kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw˛I

Ãm≥tU¿Uv
IX

tIc-f-k¿°m¿
hnZym-`ym-k-h-Ip∏v
Xbm-dm-°n-bXv
kwÿm\ hnZym-`ymk Kth-jW ]cn-io-e\ kanXn (SCERT), tIcfw
2010
 tZio-b-Km\w
P\-K-W-a-\- -A-[n-\m-bI Pbtl
`mc-X-`m-Ky-hn-[mXm,
]©m-_ -kn‘p KpP-dmØ admTm
{ZmhnU DXv°-e- _w-Km,
hn‘y-ln-am-N-e -b-ap\mKwKm,
D—ePe-[nX-cwKm,
Xh -ip-`-\mta PmtK,
Xh- ip` Bin-j -am-tK,
Kmtl Xh- P-b-KmYm
P\-K-W-aw-K-e-Zm-bI Pbtl
`mc-X-`m-Ky-hn-[mXm.
Pb-tl, Pb-tl, Pb-tl,
Pb Pb Pb Pbtl!

{]Xn⁄
C¥y Fs‚ cmPy-am-Wv. F√m C¥y-°mcpw Fs‚ ktlm-Z-co-
ktlmZc-∑m-cm-Wv.
Rm≥ Fs‚ cmPysØ kvt\ln- ° p∂p; kºq¿Whpw
sshhn- [ y- ] q¿W- h p- a mb AXns‚ ]mc- º - c y- Ø n¬ Rm≥
A`n-am\w sIm≈p∂p.
Rm≥ Fs‚ amXm-]n-Xm-°-sfbpw Kpcp-°-∑m-scbpw apXn¿∂-
hscbpw _lp-am-\n-°pw.
Rm≥ Fs‚ cmPy-Øn-s‚bpw Fs‚ \m´p-Im-cp-sSbpw t£a-Øn\pw
sFiz-cy-Øn-\pw- th≠n {]bXv\n°pw.

Prepared by :
State Council of Educational Research and Training (SCERT)
Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram - 695 012, Kerala
Website www.scertkerala.gov.in
e-mail scertkerala@asianetindia.com
Phone : 0471 - 2341883, Fax: 0471 - 2341869
First Edition : 2010
Typesetting : Computer Lab, SCERT
© Department of Education • Government of Kerala
{]nbs∏´ Ip´n-I-tf,
A\-¥-km-[y-X-I-fp≈ Hcp ]pXnb temI-Øns‚
am{¥n-I-hm-Xn-en\p-ap-∂n-emWv \n߃ \n¬°p-∂-Xv.
hmb-\-bp-sSbpw Fgp-Øn-s‚bpw Cu hmXn¬∏Sn-
bn¬\n∂v ]pXn-b-temIw ImWm\p≈ kml-
knIat\m-`mhw DW¿∂m¬, Cu am{¥nIhmXn¬
Xpd∂v AXn-\-∏p-d-ap≈ A\p-`-h-ß-fn-tebv°v \n߃
IuXpI-tØmsS {]th-in-°p-sa-s∂-\n-°p-d-∏p≠v.
AXn-a-t\m-l-c-amb ]pdw-tem-Iw \ΩpsS C{µn-b-߃°v
hncp-s∂m-cp-°p-I-bmWv. Poh-\p≈hbp-sSbpw C√m-
ØhbpsSbpw hnhn[cq]-߃, Ah-bp-sS emfn-Xyhpw Zp¿{K-
l-Xbpw, kqtcym-Z-bhpw AkvX-a-bhpw, ag-hn-√ns‚ cq]hpw
\nd-ßfpw ssItIm¿Øp-sIm≠v sX∂n-\o-ßp∂ taL-߃,
Xoc-Ø-W-bp∂ Xnc, Imt‰‰p Ncn-bp-Ibpw ho≠pw Dbcp-
IbpwsNøp∂ ]p√p-Iƒ, Icp-Øp-Im´n Xe-bp-b¿Øn-
\n¬°p∂ ac-߃, ImSp-Iƒ, \£-{X-ß-fpsS an∂¬,
Nt{µm-Zbw... Ch-bpsS cl-ky-߃ tXSp-∂-Xn-\p≈
Xmt°m¬; a\p-jy≥ ]n∂n´ hgn-Iƒ ...
Cu ]pkvXIw \n߃°p \¬Ip-∂Xv AXm-Wv.
A[ym-]-I-tcm-sSm∏w \n߃ Cu hmXn¬ Xpd-°p-∂-
tXmsS Cusbm-cp-hm-Xn¬ am{X-a√ a‰-t\Iw hmXn-ep-
Iƒ \n߃°pap-ºn-ep-s≠∂v t_m[y-s∏-Spw.
At∂cw Cu hnizw apgp-h≥ Hcp Xpd∂ ¢m v apdn-
bmbn amdpw. PohnXwXs∂ hnZym-`ym-k-Øn-eq-sS-
bp≈ Hcp bm{X-bm-Ipw.
kvt\lm-iw-k-I-tfmsS,

s{]m^k¿ Fw.F. JmZ¿

Ub-dI- vS¿
Fkv.-kn.-C.-B¿.Sn.
 ]mT-]p-kvXI kanXn
AssUz-k¿
tUm. tIi-h≥ shfp-Øm-´v
s{]m^-k¿, Un∏m¿´vsa‚v Hm^v lnÃ-dn, U¬ln bqWn-th-gvkn‰n, U¬ln
sNb¿am≥
hn. Im¿Øn-tI-b≥ \mb¿
Ub-d-IvS¿ (dn´.), lb¿sk-°≠dn hnZym-`ym-kw, tIc-f

