6

CHAPTER II

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

This chapter presents the review of related literature and studies

underlying the framework of the study. It includes the conceptual model of the

study and the operational definition of terminologies as used in the field of

information technology and in the context of this study.

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Introduction

Information Technology includes the management of data, whether it is in

the form of text, voice, image, audio or some other form. It can also involve

things related to the Internet. This gives IT a whole new meaning, since the

Internet is its own realm. IT involves the transfer of data, so it makes sense that

the Internet would be a part of IT. IT has become a part of our everyday lives and

continues to proliferate into new realms.

According to Paige Baltzan (2011) Information technology (IT) is a field

concerned with the use of technology in managing and processing information. IT

is important enabler of business success and innovation especially for those who

has big company. IT is most useful when it leverages the talents of people. And

Information technology in and of itself is not useful unless the right people know

how to use and manage effectively.

 7

Computer

According to Larry Long (1993) Computers may be technically complex,

but they are conceptually simple, and it’s called a processor which is the

intelligence of a computer system. He added that Computer system has only four

fundamental components which are input, processing, output and storage.

Classification of Computers

According to H.L Capron (1996), Computers come in sizes from tiny to

monstrous, in both appearance and power. The size of a computer that a person

or an organization needs depends on the computing requirements.

Super Computers

According to H.L Capron(1996), Supercomputers play an important role in

the field of computational science, and are used for a wide range of

computationally intensive tasks in various fields, including quantum mechanics,

weather forecasting, climate research, oil and gas exploration, molecular

modeling (computing the structures and properties of chemical compounds,

biological macromolecules, polymers, and crystals), and physical simulations

(such as simulations of the early moments of the universe, airplane and

spacecraft aerodynamics, the detonation of nuclear weapons, and nuclear

fusion).
 8

Mainframes

According to H.L Capron(1996), Mainframes are capable of processing

data at very high speeds millions of instructions per second and access billions of

characters of data.

Minicomputers

According to H.L Capron(1996), Mini computers first appeared on the

market and their lower price feel within the range of many small businesses. Mini

computers are widely used retail businesses, colleges and state and city

agencies.

Micro Computer

According to Susan K. Baumann, et al (1991), a microcomputer is a

complete computer on a smaller scale and is generally a synonym for the more

common term, personal computer or PC, a computer designed for an individual.

Personal Computers

According to H.L Capron(1996), Personal Computer or known as Desktop

computer and also knows as microcomputer sometimes its called home

computer, this machine used by workers such as engineering, financial traders

etc.
 9

Hardware

According to H.L. Capron (1996), Computer hardware includes the

physical, tangible parts or components of a computer, such as the central

processing unit, monitor, keyboard, computer data storage, graphic card, sound

card, speakers and motherboard. Hardware is so-termed because it is "hard" or

rigid with respect to changes or modifications. Hardware is typically directed by

the software to execute any command or instruction. A combination of hardware

and software forms a usable computing system, although other systems exist

with only hardware components.

Motherboard

According to June Jamrich Parsons et al (2000), Motherboard Also known

as the Main Board or system board. The microprocessor is attached to this

equipment. And the microprocessor is like the brain of the computer.

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

Based on Capron H.L (1987) Central Processing Unit or (CPU) consists of

electronic circuits that interpret and execute program instructions, as well as

communicate with the input, output, and storage devices. And it’s actually

transform data into information,

 10

Random Access Memory (RAM)

According to Capron H.L. (1987) Random Access Memory (RAM), is a

form of computer data storage that stores data and machine code currently being

used. A random-access memory device allows data items to be read or written in

almost the same amount of time irrespective of the physical location of data

inside the memory. In contrast, with other direct-access data storage media such

as hard disks, CD-RWs, DVD-RWs and the older magnetic tapes and drum

memory, the time required to read and write data items varies significantly

depending on their physical locations on the recording medium, due to

mechanical limitations such as media rotation speeds and arm movement.

Read Only Memory (ROM)

According to June Jamrich Parsons et al (2000) Read Only Memory or

ROM chips are containing instructions for process the task of a computer. They

said that ROM is permanent.

Video Card

According to Peter Norton (2006), video card (also called a display card,

graphics card, display adapter or graphics adapter) is an expansion card which

generates a feed of output images to a display (such as a computer monitor).

Frequently, these are advertised as discrete or dedicated graphics cards,

emphasizing the distinction between these and integrated graphics. At the core
 11

of both is the graphics processing unit (GPU), which is the main part that does

the actual computations, but should not be confused as the video card as a

whole, although "GPU" is often used to refer to video cards.

Keyboard

According to Alexis Leon et al (1999), Keyboard typically have characters

engraved or printed on them, and each press of a key typically corresponds to a

single written symbol. However, producing some symbols may require pressing

and holding several keys simultaneously or in sequence.While most keyboard

keys produce letters, numbers or signs (characters), other keys or simultaneous

key presses can produce actions or execute computer commands.

