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 Flat slab called beamless slab is a slab supported

directly by columns without beams.
 A part of slab bounded on each of the four sides by
centre line of column is called a panel.
 Panel may be divided into column strip and middle
strip.
 The flat slab is often thickened closed to supporting
columns to provide adequate strength in shear and to
reduce the amount of negative reinforcement in the
support regions.
 The thickened portion i.e.the projection below the
slab is called drop or drop panel.
 SAP is expanded as Structural Analysis Program. SAP 2000
represents the most sophisticated and user-friendly release of
the SAP series of computer programs.
 This is the first version of SAP completely integrated within
Microsoft Windows
 A beam with multiple members framing into it is created as a
single object, just as it exists in the real world and the meshing
needed to ensure that connectivity exists with the other
members is handled internally by the program.
 Absence of beams allows lower story heights and as a
result cost saving in vertical cladding, partition walls,
mechanical systems, plumbing and a large number of
other items of construction especially for medium and
high rise building.
 Total height of building is restricted using flat slab
results in more stories accommodated within the set
height.
The following are the objective of project work,
 To study the design of flat slab manually.
 To study the modeling and analysis of flat slab by
using SAP 2000.
Advantages:
 Simple formwork
 No beams—simplifying under-floor services outside the drops
 Minimum structural depth
 Usually does not require shear reinforcement at the columns.
Disadvantages:
 Medium spans
 Generally not suitable for supporting brittle (masonry)
partitions
 Drop panels may interfere with larger mechanical ducting
 Vertical penetrations need to avoid area around columns
 For reinforced flat slabs, deflection at the middle strip may be
critical.
 Σ Slabs without drop and column head.
 Σ Slabs without drop and column with column head.
 Σ Slabs with drop and column head.
Indian Code Recommendations for Proportioning Flat Slab
Thickness of flat slab:-
 The thickness of flat slab shall be generally controlled by
considerations of span to effective depth ratio.
Drops:-
 The drops when provided shall be rectangular in plan, and
have alength in each direction not less than one third of
the panel length in each direction. For exterior panels, with
drops at right angles to the non continuous edge and
measured from centre line of the columns shall be equal to
one half the width of drop for interior panels.
Column heads:-
 When column heads are provided, that portion of
column head which lies within the largest circular
cone or pyramid that has vertex, angle of 90 and can
be included entirely within the outlines of the column
and the column head, shall be considered for design
purposes.
 Flexibility in the room
 Saving in building height. Hence it is Economical.
 Shorter construction time
 It allows owner to change the size of room layout
 It also allows Architect to introduce partition walls
anywhere required
 COMMONLY USED WHERE SPANS ARE NOT
LARGE BETWEEN 20 to 25 ft.
 WHERE LOADS NOT PARTICULARLY HEAVY
 Step 1: Estimate design loads
 Step 2: Sheathing thickness and and spacing of its
supports (joist spacing)
 Step 3: Joist size and spacing of supports (stringer
spacing)
 Step 4: Stringer size and span (shore spacing)
 Step 5: Shore design to support stringers
 Step 6: Check bearing stresses
 Step 7: Design lateral bracing
 Under the pressure of recent developments, seismic codes have
begun to explicitly require the identification of sources of
inelasticity in structural response, together with the
quantification of their energy absorption capacity. Many existing
buildings do not have been designed for seismic forces.
 It is important to study their response under seismic conditions
and to evaluate seismic retrofit schemes. Hence push over
analysis is gained importance for the strengthening and
evaluation of the existing structures. By conducting the pushover
analysis on flat slabs, we need to decide whether to perform
rehabilitation or retrofitting depending upon the seismic zone of
the existing structures and came to conclusion such as
 Flat-slab systems with columns only can be applied under
conditions buildings with a small number of storeys.
 Flat-slab structural systems with perimetric beams supported
only by columns, in that case big cross sections for the columns
is needed.