering on the East with DKI Jakarta, and on the north,
west, and south with Tangerang Regency.
Demography: The population in 2010 was 1.798.601 with
a population density of 98 people/ha.
Economy and finance: Manufacturing sector contributed
the highest to the RGDP of Kota Tangerang at 58 percent,
followed by trade, hotel and restaurant (25 percent). The
transportation sector contributed 10 percent to the RGDP.
25.2 Urban Air Quality Evaluation Monitoring Results
25.2.1 Non-Physical monitoring
Air Quality Monitoring Activities
The Municipality of Kota Tangerang conduct ambient air
quality monitoring continuously in 1 monitoring spot and
manually in 50 monitoring spots which consists of 32 non-
roadside monitoring spots and 18 roadside monitoring spots.
Manual monitoring is conducted twice in one year (during
dry season and wet season). The parameters monitored
include NO2, CO, SO2, O3, HC, H2S, NH3, dust, and Pb.
Monitoring results in 2010 indicated that dust and HC is at
critical level in several locations because the concentration
have exceeded the standard quality.
Emission reduction activities from mobile sources
Transportation management implemented by Kota Tangerang
Municipality include development of road network to achieve
Standard Minimum Service, accelerating the development
of BRT corridor Kalideres (Jakarta Busway)-Tangerang, the
integration of rail services by public transport through the
development of an integrated station at Terminal Poris
Plaward that is equipped with park-n -ride, the development
of intelligent transport systems and traffic engineering (one-
way systems, restriction of heavy vehicles at certain hours,
marker).
Public awareness raising activities on air pollution
Car Free Day is conducted twice in a year. But there is no
information available on scheduling of the event. Exhaust
gas emission test as part of roadworthiness is conducted for
public transportation and goods every 6 months. Emission
spotcheck is conducted twice in a year. Emission spotcheck
results in 2010 showed a passing rate between 63-85 percent.
58
25.2.2 Physical Monitoring
Vehicle emission quality on roadway
Emission spotcheck results for 2.125 private vehicles crossing
MH. Thamrin, Sudirman, and Imam Bonjol road showed a
passing rate of 77 percent. The passing rate for gasoline
powered vehicle was 85 percent while the passing rate for
diesel powered vehicle was 52 percent.
Traffic Performance
Traffic performance was measured on the same road as
emission spotcheck test locations. Based on EKUP 2011, the
level of service in Kota Tangerang is B (the highest); which
is characterized by reasonable free-flow, volume equivelant
to out-of-state road, and limited speed. Other cities that
obtain the highest traffic performance in EKUP 2011 are
Central Jakarta, Kota Batam, Malang, Medan, and Surakarta.
Air Quality on roadway
Passive air quality monitoring was conducted in 3 locations
near the implementation of traffic performance monitoring.
The measurement results showed that the concentration of
all parameters measured, except for HC in 3 locations and
O3 in a monitoring location, meet the quality standards. The
formation of ozone is influenced by trigerring substances
(HC and NOx) and sunlight. If the concentration of HC
and/or NOx is high, then the concentration of O3 is also high.
Ozone is also transported by wind movement to the
downstream movement of O3. The high O3 surrounding
Imam Bonjol road needs to be evaluated further.
25.3 Urban Air Quality Evaluation Assesment (Blue
Sky City Index)
FIGURE 27: Kota Tangerang Assessment Index Results
Emission test
10
Public
8
6 Traffic
awareness
raising activity performance
4
2
0
Emission
reduction Air
activity Quality
TANGERANG Monitoring
Median activity
Kota Tangerang: The index for traffic performance and
monitoring activities are the highest; as for other parameters
the index is equal or slightly below the median. Based on
EKUP 2011 results, Kota Tangerang is ranked sixth for
metropolitan city (out of 14 cities evaluated) and fourteenth
for all city category (out of 26 cities evaluated).
25.4 Recommendations
25.4.1 Environmentally Sustainable Transportation
25.4.3 Vehicle emission test on roadway
1. Improve the performance of PKB. Current PKB periodic
system (roadworthiness) should be strengthened through
the improvement of the system, implementing
institutional reforms, the implementation of automated
testing.

1. Realizing the BRT development plan of Kalideres-
Tangerang, and integrated intermodal station equipped
with park-n-ride
2. Introducing public transportation based on Standard
Minimum Service payment including restructuring of
public transportation route based on road hierarchy
2. Conduct verification to verify PKB results
3. Continue and increase emission spotcheck performance.
Conduct emission spotcheck on a regular basis to increase
public awareness and evaluate the public compliance to
meet the quality standard exhaust emissions.

3. Extending non-motorized transportation zone. Certain

area can be developed and established into a permanent
non-motorized zone; not limited to certain time like Car
Free Day.

25.4.2 Air Quality Monitoring

1. Continue and improve ambient air quality monitoring

2. Document the results of air quality monitoring data and

publish to the public

59
 26 YOGYAKARTA
26.1 Background
Geografi: Kota Yogyakarta is the province of DI Yogyakarta,
located between 7°15'24" and 7°49'26" South Latitude and
between 110°24'19" and 110°28'53" East Longitude with a
total area of 32,5 km 2 or 3.250 ha. Administratively, Kota
Yogyakarta consists of 14 districts and 45 sub-districts with
the following administrative boundaries:
· North: Sleman Regency
· South: Bantul Regency
· West and East: Bantul dan Sleman Regency
Kota Yogyakarta has a relatively flat slope of 0-3 percent to
the south as well as bypassed by 3 major rivers: Sungai
Winongo in the west, Sungai Code at the center, and Sungai
Gajah Wong in the east. The altitude of Kota Yogyakarta is
between 90 to 120 meters above sea level.
Demography: Kota Yogyakarta is known as a touristic and
education city. The population in 2010 was 430.375 with a
population density of 132 people/ha.
Economy and finance: The total vehicle population in 2010
was 1.120.907 with an average growth rate of 8 percent
per year. Trade, hotel, and restaurant contributed the highest
to Kota Yogyakarta’s RGDP at 25 percent followed by trade
(22 percent). Transportation sector contributed 16 percent
to the RGDP.
26.2 Urban Air Quality Evaluation Monitoring Results
26.2.1 Non-Physical monitoring
Air Quality Monitoring Activities
Ambient air quality monitoring activity is conducted manually
by the Municipality of Kota Yogyakarta. There are 15
monitoring spots, consisting of 5 non-roadside and the rest
(10) on roadside. Monitoring is conducted once a year. The
parameter monitored include NO2, CO, SO2, O3, PM10, PM2.5,
dust, and Pb. Monitoring result in 2010 showed the
concentration of PM10 dan PM2.5 have exceeded the standard
quality in several roadside locations.
Air pollution reduction activities from mobile sources
Kota Yogyakarta have Local Transportation Order (Tatralok)
oriented towards the development of environmentally
sustainable transportation. This includes the establishment
and implementation of Public Transportation Standard
Minimum Service benchmark, arrangement of freight route,
integration of public transportation with the surrounding
environment, and traffic engineering (for instance, ATCS,
one-way system). The Municipality of Yogyakarta have also
designed a Sego Segawe program (the use of bicycle to work
60
and school), Safe School Zone, operation of BRT Trans Yogya.
In the case of non-motorized public transportation, the
Municipality of Yogyakarta have issued regulations on non-
motorized transportation in Yogyakarta. Bicycle paths,
including bicycle parking, have been built in some locations.
Public awareness raising activities on air pollution
Car Free Day is conducted every Sunday along Malioboro
road from 05.00 to 08.00. Every Friday, the City Hall area
becomes a car-free zone. Periodic emission test that is part
of roadworthinesss is conducted in PKB central. Exhaust gas
emission test (specifically private vehicles) is conducted once
a year. Emission spotcheck in 2010 showed a passing rate of
73 percent.
26.2.2 Physical Monitoring
Vehicle emission quality on roadway
Emision spotcheck results conducted for 2.265 private vehicles
crossing Abubakar Ali, Brigjen Katamso, and Urip Sumoharjo
road showed a 67 percent passing rate. The passing rate for
gasoline powered vehicle was 80 percent while for diesel
powered vehicle was 27 percent. The passing rate for diesel
is the three lowest amongst cities evaluated.
Traffic Performance
Traffic performance was measured along Jend. Sudirman,
Senopati, and Adi Sucipto road. Based on EKUP 2011
monitoring results, the level of service in Yogyakarta is E
which is characterized by unstable flow, volume
at/approaching capacity, and low speed. Compared to 2007
and 2008, the level of service in Kota Yogyakarta experienced
a decrease, from D in 2007 and 2008, to E in 2011.
Air Quality on roadway
Passive air quality monitoring was conducted in 3 locations
near where traffic performance was monitored.
Measurement results showed that paremeters meet the
standard quality limits. Kota Yogaykarta along with Kota
Surakata are the 2 cities out of 26 cities evaluated where HC
meets the standard quality limits.
26.3 Urban Air Quality Evaluation Assesment (Blue 26.4.2 Air Quality Monitoring
Sky City Index)
1. Continue and strengthen routine air quality monitoring
FIGURE 28: Kota Yogyakarta Assessment Index Results
using manual or automatic method
Emission test
10 2. Publish data results to the public and utilize monitoring
8 data to draft stretgy and action plan in air quality
Public
awareness 6 Traffic
performance
management, review the air pollution control efforts,
raising activity 4 and analyze the effectiveness of policies and strategies
2
0
3. Develop urban emission inventory and update regularly.
Emission
Air
Emission inventory is needed to identify the amount of
reduction
activity Quality pollutants emitted, the sources of pollutants, and
contribution percentage toward the total of pollutants.
YOGYAKARTA Monitoring
Median activity
26.4.3 On-road vehicle emission test

1. Improve vehicle inspection center (PKB) performance

Kota Yogyakarta: Non-physical index parameters (air quality
monitoring activities, emission reduction activities, and public
awareness raising activities) is above average, even public
awareness raising activities is the highest (car-free zone and
emission test). The index for air quality measurement is
hgher than average and second after Kota Surakata. But
emission test and traffic performance index in Kota Yogyakarta
is below average. Thereby, Kota Yogyakarta is ranked sixth
(out of 12 cities evaluated) in EKUP 2011 for big city and
ranked tenth (out of 26 cities evaluated) for all city category.
26.4 Recommendations
and document the results. Periodic vehicle inspection
system needs to be strengthened through system
improvements, implementing institutional reform, the
implementation of automated testing.
2. Continue and improve emission spotcheck test and
documentation. Emission spotcheck must be conducted
on regular basis to increase public awareness and evaluate
public compliance to meet the standard quality of exhaust
emissions. Emission test frequency can be increased
to twice a year.