Mouse

According to Dennis Fajarito (2009), Mouse is the device that controls the

movement of the cursor or pointer on a display screen. A mouse is a small object

that you can control along a hard flat surface. As you move the mouse, the

pointer on the display screen moves in the same direction.

Mechanical

According to Alexis Leon et al (1999), Mechanical has a rubber or metal

ball on its underside that can roll in all directions. Mechanical sensor within the
 12

mouse can detect the direction of the ball is rolling and move the screen pointer

accordingly.

Optomechanical

According to Alexis Leon et al (1999), same as mechanical mouse, but

uses optical sensor to detect motion of the ball.

Optical

According to Alexis Leon et al (1999), Optical uses a laser to detect the

mouses movement. You must move the mouse along a special mat with a grid so

that the optical mechanism has a frame of reference. Optical mice have no

mechanical moving parts. They respond more quickly and precisely than

mechanical and optomechanical mice, but they are also most expensive.

Mousepad

According to Alexis Leon et al (1999), Mouse pad is a pad over which you

can move a mouse. Mousepads provide more traction than smooth surface such

as glass and wood, so they make it easier to move a mouse accurately. For the

mechanical mice mousepad are optional. Optical mice,however, require a special

mousepads that have grids dawn on them.

 13

Trackball

According to Alexis Leon et al (1999), Trackball is a another pointing

device. Essentially a trackball is a mouse lying on its back. To move pointer and

rotate the ball with your thumb, your fingers, or palm of your hand. There are

usually one to three buttons next to the ball, which you can use like just the

mouse. The advantage of trackball over mice is that trackball is stationary so it

does not require much space to use it.In addition you can place a trackball on

any type of surface including your lap.

Joystick

According to Alexis Leon et al (1999), A joystick is similar to a mouse,

except that with a mouse cursor stop moving as soon as you stop moving the

mouse. With a joystick the pointer continues moving in the direction the joystick

pointing. To stop the pointer you must return the joystick to its upright position.

Most of joystick includes to button called triggers.

Sound Card

Base on Peter Norton (2006), A sound card is an internal expansion card

that provides input and output of audio signals to and from a computer under

control of computer programs. The term sound card is also applied to external

audio interfaces used for professional audio applications. Sound functionality can

also be integrated onto the motherboard, using components similar to those

 14

found on plug-in cards. . Windows ME is sometimes included. Internal release

versions for versions of Windows 9x are 4.x. Previous MS-DOS based versions

of Windows used version numbers of 3.2 or lower. The final version of Windows

9x was Windows ME, released in September 2000 with an internal version

number of 4.9.

Headphones

Base on Peter Norton (2006), Headphones are a pair of small loudspeaker

drivers worn on or around the head over a user's ears. They are electroacoustic

transducers, which convert an electrical signal to a corresponding sound.

Headphones let a single user listen to an audio source privately, in contrast to a

loudspeaker, which emits sound into the open air for anyone nearby to hear.

Headphones are made in a range of different audio reproduction quality

capabilities.

Headset

Base on Peter Norton (2006), A headset combines a headphone with a

microphone. Headsets are made with either a single-earpiece (mono) or a

double-earpiece (mono to both ears or stereo). Headsets provide the equivalent

functionality of a telephone handset but with hands free operation.

 15

CD-ROM

According to Gary B. Shelly et al (2008), CD-ROMs are identical in

appearance to audio CDs, and data are stored and retrieved in a very similar

manner (only differing from audio CDs in the standards used to store the data).

Discs are made from a 1.2 mm thick disc of polycarbonate plastic, with a thin

layer of aluminium to make a reflective surface. The most common size of CD-

ROM is 120 mm in diameter, though the smaller Mini CD standard with an 80

mm diameter, as well as shaped compact discs in numerous non-standard sizes

and molds are also available.

Magnetic tape

According to June Jamrich Parsons et al (2000), Magnetic tape is a

medium for magnetic recording, made of a thin, magnetizable coating on a long,

narrow strip of plastic film. Devices that record and play back audio and video

using magnetic tape are tape recorders and video tape recorders respectively. A

device that stores computer data on magnetic tape is known as a tape drive.

Complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS)

According to June Jamrich Parsons et al (2000), CMOS (complementary

metal-oxide-semiconductor) is the term usually used to describe the small

amount of memory on a computer motherboard that stores the BIOS settings.

 16

Storage

According to Larry Long (1993) Storage is an organization’s storage-

capacity requirements increase even faster than its processing requirements.

Storage may be used for data filling periodically dumped or loaded to tape for

backup.