AwK-߃
tKm]m-e-Ir-jvW≥ hn.Fw. cXv\m-I-c≥ Sn.
slUvam-ÿ, Pn.F¬.-]n.-F-kv, ]ø-Sn-ao-ج, tImgn-t°mSv lb¿ sk°-≠dn So®¿ (lnÃ-dn), Kh. t_mbvkv lb¿
sk°-≠dn kvIqƒ, ae-∏pdw
tKmhn-µ≥Ip´n. Fw. Fkv
sslkvIqƒ So®¿ (tkmjy¬ k-b≥kv), Kh. lb¿ hnizw-`-c≥ F≥.
sk°-≠dn kvIqƒ, Fcp-a-s∏-´n, Xr»q¿ lb¿ sk-°-≠dn So®¿ (s]mfn-‰n-°¬ kb≥kv),
t_mbvkv lb¿ sk°-≠dn kvIqƒ, Icp-\m-K-∏≈n
Pb-Ir-jvW≥.-H.sI
sslkvIqƒ So®¿ (tkmjy¬ kb≥kv) tUm. {ioIp-am¿ ]n.sI.
sI.]n.kn lb¿ sk°-≠-dn- kvIqƒ, ]´m-\q¿, IÆq¿ ko\n-b¿ eIvN-d¿ (lnÃ-dn), Kh. hnIvtSm-dnb tImtf-Pv,
]me-°mSv
tUm. {]k-∂-Ip-am¿ ]n.kn.
ske-£≥ t{KUv eIvN-d¿ (s]mfn-‰n-°¬ kb≥kv), tUm. kp{_-“-Wy-Zmkv ]n.hn.
bqWn-th-gvkn‰n tImtf-Pv, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw lb¿ sk°-≠dn So®¿ (tkmtjym-fPn), Kh. KW-]Xv
lb¿ sk°-≠dn kvIqƒ, tImgn-t°mSv
bpk^v Ipam¿ Fkv.-Fw.
lb¿ sk°-≠dn So®¿ (lnÃ-dn), Kh. lb¿ sk°-≠dn kptcjv Ipam¿ B¿.
kvIqƒ, X´-Øp-ae, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw eIvN-d¿ (tkmjy¬ kb≥kv), Kh. tImtfPv Hm^v So®¿
FUyq-t°-j≥, tImgn-t°mSv

A°m-Z-anIv tImUnt\‰¿
a[p-kq-Z-\≥ kn.
dnk¿®v Hm^o-k¿ (Chm-eyp-th-j≥), Fkv.-kn.-C.-B¿.Sn
hnZKv[kanXn
$ aZ-\≥, B¿´v FUn-‰¿, amXr-`qan. $ sI. jco^v, B¿´n-Ãv, amXr-`qan. $ tZh-{]-Imiv, B¿´n-Ãv,
kwÿm\
Fw. B¿._me-
cmL-khm--h
lm-nXy
cn-bC≥Ãn- ‰yq´vk
¿, s{]m^- . $¿ ]n.
(dn´.)cta- i≥,dn,Ccn-
lnÃ- ß-∂
tImgn- q¿ lb¿
t°mSv k¿∆-sk°‚dn kvI
I-em-ime, ae- ∏qƒ.
pdw
tUm. sI.hn. Ip™n-Ir-jvW≥, Ub-d-IvS¿, k¿∆in£m A`n-bm≥, tIcfw
tUm. Fw. `mkvI-c≥ \mb¿, s{]m^-k¿ & slUv (dn´.) Un∏m¿´vsa‚v Hm^v s]mfn-‰n-°¬ kb≥kv,
tIcf k¿∆-I-em-im-e, Xncp-h-\-¥]pcw
tUm. jmPn h¿°n, eIvN-d¿, s]mfn-‰n-°¬ kb≥kv, tIcf k¿∆-I-em-ime, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw
tUm. F{_lmw hnP-b≥, eIvN-d¿, tkmtjym-f-Pn, Kh. tImtf-Pv Im™n-cw-Ipfw, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw
sF.]n. tPmk-^v, Akn. s{]m^k¿ (dn´.), Fkv.-kn.-C.-B¿.Sn, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw

kwÿm\ hnZym-`ymk Kth-jW ]cn-io-e\ kanXn (SCERT)

hnZym-`h≥, ]qP-∏p-c, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw 695 012
 A[ym-]I
- t
- cmSv...

kmaq-ly-im-kv{X-]-T\w kaq-l-cq-]hXvI-c-W-sØbpw AXns‚ ]cn-Wm-a-

sØbpw kq£va-am-bn hni-I-e\w sNøp∂p. CXn¬ a\p-jy-k-aq-l-Øns‚
hf¿®-bpsS Ncn-{X-hpw AXns‚ kmº-Øn-I-˛-km-aq-ln-I-hn-I-k-\hpw `c-W-
hy-h-ÿ-Ifpw `qan-im-kv{X-]-c-amb khn-ti-j-X-IfpsS {]tbm-Khpw Dƒs∏-
Sp-∂p. Ncn-{X-sa-∂m¬ cmPm-°-∑m-cptSbpw N{I-h¿Øn-am-cp-tSbpw IY-bm-bn-
cp-∂p, BZy-sams°. Ah¿ `cn® sIm√-߃, Ah-cpsS bp≤-߃, `c-W-]-
cn-jvIm-c-߃ F∂nh Ncn-{X-Øns‚ Xmfp-Iƒ \nd®p. \Ωp-sS-sbms°
]q¿∆n-I-cmb a\p-jy-cpsS IY Ahn-sS-sbm-∂pw ImWm-am-bn-cp-∂n-√.