25.4.1 Environmentally Sustainable Transportation

1. Continuing to develop and improve Trans Yogya service

as well as expand bicycle lane/pedestrian sidewalk

2. Realizing public transportation based on Standard

Minimum Service

3. Extending non-motorized zone. Certain areas can be

developed and established into permanent non-motorized
zone, not limited to certain time like Car Free Day. The
car-free zone can be established into touristic area
filled with socio-economic activity without the hindrance
of traffic vehicles.

4. Improving the effectiveness of traffic performance. Efforts

include: implementation of intelligent transport system,
separate localized movement with continous/high speed
traffic in arterial road, segregated motorcycle lane, and
improvement of intersection capacity.

61
BIBLIOGRAPHY

Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan Nasional (Bappenas). (2004). Visi dan Arah Pembangunan Jangka
Panjang (PJP) tahun 2005-2025. Jakarta: Bappenas

Badan Pusat Statistik. (2011). Statistik Perhubungan 1989-2010. Jakarta, Indonesia: BPS.
Badan Pusat Statistik. Kota dalam Angka untuk 26 kota.

Clean Air Initiative for Asian Cities (CAI-Asia). (2010). Environmentally Sustainable Transportation
in the Philippines. Manila: CAI-Asia.

Chin, A.T.H. (1996). Containing air pollution and traffic congestion: Transport policy and the
environment in Singapore. Atmospheric Environment, 30, 787-801.

Direktorat Lalu Lintas POLRI. (2011). Jumlah Kendaraan Bermotor di Indonesia 2000-2010. Jakarta,
Indonesia: POLRI.

European Environment Agency. (2005). European Environment Outlook: EEA Report No.4/2005
[Electronic version]. Retrieved February 21, 2006, from http://reports.eea.europa.eu/

Japan International Cooperation Agency. (1997a). The study on the integrated air quality management
for Jakarta metropolitan area. Japan: Nippon Koei Co., Ltd., & Suuri keikaku Co., Ltd.

Johansson, B. (1995). Strategies for reducing emissions of air pollutants from the Swedish transportation
sector. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 29, 371-385.

Kementerian Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral. (2010). Neraca Energi 2000-2010. Jakarta, Indonesia:
ESDM.

Mathew, T.V., & Rao, K.V.K. (2006). Introduction to Transportation Engineering. NPTL, May 24, 2006
[Electronic version]. Retrived December 7, 2011, from http://www.cdeep.iitb.ac.in/nptel

Schwela, D., Haq, G., & Huizenga, C. (2006). Urban Air Pollution in Asian Cities. Stokholm, Sweden:
Earthscan.

Shah, J.J., Nagpal, T., & Brandon, C.J. (1997). Urban air quality management strategy in Asia: Jakarta
report. Washington, DC: World Bank.

Suhadi, D. (2005). Dampak Pencemaran Udara di Jakarta. Jakarta, Indonesia.

Suhadi, D. (2006). Pengendalian Pencemaran Udara dari Sumber Bergerak. Jakarta, Indonesia.

U.S.EPA. (2002). Latest findings on national air quality: 2002 status and trend (EPA 454/K-03-001).
Washington, DC: U.S.EPA.

62
 1
APPENDIX
Measurement Results for
BALIKPAPAN

CO average concentration - Balikpapan TSP average concentration - Balikpapan

12000 250
10000
Consentration (ug/m 3 )

Consentration (ug/m 3 )
200
8000
150 140.72 135.67
6000 5568.00
4580.00 4385.00
100
4000 69.31
2000 50

0 0
Jend. Sudirman Letjen. Suprapto MT. Haryono Jend. Sudirman Letjen. Suprapto MT. Haryono
(Balikpapan Barat) (Balikpapan Barat) (Balikpapan Timur) (Balikpapan Barat) (Balikpapan Barat) (Balikpapan Timur)
(Balikpapan) (Balikpapan) (Balikpapan) (balikpapan) (balikpapan) (balikpapan)

VALUE QUALITY STANDARD VALUE QUALITY STANDARD

HC average concentration - Balikpapan SO2 average concentration - Balikpapan

400 372.12 400
350 350
Consentration (ug/m 3 )

Consentration (ug/m 3 )

300 300
250 250
178.12 197.09
200 200
150 150
100 100
56.90 41.93 44.26
50 50
0 0
Jend. Sudirman Letjen. Suprapto MT. Haryono Jend. Sudirman Letjen. Suprapto MT. Haryono
(Balikpapan Barat) (Balikpapan Barat) (Balikpapan Timur) (Balikpapan Barat) (Balikpapan Barat) (Balikpapan Timur)
(Balikpapan) (Balikpapan) (Balikpapan) (balikpapan) (balikpapan) (balikpapan)

VALUE QUALITY STANDARD VALUE QUALITY STANDARD

NO2 average concentration - Balikpapan Daily VCR - Balikpapan

160
08
Consentration (ug/m 3 )

140
07
120
06 0.51 0.52
100 0.47 0.48
05 0.43 0.43 0.40 0.41
VCR

80 0.37 0.37
56.73 04 0.32 0.35
60 54.70
43.27 03
40
02
20
01
0
Jend. Sudirman Letjen. Suprapto MT. Haryono 0
(Balikpapan Barat) (Balikpapan Barat) (Balikpapan Timur) Jend. Sudirman Letjen. Suprapto MT. Haryono
(Balikpapan) (Balikpapan) (Balikpapan) (Balikpapan) (Balikpapan) (Balikpapan)

VALUE QUALITY STANDARD

Morning Noon Evening Night

O3 average concentration - Balikpapan Average traffic speed - Balikpapan

250 50
Consentration (ug/m 3 )

45
200 40
Speed (km/jam)

172.56 33.28 34.92

159.36 162.96 35 31.27
150 30 29.94
25 24.17
100 20
15
50 10
5
0 0
Jend. Sudirman Letjen. Suprapto MT. Haryono Jend. Sudirman Jend. Sudirman Letjen. Letjen. MT. Haryono
(Balikpapan Barat) (Balikpapan Barat) (Balikpapan Timur) (Balikpapan) (Balikpapan) Suprapto Suprapto (Balikpapan)
(Balikpapan) (Balikpapan) (Balikpapan) (arah (arah (Balikpapan) (Balikpapan)
Pasar Baru) Pelabuhan) (arah (arah
Karang Anyar) Kebun Sayur)
VALUE QUALITY STANDARD

63
 2
APPENDIX
Measurement Results for
BANDAR LAMPUNG

CO average concentration - Bandar Lampung TSP average concentration - Bandar Lampung

12000 250
Concentration (ug/m 3 )

Concentration (ug/m 3 )
10000
200
8000 147.27
150 140.20
6000 4526.00 4751.00
4267.00
100
4000 71.39
2000 50
0 0
P. Antasari Yos Sudarso ZA. Pagar Alam P. Antasari Yos Sudarso ZA. Pagar Alam
(Bandar Lampung) (Bandar Lampung) (Bandar Lampung) (Bandar lampung) (Bandar lampung) (Bandar lampung)

VALUE QUALITY STANDARD VALUE QUALITY STANDARD

HC average concentration - Bandar Lampung SO2 average concentration - Bandar Lampung

190 187.15 400

Concentration (ug/m 3 )

Concentration (ug/m 3 )

185 350
179.69
180 177.52 300
175 250
170 200
165 150
160 100
52.67 51.39 53.42
150 50
145 0
P. Antasari Yos Sudarso ZA. Pagar Alam P. Antasari Yos Sudarso ZA. Pagar Alam
(Bandar lampung) (Bandar lampung) (Bandar lampung) (Bandar lampung) (Bandar lampung) (Bandar lampung)

VALUE QUALITY STANDARD VALUE QUALITY STANDARD

NO2 average concentration - Bandar Lampung Daily VCR - Bandar Lampung

160 12
Concentration (ug/m 3 )

11
140 10
120 09 0.85
08 0.74 0.71
100 07 0.60
VCR

80 06
57.18 05 0.45
56.31 55.86
60 04 0.33 0.36 0.35 0.35 0.34
03 0.27 0.23
40
02
20 01
0 0
P. Antasari Yos Sudarso ZA. Pagar Alam Pangeran Antasari Yos Sudarso MT. Haryono
(Bandar lampung) (Bandar lampung) (Bandar lampung) (Bandar Lampung) (Bandar Lampung) (Balikpapan)

VALUE QUALITY STANDARD

Morning Noon Evening Night

O3 average concentration - Bandar Lampung Average traffic speed - Bandar Lampung

250 50 45.68
Concentration (ug/m 3 )

45 43.81
200 40 36.33
Speed (km/jam)

163.68 35 34.20
159.24 161.06 30.58
150 30
25
100 20
15
50 10
5
0 0
P. Antasari Yos Sudarso ZA. Pagar Alam Pangeran Pangeran Yos Sudarso ZA Pagar ZA Pagar Alam
(Bandar lampung) (Bandar lampung) (Bandar lampung) Antasari Antasari (Bandar Alam (Bandar
(Bandar (Bandar Lampung) (Bandar Lampung)
Lampung) Lampung) Lampung) (arah Tanjung
(arah (arah (arah Karang)
VALUE QUALITY STANDARD Pasar Baru) Pasar Tugu) Rajabasa)

64
 3
APPENDIX
Measurement Results for
BANDUNG

CO average concentration - Bandung TSP average concentration - Bandung

12000 250
Concentration (ug/m 3 )

Concentration (ug/m 3 )
10000
200
8000 146.29
150 136.40
6000 5234.00 128.60
4450.00 4367.00
100
4000
2000 50

0 0
Padjadjaran Pelajar Pejuang Soekarno Hatta Padjadjaran Pelajar Pejuang Soekarno
(Bandung) (Bandung) (Bandung) (Bandung) (Bandung) Hatta
(Bandung)

VALUE QUALITY STANDARD VALUE QUALITY STANDARD

HC average concentration - Bandung SO2 average concentration - Bandung

180 177.87 400

Concentration (ug/m 3 )

Concentration (ug/m 3 )

175 174.44 350

170 300
250
165
157.99 200
160
150
155 100
150 50 43.51 44.14 43.87
145 0
Padjadjaran Pelajar Pejuang Soekarno Hatta Padjadjaran Pelajar Pejuang Soekarno Hatta
(Bandung) (Bandung) (Bandung) (Bandung) (Bandung) (Bandung)

VALUE QUALITY STANDARD VALUE QUALITY STANDARD

NO2 average concentration - Bandung Daily VCR - Bandung

160
11
Concentration (ug/m 3 )

