Chandrayaan-2

Chandrayaan-2 (Sanskrit: च यान-२; Sanskrit: [tɕɐndɽɐjaːn dʋɪ]; lit: Moon-

Chandrayaan-2
vehicle[11][12] pronunciation ) is India's second lunar exploration mission after
Chandrayaan-1.[13] Developed by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), Mission type Lunar orbiter,
the mission is planned to be launched to the Moon by a Geosynchronous Satellite lander, rover
Launch Vehicle Mark III (GSLV Mk III).[7][8] It includes a lunar orbiter, lander and Operator Indian Space
rover, all developed indigenously.[14] Research
Organisation
Chandrayaan-2 will attempt to soft land a lander and rover in a high plain between
two craters, Manzinus C and Simpelius N, at a latitude of about 70° south. If Website isro.gov.in/gslv-mk-
successful, Chandrayaan-2 will be the first mission to land a rover near the lunar iii-chandrayaan-2-
south pole [15][16] mission
Mission Orbiter: 1 year
According to ISRO, this mission will use and test various new technologies and
duration Lander: >15 days[1]
conduct new experiments.[17][18][19] The wheeled rover will move on the lunar
Rover: >15 days[1]
surface and will perform on-site chemical analysis. The data will be relayed to Earth
through the Chandrayaan-2 orbiter, which will fly on the same launch.[20][21] Spacecraft properties
Manufacturer ISRO
Originally scheduled for launch in early 2018, the mission was subsequently pushed
back to early 2019, mid 2019, and is currently scheduled for July 9, 2019. Launch Combined: 3,877 kg
mass (8,547 lb)[2][3]
Chandrayaan-2 will make India the 4th country in the world to soft-land on the
Payload Orbiter: 2,379 kg
moon, a feat achieved only by the space agencies of the US, USSR, and China until
mass (5,245 lb)[2][3]
now.
Lander:1,471 kg
(3,243 lb)[2][3]
Rover: 27 kg
Contents (60 lb)[2][3]

History Start of mission

Design Launch date 9 to 16 July
Orbiter 2019[4][5][6]
Vikram lander
Pragyan rover
Rocket GSLV Mk III[7][8]

Payload Launch site Satish Dhawan

Space Centre
See also
References Contractor ISRO
External links Lunar orbiter
Orbital September 06, 2019
insertion (Planned)[5]
History
Orbit parameters
On 12 November 2007, representatives of the Russian Federal Space Agency
Periapsis 100 km (62 mi)[9]
(Roscosmos) and ISRO signed an agreement for the two agencies to work together
Apoapsis 100 km (62 mi)[9]
on the Chandrayaan-2 project.[22] ISRO would have the prime responsibility for the
orbiter and rover, while Roscosmos was to provide the lander. Chandrayaan programme
The Indian government approved the mission in a meeting of the Union Cabinet, held on 18 September 2008 and chaired by Prime
Minister Manmohan Singh.[23] The design of the spacecraft was completed in August 2009, with scientists of both countries
conducting a joint review.[24][25]

Although ISRO finalised the payload for Chandrayaan-2 per schedule,[26] the mission was postponed in January 2013[27] and
rescheduled to 2016 because Russia was unable to develop the lander on time.[28][29] Roscosmos later withdrew in wake of the
failure of the Fobos-Grunt mission to Mars, since the technical aspects connected with the Fobos-Grunt mission were also used in the
lunar projects, which needed to be reviewed.[28] When Russia cited its inability to provide the lander even by 2015, India decided to
develop the lunar mission independently.[27][30]

The spacecraft's launch had been scheduled for March 2018, but was first delayed to April and then to October to conduct further
tests on the vehicle.[31][32] On 19 June 2018, after the program's fourth Comprehensive Technical Review meeting, a number of
changes in configuration and landing sequence were planned for implementation, pushing the launch to the first half of 2019.[33] Two
of the lander's legs got minor damage during one of the tests in February 2019.[34] Chandrayaan-2 launch is tentatively scheduled
[4]
between 9 to 16 July 2019, with landing expected on 6 September 2019.

Design
The mission is planned to fly on a Geosynchronous Satellite Launch
Vehicle Mark III (GSLV Mk III) with an approximate lift-off mass of
3,877 kg (8,547 lb) from Satish Dhawan Space Centre on Sriharikota
Island.[9][8][35] As of February 2018, the mission has an allocated cost
of ₹800 crore (approximately US$125 million).[36] Chandrayaan-2
stack would be initially put in a Earth parking orbit of 170 km perigee
and 40,400 km apogee by the launch vehicle.[37] It will then perform
orbit raising operations followed bytrans-lunar injection using its own
power.

Orbiter
The orbiter will orbit the Moon at an altitude of 100 km (62 mi).[38]
The mission will carry five instruments on the orbiter. Three of them
are new, while two others are improved versions of those flown on
Chandrayaan-1. The approximate launch mass will be 2,379 kg
(5,245 lb).[2][3][26][39] The Orbiter High Resolution Camera (OHRC)
will conduct high-resolution observations of the landing site prior to
separation of the lander from the orbiter.[38][1] Interfaces between the
orbiter and its GSLV Mk III launch vehicle have been finalised.[40]
The orbiter's structure was manufactured by Hindustan Aeronautics
Limited and delivered to ISRO Satellite Centre on 22 June Orbiter and lander in stacked configuration with
2015.[40][41] the rover inside the lander

Vikram lander
The mission's lander is called Vikram (Sanskrit: िव म, lit. 'Valour')[43] named after Vikram Sarabhai (1919-1971) who is widely
[44]
regarded as the father of the Indian space programme.