C∂v Ahÿ amdn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. a\p-jy-Po-hnXw {Iam-\p-K-X-ambn hnI-kn®p

]cn-W-an® IY Ncn-{X-Øn¬ ImWmw. Dev]m-Z-t\m-]m-[n-I-fnepw _‘-ß-
fnepw h∂ am‰-߃°-\p-k-cn®v kaq-l-Ønepw kwkvIm-c-Ønepw
cmjv{SobLS-\-bnepw h∂ am‰-߃ C∂v Ncn-{X-Øn\p hnj-b-am-Wv. cmPm-
°-∑m-cpsS ]´p-Sp-∏ns‚ an∂-e-√, km[m-c-W-°m-cs‚ Pohn-X-bm-Ym¿∞y-ß-
fm-Wv, kmaq-ly-im-kv{X-sa∂ \nebv°v Ncn-{X-Øn¬ ]Tn-t°-≠-Xv. \ΩpsS
kaqlw C∂sØ Xe-Øn-te-bvs°-Øn-t®¿∂-Xns‚ Nn{Xw CXn¬\n∂p
In´pw.

]mT-]p-kvXIw ¢mkv apdn-bnse Adn-hp-\n¿ΩmW{]{In-b-bpsS {][m\ D]m-

[n-bm-Wv. Cu A¿∞-Øn¬ Hmtcm A≤ym-b-Ønepw Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p≈
{][m\ Bi-bß - s
- fbpw D]m-ib - ß
- s
- fbpw kao-]n-°W - w. Hmtcm Bi-bhpw
kw_-‘n®v Ip´n-I-fn¬ Ah-t_m[w D≠m-°m\pw AXns\ kw_-‘n®v
IrXy-amb [mc-WIƒ Ip´n-bn¬ cq]-s∏-Sp-∂X - n-\p-ap≈ ]T-\{- ]-h¿Ø-\ß - ƒ
So®¿ A[ym-]-I-k-lm-bn-bpsS klm-b-tØmsS Xøm-dm-°-Ww. Hmtcm Bi-
bhpw (Concept) Ip´n Fßs\ kzmwio-I-cn®p F∂-dn-bm\pw AXp kw_-
‘n®v Ah¿°p≈ ImgvN∏ - m-Sp-Iƒ, \ne-]mSp-Iƒ Ch ¢mkn¬ Ah-Xc - n-∏n®p
N¿® sNøm\pw Ah-kcw \¬Ip-∂-Xn-\mWv ]mT-`m-K-߃°nS-bn¬
{]tXyI A£-c-ß-fn¬ \¬Inbn´p≈ tNmZy-ßfpw {]h¿Ø\\n¿t±-i-
ßfpw. Cu tNmZy-߃ So®¿ ¢mkn¬ s]mXp-hmbn D∂-bn-°-Ww. XpS¿∂v
Bh-iy-amb kabw \¬In DØcw Is≠-Øn-bh - ¿ ssI Db¿Øm≥ ]d-bmw.
Hmtcm-cp-Ø¿°pw Xß-fpsS Is≠-Ø-ep-Iƒ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°m≥ Ah-kcw
\¬I-Ww. Ip´n-Iƒ°v Xß-fpsS \ne-]m-Sp-Iƒ \ymbo-I-cn-°m≥ Ahkcw
\¬I-Ww. XpS¿∂v hntbm-Pn-∏p-Ifpw hyXykvX \ne-]m-Sp-Ifpw So®¿ Nq≠n-
°m´n s]mXp N¿®-bn-eqsS t{ImUo-I-cn-°Ww. H‰ DØ-c-a√ t{ImUo-I-cn-
t°-≠Xv; km[p-hmb F√m DØ-c-ß-fpw, \ne-]m-Sp-Ifpw t{ImUo-I-cn-°Ww.
CXv Dev]-∂-ambn ¢m n¬ {]Z¿in-∏n-°mw. Ip´n-I-fpsS t\m´v _p°n¬ tcJ-
s∏-Sp-Øm≥ Bh-iy-s∏Smw Cu AS-bmfw D≈ tNmZy-߃ hy‡n-]-
c-amb Nn¥-bv°pw A`n-{]m-b-{]-I-S-\-Øn-\p-ap≈XmWv. CXv ]c-
kv]cN¿®-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Is≠-tØ≠ \nK-a-\-߃°p-≈Xpw.
tNmZy-߃ D∂bn®v DS-\Sn DØcw ]d-bn-°m-\-√, Nn¥-bp-sS-bpw hni-I-e-
\-Øn-s‚bpw ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ {]Xn-I-cn-°m-\mWv Ip´n-Isf ioen-∏n-t°-≠-
Xv. kz¥w \nK-a-\-Øn-s‚ bp‡nbpw \ymbo-I-c-Whpw Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-Ibpw
thWw.

