ABSTRACT

Aero foils are the heart of aviation industry as it is the principle part of the aircraft which generates the useful
lift. Estimation of the drag component and coefficient of drag of the commercial designs in aircraft airfoils are
essential for purposes such as reduction of fuel usage, precise environmental management and other
commercial reasons. To obtain an idea about the drag, its reduction techniques and harvest the above-
mentioned benefits it is important to compute the drag coefficient of the airfoil for different Reynolds numbers
and angle of attacks. Measurement of drag by the wake survey is an experimental method used in aeronautical
lab experiments for the airfoils with low angle of attacks. In this experiment, dynamic pressure was calculated
for each scenario and plotted with the tap position and based on that coefficient of drag was calculated using
the AEROLAB pressure wing and the AEROLAB educational wind tunnel as the experimental equipment. It
was found out that with the increase of the angle of attack in a constant free stream velocity coefficient of drag
increases with in the range of low angle of attack. With the increase of the free stream velocity in a constant
angle of attack it decreases the drag coefficient and wake rake can be used as a proper method to calculate the
drag of a testing geometry.

i
 TABLE OF CONTENT
ABSTRACT......................................................................................................................................................... i

TABLE OF CONTENT ...................................................................................................................................... ii

LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................................................... iv

LIST OF TABLES ...............................................................................................................................................v

ACRONYMS ..................................................................................................................................................... vi

NOMENCLATURE ......................................................................................................................................... vii

1. INTRODUCTION ...........................................................................................................................................1

1.2 Aim ............................................................................................................................................................2

1.3 Objectives ..................................................................................................................................................2

2. Experimental Setup ..........................................................................................................................................3

3. THEORY .........................................................................................................................................................5

3.1 Measurement of dynamic pressure. ...........................................................................................................5

3.2 Momentum loss measurement ...................................................................................................................5

4. PROCEDURE ..................................................................................................................................................7

5. OBSERVATIONS ...........................................................................................................................................8

6. CALCULATIONS ...........................................................................................................................................9

6.1 Y/C Calculation .........................................................................................................................................9

6.2 Free Stream Dynamic Pressure Calculation...............................................................................................9

6.3 Dynamic Pressure Calculation for RPM 1000 and AOA 0 ......................................................................10

6.4 Analysis of Data.......................................................................................................................................11

6.5 Area Calculation ......................................................................................................................................11

6.6 Coefficient of Drag Calculation ...............................................................................................................12

6.7 Coefficient of drag with the Reynolds number. .......................................................................................13

7. DISCUSSION ................................................................................................................................................14
ii
 7.2 Comparison of the Drag Coefficient Values Obtained by Analyzing the Pressure Distribution Over the
Airfoil with the Present Values. .....................................................................................................................14

7.2 Errors/Advantages of Using Wake Rakes to Estimate Drag Due to Momentum Loss ............................15

8. CONCLUSION ..............................................................................................................................................17

9. REFERENCE.................................................................................................................................................18

10. APPENDIX ..................................................................................................................................................19

A – Y/C Calculations .....................................................................................................................................19

B - RPM vs Velocity Chart ............................................................................................................................20

C - Dynamic Pressure Value calculation charts .............................................................................................21

D – Dynamic Pressure vs Y/C Graphs ...........................................................................................................24

E - MATLAB® Codes for Plotting and Area Calculation ..............................................................................27

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 LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1 AEROLAB Educational Wind Tunnel ..................................................................................................3

Figure 2 AEROLAB pressure wing .....................................................................................................................4

Figure 3 AEROLAB Wake Rake .........................................................................................................................4

Figure 4 Momentum loss over a wing .................................................................................................................5

Figure 5 Area calculation for Cd values ..............................................................................................................6

Figure 6 Dynamic pressure variation with the Y/C at 1000 RPM and 0 AOA ..................................................11

Figure 7 Cd variation with AOA .......................................................................................................................13

Figure 8 Readings for the 750RPM AOA 9 .......................................................................................................15

Figure 9 RPM vs Velocity graph .......................................................................................................................20

Figure 10 Dynamic pressure variation with the Y/C at 1000 RPM and 3 AOA ................................................24

Figure 11 Dynamic pressure variation with the Y/C at 1000 RPM and 6 AOA ................................................24

Figure 12 Dynamic pressure variation with the Y/C at 750 RPM and 0 AOA ..................................................25

Figure 13 Dynamic pressure variation with the Y/C at 750 RPM and 3 AOA ..................................................25

Figure 14 Dynamic pressure variation with the Y/C at 750 RPM and 6 AOA ..................................................26

iv
 LIST OF TABLES
Table 1 Observations ...........................................................................................................................................8