140 10
120 09
08
100 07 0.61
0.57 0.53 0.57 0.54 0.53
VCR

80 06 0.44
05 0.41 0.43
54.60 56.62 0.38 0.34
60 52.49 04 0.31
40 03
02
20 01
0 0
Padjadjaran Pelajar Pejuang Soekarno Hatta Padjadjaran Pelajar Pejuang Soekarno Hatta
(Bandung) (Bandung) (Bandung) (Bandung) (Bandung) (Bandung)

VALUE QUALITY STANDARD

Morning Noon Evening Night

O3 average concentration - Bandung Average traffic speed - Bandung

350 50 32.63
Concentration (ug/m 3 )

45
304.56
300 286.20 40 17.84 25.09
Speed (km/jam)

35
246.72 30
250 10.24
25
100 20
15 10.24
50 10
5
0 0
Padjadjaran Pelajar Pejuang Soekarno Hatta Padjadjaran Pelajar Pelajar Soekarno Soekarno Hatta
(Bandung) (Bandung) (Bandung) (Bandung) Pejuang Pejuang Hatta (Bandung)
(Bandung) (Bandung) (Bandung) (Moh. Toha-
(arah Laswi) (arah (Buah Batu- >Buah Batu)
Soekarno- >Moh. Toha)
VALUE QUALITY STANDARD Hatta)

65
 4
APPENDIX
Measurement Results for
BANJARMASIN

CO average concentration - Banjarmasin TSP average concentration - Banjarmasin

12000 250
10000
Concentration (ug/m 3 )

Concentration (ug/m 3 )
200
8000
150 142.30 139.72 139.42
6000 5358.00
4420.00 4519.00
100
4000
2000 50

0 0
Ahmad Yani Brig.Jend.Hasan Sutoyo Ahmad Yani Brig.Jend.Hasan Sutoyo
(Banjarmasin) (Banjarmasin) (Banjarmasin) (Banjarmasin) (Banjarmasin) (Banjarmasin)

VALUE QUALITY STANDARD VALUE QUALITY STANDARD

HC average concentration - Banjarmasin SO2 average concentration - Banjarmasin

400 400
357.42
Concentration (ug/m 3 )

Concentration (ug/m 3 )

350 350
300 300
250 250
200 147.56 147.84 200
150 150
100 100
50 40.51 50.41 42.22
50
0 0
Ahmad Yani Brig.Jend.Hasan Sutoyo Ahmad Yani Brig.Jend.Hasan Sutoyo
(Banjarmasin) (Banjarmasin) (Banjarmasin) (Banjarmasin) (Banjarmasin) (Banjarmasin)

VALUE QUALITY STANDARD VALUE QUALITY STANDARD

NO2 average concentration - Banjarmasin Daily VCR - Banjarmasin

160 11
Concentration (ug/m 3 )

140 10
09 0.86
120 0.81
08 0.75
100 07 0.52 0.48 0.57 0.66
VCR

80 06 0.54 0.52 0.57 0.54

05 0.42
60 51.53 53.21 04
41.43 03
40
02
20 01
0 0
Ahmad Yani Brig.Jend.Hasan Sutoyo Ahmad Yani Hasan Basri Sutoyo S.
(Banjarmasin) (Banjarmasin) (Banjarmasin) (Banjarmasin) (Banjarmasin) (Banjarmasin)

VALUE QUALITY STANDARD

Morning Noon Evening Night

O3 average concentration- Banjarmasin Average traffic speed - Banjarmasin

250 50
Concentration (ug/m 3 )

45 42.88 40.79 38.22 35.68

40 36.23 36.98
Speed (km/jam)

200
165.00 34.93
164.88 158.16 35 32.58
30 23.55
150 26.81
25 23.37 21.86
100 20
15
50 10
5
0 0
Ahmad Yani Brig.Jend.Hasan Sutoyo Ahmad Yani Hasan Basri Sutoyo S.
(Banjarmasin) (Banjarmasin) (Banjarmasin) (Banjarmasin) (Banjarmasin) (Banjarmasin)

Morning Noon Evening Night

VALUE QUALITY STANDARD

66
 5
APPENDIX
Measurement Results for
BEKASI

CO average concentration - Bekasi TSP average concentration - Bekasi

12000 250

10000
Concentration (ug/m 3 )

Concentration (ug/m 3 )
200

8000
150 140.68 130.26 136.43
6000 5416.00 5476.00
4580.00
100
4000
2000 50

0 0

A.Yani Jatiwaringin Sultan Agung A.Yani Jatiwaringin Sultan Agung

(Bekasi) (Bekasi) (Bekasi) (Bekasi) (Bekasi) (Bekasi)

VALUE QUALITY STANDARD VALUE QUALITY STANDARD

HC average concentration - Bekasi SO2 average concentration - Bekasi

400 372.58 377.44 400

Concentration (ug/m 3 )

Concentration (ug/m 3 )

350 350

300 300

250 250

200 193.83 200

150 150

100 100
56.20 58.61 45.96
50 50

0 0

A.Yani Jatiwaringin Sultan Agung A.Yani Jatiwaringin Sultan Agung

(Bekasi) (Bekasi) (Bekasi) (Bekasi) (Bekasi) (Bekasi)

VALUE QUALITY STANDARD VALUE QUALITY STANDARD

NO2 average concentration - Bekasi Daily VCR - Bekasi

160 2
Concentration (ug/m 3 )

140 1.8
1.6
120
1.4
100 1.2 1.16 1.13
1.01 1.08
VCR

80 1 0.92
60 52.67 0.8 0.71 0.67
46.98 46.16 0.6 0.52 0.57
40 0.43 0.43 0.39
0.4
20 0.2
0 0
A.Yani Jatiwaringin Sultan Agung A.Yani Jatiwaringin Sultan Agung
(Bekasi) (Bekasi) (Bekasi) (Bekasi) (Bekasi) (Bekasi)

VALUE QUALITY STANDARD

Morning Noon Evening Night

O3 average concentration - Bekasi Average traffic speed - Bekasi

250 45
40.20
Concentration (ug/m 3 )

40
200 35
Speed (km/jam)

163.44 163.68 30.71 30.91 29.78

159.24 30
150 25
20
100
15
50 10
5
0 0
A.Yani Jatiwaringin Sultan Agung A.Yani Jatiwaringin Sultan Agung Sultan Agung
(Bekasi) (Bekasi) (Bekasi) (Bekasi) (Bekasi) (Bekasi) (Bekasi)
(Pemda-->Giant) (arah Harapan (arah Kranji)
Indah)
VALUE QUALITY STANDARD

67
 6
APPENDIX
Measurement Results for
BOGOR

CO average concentration - Bogor TSP average concentration - Bogor

12000 250
10000
Concentration (ug/m 3 )

Concentration (ug/m 3 )
200
8000 155.48 149.28
150 143.71
6000 5460.00
4615.00 4517.00
100
4000
2000 50

0 0
Baru Yasmin Jenderal Sudirman Pajajaran Baru Yasmin Jenderal Sudirman Pajajaran
(Bogor) (Bogor) (Bogor) (Bogor) (Bogor) (Bogor)

VALUE QUALITY STANDARD VALUE QUALITY STANDARD

HC average concentration - Bogor SO2 average concentration - Bogor

400 362.11
400
Concentration (ug/m 3 )

Concentration (ug/m 3 )

350 350

300 300

250 250

200 191.21 188.48 200

150 150

100 100

50 50.36 42.13 55.12

50

0 0

Baru Yasmin Jenderal Sudirman Pajajaran Baru Yasmin Jenderal Sudirman Pajajaran
(Bogor) (Bogor) (Bogor) (Bogor) (Bogor) (Bogor)

VALUE QUALITY STANDARD VALUE QUALITY STANDARD

average concentration NO2 - Bogor Daily VCR - Bogor

160 1.2
Concentration (ug/m 3 )

140 1
0.9 0.75
120 0.8 0.64 0.67
100 0.7 0.53
0.51 0.48
VCR

80 0.6 0.47
60 59.67 52.34 0.5 0.36 0.34 0.34 0.32
42.29 0.4 0.28
40 0.3
20 0.2
0 0
Baru Yasmin Jenderal Sudirman Pajajaran Baru Yasmin Jend. Sudirman Pajajaran
(Bogor) (Bogor) (Bogor) (Bogor) (Bogor) (Bogor)

VALUE QUALITY STANDARD

Morning Noon Evening Night

O3 average concentration - Bogor Average traffic speed - Bogor

250 50 46.32
Concentration (ug/m 3 )

45 43.05
40.26
200 40 37.17
181.56
Speed (km/jam)

168.12 35
155.64 30
150
25
100 20
15
50 10
5
0 0
Baru Yasmin Jenderal Sudirman Pajajaran Baru Yasmin Jend. Sudirman Pajajaran Pajajaran
(Bogor) (Bogor) (Bogor) (Bogor) (Bogor) (Bogor) (Bogor)
(arah Djuanda) (arah Tajur)

VALUE QUALITY STANDARD

68
 7
APPENDIX
Measurement Results for
DENPASAR

CO average concentration - Denpasar TSP average concentration - Denpasar

12000 250
Concentration (ug/m 3 )

Concentration (ug/m 3 )
10000 200

8000 165.77
150 140.24 142.27
6000 5483.00
4562.00 4630.00
100
4000
50
2000
0 0

Cokroaminoto Hayam Wuruk Raya Sesetan Cokroaminoto Hayam Wuruk Raya Sesetan
(Denpasar) (Denpasar) (Denpasar) (Denpasar) (Denpasar) (Denpasar)

VALUE QUALITY STANDARD VALUE QUALITY STANDARD

HC average concentration - Denpasar SO2 average concentration - Denpasar

400 400
365.96
Concentration (ug/m 3 )

Concentration (ug/m 3 )

350 350

300 300

250 250
199.85
200
166.57 200

150 150

100 100
56.14 42.31 43.58
50 50

0 0

Cokroaminoto Hayam Wuruk Raya Sesetan Cokroaminoto Hayam Wuruk Raya Sesetan
(Denpasar) (Denpasar) (Denpasar) (Denpasar) (Denpasar) (Denpasar)

VALUE QUALITY STANDARD VALUE QUALITY STANDARD

NO2 average concentration - Denpasar Daily VCR - Denpasar

1.4
160
Concentration (ug/m 3 )

140
1.2
1.00
120 1 0.92 0.91
0.8 0.73 0.75 0.78 0.76
100
0.68 0.72
VCR

0.65
80
0.6 0.56 0.58
58.21 54.61
60
43.96 0.4
40

20
0.2
0 0
Cokroaminoto Hayam Wuruk Raya Sesetan Hayam Wuruk Mahendra Data Raya Sesetan
(Denpasar) (Denpasar) (Denpasar) (Denpasar) (Denpasar) (Denpasar)