Hmtcm A[ym-b-Øn-s‚bpw Ah-km\w Cu ASbmftØmsS \¬In-bn-

´p≈ {]h¿Ø-\-߃ hn]p-eo-IrX {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fm-Wv. Bh-iy-amb d^-
d≥kn-s‚-bpw At\z-j-W-ß-fpsSbpw kqN-\-Iƒ So®¿ \¬I-Ww. kwL-{]-
h¿Ø-\-ambpw ¢mkv apdn°v ]pd-Øp≈ {]h¿Ø-\-ambpw CXv amd-Ww.
tlmwh¿°v/Assk≥Uv h¿°v F∂-XmWv e£yw. Ch Hmtcm Ip´n-bp-
sSbpw "t]m¿´v t^mfntbm' tiJ-camWv. Hmtcm A[ym-b-Øn-s‚bpw ]T-\-
e-£yw, N¿®m taJ-e-Iƒ, \n¿t±-in-°-s∏´ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS Dt±iyw Ch
kw_-‘n® IqSp-X¬ hnh-c-߃ A≤ym-]-I-k-lmbnbn¬ D≠v. kaq-l-cq-
]hXv-I-cW {]{In-bbpw a\p-jys‚ kmwkvIm-cnIhf¿®-bpw kaq-l-Ønse
]ucs‚ DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-߃, IS-a-Iƒ, Ah-Im-i-߃ Chbpw Xncn-®-dn™v
{]h¿Øn°m\h-kcw \¬Ip∂ coXn-bn¬ Cu ]mT-]p-kvXIw {]tbm-P-\-
s∏-Sp-ØWw.
 D≈S°w

1. `£y-ti-J-c-W-Øn¬\n∂v
`t£ymev]m-Z-\-Øn-tebv°v .............................................................. 9

2. sh¶-e-Øns‚ I≠p-]n-SnØw .......................................................... 19

3. Ccpºpw a\pjy\pw............................................................................. 33

4. A[n-Im-cØ
- ns‚ BZycq]-߃ ......................................................... 42

5. \mSp-hm-gn-Øhpw tZi-cm-jv{S-ß-fpw................................................ 50

6. `mj, Ie, Z¿i\w ............................................................................... 62

7. tIc-f-∏-ga ................................................................................................ 69

8. kmaqlyPohnXw ................................................................................... 87

9. P\-ßfpw `c-W-L-S-\bpw ................................................................. 95

10. tI{µ-`-cWw ............................................................................................. 108

kkkk
 1
`£y-ti-Jc- W
- Ø - n¬\n∂v
`t£ymev]m-Z\ - Ø- n-tebv°v
BZy-Im-esØ a\p-jyPohnXw Fß-s\-bm-bn-cp∂p $ ]¿∆-X-{]-tZ-i-ß-fnse Im´m-Sp-Iƒ°v XWp-∏-
F∂v B tem- N n- ® n- ´ pt≠m? th´- b m- S nbpw I-‰p-hm≥ ico-c-Ønse I´n-bp≈ tcma-߃
ImbvI\nIƒ tiJ-cn-®p-amWv As∂ms° a\p-jy¿ Xs∂ aXn. sImSpw-X-Wp∏n¬ Ign-bp∂ a\p-
Pohn- ® p- t ]m- ∂ - X v . Npcp°w Nne ÿe- ß - f n¬ jy-cm-hs´ BSpI-fp-sSbpw a‰pw XpI-en¬\n∂pw
am{Xta a\p- j y- h mkw D≠m- b n- c p- ∂ p- ≈ q. tcma-ßf- n¬ \n∂pw hkv{X-߃ D≠m°n XWp-
A°meØv a\p-jy¿ sNdnb Iq´-ß-fm-bmWv Ign- ∏n¬\n∂v c£-t\-Sp-∂p.
™p-t]m-∂-Xv. `£-Ww Dev]m-Zn-∏n®p XpS-ßn-bXv
GI-tZiw 10,000 h¿j-߃°p apºp am{X-am-Wv. $ ]√p-Ifpw \J-ßfpw D]-tbm-Kn®v D≠m-°nb
amf-ß-fn-emWv apbepw Fenbpw a‰pw ]m¿°p-
{]IrXn ASn-t®¬]n® sImSnb ]cn-an-Xn-Iƒ°v
A[o- \ cm- b n- c p∂p a\p- j y¿. - a r- K - ß ƒ P\n®v ∂-Xv. a\p-jy-cm-Is´ acw, I√v, CjvSnI apX-
Ipd®pka-b-Øn-\p-≈n¬ Fgp-t∂¬°p-Ibpw \S- embhsIm≠v hoSp-Iƒ D≠m°n Xma-kn°p∂p.
°p- I bpw sNøp- ∂ Xv I≠n- ´ nt√? F∂m¬ $ ]√pw \J-hp-ap-]-tbm-Kn®mWv ISp-hbpw knwl-
a\pjy°p™p-߃ Aß-s\-bmtWm? hp-sams° Cc-]nSn-°p-∂-Xv. a\p-jy¿ ImbvI\n-
$ \o≠ ssiihw a\p-jy\p am{Xap≈ Hcp khn- Iƒ tiJ- c n- ° m\pw Cc- I sf th´- b m- S m\pw
tijX-bmWv. Xßfp-≠m-°nb Bbp-[-ßfpw D]-I-c-W-ß-fp-
$ hnc-ep-I-fp-sSbpw aWn-_-‘-Øn-s‚bpw LS-\- amWv D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv.
bmWv as‰m-∂v. s]cp-hn-c¬ a‰p hnc-ep-Iƒ°v
s]mXpth ]d-™m¬ a\p-jysc arK-ß-fn¬
A`n- a p- J - a mbn ]nSn- ° m- \ mhp- ∂ - X p- s Im≠v
hm\ch¿KØn\v ac-Øns‚ Nn√-I-fn¬ apdpsI \n∂v thdn´p\n¿Øp-∂Xv D]-I-c-W-ß-fpsS {]-
]nSn®pIb-dm≥ Ign-bpw. a\p-jy¿ aÆn-te°v tbm-Ka
- m-Wv. arK-ßfpw `£Wkºm-Z\
- Ø
- n\v D]-
Cdßnh∂tXmsS Imep-I-fn¬ CØcw hnc-ep- I-cW
- ß- ƒ \n¿Ωn-°p-∂p-≠v. F∂m¬ a\p-jysc
I-fpsS Bh-iy-an√m-Xmbn. ssIhn-c-ep-I-fpsS hyXy-kvX-cm-°p-∂Xv D]-I-c-W-߃ \n¿Ωn-°p-
Cu LS\ `£Wkºm-Z-\-Øn\v ico-c-Øn\p ∂-Xn¬ Ah¿ Ah-ew-_n-°p∂ coXn-I-fm-Wv.
]pd- Ø p≈ Ah- b - h - ß - s f- t ∂mWw Bbp- [ - Bh-iy-Øn-\-\p-k-cn®v ]pXnb D]-I-c-W-߃
ßfpw D]-I-c-W-ßfpw cq]-s∏-Sp-Øm\pw {]tbm- I≠p-]n-Sn-°m\pw D≈h ]pXp-°n-∏-Wn-bm\pw
Kn-°m\pw Ahsc klm-bn-®p. D≈ Ignhv a\p-jycpsS khn-ti-j-X-bmWv.
¢mkv ˛ IX