The Vikram lander will detach from the orbiter and descend to a lunar orbit of 30 km × 100 km (19 mi × 62 mi) using its 800 N
(180 lbf) liquid main engines. It will then perform a comprehensive check of all its on-board systems before attempting to land on the
lunar surface. Unlike Chandrayaan-1'sMoon Impact Probe, the Vikram lander will make a soft landing, deploy the rover, and perform
some scientific activities for approximately 15 days. The approximate combined mass of the lander and rover is 1,471 kg
(3,243 lb).[2][3] The preliminary configuration study of the Subsystem Quantity Mass (kg) Power (W)
lander was completed in 2013 by the Space Applications
INS [42] 1 20 100
Centre (SAC) in Ahmedabad.[27]
Star tracker [42] 2 6 15
The lander's propulsion system consists of eight 50 N
Altimeter [42] 2 1.5 8
(11 lbf) thrusters for attitude control and five 800 N
(180 lbf) liquid main engines derived from ISRO's 440 N Velocimeter [42] 2 1.5 8
(99 lbf) Liquid Apogee Motor.[35][45] Initially, the lander Imaging sensor [42] 2 2 5
design employed four main liquid engines, but a centrally
mounted engine was added to handle new requirements of having to orbit the Moon before landing. The additional engine is expected
to mitigate upward draft oflunar dust during the soft landing.[46]

Some associated technologies include a high resolution camera, navigation camera, hazard avoidance camera, an 800 N throttleable
liquid main engine and attitude thrusters, altimeter, velocity meter, accelerometer, and the software needed to run these
components.[1][38] The lander's main engine has successfully undergone a high altitude test for a duration of 513 seconds, and closed
loop verification tests of the sensors, actuators and software were completed in 2016.[40] Engineering models of the lander began
undergoing ground and aerial tests in late October 2016, in Challakere in the Chitradurga district of Karnataka. ISRO created roughly
[47]
10 craters on the surface to help assess the ability of the lander's sensors to select a landing site.

Landing site [16] Latitude Longitude

SLS54 (prime site) 70.90267° S 22.78110° E
ALS01 (alternate site) 67.87406° S 18.46947° W

Pragyan rover
The mission's rover is called Pragyan (Sanskrit: ान, lit. 'Wisdom').[48][49] The
rover's mass will be about 27 kg (60 lb) and will operate on solar power.[2][3] The
rover will move on 6 wheels traversing 300 to 400 meter distance on the lunar
surface,[50] performing on-site chemical analysis and sending the data to the orbiter
above, which will relay it to the Earth station.[26][39]

The initial plan was for the rover to be designed in Russia and fabricated in India.
However, after Russia proved unable to contribute to the mission,[27][28][29] ISRO
decided on designing and fabricating the rover itself. IIT Kanpur is developing three
subsystems to provide mobility:

1. Stereoscopic camera-based 3D vision using two NA VCAMs in front of

rover will provide the ground team controlling the rovers a 3D view of the
surrounding terrain and help in path planning by generating adigital
Artist impression of the rover
elevation model of the terrain.[51]
2. Kinematic traction control - will enable the rover to negotiate the rough
lunar terrain using independent steering provided on four of its wheels.
3. Control and motor dynamics -The rover will have six wheels, each driven by an independent electric motor . Four of
the wheels will also be capable of independent steering. A total of 10 electric motors will be used for traction and
steering.

Payload
ISRO selected five scientific instruments for the orbiter, four for the lander,[52] and two for the rover.[26][53] While it was initially
reported that NASA and ESA would participate in the mission by providing some scientific instruments for the orbiter,[54] ISRO in
2010 had clarified that due to weight restrictions it will not be carrying foreign payloads on this mission.[55] However in a last
moment update just a month before the launch of the mission, NASA's laser retroreflector was added to lander's payload to help
scientists measure exact distances to the moon.[56]

Orbiter payload

Large Area Soft X-ray Spectrometer(LASS) from ISRO Satellite Centre (ISAC), Bangalore andSolar X-ray monitor
(XSM) from Physical Research Laboratory(PRL), Ahmedabad for mapping major elements present on the lunar
surface.[26]
L and S band Synthetic Aperture Radar(SAR) from Space Applications Centre(SAC), Ahmedabad for probing the
first few tens of metres of the lunar surface for the presence of dif
ferent constituents, including water ice. SAR is
expected to provide further evidence confirming the presence of water ice below the shadowed regions of the
Moon.[26]
Imaging IR Spectrometer(IIRS) from SAC, Ahmedabad for mapping of lunar surface over a wide wavelength range
for the study of minerals, water molecules andhydroxyl present.[26]
Neutral Mass Spectrometer(ChACE-2) from Space Physics Laboratory(SPL), Thiruvananthapuram to carry out a
detailed study of the lunar exosphere.[26]
Terrain Mapping Camera-2 (TMC-2) from SAC, Ahmedabad for preparing a three-dimensional map essential for
studying the lunar mineralogy and geology .[26]

Vikram lander payload

[52][9][57]
Seismometer for studying Moon-quakes near the landing site
[9]
Thermal probe for estimating the thermal properties of the lunar surface
Langmuir probe for measuring the density and variation of lunar surfaceplasma[52][9]
[9]
Radio occultation experiment for measuring the total electron content
A laser retroreflector array (LRA) by NASA Goddard Space Flight Centerfor precise measurements of theEarth–
Moon distance.[56]

Pragyan rover payload

[26]
Laser induced Breakdown Spectroscope(LIBS) from Laboratory for Electro Optic Systems (LEOS), Bangalore.
Alpha Particle Induced X-ray Spectroscope(APIXS) from PRL, Ahmedabad.

See also
Chang'e 3
Exploration of the Moon
List of current and future lunar missions
List of ISRO missions

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External links
Chandrayaan-2 mission webpageby the Indian Space Research Organisation

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chandrayaan-2&oldid=898616749

"

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