Cassette Tapes

According to Capron H.L (1987), Cassette tape or simply tape or cassette,

is an analog magnetic tape recording format for audio recording and playback.

The compact cassette technology was originally designed for dictation machines,

but improvements in fidelity led the Compact Cassette to supplant the Stereo 8-

track cartridge and reel-to-reel tape recording in most non-professional

applications.

Floppy Disk

Based on Thomas Cain et al (1986), Floppy disks are made of

polyurethane o Mylar and covered with iron oxide. Floppy disk is also housed in

protective flexible plastic jacket. They added that Floppy disks has small square

notch can be found on the right-hand side.

 17

Hard Disk Drive (HDD)

According to Edmund X. DeJesus (1992), a hard disk consists of two or

more rigid metal platters enclosed in a hermetically sealed case. He said hard

disk it’s like a floppy disk or cassette tape and it store data as magnetic patterns.

Hard card

According to Capron H.L (1987), hard card is the genericized trademark

for a hard disk drive, disk controller, and host adapter on an expansion card for a

personal computer. Typically a hard disk drive (HDD) installs into a drive bay;

cables connect the drive to a host adapter and power source. If the personal

computer lacks an available bus on a compatible host adapter, then one may

have to install an adapter into an expansion slot. The Hard card supplies its own

host adapter, and doesn't require an empty drive bay.

Monitor

According to June Jamrich Parsons et al (2000), Monitor is a required

output device in every computer user interface. The computer manipulates the

monitor to communicate with you by displaying results, prompts, menus, and

graphical objects.
 18

Cathode Ray Tube (CRT)

According to Dennis Fajarito (2009), the cathode-ray tube (CRT) is a

vacuum tube that contains one or more electron guns and a phosphorescent

screen, and is used to display images. It modulates, accelerates, and deflects

electron beams onto the screen to create the images. CRTs have also been used

as memory devices, in which case the visible light emitted from the fluorescent

material is not intended to have significant meaning to a visual observer. In

television sets and computer monitors, the entire front area of the tube is

scanned repetitively and systematically in a fixed pattern called a raster. An

image is produced by controlling the intensity of each of the three electron

beams, one for each additive primary color with a video signal as a reference.

Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)

According to Dennis Fajarito (2009), a liquid-crystal display (LCD) is a flat-

panel display or other electronically modulated optical device that uses the light-

modulating properties of liquid crystals. Liquid crystals do not emit light directly,

instead using a backlight or reflector to produce images in color or monochrome.

LCDs are available to display arbitrary images or fixed images with low

information content, which can be displayed or hidden, such as preset words,

digits, and seven-segment displays, as in a digital clock.

 19

Printer

According to Dennis Fajarito (2009), printer is a peripheral device which

makes a persistent human-readable representation of graphics or text on paper.

The first commercial printers generally used mechanisms from electric

typewriters and Teletype machines. The demand for higher speed led to the

development of new systems specifically for computer use.

Impact Printer

According to Capron H.L (1987), Impact printers are operate like type

writer, pressing a typeface against paper and inked ribbon. he added Impact

printers often use for daisy-wheel or a dot-matric printing mechanism

Non-impact Printer

According to Donald H. Sanders (1988) Non-impact desktop printers

that use laser light to produce the dots needed to form pages of characters have

become popular pc output devices.

Drum Printer

This was the first type of computer printer to use the ‘hit-on-the-fly’

principle, used on chain printers and train printers and current band printers, and
 20

it was a significant change from the mechanically intensive printers that preceded

it. Capron H.L (1987).

Character Printer

Character matrix printers are a category of computer printers (typically

impact printers) that place characters from a fixed character set anywhere onto a

fixed grid of possible locations on the page. Examples of these are daisy wheel

printers, golf ball printers, teleprinters, chain printers, and band printers. A

character printer prints one character at a time. Capron H.L (1987).

Band Printer

According to Capron H.L (1987), Band Printer is a type of impact printer

which contains a metal band with character shapes imprinted on it. During

output, the band rotates horizontally past the paper, and a hammer strikes the

band opposite the appropriate character, pressing it through an inked ribbon and

onto the paper. Band printers can print from 300 to 2000 lines per minute. Also

known as a belt printer.

Chain Printer

Chain printers (also known as train printers) place the type on a

horizontally-moving chain or on a track. As with the drum printer, as the correct

character passes by each column, a hammer is fired from behind the paper.
 21

Compared to drum printers, chain printers have the advantage that the type

chain can usually be changed by the operator. A further advantage is that vertical

registration of characters in a line is much improved over drum printers, which

need extremely precise hammer timing to achieve a reasonably straight line of

print. Capron H.L (1987).

Thermal Printer

According to Capron H.L (1987) Thermal printers produce characters

using heat in the pins the print head and process essentially one of burning

characters into paper. Thermal printer needed heat-sensitive paper.