VALUE QUALITY STANDARD

Morning Noon Evening Night

O3 average concentration - Denpasar Average traffic speed - Denpasar

250 50
Concentration (ug/m 3 )

45 41.11
40
Speed (km/jam)

200
167.76 165.84 35 33.47
150 137.64 30 27.19
25
100 20
15
50 10
5
0 0
Cokroaminoto Hayam Wuruk Raya Sesetan Hayam Wuruk Mahendra Data Raya Sesetan
(Denpasar) (Denpasar) (Denpasar) (Denpasar) (Denpasar) (Denpasar)

VALUE QUALITY STANDARD

69
 8
APPENDIX
Measurement Results for
DEPOK

CO average concentration - Depok TSP average concentration - Depok

12000 250
Concentration (ug/m 3 )

Concentration (ug/m 3 )
10000 200 172.26
8000 157.02
150 135.76
6000 4835.00 5163.00 4905.00
100
4000
2000 50

0 0
Sawangan Bogor Margonda Raya Bogor Sawangan Bogor Margonda Raya Bogor
(Depok) (Depok) (Depok) (Depok) (Depok) (Depok)

VALUE QUALITY STANDARD VALUE QUALITY STANDARD

HC average concentration - Depok SO2 average concentration - Depok

400 400
350 350
Concentration (ug/m 3 )

Concentration (ug/m 3 )

300 278.25 300

250 250
207.55 198.80
200 200
150 150
100 100
53.89 59.64 59.26
50 50
0 0
Sawangan Bogor Margonda Raya Bogor Sawangan Bogor Margonda Raya Bogor
(Depok) (Depok) (Depok) (Depok) (Depok) (Depok)

VALUE QUALITY STANDARD VALUE QUALITY STANDARD

NO2 average concentration - Depok Daily VCR - Depok

160 1 0.91
0.9 0.80
140 0.77
Concentration (ug/m 3 )

0.8
120 0.70 0.68
0.7 0.61
100 0.6 0.53 1.52 0.49
0.50 0.51
VCR

80 0.5
60 55.53 55.26 56.69 0.4 0.35
0.3
40
0.2
20 0.1
0 0
Sawangan Bogor Margonda Raya Bogor Bojong Sari Margonda Raya Raya Bogor
(Depok) (Depok) (Depok) (Depok) (Depok) (Depok)

VALUE QUALITY STANDARD

Morning Noon Evening Night

O3 average concentration - Depok Average traffic speed - Depok

250 35
30.19
30 28.63
Concentration (ug/m 3 )

193.68 192.00 27.33 27.39

200 187.68
25 24.25
Speed (km/jam)

150 20
15
100
10
50 5
0 0
Sawangan Bogor Margonda Raya Bogor Bojong Sari Margonda Margonda Raya Bogor Raya Bogor
(Depok) (Depok) (Depok) (Depok) Raya Raya (Depok) (Depok)
(Depok) (Depok) (Jakarta- (Depok-
(Jakarta- (Depok- Depok) Jakarta)
Depok) Jakarta)
VALUE QUALITY STANDARD

70
 9
APPENDIX
Measurement Results for
WEST JAKARTA

CO average concentration - West Jakarta TSP average concentration - West Jakarta

12000 250
Concentration (ug/m 3 )

Concentration (ug/m 3 )
10000 200
168.35
8000
5784.00 5784.00 5891.00 150 137.06 137.06
6000
100
4000
50
2000
0 0
Daan Mogot Hayam Wuruk Letjend. S Daan Mogot Hayam Wuruk Letjend. S
(Jakarta Barat) (Jakarta Barat) Parman (Jakarta Barat) (Jakarta Barat) Parman
(Jakarta Barat) (Jakarta Barat)

VALUE QUALITY STANDARD VALUE QUALITY STANDARD

HC average concentration - West Jakarta SO2 average concentration - West Jakarta

400 379.12 379.12 376.88 400
350 350
Concentration (ug/m 3 )

Concentration (ug/m 3 )

300 300
250 250
200 200
150 150
100 100
58.30 58.30 56.90
50 50
0 0
Daan Mogot Hayam Wuruk Letjend. S Daan Mogot Hayam Wuruk Letjend. S
(Jakarta Barat) (Jakarta Barat) Parman (Jakarta Barat) (Jakarta Barat) Parman
(Jakarta Barat) (Jakarta Barat)

VALUE QUALITY STANDARD VALUE QUALITY STANDARD

NO2 average concentration - West Jakarta Daily VCR- West Jakarta

160 1.4 1.29
140 1.2 1.11
Concentration (ug/m 3 )

120 1 0.91 0.88

0.86 0.89 0.89
100 0.8
0.75
0.65 0.56
VCR

80 0.65
0.59
0.6
60 50.95 50.95 45.79
40 0.4
20 0.2
0 0
Daan Mogot Hayam Wuruk Letjend. S Daan Mogot Hayam Wuruk/ Kyai Tapa
(Jakarta Barat) (Jakarta Barat) Parman (Jakarta Barat) Gajah Mada (Jakarta Barat)
(Jakarta Barat) (Jakarta Barat)

VALUE QUALITY STANDARD

Morning Noon Evening Night

O3 average concentration - West Jakarta Average traffic speed - West Jakarta

1.4 46.13
250 44.71
Concentration (ug/m 3 )

1.2 39.40 39.45 40.15

36.28 37.51 37.74 37.26
200 187.56 1 31.9533.35
Speed (km/jam)

178.68 178.68 32.68

150 0.8
0.6
100
0.4
50 0.2
0 0
Daan Mogot Hayam Wuruk Letjend. S Daan Mogot Hayam Wuruk/ Kyai Tapa
(Jakarta Barat) (Jakarta Barat) Parman (Jakarta Barat) Gajah Mada (Jakarta Barat)
(Jakarta Barat) (Jakarta Barat)
VALUE QUALITY STANDARD
Morning Noon Evening Night

71
10
APPENDIX
Measurement Results for
CENTRAL JAKARTA

CO average concentration - Central Jakarta TSP average concentration - Central Jakarta

12000 250
Concentration (ug/m 3 )

Concentration (ug/m 3 )
10000 200
167.34 168.57
8000
150 142.74
5795.00
6000 4612.00
4553.00 100
4000
50
2000
0 0

Gerbang Pemuda Imam Bonjol Merdeka Barat Gerbang Pemuda Imam Bonjol Merdeka Barat
(Jakarta Pusat) (Jakarta Pusat) (Jakarta Pusat) (Jakarta Pusat) (Jakarta Pusat) (Jakarta Pusat)

VALUE QUALITY STANDARD VALUE QUALITY STANDARD

HC average concentration - Central Jakarta SO2 average concentration - Central Jakarta

400 380.24 400

350 350
Concentration (ug/m 3 )

Concentration (ug/m 3 )

300
300
250
200 186.27
174.62 200
150 150

100 100

42.85 58.63
50 50 43.95
0 0

Gerbang Pemuda Imam Bonjol Merdeka Barat Gerbang Pemuda Imam Bonjol Merdeka Barat
(Jakarta Pusat) (Jakarta Pusat) (Jakarta Pusat) (Jakarta Pusat) (Jakarta Pusat) (Jakarta Pusat)

VALUE QUALITY STANDARD VALUE QUALITY STANDARD

NO2 average concentration - Central Jakarta Daily VCR - Central Jakarta

160 1 0.95
140 0.9 1.85
Concentration (ug/m 3 )

120 0.8 0.75

0.7 0.65 0.63
100 0.58 0.58
0.6 0.52
80
VCR

0.5 0.47
0.42
60 51.36 54.97 45.72 0.4 0.34
0.3 0.28
40
20 0.2
0.1
0 0
Gerbang Pemuda Imam Bonjol Merdeka Barat Gerbang Pemuda/ Imam Bonjol Merdeka Barat
(Jakarta Pusat) (Jakarta Pusat) (Jakarta Pusat) Depan TVRI (Jakarta Pusat) (Jakarta Pusat)
(Jakarta Pusat)

VALUE QUALITY STANDARD

Morning Noon Evening Night

O3 average concentration - Central Jakarta Average traffic speed - Central Jakarta

70
450 50.96
392.04 60
Concentration (ug/m 3 )

400 368.64 46.01 46.49 45.06

50 41.71
Speed (km/jam)

350
300 285.12 40 32.22
250 30
200 20
100 10
50
0
0
Gerbang Gerbang Imam Imam Merdeka Merdeka
Gerbang Pemuda Imam Bonjol Merdeka Barat Pemuda/ Pemuda/ Bonjol Bonjol Barat Barat
(Jakarta Pusat) (Jakarta Pusat) (Jakarta Pusat) Depan TVRI Depan TVRI (Jakarta (Jakarta (Jakarta (Jakarta
(Jakarta Pusat)(Jakarta Pusat) Pusat) Pusat) Pusat) Pusat)
(arah Gatot (arah Hotel (arah (arah (arah (arah
VALUE QUALITY STANDARD Subroto) Mulia) Diponegoro) Diponegoro) Bundaran HI) Harmoni)

72
 11
APPENDIX
Measurement Results for
SOUTH JAKARTA

CO average concentration - South Jakarta TSP average concentration - South Jakarta

12000 250
Concentration (ug/m 3 )

Concentration (ug/m 3 )
10000 200
168.39 164.00 168.30
8000
150

6000 5564.00
4326.00 4210.00 100
4000
50
2000
0 0

Cinere/Karang Tengah Raya Kalibata TB Simatupang Cinere/Karang Tengah Raya Kalibata TB Simatupang
(Jakarta Selatan) (Jakarta Selatan) (Jakarta Selatan) (Jakarta Selatan) (Jakarta Selatan) (Jakarta Selatan)

VALUE QUALITY STANDARD VALUE QUALITY STANDARD

HC average concentration - South Jakarta SO2 average concentration - South Jakarta

400 366.28 400
350 350
Concentration (ug/m 3 )

Concentration (ug/m 3 )

300 300
250 250
200 141.44 158.59 2
150 0
150
100 0
100 54.72
40.32 42.54
50 50
0 0
Cinere/Karang Tengah Raya Kalibata TB Simatupang Cinere/Karang Tengah Raya Kalibata TB Simatupang
(Jakarta Selatan) (Jakarta Selatan) (Jakarta Selatan) (Jakarta Selatan) (Jakarta Selatan) (Jakarta Selatan)