Table 2 Dynamic pressure calculation for RPM 1000 and AOA 0 ....................................................................10

Table 3 Cd Values for 1000RPM for different AOA.........................................................................................12

Table 4 Cd Values for 750RPM for different AOA...........................................................................................12

Table 5 Cd values with the AOA of pressure distribution experiment ..............................................................14

Table 6 Cd values with the AOA of wake survey method .................................................................................14

Table 7 Y/C Calculations ...................................................................................................................................19

Table 8 Dynamic pressure calculation for 1000RPM 3AOA ............................................................................21

Table 9 Dynamic pressure calculation for 1000RPM 6AOA ...........................................................................21

Table 10 Dynamic pressure calculation for 750RPM 0AOA ..........................................................................22

Table 11 Dynamic pressure calculation for 750RPM 3AOA ..........................................................................22

Table 12 Dynamic pressure calculation for 750RPM 6AOA ..........................................................................23

v
 ACRONYMS

AOA Angle of attack

RPM Revolutions per minute

vi
 NOMENCLATURE

g – acceleration due to gravity

c – Chord length

Cd – Coefficient of drag

ρ∞ - Free stream air density

q∞ - Free stream (upstream) dynamic pressure

q – Dynamic pressure of the wake

pT – Total pressure

Ps – Static pressure

Y – Distance to the point from the reference Zero point

Yw -Width of the wake

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1. INTRODUCTION
Wind tunnel analytical calculations are considered as the most accurate method for obtaining aerodynamic data
for a geometry. The purpose of a wind tunnel is to test aerodynamic concepts in a controlled environment using
visualization and /or measurement techniques. Aerodynamic forces on a geometry is calculated typically by
integrating the pressure times the incremental area around the overall surface but in practice except for
educational simple experiments it not commercially used because of it takes large amount of pressure taps.
(Grc.nasa.gov, 2018).

The main purpose of this experiment is to measure the drag using a rake where it uses an airfoil as the main
geometry and understand the possibility of obtaining drag values for complex airfoil shapes for the commercial
usage in the aviation and automotive industry as the drag component is considered as one of the most prominent
factor in sailplane design where the inter-thermal cruising performance can be improved and it leads to an
average cross country speed. The main problem in the practical is to get a clear idea of the drag occurrence with
the different Reynolds number and angel of attacks This pressure tapping, and coefficient of drag analysis can
be used to model the real behavior of an airfoil type moving object in a fluid. Using the wind tunnel and wake
rake, calculation of coefficient of drag is also an importance in the industry related applications. Based on the
model test it can be relate and apply theory to a similar geometry and generate a real environment. (Fred
Thomas, 1999)

Among the notable text conditions and underlying assumptions, from the profile drag and induce drag only the
profile drag component is considered here as the testing geometry is an infinite model and wake rake is located
at a point where it is free from the wind tunnel wall effects. Also, the loss of the momentum by the wake is
occurred only due to the profile drag is assumed. In the experiment we measured only one static pressure
measurement for each scenario, therefore we assume that the same static pressure for the all probes in the rake.
properties of surrounding air are assumed at ISA sea level conditions rather than measuring it physically and
free stream velocity is measured using the RPM to velocity graph provided. As the measurement of total
pressure of the wake rake it uses a multi tube manometer to connect the pressure tap points and gives a
differential pressure as a height of water column in each manometer which is relative to the external atmospheric
pressure.

This experiment is done in an educational wind tunnel and precision is not much accurate like a commercial
wind tunnel and there are power stability problems which can affect the rpm and flow speed of the wind tunnel.
And, this experiment is one of the most basic type in the educational wind tunnels. Instructor gave us a good
guide for the success and make us knowledgeable about the experiment.

1
1.2 Aim

The main aim of the experiment is to measure the drag coefficient of a wing by the wake survey method and
get a clear idea regarding the drag occurrence of the wing.

1.3 Objectives

The objective of the experiment is to obtain values for the dynamic pressure for each flow velocities and angle
of attack and obtain the variation pattern of dynamic pressure with respective to pressure tapping position in
order to get a value for the area and Cd. Get values for the variation of drag coefficient with the Reynolds
number and angle of attack is also a major objective of the experiment.

2
2. Experimental Setup
The main apparatus used in this experiment is the AEROLAB ® educational wind tunnel. This is an open loop
wind tunnel with text section dimensions of 30.5cm x 30.5cm x 61cm. made of Anodized aluminum structure
integrated with a yaw table. The powerplant of this wind tunnel is a 10 HP 3 phase electric motor which can
generate an airflow range of 4.5 ms-1 to 65 ms-1 upwards and turbulence level of 0.2%. When consider about
the data acquisition system, it is integrated with a computer which can analyze the pressures, angle of attack
and force/ momentum balance data. It also has a manual system to measure the pressure using a liquid multitube
manometer.