Inkjet Printer

According to Dennis Fajarito (2009) ,Inkjet printers are the most commonly

used type of printer, and range from small inexpensive consumer models to

expensive professional machines. Inkjet printers are preferred for printing photos

and graphics due to their high-quality color output. Inkjet printers that could

reproduce digital images generated by computers were developed, mainly by

Epson, Hewlett-Packard (HP) and Canon.

 22

Laser Printer

According to Dennis Fajarito(2009), A laser printer is a printer for

computers. It uses laser or LED-technology to get small particles of toner from a

cartridge onto paper. Laser printers often print text more neatly than inkjet

printers, but print photos less clearly. Printing on photo paper or coated paper

designed for inkjet printers can damage the laser printer's drum and fuser unit.

Thats why laser printers are preferred for printing text due to their high contrast

and speed.

Software

According to Pacer (1995) Software refers the planned, step-by-step

instructions that tell the computer what to do and these steps are collectively

referred to as program.Software refers to a programs group can exist a person’s

mind, He added that software may not be seen, heard or even touched.

Operating System

According to William S. Davis (1992), Operating system is a set of

software routines that sits between application program and hardware. And all

software runs under the OS because Operating System serves as a hardware or

even software interface.

 23

Database Software

Database software is the phrase used to describe any software that is

designed for creating databases and managing the information stored in them.

Database software tools are primarily used for storing, modifying, extracting, and

searching for information within a database. Database software is used for a

number of reasons in any industry - from keeping your bookkeeping on task,

compiling client lists to running your online Web site.(https://www.webopedia.com

/TERM/D/database_software.html)

Application Software

According to Peter Norton (2006), Application software tells the compute

how to accomplish specific tasks, such as word processing or drawing, for the

user.

Multimedia Software

According to John Demel et al (1984), Multimedia is content that uses a

combination of different content forms such as text, audio, images, animations,

video and interactive content. Multimedia contrasts with media that use only

rudimentary computer displays such as text-only or traditional forms of printed or

hand-produced material. Multimedia can be recorded and played, displayed,

interacted with or accessed by information content processing devices, such as

computerized and electronic devices, but can also be part of a live performance.
 24

Programming Language

According on Robert W. Sebesta (2002), Programming language designs

and implementation methods have evolved continuously since the earliest high-

level languages. He said 12 languages described in some details.

Low Level Programming Language

According to June Jamrich Parsons et al (2000) Low-level language is

useful especially if a programmer needs to manipulate directly at the hardware

level.

Machine Language

According to Susan K. Baumann et al (1993), the only language that

computer can directly execute is the Machine Language. The Machine Language

is also referred to as binary code because its instruction are written in the binary

number system, which it consists of 1s and 0s. Before the program written in any

other language can execute, it must be translated to machine language. The data

represented in binary code is stored in the computer as a series of “high” and

“low” electrical states, each represented by a single binary digit (or a bit).
 25

Assembly Language

According to Susan K. Baumann et al (1993), Assembly languages, the

programmer uses symbolic names (rather than 1s and 0s) to specity various

machine operations. The use of these symbolic names makes assembly

language programming easier than machine language.

High Level Programming Language

According to Susan K. Baumann et al (1993), it is simpler to write a

program in assembly language than in machine language considerable

knowledge of the internal operations of the computer is still required. When

simplifying other languages have been developed that resemble “natural

languages”, such as English, even more closely. These languages do not require

the programmer to understand the technical details of internal computer

operation because these languages are strongly oriented to programmer rather

than to the computer so that they are termed high-level languages. Even a

person who does not know a particular high-level language can often determine

the general purposes of the program statements. This means that a program

written in one of these languages often can be run on a variety of computers with

minimal changes. COBOL, BASIC, FORTRAN and Pascal are the examples of

high-level languages.
 26

FORTRAN

According to Terrence W. Pratt et al (2001) FORTRAN is the one of the

first and still widely used language for scientific and engineering computation.

They added that FORTRAN was the first high-level programming language to

become widely used.

COBOL

A.S Philippakis et al said (1981) COBOL means (Common Business

Oriented Language) is a programming data language has been designed

expressly for administrative data processing. They added that Preliminary

Version of COBOL appeared in December 1959.

Pascal

According to Tito B. Amoto jr. et al (1996), Pascal is an imperative and

procedural programming language, efficient language intended to encourage

good programming practices using structured programming and data structuring.

It is named in honor of the French mathematician, philosopher and physicist

Blaise Pascal.
 27

C#

According to Daniel Cazzulino (2002), C# familiar form-based interface is

used for development of web application without ever seeing a line of HTML

code He added that you can take advantage of all the facilities for testing and

debugging that Visual studio. Net provides to programmers of all disciplines.