VALUE QUALITY STANDARD VALUE QUALITY STANDARD

NO2 average concentration - South Jakarta Daily VCR - South Jakarta

160 1.4
1.22
140 1.2
0.88 1.09
Concentration (ug/m 3 )

120 1
100 0.80 0.79
0.8
VCR

80 0.64
53.81 0.6 0.55 0.51 0.57
60 51.49 45.28
40 0.4 0.36 0.42 0.37

20 0.2
0 0
Cinere/Karang Tengah Raya Kalibata TB Simatupang Karang Tengah Raya Kalibata TB Simatupang
(Jakarta Selatan) (Jakarta Selatan) (Jakarta Selatan) (Jakarta Selatan) (Jakarta Selatan) (Jakarta Selatan)

VALUE QUALITY STANDARD

Morning Noon Evening Night

O3 average concentration - South Jakarta Average traffic speed - South Jakarta

70 36.51 36.40
250 34.37
60 32.35
Concentration (ug/m 3 )

50 27.75
200 188.52 186.84
Speed (km/jam)

174.48
40
150
30
100 20

50 10
0
0 Karang Tengah Karang Tengah Raya Kalibata TB Simatupang TB Simatupang
Cinere/Karang Tengah Raya Kalibata TB Simatupang (Jakarta (Jakarta (Jakarta (Jakarta (Jakarta
(Jakarta Selatan) (Jakarta Selatan) (Jakarta Selatan) Selatan) Selatan) Selatan) Selatan) Selatan)
(arah Cinere) (arah Pondok (arah Lebak (arah Pasar
Indah) Bulus) Rebo)
VALUE QUALITY STANDARD

73
 12
APPENDIX
Measurement Results for
EAST JAKARTA

CO average concentration - East Jakarta TSP average concentration - East Jakarta

12000 250
Concentration (ug/m 3 )

Concentration (ug/m 3 )
10000
200
172.45
8000 154.78 160.01
6183.00 150
6000

4204.00 4267.00 100

4000

2000 50

0 0

DR.Krt.Radjiman Pemuda Pinang Ranti DR.Krt.Radjiman Pemuda Pinang Ranti

(Jakarta Timur) Rawamangun (Jakarta Timur) (Jakarta Timur) Rawamangun (Jakarta Timur)
(Jakarta Timur) (Jakarta Timur)

VALUE QUALITY STANDARD VALUE QUALITY STANDARD

HC average concentration - East Jakarta SO2 average concentration - East Jakarta

400 400

350 350
Concentration (ug/m 3 )

Concentration (ug/m 3 )
300 300

250 239.82 250

200
175.32 177.24 200

150 150

100 100
52.75 53.45 58.64
50 50

0 0
DR.Krt.Radjiman Pemuda Pinang Ranti DR.Krt.Radjiman Pemuda Pinang Ranti
(Jakarta Timur) Rawamangun (Jakarta Timur) (Jakarta Timur) Rawamangun (Jakarta Timur)
(Jakarta Timur) (Jakarta Timur)

VALUE QUALITY STANDARD VALUE QUALITY STANDARD

NO2 average concentration - East Jakarta Daily VCR - East Jakarta

160 1
0.9 0.86
140 0.80
Concentration (ug/m 3 )

0.8 0.72
120
0.68 0.67
0.7 0.60 0.60 0.64
100
0.6 0.54 0.57
VCR

80 0.5 0.47
0.39
60 54.43 55.16 54.26 0.4
40
0.3
0.2
20
0.1
0
DR.Krt.Radjiman Pemuda Pinang Ranti 0
(Jakarta Timur) Rawamangun (Jakarta Timur) Ciracas Gusti Ngurahrai Pemuda
(Jakarta Timur) (Jakarta Timur) (Jakarta Timur) (Jakarta Timur)

VALUE QUALITY STANDARD

Morning Noon Evening Night

O3 average concentration - East Jakarta Average traffic speed - East Jakarta

250
45 40.84 41.90
40 36.47
Concentration (ug/m 3 )

192.60 187.68 35
200
180.24 28.76
Speed (km/jam)

30
25 28.82
150
21.49
20
100
15
10
50
5
0
0
DR.Krt.Radjiman Pinang Ranti Ciracas Ciracas Gusti Gusti Pemuda Pemuda
Pemuda (Jakarta (Jakarta Ngurahrai Ngurahrai (Jakarta (Jakarta
(Jakarta Timur) (Jakarta Timur) Timur) Timur) (Jakarta (Jakarta Timur) Timur)
Rawamangun
(Jakarta Timur) (arah HEK) (arah TMII) Timur) Timur) (arah Pulo (arah
(arah (arah Gadung) Salemba)
VALUE QUALITY STANDARD Jatinegara) Walikota)

74
 13
APPENDIX
Measurement Results for
NORTH JAKARTA

CO average concentration - North Jakarta TSP average concentration - North Jakarta

12000 250
Concentration (ug/m 3 )

Concentration (ug/m 3 )
10000 200 219.24
8000 145.38
6253.00 150 140.37
6000 5372.00
4865.00
100
4000
2000 50

0 0
Bulevard Barat Danau Sunter Yos Sudarso/ Bulevard Barat Danau Sunter Yos Sudarso/
(Jakarta Utara) (Jakarta Utara) depan Walikota (Jakarta Utara) (Jakarta Utara) depan Walikota
Jakut Jakut
(Jakarta Utara) (Jakarta Utara)
VALUE QUALITY STANDARD VALUE QUALITY STANDARD

HC average concentration - North Jakarta SO2 average concentration - North Jakarta

400 369.60 400
349.30
350 350
Concentration (ug/m 3 )

Concentration (ug/m 3 )

300 300
250 250
200 191.10 200
150 150
100 100 56.82 58.98
53.67
50 50
0 0
Bulevard Barat Danau Sunter Yos Sudarso/ Bulevard Barat Danau Sunter Yos Sudarso/
(Jakarta Utara) (Jakarta Utara) depan Walikota (Jakarta Utara) (Jakarta Utara) depan Walikota
Jakut Jakut
(Jakarta Utara) (Jakarta Utara)
VALUE QUALITY STANDARD VALUE QUALITY STANDARD

NO2 average concentration - North Jakarta Daily VCR - North Jakarta

160 1 0.94 0.91
140 0.9 0.83
Concentration (ug/m 3 )

0.8 0.71
120 0.69
0.7 0.64 0.67
100 0.6 0.56
0.52
VCR

80 0.5 0.43
60 52.83 52.93 53.25 0.4 0.34 0.35
40 0.3
0.2
20
0.1
0 0
Bulevard Barat Danau Sunter Yos Sudarso/ Boulevard Kelapa Danau Sunter Yos Sudarso
(Jakarta Utara) (Jakarta Utara) depan Walikota Gading (Jakarta Utara) (Jakarta Utara)
Jakut (Jakarta Utara)
(Jakarta Utara)
VALUE QUALITY STANDARD
Morning Noon Evening Night

O3 average concentration - North Jakarta Average traffic speed - North Utara

45
250 70.10
40
Concentration (ug/m 3 )

200 184.32 183.12 35

Speed (km/jam)

30 47.63
150 25 43.25
120.36
20 30.01
100 15 22.31
10
50
5
0 0
Bulevard Barat Danau Sunter Yos Sudarso/ Boulevard Boulevard Danau Sunter Yos Sudarso Yos Sudarso
(Jakarta Utara) (Jakarta Utara) depan Walikota Kelapa Gading Kelapa Gading (Jakarta Utara) (Jakarta Utara) (Jakarta Utara)
(Jakarta Utara) (Jakarta Utara) (arah Cawang) (arah Tanjung
Jakut (arah Kelapa (arah Yos Priok)
(Jakarta Utara) Gading) Sudarso)
VALUE QUALITY STANDARD

75
 14
APPENDIX
Measurement Results for
BATAM

CO average concentration - Batam TSP average concentration - Batam

12000 250
10000
Concentration (ug/m 3 )

Concentration (ug/m 3 )
200
8000 152.09 161.75 152.11
150
6000 4633.00 4476.00
4568.00
100
4000
2000 50

0 0
A. Yani Jend. Sudirman RE. Martadinata A. Yani Jend. Sudirman RE. Martadinata
(Batam Selatan) (Batam Tengah) (Batam Barat) (Batam Selatan) (Batam Tengah) (Batam Barat)
(Kota Batam) (Kota Batam) (Kota Batam) (Kota Batam) (Kota Batam) (Kota Batam)

VALUE QUALITY STANDARD VALUE QUALITY STANDARD

HC average concentration - Batam SO2 average concentration - Batam

250 400
350
200 193.62 189.18
Concentration (ug/m 3 )

Concentration (ug/m 3 )

174.55 300
150 250
200
100 150
100
50 47.98 50.26 41.62
50
0 0
A. Yani Jend. Sudirman RE. Martadinata A. Yani Jend. Sudirman RE. Martadinata
(Batam Selatan) (Batam Tengah) (Batam Barat) (Batam Selatan) (Batam Tengah) (Batam Barat)
(Kota Batam) (Kota Batam) (Kota Batam) (Kota Batam) (Kota Batam) (Kota Batam)

VALUE QUALITY STANDARD VALUE QUALITY STANDARD

NO2 average concentration - Batam Daily VCR - Batam

160 0.7 0.64
0.61
140 0.6
Concentration (ug/m 3 )

0.52
120 0.5 0.45 0.49
100 0.39
0.4 0.38 0.36 0.37 0.37
VCR

80 0.30 0.29
58.61 57.62 0.3
60 53.39
40 0.2
20 0.1
0 0
A. Yani Jend. Sudirman RE. Martadinata Ahmad Yani RE. Martadinata Sudirman
(Batam Selatan) (Batam Tengah) (Batam Barat) (Kota Batam) (Kota Batam) (Kota Batam)
(Kota Batam) (Kota Batam) (Kota Batam)

VALUE QUALITY STANDARD

Morning Noon Evening Night

O3 average concentration - Batam Average traffic speed - Batam

250 48 47.42 47.45
47
Concentration (ug/m 3 )

200 183.84
166.32 165.84 46
Speed (km/jam)

150 45
44 43.70
100
43
50 42
0 41
A. Yani Jend. Sudirman RE. Martadinata Ahmad Yani RE. Martadinata Sudirman
(Batam Selatan) (Batam Tengah) (Batam Barat) (Kota Batam) (Kota Batam) (Kota Batam)
(Kota Batam) (Kota Batam) (Kota Batam)

VALUE QUALITY STANDARD

76
 15
APPENDIX
Measurement Results for
MAKASSAR

CO average concentration - Makassar TSP average concentration - Makassar

12000 250
Concentration (ug/m 3 )