a\p-jy\pw arK-ßfpw ˛ D]-I-c-WßfpsS {]tbm-K-Ønse Nne hyXym-k-ß-fmWv ]´n-I-bn¬.

]´nI hn]p-eam-°q.
arK-߃ a\p-jy¿
$ Bƒ°p- c ßv Ddp- º n≥ Iq´n¬\n∂v $ hSn-sbm-Sn-s®-SpØv I\w Ipd®v Bh-
I\w Ipd™ hSn- b psS klm- b - iy-Øn-ep≈ cq]-Øn-em°n Ddp-ºns\
tØmsS Ddp-ºns\ ]nSn®p Xn∂p-∂p. ]nSn®p Xn∂p-∂p.
$ Nne¥n kz¥w ico-c-Øn¬ \n∂p≈ $ ]pd-Øp-\n∂pw tiJ-cn® \q¬, NIncn
{ZmhIw D]-tbm-Kn®v he-s\bvXv AXn¬ apX-emb hkvXp-°ƒ D]-tbm-Kn®v he-
IpSp-ßp∂ {]mWn-Isf Xn∂p-∂p. s\bvXv Cc-tXSn `£W-am-°p-∂p.
$ $

amdp∂ ]cnX-ÿn-Xn-tbmSv s]mcp-Ø-s∏´v D]-I-c- cnI]cn-an-Xn-Isf adn-I-S-°p-hm≥ Ahs\ klm-

W-߃ \n¿an-°p-Ibpw Ah D]-tbm-Kn®v Cc ]nSn- bn-®p. Npcp-°-Øn¬, X߃ \n¿Ωn-s®-SpØ D]-
°p-Ibpw sNøm≥ a\p-jy¿°v Ign-bpw. Xßfp- I-c-W-ß-fpsS {]tbmKw hgn a\p-jy¿ t\Sn-sb-
≠m-°nb D]-I-c-W-ßfpw/Bbp-[-ßfpw imco- SpØ ]ptcm-K-Xn-bpsS IY-bmWv, Ncn-{Xw F∂p
]d-bmw.

arK-ß-sf-t∏mse Cc-tXSn \S∂ {]mNo\a\p-jy¿ ]n∂oSv arK-ß-fn¬\n∂v hyXy-kvX-cm-hm≥

CS-bm-°nb kml-Ncyw F¥mhmw? \nß-fpsS \nK-a-\-߃ ¢m n¬ N¿® sNøq.

a\p-jy¿ \n¿Ωn® BZysØ D]-I-c-W-߃ `£Ww tiJ-cn-°m≥ amdn-h-cp∂ Imem-h-ÿ,

EXp-°ƒ, DZ-bm-kvX-a-b-߃ Chsb√mw \nco-£n-
$ I√n≥Xp≠p-Iƒ
t°-≠-Xp-≠v. tPymXn-»mkv{Xw ChnsS XpS-ßp-
$ I¬®ofp-Iƒ
∂p. anI® inem-bp-[-߃ D≠m-°m≥ tbmPn®
$ F√n≥Ij-W-߃ ]md GsX- ∂ - d n- b - W w. Ah- b v ° p- t h- ≠ n- b p≈
$ ac-°-ºpIƒ
I√p-I-fn¬\n∂v AS¿Øn-sb-SpØ
Nofp-Isf Bbp-[-ßfmbpw/D]-I-c-
W-ß-fmbpw D]-tbm-Kn-®p. ]n∂oSv
Cßs\ AS¿Øn-sb-SpØ Nofp-
Iƒ AW®v aq¿®Iq´n ssI-bn¬
HXp-°n-∏n-Sn®v Cc-]nSn-°m\pw kzc-
£tX-Sm\pw D]-tbm-Kn-®p.
\nc-¥-c-amb \nco-£-Whpw imco-
cn- I - £ - a - X bpw Poh- k - ‘ m- c - W -
Øn\v a\p- j ysc klm- b n- ® p.
AtX-t]mse kq£va\nco-£-W-
Øn-eq-sSbpw kz¥w A\p-`-h-Øn-
eq- s Sbpw hnj- s ®- S nbpw \√-
sNSnbpw Xncn-®-dn-bm≥ Ign™p. BZn-a-a-\p-jy¿ amwkw Np´p-Xn-∂p∂p