Turbo C++

According to Herbert Schildt (1992), Turbo C was first introduced by

Borland in the mid-1980s. It was a program designed to translate C with Classes

code to ordinary C. A rather interesting point worth noting is that Cfront was

written mostly in C with Classes, making it a self-hosting compiler (a compiler

that can compile itself). Cfront would later be abandoned in 1993 after it became

difficult to integrate new features into it, namely C++ exceptions. Nonetheless,

Cfront made a huge impact on the implementations of future compilers and on

the Unix operating system. Turbo C has been used to produce some of the best

known software products.

Perl

Base on David Mendinets (1996), Perl began as the result of one man’s

frustration and, by his own account, inordinate laziness. He said Perl it is a

unique language and is a state of mind as much as a language grammar.

 28

HTML

HTML or HyperText Markup Language has two essential features the

hypertext and universality. HyperText means you can create a link in a web page

that leads the visitor to any other page. Elizabeth Castro (2000).

JavaScript

According to Jemma Development Group (2017), JavaScipt is interpreted

by another program at runtime rather than compiled by the computer’s processor.

JavaScript is the most popular and widely used scripting language on the

internet, and is recognized and world in all major browsers such as Internet and

so on.

Database

According to Jeffrey A. Hoffer (2005), database is an organized collection

of data, stored and accessed electronically. Database designers typically

organize the data to model aspects of reality in a way that supports processes

requiring information, such as modeling the availability of rooms in hotels in a

way that supports finding a hotel with vacancies. Computer scientists may

classify database-management systems according to the database models that

they support.
 29

Microsoft Access

According to Evangiline Madrid-Hirata (2004), Microsoft Access is a

database management system from Microsoft that combines the relational

Microsoft Jet Database Engine with a graphical user interface and software-

development tools. Access stores data in its own format based on the Access Jet

Database Engine. It can also import or link directly to data stored in other

applications and databases.

Visual Studio

Visual Studio includes a code editor supporting IntelliSense (the code

completion component) as well as code refactoring. The integrated

debugger works both as a source-level debugger and a machine-level debugger.

Other built-in tools include a code profiler, forms designer for

building GUI applications, web designer, classdesigner, and database

schema designer. It accepts plug-ins that enhance the functionality at almost

every level—including adding support for source control systems

(like Subversion and Git) and adding new toolsets like editors and visual

designers for domain-specific languages or toolsets for other aspects of

the software development lifecycle (like the Team Foundation Server client:

Team Explorer). (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Visual_Studio)

 30

Visual Basic 6.0

According to Copernicus Pepito (2005), Visual Basic is an Object-Oriented

language. It is windows based. This means that even ordinary computer user,

who is accustomed to windows, can easily learn to create computer program.

This includes the simplest one like personalizing windows icons to complex

programs such as bundy clock systems for offices.

Visual Basic .Net

According to Michael Sprague (2003), Microsoft Visual Basic is a set of

programming tools that allows you to create application for the windows

operating system and for the internet. Visual Basic combines the BASIC

programming language used by programmers all over the world with a "graphical

user interface" or GUI.

Visual Basic 2008

According to Julia Case Bradley (1996),Visual Basic is a third-generation

event-driven programming language and integrated development environment

(IDE) from Microsoft for its Component Object Model (COM) programming model

first released in 1991 and declared legacy during 2008. A programmer can create

an application using the components provided by the Visual Basic program itself.

Over time the community of programmers developed third-party components.

 31

Visual Basic 2010

According to Jemma Development Group (2012), Visual Basic 2010

Express is part of the Visual Studio 2010 Express family, a free set of tools that

Windows developers at any level can use to create custom applications using

basic and expert settings. Visual Basic provides a fast and easy way to create

.NET Framework-based Windows applications. As with all programs that target

the .NET Framework, programs written in Visual Basic benefit from security and

language interoperability.

Visual Basic 2013

Visual Basic is engineered for productively building type-safe and object-

oriented applications. Visual Basic enables developers to target Windows, Web,

and mobile devices. As with all languages targeting the Microsoft .NET

Framework, programs written in Visual Basic benefit from security and language

interoperability.

Linux Operating System

According to George Reynolds et al (2015), Linux is an operating system.

An operating system is software that manages all of the hardware resources

associated with your desktop or laptop. To put it simply – the operating system.

Linux is also the leading operating system on servers and other big iron systems

such as mainframe computers, and the only OS used on TOP500

 32

supercomputers. Linux is one of the most prominent examples of free and open-

source software collaboration.

UNIX

According to Peter Norton (2006), Unix systems are characterized by a

modular design that is sometimes called the "Unix philosophy". This concept

entails that the operating system provides a set of simple tools that each

performs a limited, well-defined function, with a unified filesystem as the main

means of communication, and a shell scripting and command language to

combine the tools to perform complex workflows. Unix distinguishes itself from its

predecessors as the first portable operating system: almost the entire operating

system is written in the C programming language, thus allowing Unix to reach

numerous platforms.