Concentration (ug/m 3 )
10000 200
8000
150 142.70 140.28 140.68
5632.00 5619.00
6000 4489.00
100
4000
50
2000
0 0
AP. Petarani Jend. Sudirman Urip Sumoharjo AP. Petarani Jend. Sudirman Urip Sumoharjo
(Makassar) (Makassar) (Makassar) (Makassar) (Makassar) (Makassar)

VALUE QUALITY STANDARD VALUE QUALITY STANDARD

HC average concentration - Makassar SO2 average concentration - Makassar

400 376.81 370.90 400
350 350
Concentration (ug/m 3 )

Concentration (ug/m 3 )

300 300
250 250
200 176.72 200
150 150
100 100
56.79 42.35 57.84
50 50
0 0
AP. Petarani Jend. Sudirman Urip Sumoharjo AP. Petarani Jend. Sudirman Urip Sumoharjo
(Makassar) (Makassar) (Makassar) (Makassar) (Makassar) (Makassar)

VALUE QUALITY STANDARD VALUE QUALITY STANDARD

NO2 average concentration - Makassar Daily VCR - Makassar

160 1.2
Concentration (ug/m 3 )

140 0.97
1
120 0.89
0.83
100 0.8 0.75 0.75 0.74
0.68 0.66
0.61
VCR

80 0.6 0.53 0.54

60 57.31 0.40
46.92 45.48 0.4
40
20 0.2
0 0
AP. Petarani Jend. Sudirman Urip Sumoharjo AP. Petarani Jend. Sudirman Urip Sumoharjo
(Makassar) (Makassar) (Makassar) (Makassar) (Makassar) (Makassar)

VALUE QUALITY STANDARD

Morning Noon Evening Night

O3 average concentration - Makassar Average traffic speed - Makassar

250 50 38.85
Concentration (ug/m 3 )

45 33.73
200 40 29.38
Speed (km/jam)

167.28 35 24.96
165.00 162.00
30 23.49
150
25
100 20
15
50 10
5
0 0
AP. Petarani Jend. Sudirman Urip Sumoharjo AP. Petarani AP. Petarani Jend. Urip Urip
(Makassar) (Makassar) (Makassar) (Makassar) (Makassar) Sudirman Sumoharjo Sumoharjo
(arah (arah (Makassar) (Makassar) (Makassar)
St. Alaudin) Urip (arah (arah
Sumoharjo) AP. Petarani) Perintis)
VALUE QUALITY STANDARD

77
 16
APPENDIX
Measurement Results for
MALANG

CO average concentration - Malang TSP average concentration - Malang

12000 250
10000
Concentration (ug/m 3 )

Concentration (ug/m 3 )
200
8000 154.52 148.12
150 145.78
6000
4274.00 4510.00 4398.00 100
4000
2000 50

0 0
Besar Ijen Merdeka Utara Soekarno-Hatta Besar Ijen Merdeka Utara Soekarno-Hatta
(Malang) (Malang) (Malang) (Malang) (Malang) (Malang)

VALUE QUALITY STANDARD VALUE QUALITY STANDARD

HC average concentration - Malang SO2 average concentration - Malang

250 400
Concentration (ug/m 3 )

Concentration (ug/m 3 )

350
200 192.99 182.70
179.55 300
150 250
200
100 150
100
50 52.51 55.10 53.17
50
0 0
Besar Ijen Merdeka Utara Soekarno-Hatta Besar Ijen Merdeka Utara Soekarno-Hatta
(Malang) (Malang) (Malang) (Malang) (Malang) (Malang)

VALUE QUALITY STANDARD VALUE QUALITY STANDARD

NO2 average concentration - Malang Daily VCR - Malang

160 0.6 0.56
Concentration (ug/m 3 )

0.53
140 0.5 0.49 0.47 0.46
120 0.41 0.42
0.4 0.36
100 0.32
VCR

0.30
80 0.3 0.28
0.24
60 56.81 57.53 55.41 0.2
40
20 0.1
0 0
Besar Ijen Merdeka Utara Soekarno-Hatta Ijen Panglima Sudirman Soekarno-Hatta
(Malang) (Malang) (Malang) (Malang) (Malang) (Malang)

VALUE QUALITY STANDARD

Morning Noon Evening Night

O3 average concentration - Malang Average traffic speed - Malang

250 60 54.94
Concentration (ug/m 3 )

50 47.28
200
Speed (km/jam)

171.84 172.32 39.96

159.00 40 35.61
150
30
100
20
50 10

0 0
Besar Ijen Merdeka Utara Soekarno-Hatta Ijen Panglima Sudirman Soekarno-Hatta Soekarno-Hatta
(Malang) (Malang) (Malang) (Malang) (Malang) (Malang) (Malang)
(arah Taman (arah UnBraw)
Krida Budaya)
VALUE QUALITY STANDARD

78
 17
APPENDIX
Measurement Results for
MEDAN

CO average concentration - Medan TSP average concentration - Medan

12000 250
Concentration (ug/m 3 )

Concentration (ug/m 3 )
10000 200
8000 150 140.62 144.76 140.63
5762.00 5420.00
6000
4569.00 100
4000
50
2000
0 0
Gatot Subroto Ringroad/ Sisingamangaraja Gatot Subroto Ringroad/ Sisingamangaraja
(Medan) Gagak Hitam (Medan) (Medan) Gagak Hitam (Medan)
(Medan) (Medan)

VALUE QUALITY STANDARD VALUE QUALITY STANDARD

HC average concentration - Medan SO2 average concentration - Medan

400 380.77 400

Concentration (ug/m 3 )

Concentration (ug/m 3 )
358.19
350 350
300 300
250
200
176.61 200
150
150
100 100
50 43.21 59.37 55.63
50
0 0
Gatot Subroto Ringroad/ Sisingamangaraja Gatot Subroto Ringroad/ Sisingamangaraja
(Medan) Gagak Hitam (Medan) (Medan) Gagak Hitam (Medan)
(Medan) (Medan)
VALUE QUALITY STANDARD VALUE QUALITY STANDARD

NO2 average concentration - Medan Daily VCR - Medan

160 0.7
Concentration (ug/m 3 )

140 0.60 0.60

0.6
0.52
120 0.47 0.49
0.5 0.45 0.43
100 0.41
0.39
0.4
VCR

0.35
80 0.32
0.3 0.26
60 56.28 49.12 42.89 0.2
40
20 0.1
0 0
Gatot Subroto Ringroad/ Sisingamangaraja Gagak Hitam Gatot Subroto Sisingamangaraja
(Medan) Gagak Hitam (Medan) (Medan) (Medan) (Medan)
(Medan)
VALUE QUALITY STANDARD
Morning Noon Evening Night

O3 average concentration - Medan Average traffic speed - Medan

60
Concentration (ug/m 3 )

250
50 48.74 49.18 48.91
Speed (km/jam)

200
177.84 165.12 165.36 40 38.09 36.55
150 30
100 20

50 10
0
0 Gagak Gagak Gatot Subroto Sisingama Sisingama
Gatot Subroto Ringroad/ Sisingamangaraja Hitam Hitam (Medan) ngaraja ngaraja
(Medan) Gagak Hitam (Medan) (Medan) (Medan) (arah Binjai) (Medan) (Medan)
(Medan) (arah (arah (arah (arah
VALUE QUALITY STANDARD Pondok Setiabudi) Amplas) Medan)
Kelapa)
79
 18
APPENDIX
Measurement Results for
PADANG

CO average concentration - Padang TSP average concentration - Padang

12000 250
Concentration (ug/m 3 )

Concentration (ug/m 3 )
10000
200

8000
145.94 143.64 147.37
150
6000
5006.00 4753.00
4063.00 100
4000

2000 50

0 0

Air Paca S.Parman H.Agus Air Paca S.Parman H.Agus

(Padang) (Padang) Salim (Padang) (Padang) Salim
(Padang) (Padang)

VALUE QUALITY STANDARD VALUE QUALITY STANDARD

HC average concentration - Padang SO2 average concentration - Padang

250 400
Concentration (ug/m 3 )

) )

218.75
3 3

210.35
(ug/m

350
Konsentrasi (ug/m

200
177.10 300
Concentration

150 250

200
100
150

100
50
56.54 52.84 58.26
50

0 0

Air Paca S.Parman H.Agus Air Paca S.Parman H.Agus

(Padang) (Padang) Salim (Padang) (Padang) Salim
(Padang) (Padang)
VALUE QUALITY STANDARD VALUE QUALITY STANDARD

NO2 average concentration - Padang Daily VCR - Padang

160 0.7 0.64
Concentration (ug/m 3 )

140 0.6 0.55 0.55

0.53
120
0.5 0.47 0.46 0.47
0.42 0.42 0.43
0.38
100
0.4
VCR

0.34
80
55.25 57.34 0.3
60 53.46
40
0.2
20
0.1
0 0
Air Paca S.Parman H.Agus Agus Salim By Pass S. Paman
(Padang) (Padang) Salim (Padang) (Padang) (Padang)
(Padang)
VALUE QUALITY STANDARD
Morning Noon Evening Night

O3 average concentration - Padang Average traffic speed - Padang

250 41 40.32
Concentration (ug/m 3 )

40 39.80
39
Speed (km/jam)

200

164.76 155.28 38
149.64 37
150
36
100 35 34.54
34
50 33
32
0 31
Air Paca S.Parman H.Agus Agus Salim By Pass S. Paman
(Padang) (Padang) Salim (Padang) (Padang) (Padang)
(Padang)

VALUE QUALITY STANDARD

80
 19
APPENDIX
Measurement Results for
PALEMBANG

CO average concentration - Palembang TSP average concentration - Palembang

12000 250
10000
Concentration (ug/m 3 )

Concentration (ug/m 3 )
200
8000
150 142.47 140.26 141.73
6000 5482.00
4374.00 4587.00
100
4000
2000 50

0 0
AKBP Cek Agus Demang Lebar HM. Mayjen. AKBP Cek Agus Demang Lebar HM. Mayjen.
(Palembang) Daun Ryacudu (Palembang) Daun Ryacudu
(Palembang) (Palembang) (Palembang) (Palembang)

VALUE QUALITY STANDARD VALUE QUALITY STANDARD

HC average concentration - Palembang SO2 average concentration - Palembang

400 379.61 400

Concentration (ug/m 3 )

Concentration (ug/m 3 )