10 kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw ˛ I
 A[ymbw ˛ 1

At\z-jW-amWv `qK¿`imkv{X-Øns‚ XpS-°w. Cu¿∂p apdn-°m\pw sh´n-\p-dp-°m\pw Npc-≠n-sb-

kqcy-N-{µ-∑m¿, \£-{X-߃, hr£-e-Xm-Zn-Iƒ,
]£n-ar-Km-Zn-Iƒ, Pem-i-b-߃, Np‰p-ap≈ `qan,
Imem-h-ÿm-hy-Xym-k-߃ Ch-sb√mw \nco-£-
W-߃°v hnt[-b-am-bn. AhnsS\n∂mWv a\p-
jycpsS imkv{X-t_m[w XpS-ßp-∂-Xv.
Sp-°m\pw D≈ inem-bp-[ß
- ƒ
- \n¿Ωn®-tXm-sSm∏w
Xobp-≠m-°m\pw D]-tbm-Kn-°m\pw a\pjy¿ ]Tn-
®p. XobpsS I≠p-]nSpØhpw \nb-{¥-Whpw N-cn-
{X-Ønse hnπ-h-I-c-amb t\´ßfmWv.

XobpsS I≠p-]n-SnØw
Fßs\bmWv Xo I≠p-]n-Sn-®Xv? A-dn-bn√. h\-hm-kn-Iƒ Xobp-≠m-°p∂ Nne hnZy-Iƒ CXm.
I√p-Iƒ Iq´n-bp-c®v DW-°-a-c-s°m-ºp-Iƒ Iq´n-bp-c®v
XobpsS I≠p-]n-Sp-Ø-tØmsS a\p-jyPohn-X-Øn¬ henb am‰-ß-fp-≠m-bn. Fs¥ms° am‰-
ß-fmWv Ah-cpsS Pohn-X-Øn¬ hcpØnbn-´p-≠m-hpI?

th´-bm-Snbpw ImbvI-\n-Iƒ tiJ-cn®pw \S-°p∂ πotÃm-ko≥

ImeØpXs∂-bm-bn-cn-°Ww Iq´wtN¿∂pw kl-
I-cn®pw a\p-jy¿ Pohn-°m≥ XpS-ßn-b-Xv. `qanbn¬ a\p-jy¿ Dƒs∏-sS-bp≈ Pohn-I-fpsS
hnImkw kw`-hn-®Xv \nc-h[n h¿j-ß-fn-eq-sS-
GI-tZiw 20 e£w sIm√w apºv, `qan-bpsS D]-cn-
bm-Wv. CXnse Hcp L´-amWv πotÃm-ko≥. (`qan-
Xew a™p-aq-Sn-°n-S∂ "πotÃm-ko≥' ImeL´-
bpsS {]mbhpw Pohs‚ hnIm-k-hpw-˛-A\p-_-
Øn-emWv {]mNo\inem-bpKkwkvIrXn hnImkw
‘-ambn \evInbn-´p≠v.)
{]m]n-®-Xv.

{]mNo-\-in-em-bp-K-Ønse D]-I-c-W-߃

I√-eIv (Chopper) I∑gp (Hand Axe)

I¬®o-fp-Iƒ (Flake) I√m∏v (Cleaver)

{]mNo-\-in-em-bp-K-Ønse a\p-jy¿ D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp∂ hnhn[ D]-I-c-W-߃ {i≤n-®-t√m. F¥n-

s\-√-mam-bn-cn°pw Cu D]-I-c-W-߃ D]-tbm-Kn-®n-´p-≠m-hpI? N¿® sNøq.

`£y-ti-Jc
- W
- Ø
- n¬ \n∂v `t£ymev]m-Z\
- Ø
- n-tebv°v 11
¢mkv ˛ IX

D]-Po-h-\-am-XrI
{]mNo-\i
- n-em-bpKa\p-jys‚ `£-Wc
- o-Xn-Is
- f-°p- Aƒ´m-and apX-emb ÿe-ß-fnse KplmNn{X-
dn-®p≈ sXfn-hp-Iƒ Xosc ]cn-an-X-am-b-Xn-\m¬ ߃ Cc-tX-Sp∂ inem-bp-K-a-\p-jy-sc-°p-dn-®p≈
CXn-s\-°p-dn®v Hcp ka{KNn{Xw \¬IpI km[y- hnh-c-߃ \¬Ip∂p.
a-√. a[y-{]-tZ-inse `owt_-TvI, kvs]bn-\nse

`owt_-TvIb
- nse Kplm-Nn-{Xw Aƒ´m-an-d-bnse Kplm-Nn{Xw

Cu Nn{X-߃ {]mNo-\-in-em-bp-K-Øn-te-Xm-Wv. Ch \¬Ip∂ kqN-\-Iƒ h®v A°m-esØ

a\p-jy-Po-hn-X-sØ-∏‰n Hcp Ipdn-∏p-X-øm-dm-°q.