Windows Operating System

The Windows operating systems (Windows OS) for desktop PCs are more

formally called Microsoft Windows and is actually a family of operating

systems for personal computers. Windows dominates the personal computer

world, running, by some estimates, more than 90 percent of all

personal computers – the remainder running Linux and Mac operating systems.

Windows provides a graphical user interface (GUI), virtual memory management,

multitasking, and support for many peripheral devices. In addition to Windows

 33

operating systems for personal computers, Microsoft also offers operating

systems for servers and mobile devices. (https://www.webopedia.com/DidYouKn

ow/Hardware_Software/history_of_microsoft_windows_operating_system.html.)

Windows NT

According to Peter Norton (2006), Windows NT is a family of operating

systems produced by Microsoft, the first version of which was released in July

1993. It is a processor-independent, multiprocessing and multi-user operating

system. The first version of Windows NT was Windows NT 3.1 and was

produced for workstations and server computers. "NT" formerly expanded to

"New Technology" but no longer carries any specific meaning.

Windows 9x

According to Peter Norton (2006), Windows 9x is a generic term referring

to a series of Microsoft Windows computer operating systems produced from

1995 to 2000, which were based on the Windows 95 kernel and its underlying

foundation of MS-DOS, both of which were updated in subsequent versions. This

includes all versions of Windows 95 and Windows 98. . Windows ME is

sometimes included. Internal release versions for versions of Windows 9x are

4.x. Previous MS-DOS based versions of Windows used version numbers of 3.2

or lower. The final version of Windows 9x was Windows ME, released in

September 2000 with an internal version number of 4.9.

 34

Windows 2000

According to Peter Norton (2006), Windows 2000 is an operating system

designed by Microsoft to run application programs, store files, support networking

and provide other features like multimedia and entertainment. It was originally

named as Windows NT 5.0 since it was the successor of Windows NT 4.0.

Windows 2000 was released on February 17, 2000. The Microsoft Management

Console and System Administration applications along with some other core

components remain the same in all four versions. New assistive technologies for

the disabled, new Internationalization requirements and Locale specific features

very some new modules added in Windows 2000.

Windows XP

According to Timothy J. O’Leary (2003), Microsoft Windows is the most

widely used operating system for personal computers. Windows XP is the

newest version of the windows operating system that has graphical user interface

(GUI) like the earlier versions of windows operating system. And like older

versions of windows, it also displays graphical objects called icons which it

represents the items that you use. The icons when selected activate the item.

By using Windows Operating System, it’s easy to learn and use different

programs because all the programs that use Windows Operating System have a

common user interface. A common user interface means that programs have
 35

common features, such as the same menu commands. For example, you will find

the command to open a file is the same in all windows applications.

Windows Operating System gets its name from its use of rectangular

boxes called windows. These windows are used to display information and other

program. Multiple windows can be open at the same time, making it easy to

move from one task to another.

Windows Vista

According to Gary B. Shelly et al (2008), Windows Vista system simplifies

the process of working with document and application by transferring data. They

also said that windows vista is used to run application programs which are

programs that perform a specific function such a word processing.

Database Software

Database software is the phrase used to describe any software that is

designed or creating databases and managing the information stored in them.

Database software tools are primarily used for storing, modifying, extracting, and

searching for information within a database. Database software is used for a

number of reasons in any industry - from keeping your bookkeeping on task,

compiling client lists to running your online Web site.(https://www.webopedia.com

/TERM/DD/database_software.html)
 36

Application Software

According to Peter Norton (2006), Application software tells the compute

how to accomplish specific tasks, such as word processing or drawing, for the

user.

Multimedia Software

According to John Demel et al (1984), Multimedia is content that uses a

combination of different content forms such as text, audio, images, animations,

video and interactive content. Multimedia contrasts with media that use only

rudimentary computer displays such as text-only or traditional forms of printed or

hand-produced material. Multimedia can be recorded and played, displayed,

interacted with or accessed by information content processing devices, such as

computerized and electronic devices, but can also be part of a live performance.

Adobe Photoshop

According to Classroom in Book (2002), Adobe Photoshop is the

predominant photo editing and manipulation software on the market. Its uses

range from the full-featured editing of large batches of photos to creating intricate

digital paintings and drawings that mimic those done by hand. It makes use of

layering to allow for depth and flexibility in the design and editing process, as well

as provide powerful editing tools, that when combined, are capable of just about

anything.
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Microsoft Office

According to Wallace Wang (2016), Microsoft office has five cores which

are word, excel, PowerPoint, access, and outlook. He added that the five cores

have a different work.