Figure 1 AEROLAB Educational Wind Tunnel

When consider about the wind tunnel there are five basic components in this type of open loop educational
wind tunnel they are settling chamber, contraction cone, test section, Diffuser And drive section. Settling
chamber is a honey combed shaped mesh which straightens the inlet airflow and reduce the turbulence. The
contraction cone delivers large amount of airflow and increase the wind speed. The test section is the place the
model is mounted for experimenting. The diffuser is at the end and it maintains the airflow smoothly and
slowdowns the air until it exits. In the drive section the fan is mounted, and it gives the power to flow the air it
blows air out and this configuration provides an efficient and less turbulence flow relative to the air blow in.
(Science Buddies, 2018).

And the testing geometry here is the Clark Y-14 airfoil AEROLAB® pressure wing. This is vertically mounted,
and it has 18 pressure tapping points which was specially designed for the educational purposes with chord
length of 9cm, span 25cm infinite. However, pressure tapping is not used for the wake rake experiment.
(AEROLAB,2018)

3
 Figure 2 AEROLAB pressure wing

The total pressure taping instrument used here is the AEROLAB® Wake Rake.it is 24.5 cm long of and has 18
pressure points equally distributed throughout 1.75 inches of span length. Which has the ample tubes for attach
it to the multitube manometer. (AEROLAB,2018)

Figure 3 AEROLAB Wake Rake

Throughout the experiment manometer readings are used to read the total pressure readings of the wake.

4
3. THEORY
3.1 Measurement of dynamic pressure.

Wake rake probes measure the total pressure of the tapping point relative to the atmospheric pressure. By using
the additional values of static pressure via a static probe in the Wind tunnel, it can obtain a value for the dynamic
pressure.

Dynamic pressure = Total pressure − static pressure (1)

3.2 Momentum loss measurement

This pressure deficit in the other way the momentum loss of the free stream flow gives a clear value to the
profile drag occurred due to the geometry.by sing the wake survey method measures the pressure in the wake
and the free stream pressure at their ports and obtain a collective value for the pressure difference and using
the below equation it can obtain a value for the drag .

(2)
𝐷 = ∫ 𝜌2 𝑢2 (𝑢1 − 𝑢2 )

u2= Outlet velocity

ρ2 = Outlet velocity

u1 = Inlet velocity

Figure 4 Momentum loss over a wing

The above equation shows a mass flux with a velocity change (momentum change)

5
Momentum principle shows that drag force in the airfoil is equal to the reduction in leaner momentum when
the measuring station static pressure is constant and equal throughout the distribution.

The above equation can be written in form of total pressure deference as below.

1 (3)
𝐶𝑑 = ∫(𝑃𝑡0 − 𝑃𝑡 ) 𝑑𝑦
𝐶𝑞0

To get a value for Cd using a graph it can get an equation like below

YW 1 (4)
𝐶𝑑 = − ∫ q dy
C q∞ C

Using the above equation, it can get a area value for the q vs Y/C graph and obtain a value for coefficient of
drag using an experimental method.

1 (5)
∫ q dy = Area Uder the curve /q∞
q∞ C

Area necessary for the above calculation is as below.

Figure 5 Area calculation for Cd values

From Yw/C value it obtains the distance from D to E

6
4. PROCEDURE
The pressure wing was mounted vertically inside the test section of the wind tunnel

Pressure rake was mounted such that it sits the downstream of the airfoil

All the 18 pressure tapping ports of the rake were connected to the 24 tube multi manometer.

Variable frequency drive of the wind tunnel was turned on and increased the wind tunnel up to 750 RPM.

Before taking the readings, Wind tunnel system was allowed for some time to reach the steady conditions.

Pressure readings of all 18 pressure ports were taken using the multitube manometer for angle of attack of 0.

Similarly, it was repeated for angle of attack 3,6,9

Flow speed was increased up to 1000 RPM for each level and repeat steps for same angle of attack.