lna-bp-K-Øn-ep-S-\ofw a\p-jy\v {]Ir-Xn-tbm-Sp≈ a[y-in-em-bpKw

_‘Øn\v ASn-ÿm-\-]-c-amb am‰-߃ H∂pw {]mNo-\i- n-em-bp-KØ
- n\pw \ho-\i
- n-em-bp-KØ
- n\pw
Xs∂-bp-≠m-bn√. {]Ir-Xn-bn¬\n∂p In´p-∂-Xp- CS-bv°p≈ Ime-L-´-amWv a[y-in-em-bpKw. C°m-
sIm≠v Ah¿ kwXr-]vXcm-bn-cp-∂p. {]Ir-Xnsb eØv Imem-h-ÿ-bn¬ Imcy-amb am‰-߃ h∂p.
\nb- { ¥n- ° p- h m≥ {]Ir- X n- t bmSp kl- I - c n- ® p- lna-bp-K-Ønse XWp-∏n¬\n∂v NqSp≈ Imem-h-
sIm≠p Xs∂ a\p-jy≥ Xs‚ {ia-߃ XpS-ßn- ÿ-bn-te-bv°p≈ am‰w, A¥-co-£Ø - nse Db¿∂
b-Xv C°meØmWv. Xm]-\ne F∂nh Cu Ime-L-´-Øns‚ khn-ti-

0 1 2 cm

kq£vaXc inem-bp-[ß
- ƒ

12 kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw ˛ I
 A[ymbw ˛ 1

j-X-I-fm-Wv. D]-I-c-WßfpsS \n¿Ωm-W-Ønepw Khpw a[yinem-bp-K-Øns‚ {]tXy-I-X-bm-Wv. Cc-

{]I- S - a mb am‰- ß ƒ h∂p. Nn{X- Ø n- e p≈ tX-S-enepw am‰-߃ h∂p. sNdp-ar-K-ßsf th´-
kq£vaXc-in-em-bp-[ß - f
- psS \n¿Ωm-Whpw {]tbm bm-Sepw ao≥]n-Sp-Ø-hp-amWv B {]tXy-I-X-Iƒ.

{]mNo-\-in-em-bp-K-Øn¬\n∂v a[y-in-em-bp-K-Øn-se-Øn-b-t∏mƒ Bbp-[-ß-fn¬ h∂ am‰w a\-

 n-em-°n-bt√m. CXv a\p-jy-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ Fs¥√mw am‰-ß-fmWv D≠m-°n-bn-´p≠m-hp-I?

{]Ir-Xn-°p-ta¬ a\p-jy¿ \nb-{¥Ww t\Sn-bXv
hf- s c- ∏ - X p- s °- b p≈ Hcp {]{Inb- b m- b n- c p- ∂ p.
AXns‚ kzm[o\w i‡hpw Bh¿Ø\kz`mhw
D≈Xp-am-bn-cp-∂p. a\p-jys‚ D]-Po-h-\Øn¬ am‰-
ap-≠m-°n-b-h-bmWv Irjnbpw Imen-h-f¿Ø-epw.
Irjn-bpsS Bhn¿`mhw
Np‰p-]m-Sp-ap≈ hkvXp-X-Isf kq£vaambn \nco-
£n®Xpw Nne BI- k vanIkw`- h - ß fpw
`t£ym¬]m-Z-\-Øn-te°v hgnh®p. ]pcp-j-∑m¿
th´-bm-Sm≥ t]mIp∂ kµ¿`-ß-fn¬ ImbvI-\n-
Iƒ tiJ-cn-°m≥ t]mbn-cp∂ kv{XoIƒ Im´p-hn-
Øp-Iƒ kam-l-cn-®n--cn-°-Ww. ImbvI-\n-Iƒ Xn∂v
]m¿∏nS-Øn-\S- pØv Dt]-£n® hnØp-Iƒ ap-fb - v°p-
∂Xpw Hmcne hncnbp∂Xpw ]qhpw Imbpw AWn-
bp- ∂ Xpw hnf- b p- ∂ Xpw Ah¿ I≠ncn- ° - W w.
CØcw Adn-hp-Iƒ B¿Pn® a\p-jy¿ hf-sc-∏-
Xps° Irjn-bn-te°pw `£Ww D¬]m-Zn-∏n-°p∂
hnZy-bn-te°pw FØn-s∏-Sp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. `£y-
tbm-Ky-amb ]p√p-Iƒ, thcp-Iƒ, Ing-ßp-Iƒ, sNdp-
sN-Sn-Iƒ XpS-ßn-bh Xnc-™p-]n-Sn®vv \´p-sIm≠v
]Xps° Irjn sa®-s∏-Sp-Øn.
tKmX-ºv, _m¿en, s\√v, Xn\, Nma, tNmfw, tN\,
a[p-c°
- n-gß
- v Ch-bm-bn-cp∂p C°m-esØ {][m-
\-Im¿jnIhnf-Iƒ.
Im´p- s N- S n- I sf sacp°n Irjn XpS- ß n- b - X p-
t]mseØs∂ ]men\pw amwk-Øn\pw th≠n
Im´p-ar-K-ßsf sacp°n hf¿Øm≥ XpS-ßnbXpw
C°m-e-Øm-Wv.

Irjn-bpsS Bcw`w hnh-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv hmbn-®-t√m. kwL-ßfmbn Xncn™v {][m\L´-߃

Nn{Xo-I-cn-°pI. Hmtcm kwLhpw Xß-fpsS \nK-a-\-߃ ¢m n¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n®v N¿® sNøpI.
\nK-a-\-߃°v B[mc-amb \ymbo-I-cWhpw \¬I-Ww. s]mXp\nK-a\w Nm¿´mbn ¢m n¬
{]Z¿in-∏n-°p-I.