Microsoft Word

According to Russell Borland (1994), Microsoft Word for windows is an

entirely new program. Almost all of its commands and feature, even those that

user version 2 will recognize have been revised, With Word6 for windows you’ll

find it easier than ever to make your document look the way you want.

Microsoft PowerPoint

According to Tom Badgett (1994), Microsoft PowerPoint (or simply

PowerPoint) is a presentation program, created by Robert Gaskins and Dennis

Austin at a software company named Forethought, Inc. It was released on April

20, 1987, initially for Macintosh computers only. Microsoft PowerPoint is one of

many programs run by the company Microsoft and can be identified by its

trademark orange, and P initial on the logo. It offers users many ways to display

information from simple presentations to complex multimedia presentations.

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Microsoft Excel

According to Sharel Mcvey (1992), Excel 4 for Windows is one of the

fastest and easiest ways to get started and become productive. All aspects of

Excel 4.0 contain improvement, including enhanced analytical capabilities,

greater flexibility with database management, increased charting option, and the

capability to automate tasks and customized excel with macros.

Internet Explorer

This came after Microsoft used bundling to win the first browser

war against Netscape, which was the dominant browser in the 1990s. Its usage

share has since declined with the launch of Firefox (2004) and Google

Chrome (2008), and with the growing popularity of operating systems such

as Android and iOS that do not run Internet Explorer. (https://en.wikipedia.Org/wi

ki/Internet Explorer)

Google Chrome

was assembled from 25 different code libraries from Google and third

parties such as Mozilla's Netscape Portable Runtime, Network Security

Services, NPAPI (dropped as of version 45), Skia Graphics Engine, SQLite, and

a number of other open-source projects. The V8 JavaScript virtual machine was

considered a sufficiently important project to be split off (as was Adobe/Mozilla's

Tamarin) and handled by a separate team in Denmark coordinated by Lars Bak

 39

at Aarhus. According to Google, existing implementations were designed "for

small programs, where the performance and interactivity of the system weren't

that important", but web applications such as Gmail "are using the web browser

to the fullest when it comes to DOM manipulations and JavaScript", and therefore

would significantly benefit from a JavaScript engine that could work faster.

(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Chrome).

Mozilla Firefox

Firefox implements many standards, including HTML4 (almost full HTML5)

XML, XHTML, MathML, SVG 2(partial), CSS (with extensions),ECMAScript (Java

Script), DOM, XSLT, XPath, and APNG (Animated PNG) images with alpha

transparency. Firefox also implements standards proposals created by the

WHATWG such as client-side storage, and element. These standards are

implemented through the Gecko layout engine, and Spider monkey JavaScript

engine. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firefox#Standards)

Student Evaluation

Student evaluation sometimes involves an evaluation of all aspects of the

learning experience provided by the institution, including teaching, library,

information technology, through to the sport facilities and catering. This is

sometimes called the total student experience.

Student evaluation is sometimes referred to as student feedback.

However, the term 'feedback' needs to be used with care and a clear distinction
 40

drawn between feedback from students about their experience and

feedback to students about their progress. Feedback from students is the same

as the first core meaning above. Feedback to students is the same

as assessment of students' learning and thus similar to the second core meaning

above. (http://www.qualityresearchinternational.com/glossary/studentevaluation.

html)

Requirements

Requirement is a singular documented physical or functional need that a

particular design, product or process aims to satisfy. It is commonly used in a

formal sense in engineering design, including for example in systems

engineering, software engineering, or enterprise engineering. It is a broad

concept that could speak to any necessary (or sometimes desired) function,

attribute, capability, characteristic, or quality of a system for it to have value and

utility to a customer, organization, internal user, or other stakeholder.

Requirements can come with different levels of specificity; for example, a

requirement specification or requirement "spec" (often imprecisely referred to as

"the" spec/specs, but there are actually different sorts of specifications) refers to

an explicit, highly objective/clear (and often quantitative) requirement (or

sometimes, set of requirements) to be satisfied by a material, design, product, or

service. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Requirement)
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Tuition Fee

The charge or fee for instruction, as at a private school or a college or

university: The colleges will raise its tuition again next year. Teaching or

instruction, as of pupils: a school offering private tuition in languages.

 42

CONCEPTUAL MODEL OF THE STUDY

On the basis of the foregoing concepts, theories, and findings of related

literature, studies presented, and insights taken from them, a conceptual model is

developed as shown below.

Inputs Process Output

Knowledge
Requirements
a. Evaluating of
Requirements
b. Tuition Fee
c. System
Student
Evaluation Model
Design Evaluation
d. Computer Literate
System for St.
Development Catherine
Software
Institute of
Requirements
Testing and Technology
a. Vb.net
b. Microsoft Visual Debugging
Studio
c. Microsoft Access

Requirements
a. Computer System Evaluation

Figure 1. The Conceptual Model of the Study

The conceptual model, as illustrated in Figure 1, shows the different

stages of the process involved in order to achieve the objectives of this study.