7
5. OBSERVATIONS

Table 1 Observations

pressure 1000 RPM 750 RPM

tapping position AOA 0° AOA 3° AOA 6° AOA 0° AOA 3° AOA 6°
1 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 0 0 0 0 0 0
3 0 0 0 0 0 0
4 0 0 0 0 0 0
5 0 0 0 0 0 0
6 0 0 0 0 0 0
7 0.02 0 0 0.01 0.02 0
8 0.4 0.43 0.1 0.27 0.29 0.05
9 0.08 0.35 0.72 0.1 0.21 0.34
10 0 0.05 0.33 0.02 0.08 0.2
11 0 0 0.05 0 0 0.02
12 0 0 0 0 0 0
13 0 0 0 0 0 0
14 0 0 0 0 0 0
15 0 0 0 0 0 0
16 0 0 0 0 0 0
17 0 0 0 0 0 0
18 0 0 0 0 0 0

Heights are in inches

8
6. CALCULATIONS
6.1 Y/C Calculation

Chord length (c) = 9 cm

Span length of the wake rake = 4.45 cm

Distance among two points = 4.45/17 = 0.26176 cm

Y value = reference value* distance among two points = -8*0.26176 = 2.09411 cm

y/c value = -2.09411/9 = -0.23268

remaining calculations (Appendix A)

6.2 Free Stream Dynamic Pressure Calculation

For RPM 1000 free stream velocity is 29.4 ms-1(ρ∞=1.2174 kgm-3) (Appendix B)

1 (6)
𝑞0 = 𝑝∞ 𝑣 2
2

526.135 Nm-2

For RPM 750 free stream velocity is 21.5 ms-1 (Appendix B)

281.371 Nm-2

Total pressure = (-1) total pressure manometer height*0.0254*9.81*1000 = 0 Pa

Static pressure = (-1) static pressure manometer height *0.0254*9.81*1000 = -505.82322 Pa

Dynamic pressure = Total pressure − static pressure (1)

0 – (-505.8232)

=505.82322 Nm-2

Similarly, dynamic pressure is calculated for the other pressure tapping points.

9
6.3 Dynamic Pressure Calculation for RPM 1000 and AOA 0

Table 2 Dynamic pressure calculation for RPM 1000 and AOA 0

total pressure static presssure static pressure

pressure tapping total pressure( Pt) dynamic pressure
y/c manometer height manometer height (Ps)
point (Pa) (q)
(inches) (inches) (Pa)
1 -0.232679739 0 0 2.03 -505.82322 505.82322
2 -0.203594771 0 0 2.03 -505.82322 505.82322
3 -0.174509804 0 0 2.03 -505.82322 505.82322
4 -0.145424837 0 0 2.03 -505.82322 505.82322
5 -0.116339869 0 0 2.03 -505.82322 505.82322
6 -0.087254902 0 0 2.03 -505.82322 505.82322
7 -0.058169935 0.02 -4.98348 2.03 -505.82322 500.83974
8 -0.029084967 0.4 -99.6696 2.03 -505.82322 406.15362
9 0 0.08 -19.93392 2.03 -505.82322 485.8893
10 0.029084967 0 0 2.03 -505.82322 505.82322
11 0.058169935 0 0 2.03 -505.82322 505.82322
12 0.087254902 0 0 2.03 -505.82322 505.82322
13 0.116339869 0 0 2.03 -505.82322 505.82322
14 0.145424837 0 0 2.03 -505.82322 505.82322
15 0.174509804 0 0 2.03 -505.82322 505.82322
16 0.203594771 0 0 2.03 -505.82322 505.82322
17 0.232679739 0 0 2.03 -505.82322 505.82322
18 0.261764706 0 0 2.03 -505.82322 505.82322

Dynamic pressure calculation for remaining angle of attack and velocity value charts are in the appendix C

10
6.4 Analysis of Data

Figure 6 Dynamic pressure variation with the Y/C at 1000 RPM and 0 AOA

Dynamic pressure variation graph for remaining angle of attack and velocity values are in the appendix D

6.5 Area Calculation

Area under the total curve (Appendix E) = 246.4779 (A)

X value at the deviation point = -0.08725(X1)

X value at the constant value re gaining point = 0.02908 (X2)

Area under the constant values = (0.23267-0.08725) *505.8232+ (0.26176-0.02908) *505.8232 = 191.2517
(Ac)

Area Under the deviated curve = 246.4779 – 191.2517 = 55.2262 (AD)

11
6.6 Coefficient of Drag Calculation

Yw / C = 0.02908- (- 0.08725) = 0.11633

From the equation

YW 1 (7)
− ∫ q dy
C q∞ C

1 (8)
∫ q dy = Area Uder the curve /q∞
q∞ C

Coefficient of drag for RPM 1000 at 0 Angle of attack

0.11633-55.2262/526.135 = 0.07136

Cd value calculation

Table 3 Cd Values for 1000RPM for different AOA

RPM AND AOA A X1 X2 Ac Ad Yw/c q∞ Cd

1000 RPM 0 AOA 246.4779 0.08725 0.02908 191.2518 55.22615 0.11633 526.135 0.00713
1000 RPM 3 AOA 244.0863 0.05817 0.05817 191.2467 52.83961 0.11634 526.135 0.01591
1000 RPM 6 AOA 241.4048 0.05817 0.08725 176.5374 64.86744 0.14542 526.135 0.02213