350 350
300 300
250 250
200 195.06 200
177.24
150 150
100 100
56.78 50.15 43.93
50 50
0 0
AKBP Cek Agus Demang Lebar HM. Mayjen. AKBP Cek Agus Demang Lebar HM. Mayjen.
(Palembang) Daun Ryacudu (Palembang) Daun Ryacudu
(Palembang) (Palembang) (Palembang) (Palembang)
VALUE QUALITY STANDARD VALUE QUALITY STANDARD

NO2 average concentration - Palembang Daily VCR - Palembang

160 1.8 1.67
Concentration (ug/m 3 )

140 1.6
120 1.4 1.26
1.2 1.03
100 0.98
1
0.85 0.91 0.77
VCR

80 0.84
0.8
60 58.39 55.26
49.23 0.6 0.49 0.43 0.49
40 0.4 0.31
20 0.2
0 0
AKBP Cek Agus Demang Lebar HM. Mayjen. AKBP Cek Agus Demang Lebar HM. Mayjen.
(Palembang) Daun Ryacudu (Palembang) Daun Ryacudu
(Palembang) (Palembang) (Palembang) (Palembang)

VALUE QUALITY STANDARD

Morning Noon Evening Night

O3 average concentration - Palembang Average traffic speed - Palembang

250 1.8 1.67
Concentration (ug/m 3 )

1.6
200 178.08 174.36 1.4
Speed (km/jam)

171.84
1.2 1.03
150 1
0.8
100 0.49
0.6
50 0.4
0.2
0 0
AKBP Cek Agus Demang Lebar HM. Mayjen. AKBP Cek Agus Demang Lebar HM. Mayjen.
(Palembang) Daun Ryacudu (Palembang) Daun Ryacudu
(Palembang) (Palembang) (Palembang) (Palembang)

VALUE QUALITY STANDARD

81
 20
APPENDIX
Measurement Results for
PEKANBARU

CO average concentration - Pekanbaru TSP average concentration - Pekanbaru

12000 250
Concentration (ug/m 3 )

Concentration (ug/m 3 )
10000 200
8000 142.72 143.63
150 137.06
6000 5432.00 5469.00
4459.00 100
4000
50
2000
0 0
Jend. Sudiman Soekarno-Hatta Tambusai/ Jend. Sudiman Soekarno-Hatta Tambusai/
(Pekanbaru) (Pekanbaru) Nangka (Pekanbaru) (Pekanbaru) Nangka
(Pekanbaru) (Pekanbaru)

VALUE QUALITY STANDARD VALUE QUALITY STANDARD

HC average concentration - Pekanbaru SO2 average concentration - Pekanbaru

400 377.83 381.40 400

Concentration (ug/m 3 )

Concentration (ug/m 3 )

350 350
300 300
250 250
200 187.99 200
150 150
100 100
54.16 41.23 51.89
50 50
0 0
Jend. Sudiman Soekarno-Hatta Tambusai/ Jend. Sudiman Soekarno-Hatta Tambusai/
(Pekanbaru) (Pekanbaru) Nangka (Pekanbaru) (Pekanbaru) Nangka
(Pekanbaru) (Pekanbaru)
VALUE QUALITY STANDARD VALUE QUALITY STANDARD

NO2 average concentration - Pekanbaru Daily VCR - Pekanbaru

160 0.9
Concentration (ug/m 3 )

140 0.8 0.77 0.73 0.74

120 0.7 0.65
0.6 0.58 0.55
100 0.50 0.51
0.5
VCR

80 0.39 0.43 0.43

0.4
60 50.59 45.67 0.30
42.61 0.3
40 0.2
20 0.1
0 0
Jend. Sudiman Soekarno-Hatta Tambusai/ Nangka Soekarno-Hatta Jend. Sudiman
(Pekanbaru) (Pekanbaru) Nangka (Pekanbaru) (Pekanbaru) (Pekanbaru)
(Pekanbaru)
VALUE QUALITY STANDARD
Morning Noon Evening Night

O3 average concentration - Pekanbaru Average traffic speed - Pekanbaru

250 25.5
Concentration (ug/m 3 )

25 24.84
24.56
200 24.5
Speed (km/jam)

24
150 141.48 138.84 142.20 23.5 23.21 23.19
23
100 22.43 22.38
22.5
50 22
21.5
0 21
Jend. Sudiman Soekarno-Hatta Tambusai/ Nangka Nangka Soekarno- Soekarno- Sudiman Sudiman
(Pekanbaru) (Pekanbaru) Nangka (Pekanbaru) (Pekanbaru) Hatta Hatta (Pekanbaru) (Pekanbaru)
(Pekanbaru) (arah (arah SKA) (Pekanbaru) (Pekanbaru) (arah (arah
Sudiman) (arah Jl. (arah SKA) Bandara Sungai
VALUE QUALITY STANDARD Riau) SSK) Dukuh)

82
 21
APPENDIX
Measurement Results for
SAMARINDA

CO average concentration - Samarinda TSP average concentration - Samarinda

12000 250
10000
Concentration (ug/m 3 )

Concentration (ug/m 3 )
200
8000 159.20 163.56 167.89
150
6000 4960.00 4786.00
4654.00 100
4000
2000 50

0 0
Baru Kusuma Wahid Hasyim Wahid Hasyim Baru Kusuma Wahid Hasyim Wahid Hasyim
Bangsa (Samarinda) (Samarinda) Bangsa (Samarinda) (Samarinda)
(Samarinda) (Samarinda)

VALUE QUALITY STANDARD VALUE QUALITY STANDARD

HC average concentration - Samarinda SO2 average concentration - Samarinda

250 400
Concentration (ug/m 3 )

Concentration (ug/m 3 )

201.01 205.14 350

200 182.35 300
150 250
200
100 150
100
50
50 43.25 46.31 42.11
0 0
Baru Kusuma Wahid Hasyim Wahid Hasyim Baru Kusuma Wahid Hasyim Wahid Hasyim
Bangsa (Samarinda) (Samarinda) Bangsa (Samarinda) (Samarinda)
(Samarinda) (Samarinda)
VALUE QUALITY STANDARD VALUE QUALITY STANDARD

NO2 average concentration - Samarinda Daily VCR - Samarinda

160 1
Concentration (ug/m 3 )

0.9 0.89
140 0.81
0.8
120 0.7
0.70
100 0.60
0.6
VCR

80 0.5 0.47
0.42 0.43
60 57.30 55.17 0.4 0.36 0.31 0.32
51.35 0.30 0.29
0.3
40
0.2
20 0.1
0 0
Baru Kusuma Wahid Hasyim Wahid Hasyim Kusuma Bangsa Slamet Riyadi Wahid Hasyim
Bangsa (Samarinda) (Samarinda) (Samarinda) (Samarinda) (Samarinda)
(Samarinda)
VALUE QUALITY STANDARD
Morning Noon Evening Night

O3 average concentration - Samarinda Average traffic speed - Samarinda

250 40
Concentration (ug/m 3 )

35 34.11
200 29.07 29.57 29.38
Speed (km/jam)

180.96 183.72 172.56 30

24.69 26.32
150 25
20
100 15
10
50
5
0 0
Baru Kusuma Wahid Hasyim Wahid Hasyim Kusuma Kusuma Slamet Slamet Wahid Wahid
Bangsa (Samarinda) (Samarinda) Bangsa Bangsa Riyadi Riyadi Hasyim Hasyim
(Samarinda) (Samarinda)(Samarinda) (Samarinda) (Samarinda)(Samarinda) (Samarinda)
(arah Agus (arah (arah Loa (arah Teluk (arah AW. (arah M.
VALUE QUALITY STANDARD Salim) Bhanyang Bakung) Lerong) Syahrani) Yamin)
kara)
83
 22
APPENDIX
Measurement Results for
SEMARANG

CO average concentration - Semarang TSP average concentration - Semarang

12000 250
Concentration (ug/m 3 )

Concentration (ug/m 3 )
10000 200
8000 147.30
150 142.08 138.60
5670.00 5688.00
6000 4562.00
100
4000
50
2000
0 0
Majapahit Setiabudi Sudirman Majapahit Setiabudi Sudirman
(Semarang) (Semarang) (Semarang) (Semarang) (Semarang) (Semarang)

VALUE QUALITY STANDARD VALUE QUALITY STANDARD

HC average concentration - Semarang SO2 average concentration - Semarang

400 400
368.59 367.33
350 350
Concentration (ug/m 3 )

Concentration (ug/m 3 )

300 300
250 250
208.95
200 200
150 150
100 100
50 42.51 55.43 58.42
50
0 0
Majapahit Setiabudi Sudirman Majapahit Setiabudi Sudirman
(Semarang) (Semarang) (Semarang) (Semarang) (Semarang) (Semarang)

VALUE QUALITY STANDARD VALUE QUALITY STANDARD

NO2 average concentration - Semarang Daily VCR - Semarang

160 0.8
Concentration (ug/m 3 )

0.70 0.69 0.68 0.68

140 0.7
0.61 0.61
120 0.6 0.58
0.52 0.53 0.51 0.52
100 0.5 0.45
VCR

80 0.4
60 55.84 0.3
47.61 45.36
40 0.2
20 0.1
0 0
Majapahit Setiabudi Sudirman Majapahit Setiabudi Sudirman
(Semarang) (Semarang) (Semarang) (Semarang) (Semarang) (Semarang)

VALUE QUALITY STANDARD

Morning Noon Evening Night

O3 average concentration - Semarang Average traffic speed - Semarang

250 50
Concentration (ug/m 3 )

45 43.55
200 40 38.11
Speed (km/jam)

175.56 171.60 164.04 35

150 30 28.64
26.33
25
100 20
15
50 10
5
0 0
Majapahit Setiabudi Sudirman Majapahit Setiabudi Sudirman Sudirman
(Semarang) (Semarang) (Semarang) (Semarang) (Semarang) (Semarang) (Semarang)
(arah Kali (arah Tugu
Banteng) Muda)
VALUE QUALITY STANDARD

84
 23
APPENDIX
Measurement Results for
SURABAYA

CO average concentration - Surabaya TSP average concentration - Surabaya

1200 250
1000
Concentration (ug/m 3 )

Concentration (ug/m 3 )
200
800 154.38 143.36
150 140.62
600
4621.00 4587.00 4783.00
100
400
200 50

0 0
Bukit Darmo Boulevard Pandegiling Raya Kertajaya Bukit Darmo Boulevard Pandegiling Raya Kertajaya
(Surabaya) (Surabaya) Indah (Surabaya) (Surabaya) Indah
(Surabaya Barat) (Surabaya Pusat) (Surabaya) (Surabaya Barat) (Surabaya Pusat) (Surabaya)
(Surabaya Timur) (Surabaya Timur)
VALUE QUALITY STANDARD VALUE QUALITY STANDARD