Inputs. This stage is consists of many requirements that is needed to

complete the proposed system with ease. The knowledge requirements are the
 43

pre-requisites that should be known to the researchers to serve as a guide in

making of the study: Grading System, System Evaluation Model and Enrollment

System.

The programming language required in the development of the program is

VB.NET, MySQL. These languages are used to develop the program and its

functionalities.

Process. This stage needed requirements for the design and

development of the program. Testing and debugging will be carried out shortly

after by the researcher prior to the final evaluation of the project to ensure the

continuity and comprehensibility of the system.

Output. This stage is where Student Evaluation System will be presented

to the selected school and will ask to use the system and rate it afterwards.

Evaluation. This stage correspond the ratings it serves as the evaluation

of the system’s performance which will be undertaken in the school.

OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS

The following are the terminologies used in the study which are defined

according to its standard definition and how it is used operationally in the context

of this study.

Application program is a software program that runs on your computer.

Web browsers, e-mail programs, word processors, games, and utilities are all

applications. The word "application" is used because each program has a

specific application for the user.

 44

Coding is basically the computer language used to develop apps,

websites and software.

Computer data is information processed or stored by a computer. This

information may be in the form of text documents, images, audio clips, software

programs, or other types of data. Computer data may be processed by the

computer's CPU and is stored in files and folders on the computer's hard disk.

Computer literate is a term used to describe individuals who have the

knowledge and skills to use a computer and other related technology. This term

is usually used to describe the most basic knowledge and skills needed to

operate software products such as an operating system, a software application,

or an automated Web design tool.

Computer system is more than a high-powered collection of electronic

devices performing a variety of information processing chores. A computer is a

system, an interrelated combination of components that performs the basic

system functions of input, processing, output, storage, and control, thus providing

end users with a powerful information processing tool.

Computer software is a general term that describes computer programs.

Related terms such as software programs, applications, scripts, and instruction

sets all fall under the category of computer software.

CSS Stands for "Cascading Style Sheet." Cascading style sheets are

used to format the layout of Web pages.

Debugging in computer programming and engineering, is a multistep

process that involves identifying a problem, isolating the source of the problem,
 45

and then either correcting the problem or determining a way to work around it.

The final step of debugging is to test the correction or workaround and make sure

it works.

Desktop is the primary user interface of a computer. When you boot up

your computer, the desktop is displayed once the startup process is complete. It

includes the desktop background (or wallpaper) and icons of files and folders you

may have saved to the desktop.

Macintosh (often called "the Mac") was the first widely-sold personal

computer with a graphical user interface (GUI) and a mouse. Apple Computer

introduced the Macintosh in an ad during Super Bowl XVIII, on January 22, 1984,

and offered it for sale two days later.

MySQL is an open source relational database management system. It is

based on the structure query language (SQL), which is used for adding,

removing, and modifying information in the database. Standard SQL commands,

such as ADD, DROP, INSERT, and UPDATE can be used with MySQL.

Operating system (OS) is the most important program that runs on a

computer. Every general-purpose computer must have an operating system to

run other programs and applications.

Project design is an early phase of the project where a project’s key

features, structure, criteria for success, and major deliverables are all planned

out. The point is to develop one or more designs which can be used to achieve

the desired project goals.

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Project development are the process and the facility of planning,

organizing, coordinating, and controlling the resources to accomplish specific

goals, the process takes a transportation improvement from concept through

construction.

System evaluation model brings your complete system into play – not

just the rules. This is essential because the rules are only a part of your system

and arguably they are not the most important part. Your money management

techniques are likely to have a much bigger influence on your final results than

any other aspect of your system.

Technology can be the knowledge of techniques, processes, and the like,

or it can be embedded in machines to allow for operation without detailed

knowledge of their workings.

Visual Studio .NET is Microsoft's visual programming environment for

creating Web services based on use of the Extensible Markup Language (XML).

The product suite provides a visual interface for identifying a program as a Web

service, forms for building a user interface (including support for mobile device

interfaces), features for integrating existing application data, and for debugging.

Visual Studio.

Web browser, or simply "browser," is an application used to access and

view websites. Common web browsers include Microsoft Internet Explorer,

Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, and Apple Safari.

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XHTML Stands for "Extensible Hypertext Markup Language." Yes,

apparently "Extensible" starts with an "X." XHTML is a spinoff of the hypertext

markup language (HTML) used for creating Web pages.

XML code, a formal recommendation from the World Wide Web

Consortium (W3C), is similar to Hypertext Markup Language (HTML). Both XML

and HTML contain markup symbols to describe page or file contents.