Table 4 Cd Values for 750RPM for different AOA

RPM AND AOA A X1 X2 Ac Ad Yw/c q∞ Cd

750 RPM 0 AOA 126.4639 0.08725 0.05817 91.31243 35.15147 0.14542 281.371 0.020491
750 RPM 3 AOA 125.0145 0.08725 0.05817 91.31243 33.70207 0.14542 281.371 0.025642
750 RPM 6 AOA 124.942 0.05817 0.08725 91.31243 33.62957 0.14542 281.371 0.0259

12
6.7 Coefficient of drag with the Reynolds number.

For 1000 RPM,

𝜌∞ 𝑉∞ 𝑙 1.2174 ∗ 29.4 ∗ 9 ∗ 10−2 (9)

𝑅𝑒 = = = 180017.9054
𝜇 1.7894 ∗ 10−5

For 750 RPM

𝜌∞ 𝑉∞ 𝑙 1.2174 ∗ 21.5 ∗ 9 ∗ 10−2

𝑅𝑒 = = = 131645.7472
𝜇 1.7894 ∗ 10−5

Figure 7 Cd variation with AOA

13
7. DISCUSSION
7.2 Comparison of the Drag Coefficient Values Obtained by Analyzing the
Pressure Distribution Over the Airfoil with the Present Values.

For the pressure distribution over an airfoil experiment we obtained values for different low angle of attacks
for the 1000 RPM using the pressure distribution method. The results obtained in the experiment as below

Table 5 Cd values with the AOA of pressure distribution experiment

AOA Cl
0 0.036
1 0.041
2 0.033
3 0.044
5 0.072
6 0.094
9 0.212
10 0.28

Table 6 Cd values with the AOA of wake survey method

RPM AND AOA A X1 X2 Ac Ad Yw/c q∞ Cd

1000 RPM 0 AOA 246.4779 0.08725 0.02908 191.2518 55.22615 0.11633 526.135 0.00713
1000 RPM 3 AOA 244.0863 0.05817 0.05817 191.2467 52.83961 0.11634 526.135 0.01591
1000 RPM 6 AOA 241.4048 0.05817 0.08725 176.5374 64.86744 0.14542 526.135 0.02213

When compare about the 0 AOA Cd it gives a difference of 0.02. It gives a relatively high difference from the
previous experiment. However, it can be expected due to errors. In the previous experiment Cd values are
calculated based on a physical area calculation method This method can have very large deviation when
calculating. The values for the pressure distribution method shows a higher value when compared to the wake
survey method. It may occur due to the value of the dynamic pressure. In the first method for the calculation of
coefficient of pressure it gets a value using calculation of the velocity inside the wind tunnel using the RPM
velocity graph. The calculation for the wake method it is done from the physical measurement of pressure and
reduction. Therefore, that measurement is a critical factor for the deviation of values.

Usually it is expected a higher value for the wake survey method relatively to the pressure distribution method
because it consists of both skin friction drag component This can happened due to the practical errors in the
experiment such as test conditions like room temperature deference, generation of turbulence error readings by
the human. Also, there can be incidents where it takes readings before the wind flow becomes stable after
operation. This may generate many false readings in the experiment.

14
However, this comparison is not a perfect comparison because the sample of comparison is very limited and
the ability of take the values for a wide range is limited in the wake survey method.

7.2 Errors/Advantages of Using Wake Rakes to Estimate Drag Due to

Momentum Loss

When consider about the errors associated in the wake survey method, for higher angle of attacks the flow over
the airfoil generates a wake that can go beyond the wake rake instrument. It can cause the error in measuring
the momentum loss. Wake rake device is a small instrument when compared to the chord length of the wind.
By changing the AOA of the wing, it increases the incident length over the wake by the wings vertical direction
therefore its difficult to get a value for the higher angle of attack as the wake rake measures the deficit of total
pressure of disturbed flow to the free stream flow total pressure Due to that it unable to measure the deficit
throughout the each probe. Therefore, it is essential to know the area of the wake before the practical and the
selection ow the wake rake. In the experiment for 750RPM and 9 AOA readings it can be clearly observed.