HC average concentration - Surabaya SO2 average concentration - Surabaya

195 188.09 400

Concentration (ug/m 3 )

Concentration (ug/m 3 )

190 350
185
300
180 176.09
174.55 250
175
170 200
165 150
160
100
155 41.32 46.45 41.89
150 50
145 0
Bukit Darmo Boulevard Pandegiling Raya Kertajaya Bukit Darmo Boulevard Pandegiling Raya Kertajaya
(Surabaya) (Surabaya) Indah (Surabaya) (Surabaya) Indah
(Surabaya Barat) (Surabaya Pusat) (Surabaya) (Surabaya Barat) (Surabaya Pusat) (Surabaya)
(Surabaya Timur) (Surabaya Timur)
VALUE QUALITY STANDARD VALUE QUALITY STANDARD

NO2 average concentration - Surabaya Daily VCR - Surabaya

160 1 0.94
Concentration (ug/m 3 )

140 0.9
0.8 0.78
120 0.73
0.7 0.66 0.62
100 0.60
0.6 0.54 0.54 0.56
0.50
VCR

80 0.5 0.50
60 56.23 58.94 57.13 0.4
40 0.3 0.23
0.2
20
0.1
0 0
Bukit Darmo Boulevard Pandegiling Raya Kertajaya Ambengan Damo Kertajaya
(Surabaya) (Surabaya) Indah (Surabaya) Boulevard Indah
(Surabaya Barat) (Surabaya Pusat) (Surabaya) (Suarabaya) (Surabaya)
(Surabaya Timur)
VALUE QUALITY STANDARD
Morning Noon Evening Night

O3 average concentration - Surabaya Average traffic speed - Surabaya

250 40
36.45
Concentration (ug/m 3 )

35.14 33.84 35.19

35
200 28.93
Speed (km/jam)

168.48 171.00 30 28.14

159.24
150 25
20
100 15
10
50
5
0 0
Bukit Darmo Boulevard Pandegiling Raya Kertajaya Ambengan Ambengan Damo Damo Kertajaya Kertajaya
(Surabaya) (Surabaya) Indah (Surabaya) (Surabaya) Boulevard Boulevard Indah Indah
(Surabaya Barat) (Surabaya Pusat) (Surabaya) (arah (arah (Suarabaya) (Suarabaya) (Surabaya) (Surabaya)
(Surabaya Timur) Undaan) Walikota) (arah (arah (arah ITS) (arah
VALUE QUALITY STANDARD Pakuwon) Unesa) Pusat
Kota)
85
 24
APPENDIX
Measurement Results for
SURAKARTA

CO average concentration - Surakarta TSP average concentration - Surakarta

12000 250
10000
Concentration (ug/m 3 )

Concentration (ug/m 3 )
200
8000 158.60
150 148.20
137.06
6000
4625.00 4703.00
3829.00 100
4000
2000 50

0 0
Slamet Riyadi Slamet Riyadi kolonel Sutarto Slamet Riyadi Slamet Riyadi kolonel Sutarto
(surakarta) (surakarta) (surakarta) (surakarta) (surakarta) (surakarta)

VALUE QUALITY STANDARD VALUE QUALITY STANDARD

HC average concentration - Surakarta SO2 average concentration - Surakarta

250 400
215.25 350
Concentration (ug/m 3 )

Concentration (ug/m 3 )

200
300
163.80
150 250
200
100 150
44.87 100
50 54.38 57.69 59.46
50
0 0
Slamet Riyadi Slamet Riyadi kolonel Sutarto Slamet Riyadi Slamet Riyadi kolonel Sutarto
(surakarta) (surakarta) (surakarta) (surakarta) (surakarta) (surakarta)

VALUE QUALITY STANDARD VALUE QUALITY STANDARD

NO2 average concentration - Surakarta Daily VCR - Surakarta

160 0.7
Concentration (ug/m 3 )

0.62
140 0.6 0.59
0.53 0.51
120 0.50 0.49
0.5 0.47 0.46
100 0.38 0.39
0.4 0.36
VCR

80
56.72 55.34 0.3 0.24
60 53.46
40 0.2
20 0.1
0 0
Slamet Riyadi Slamet Riyadi kolonel Sutarto Adi Sucipto Ir. Sutami Slamet Riyadi
(surakarta) (surakarta) (surakarta) (Surakarta) (Surakarta) (Surakarta)

VALUE QUALITY STANDARD

Morning Noon Evening Night

O3 average concentration - Surakarta Average traffic speed - Surakarta

250 46 45.52
Concentration (ug/m 3 )

45 44.30
44.03
200 44
Speed (km/jam)

43 42.73
140.28 148.56 148.68 42 41.65
150
41
100 40 30.34
39
50 38
37
0 36
Slamet Riyadi Slamet Riyadi kolonel Sutarto Adi Sucipto Adi Sucipto Ir. Sutami Ir. Sutami Slamet Slamet
(surakarta) (surakarta) (surakarta) (Surakarta) (Surakarta) (Surakarta) (Surakarta) Riyadi Riyadi
(Colomadu (Manahan (Jurug--> (Pucangsa (Surakarta) (Surakarta)
--> --> Pucangsa wi--> (Gladak--> (Purwosari-
VALUE QUALITY STANDARD Manahan) Colomadu) wi) Jurug ) Purwosari) ->Gladak)

86
 25
APPENDIX
Measurement Results for
TANGERANG

CO average concentration - Tangerang TSP average concentration - Tangerang

12000 250
10000
Concentration (ug/m 3 )

Concentration (ug/m 3 )
200
8000
150 140.27 131.60 138.23
5886.00
6000 5369.00
4658.00 100
4000
2000 50

0 0
Daan Mogot Imam Bonjol MH. Thamrin Daan Mogot Imam Bonjol MH. Thamrin
(Tangerang) (Tangerang) (Tangerang) (Tangerang) (Tangerang) (Tangerang)

VALUE QUALITY STANDARD VALUE QUALITY STANDARD

HC average concentration - Tangerang SO2 average concentration - Tangerang

400 384.37 400

362.39
Concentration (ug/m 3 )

Concentration (ug/m 3 )

350 350
300 300
250 250
200 173.32 200
150 150
100 100
56.14 58.97 40.19
50 50
0 0
Daan Mogot Imam Bonjol MH. Thamrin Daan Mogot Imam Bonjol MH. Thamrin
(Tangerang) (Tangerang) (Tangerang) (Tangerang) (Tangerang) (Tangerang)

VALUE QUALITY STANDARD VALUE QUALITY STANDARD

NO2 average concentration - Tangerang Daily VCR - Tangerang

160 0.9
Concentration (ug/m 3 )

0.8 0.77 0.75 0.75

140 0.74 0.74
0.7 0.64 0.66 0.67
120 0.63
0.6 0.56
100 0.51 0.49
0.5
VCR

80
0.4
60 50.35 53.21 0.3
41.32
40 0.2
20 0.1
0 0
Daan Mogot Imam Bonjol MH. Thamrin Imam Bonjol Jend. Sudirman MH. Thamrin
(Tangerang) (Tangerang) (Tangerang) (Tangerang) (Tangerang) (Tangerang)

VALUE QUALITY STANDARD

Morning Noon Evening Night

O3 average concentration - Tangerang Average traffic speed - Tangerang

300 284.88 80
Concentration (ug/m 3 )

70 68.99
250 60.75
Speed (km/jam)

60 54.05 56.77
214.80 50
49.54
200
40
150 144.72 30
20
50
10
0 0
Daan Mogot Imam Bonjol MH. Thamrin Imam Bonjol Jend. Sudirman Jend. Sudirman MH. Thamrin MH. Thamrin
(Tangerang) (Tangerang) (Tangerang) (Tangerang) (Tangerang) (Tangerang) (Tangerang) (Tangerang)
(arah Cikokol) (arah Kalideres) (arah (arah
Serpong) Tangerang)
VALUE QUALITY STANDARD

87
 26
APPENDIX
MeasurementResults for
YOGYAKARTA

CO average concentration - Yogyakarta TSP average concentration - Yogyakarta

12000 250
10000
Concentration (ug/m 3 )

Concentration (ug/m 3 )
200
8000
150 146.36 143.57 141.74
6000
4265.00 4302.00 4214.00
100
4000
2000 50

0 0
Jend. Laksamana Adi Senopati Jend. Laksamana Adi Senopati
Sudirman Sucipto (Yogyakarta) Sudirman Sucipto (Yogyakarta)
(Yogyakarta) (Yogyakarta) (Yogyakarta) (Yogyakarta)

VALUE QUALITY STANDARD VALUE QUALITY STANDARD

HC average concentration - Yogyakarta SO2 average concentration - Yogyakarta

165 400
Concentration (ug/m 3 )

Concentration (ug/m 3 )

160 350
300
155
250
150 149.14
200
145.18 141.33 150
145
100
135 40.92 40.57 41.10
50
130 0
Jend. Laksamana Adi Senopati Jend. Laksamana Adi Senopati
Sudirman Sucipto (Yogyakarta) Sudirman Sucipto (Yogyakarta)
(Yogyakarta) (Yogyakarta) (Yogyakarta) (Yogyakarta)
VALUE QUALITY STANDARD VALUE QUALITY STANDARD

NO2 average concentration - Yogyakarta Daily VCR - Yogyakarta

160 1.4
Concentration (ug/m 3 )

1.22
140 1.2 1.12
120 1 0.97
100 0.78
0.8 0.68 0.73
VCR

80 0.63 0.62 0.59

0.6 0.43 0.58
60 53.55 52.94 0.49
50.16
40 0.4
20 0.2
0 0
Jend. Laksamana Adi Senopati Jend. Sudirman Laksamana Adi Senopati
Sudirman Sucipto (Yogyakarta) (Yogyakarta) Sucipto (Yogyakarta)
(Yogyakarta) (Yogyakarta) (Yogyakarta)
VALUE QUALITY STANDARD
Morning Noon Evening Night

O3 average concentration - Yogyakarta Average traffic speed - Yogyakarta

250 60
Concentration (ug/m 3 )

51.03
50
200 179.16
Speed (km/jam)

176.04 173.40 39.85

40
150 31.47
30 27.93
100
20
50 10

0 0
Jend. Laksamana Adi Senopati Jend. Sudirman Laksamana Adi Laksamana Adi Senopati
Sudirman Sucipto (Yogyakarta) (Yogyakarta) Sucipto Sucipto (Yogyakarta)
(Yogyakarta) (Yogyakarta) (Yogyakarta) (Yogyakarta)
(arah Gejayan) (arah Saphir
VALUE QUALITY STANDARD Square)

88