Figure 8 Readings for the 750RPM AOA 9

From 18 probes to 19 probe it doesn’t give a smooth reduction. That shows a probe 19 is located away from the
region where the wake generated. This can be seen as a main disadvantage of this momentum loss calculation
method. When further increases the angle of the wing profile after a particular position it makes the flow
turbulent and eddied can be happened this method is not suitable for get the drag values in a position where
turbulence incidents happened in a turbulent scenario it generates reverse and disturbing flows and gives the
errors in the total pressure measurement in the probes

15
It makes the momentum loss measurement difficult. Therefore, this method is not suitable for measuring high
angel of attach high Reynolds number (turbulent) flows.

When consider about the static probe there is only one static probe to measure the static probe it is practically
important to measure the static pressure at each probe. However, it is commercially and geometrically difficult
to attach a static probe to each pressure tapping position. It is done under the assumption of each pressure
tapping position has a constant and equal static pressure. Although the theory is to measure the pressure deficit
at each port we measure the value based on a unique value without considering each port separately. Therefore,
it can give errors in the value deviated from the actual value of the momentum loss.

This method is not suitable for stalling wings because this loss of momentum doesn’t work with the turbulence
flows.

When consider about the advantages of this method compared to pressure distribution method it is free from
the surface disruptions. The loss of momentum in the free stream flow to the disturbed flow and this method
doesn’t take the pressure values in the surface in to account. Therefore, surface characteristics doesn’t affect
the result.

The most important advantage in this wake survey method is, it calculates both the pressure drag and the skin
friction drag. In the previous experiment of pressure distribution, it only takes the drag occurred due to the
pressure distribution over the airfoils and does not take the skin friction values in to account. In this method the
momentum loss occurs due to the both skin friction and the pressure drag. Therefore, it includes the both values.
When the values are taken it automatically includes the effects skin friction values in the readings and ultimate
measurement includes the both.

16
8. CONCLUSION
From the results obtained from the experiment we can clearly see that the coefficient of drag is decrease with
the increase of the Reynolds number and it can clearly observe that with the increase of angle of attack drag
force increases We can see that wake survey method is a successful method to measure the drag of a geometry
in a wind tunnel. If it is done with the correct and accurate readings it is one of the successful and accurate
method for calculate the drag. This method has the capability of identify the pressure drag as well as the skin
friction drag, and it is among one of the few methods to measure the skin fiction of a geometry. This method
can be used in commercial applications for the calculation of Cd

17
9. REFERENCE
1. Fred Thomas. Fundamentals of Sailplane Design. College Park Press, Silver Spring, Maryland USA,
1999. Pp. 14–23.
2. Grc.nasa.gov. (2018). The Lift Coefficient. [online] Available at: https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k-
12/airplane/liftco.html [Accessed 8 April 2018].
3. Rae, William H. Jr., Pope, Alan. Low-Speed Wind Tunnel Testing. John Wiley & Sons, 1984.
4. Wake Rake - Aerolab. [online] Available at: https://www.aerolab.com/products/wake-rake/.
5. C. Plaisance. The development of an integrating wake rake for in-flight measurements of profile drag.
Department of Aerospace Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
USA, 1997
6. Ellen A. Pifer, G¨otz Bramesfeld. Measuring Wing Profile Drag using an Integrating Wake Rake,
July–September, VOL36, Saint Louis University,2012.
7. R.J, Tyan. and G.R, Cattolica. (2014). WIND TUNNEL EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE. Pressure
Distribution over an airfoil and Drag by the wake survey method. pp.1-10.
8. Amaury dos Santos, L., Cristina Avelar, A., Chiseaki, M. and Achilles de Faria Mello, O.
(2006). DRAG ESTIMATION BY WAKE SURVEY PERFORMED MEASURING VELOCITIES AND
MEASURING TOTAL AND STATIC PRESSURES. Brazi: Braz. Soc. of Mechanical Sciences and
Engineering.

18
10. APPENDIX

A – Y/C Calculations
Table 7 Y/C Calculations

distance
pressure
pressure tap between
chord -c point y y/c
point two ports
reference

1 9 -8 0.261765 -2.09412 -0.23268

2 9 -7 0.261765 -1.83235 -0.20359
3 9 -6 0.261765 -1.57059 -0.17451
4 9 -5 0.261765 -1.30882 -0.14542
5 9 -4 0.261765 -1.04706 -0.11634
6 9 -3 0.261765 -0.78529 -0.08725
7 9 -2 0.261765 -0.52353 -0.05817
8 9 -1 0.261765 -0.26176 -0.02908
9 9 0 0.261765 0 0
10 9 1 0.261765 0.261765 0.029085
11 9 2 0.261765 0.523529 0.05817
12 9 3 0.261765 0.785294 0.087255
13 9 4 0.261765 1.047059 0.11634
14 9 5 0.261765 1.308824 0.145425
15 9 6 0.261765 1.570588 0.17451
16 9 7 0.261765 1.832353 0.203595
17 9 8 0.261765 2.094118 0.23268
18 9 9 0.261765 2.355882 0.261765

19
B - RPM vs Velocity Chart

Figure 9 RPM vs Velocity graph

20
C - Dynamic Pressure Value calculation charts
Table 8 Dynamic pressure calculation for 1000RPM 3AOA

total pressure static presssure static pressure

pressure tapping total pressure( Pt) dynamic pressure
y/c manometer height manometer height (Ps)
point (Pa) (q)
(inches) (inches) (Pa)
1 -0.232679739 0 0 2.03 -505.82322 505.82322
2 -0.203594771 0 0 2.03 -505.82322 505.82322
3 -0.174509804 0 0 2.03 -505.82322 505.82322
4 -0.145424837 0 0 2.03 -505.82322 505.82322
5 -0.116339869 0 0 2.03 -505.82322 505.82322
6 -0.087254902 0 0 2.03 -505.82322 505.82322
7 -0.058169935 0 0 2.03 -505.82322 505.82322
8 -0.029084967 0.43 -107.14482 2.03 -505.82322 398.6784
9 0 0.35 -87.2109 2.03 -505.82322 418.61232
10 0.029084967 0.05 -12.4587 2.03 -505.82322 493.36452
11 0.058169935 0 0 2.03 -505.82322 505.82322
12 0.087254902 0 0 2.03 -505.82322 505.82322
13 0.116339869 0 0 2.03 -505.82322 505.82322
14 0.145424837 0 0 2.03 -505.82322 505.82322
15 0.174509804 0 0 2.03 -505.82322 505.82322
16 0.203594771 0 0 2.03 -505.82322 505.82322
17 0.232679739 0 0 2.03 -505.82322 505.82322
18 0.261764706 0 0 2.03 -505.82322 505.82322

Table 9 Dynamic pressure calculation for 1000RPM 6AOA

total pressure static presssure static pressure

pressure tapping total pressure( Pt) dynamic pressure
y/c manometer height manometer height (Ps)
point (Pa) (q)
(inches) (inches) (Pa)
1 -0.232679739 0 0 2.03 -505.82322 505.82322
2 -0.203594771 0 0 2.03 -505.82322 505.82322
3 -0.174509804 0 0 2.03 -505.82322 505.82322
4 -0.145424837 0 0 2.03 -505.82322 505.82322
5 -0.116339869 0 0 2.03 -505.82322 505.82322
6 -0.087254902 0 0 2.03 -505.82322 505.82322
7 -0.058169935 0 0 2.03 -505.82322 505.82322
8 -0.029084967 0.1 -24.9174 2.03 -505.82322 480.90582
9 0 0.72 -179.40528 2.03 -505.82322 326.41794
10 0.029084967 0.33 -82.22742 2.03 -505.82322 423.5958
11 0.058169935 0.05 -12.4587 2.03 -505.82322 493.36452
12 0.087254902 0 0 2.03 -505.82322 505.82322
13 0.116339869 0 0 2.03 -505.82322 505.82322
14 0.145424837 0 0 2.03 -505.82322 505.82322
15 0.174509804 0 0 2.03 -505.82322 505.82322
16 0.203594771 0 0 2.03 -505.82322 505.82322
17 0.232679739 0 0 2.03 -505.82322 505.82322
18 0.261764706 0 0 2.03 -505.82322 505.82322

21
 Table 10 Dynamic pressure calculation for 750RPM 0AOA

total pressure static presssure static pressure

pressure tapping total pressure( Pt) dynamic pressure
y/c manometer height manometer height (Ps)
point (Pa) (q)
(inches) (inches) (Pa)
1 -0.232679739 0 0 1.05 -261.6327 261.6327
2 -0.203594771 0 0 1.05 -261.6327 261.6327
3 -0.174509804 0 0 1.05 -261.6327 261.6327
4 -0.145424837 0 0 1.05 -261.6327 261.6327
5 -0.116339869 0 0 1.05 -261.6327 261.6327
6 -0.087254902 0 0 1.05 -261.6327 261.6327
7 -0.058169935 0.01 -2.49174 1.05 -261.6327 259.14096
8 -0.029084967 0.27 -67.27698 1.05 -261.6327 194.35572
9 0 0.1 -24.9174 1.05 -261.6327 236.7153
10 0.029084967 0.02 -4.98348 1.05 -261.6327 256.64922
11 0.058169935 0 0 1.05 -261.6327 261.6327
12 0.087254902 0 0 1.05 -261.6327 261.6327
13 0.116339869 0 0 1.05 -261.6327 261.6327
14 0.145424837 0 0 1.05 -261.6327 261.6327
15 0.174509804 0 0 1.05 -261.6327 261.6327
16 0.203594771 0 0 1.05 -261.6327 261.6327
17 0.232679739 0 0 1.05 -261.6327 261.6327
18 0.261764706 0 0 1.05 -261.6327 261.6327

Table 11 Dynamic pressure calculation for 750RPM 3AOA

total pressure static presssure static pressure

pressure tapping total pressure( Pt) dynamic pressure
y/c manometer height manometer height (Ps)
point (Pa) (q)
(inches) (inches) (Pa)
1 -0.232679739 0 0 1.05 -261.6327 261.6327
2 -0.203594771 0 0 1.05 -261.6327 261.6327
3 -0.174509804 0 0 1.05 -261.6327 261.6327
4 -0.145424837 0 0 1.05 -261.6327 261.6327
5 -0.116339869 0 0 1.05 -261.6327 261.6327
6 -0.087254902 0 0 1.05 -261.6327 261.6327
7 -0.058169935 0.02 -4.98348 1.05 -261.6327 256.64922
8 -0.029084967 0.29 -72.26046 1.05 -261.6327 189.37224
9 0 0.21 -52.32654 1.05 -261.6327 209.30616
10 0.029084967 0.08 -19.93392 1.05 -261.6327 241.69878
11 0.058169935 0 0 1.05 -261.6327 261.6327
12 0.087254902 0 0 1.05 -261.6327 261.6327
13 0.116339869 0 0 1.05 -261.6327 261.6327
14 0.145424837 0 0 1.05 -261.6327 261.6327
15 0.174509804 0 0 1.05 -261.6327 261.6327
16 0.203594771 0 0 1.05 -261.6327 261.6327
17 0.232679739 0 0 1.05 -261.6327 261.6327
18 0.261764706 0 0 1.05 -261.6327 261.6327

22
 Table 12 Dynamic pressure calculation for 750RPM 6AOA

total pressure static presssure static pressure

pressure tapping total pressure( Pt) dynamic pressure
y/c manometer height manometer height (Ps)
point (Pa) (q)
(inches) (inches) (Pa)
1 -0.232679739 0 0 1.05 -261.6327 261.6327
2 -0.203594771 0 0 1.05 -261.6327 261.6327
3 -0.174509804 0 0 1.05 -261.6327 261.6327
4 -0.145424837 0 0 1.05 -261.6327 261.6327
5 -0.116339869 0 0 1.05 -261.6327 261.6327
6 -0.087254902 0 0 1.05 -261.6327 261.6327
7 -0.058169935 0 0 1.05 -261.6327 261.6327
8 -0.029084967 0.05 -12.4587 1.05 -261.6327 249.174
9 0 0.34 -84.71916 1.05 -261.6327 176.91354
10 0.029084967 0.2 -49.8348 1.05 -261.6327 211.7979
11 0.058169935 0.02 -4.98348 1.05 -261.6327 256.64922
12 0.087254902 0 0 1.05 -261.6327 261.6327
13 0.116339869 0 0 1.05 -261.6327 261.6327
14 0.145424837 0 0 1.05 -261.6327 261.6327
15 0.174509804 0 0 1.05 -261.6327 261.6327
16 0.203594771 0 0 1.05 -261.6327 261.6327
17 0.232679739 0 0 1.05 -261.6327 261.6327
18 0.261764706 0 0 1.05 -261.6327 261.6327

23
D – Dynamic Pressure vs Y/C Graphs

Figure 10 Dynamic pressure variation with the Y/C at 1000 RPM and 3 AOA

Figure 11 Dynamic pressure variation with the Y/C at 1000 RPM and 6 AOA

24
Figure 12 Dynamic pressure variation with the Y/C at 750 RPM and 0 AOA

Figure 13 Dynamic pressure variation with the Y/C at 750 RPM and 3 AOA

25
Figure 14 Dynamic pressure variation with the Y/C at 750 RPM and 6 AOA

26
E - MATLAB® Codes for Plotting and Area Calculation

X = a;

//a = y/c values for each pressure tapping points

y = b;

//b = dynamic pressure values for each pressure tapping points

plot (x,y)

traps (x,y)

ans =

246.4779

//Here the answer provides the total area under the curve of dynamic pressure vs Y/C graph.

27