\ho-\-in-em-bpKw bpKhnπ-hØns‚ Hcp hi-am-Wv. tX®v aq¿®-Iq-

`t£ym¬]m-Z\Pohn-Im-k{- º-Zmbw a\p-jy-Po-hn-X- ´nb inem-bp-[-߃ D]-tbm-Kn-°m≥ XpS-ßnb
sØ BI-am\w am‰n-a-dn®p. CXv \ho\inem- Ime-Øn-\mWv \ho-\-in-em-bpKw F∂p ]d-bp-

\ho-\i
- n-em-bp-[ß
- ƒ

`£y-ti-Jc
- W
- Ø
- n¬ \n∂v `t£ymev]m-Z\
- Ø
- n-tebv°v 13
¢mkv ˛ IX

∂Xv. IqSp-X¬ Imcy-£-ahpw ^e-{]-Z-hp-amb D]-

I-c-W-am-WnXv. \ho-\-in-em-bpKw khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ
Irjn-bpsSbpw Imen-h-f¿Ø-en-s‚bpw A\n-tj- IrjnbpsS Bcw`w
[y-amb sXfn-hp-Iƒ BZy-ambn e`n-°p-∂Xv \ho-
\-in-em-bp-KØ
- n-em-Wv. ]›n-ta-jy-bnse tbm¿±m≥ Imen hf-¿Ø¬
\Zo-Xo-c-Øp≈ Pm¿tam, sPdot°m F∂n-hn-S-ß- hmbvØe aq¿® Iq´nb
fn¬\n∂v Irjn-bp-sSbpw Nne B{^n-°≥ {]tZ- inem-bp-[-߃.
i-ß-fn¬\n∂v Imen-h-f¿Ø-en-s‚bpw sXfn-hp-
]cp-°≥ Ifn-a¨ ]m{X-ß-fpsS
Iƒ In´n-bn-´p-≠v.
\n¿amWw
Irjnbpw Imen-h-f¿Øepw ]c-kv]ct]mj-I-ß-
kmaq-ly-Po-hn-X-Øns‚ Bcw-`w.
fm-sW∂v a\p-jy≥ Is≠Øn.
Irjnbpw Imen-h-f¿Øepw XΩn¬ Fß-s\-sb- NmWIw Irjn°v hf-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p.
√m-am-bn-cn°pw _‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p-I? ssht°m¬ Imen-Iƒ°v Xo‰-bmbn \¬Ip-∂p.
\ho-\-in-em-bpKw
ÿew Imew Irjn
]›n-tajy {In. ap. 8500 apX¬ tKmX-ºv, _m¿en
_eq-Nn-ÿm≥ {In. ap. 6000 apX¬ tKmX-ºv, _m¿en
s_emkm Xmgvhc (bp.]n.) {In. ap. 5440 ˛ 4530 s\√v
ss\¬ \Zo-XSw {In. ap. GI-tZiw 3000 tKmX-ºv, _m¿en
sXt° C¥y {In. ap. 2500 ˛ 1500 dmKn
temI-sØ-√m-bn-SØpw Irjn-bpsS Bcw`w Htc Ime-ØmtWm? CXv \¬Ip∂ kqN-\-I-sf-
¥mWv? ]´nI hni-I-e\w sNbvXv \nK-a-\-Øn-se-Øq.
N{I-Øns‚ I≠p-]n-SnØw
N{I-Øns‚ I≠p-]n-SnØw a\p-jy-Po-hn-X-Øn¬
hen-b ]cn-h¿Ø-\-ap-≠m-°n. CsX-∂m-sWt∂m
Fß-s\-bm-sWt∂m \ap°v hy‡-ambn Adn-
bn√. temI-Øns‚ hnhn[ `mK-ß-fn¬ \n∂p
Is≠- Ø p∂ Ncn- { Xm- h - i n- j v S - ß - f mb Ifn-
a¨]m{X-߃, ine-Iƒ F∂n-hb - n¬ N{I-Øns‚
Nn{X-߃ D≠v. saml≥P-Zm-tcm-hn¬ \n∂v Is≠-Ønb
Ifn-aÆv sIm-≠p≈ Ifn-h≠- n

lc-∏≥ ap{Z-I-fn¬ ImWp∂ hml-\Øn¬ a\p-jy≥ {In.ap. 2500 ¬ kndn-b, Cemw F∂n-hn-S-ß-fn¬ cY-߃,
\n¬°p∂ Nn{Xw h≠n-Iƒ apX-em-bh {]Nm-c-Ønep≠m-bn-cp-∂p

14
14 kmaq-
tkmjy¬
ly-imkv{Xw ˛ I ˛I
kb≥kv

kpta-dn¬ \n∂v Is≠-Øn-b N{I-Øns‚ Nn{X-߃
Ifn-a¨]m{Xw D≠m-°p∂Xns‚ Nn{Xw
hml-\-ßfpw arK-ßfpw
5000 sIm√-߃°p apºpXs∂ `mcw Npa-°p-∂-
Xn-\v Igp-Xsb t]m‰n-bn-cp-∂X
- mbn ImWmw. _m_n-
temWpw Gjymssa\-dp-ambn \S∂ I®-hSØn¬
km[-\-߃ sIm≠p-t]m-bn-cp-∂Xv Igp-X-∏p-d-Øm-
bn-cp-∂p. Igp-X-bpsS kz¥w \mSv hS-°p-In-g-°≥
B{^n-°bmWs{X. CuPn-]v‰nepw sak-s∏m-t´m-
an-bb
- nepw \neapgm\pw `mcw Npa-°m\pw Igp-Xsb
D]-tbm-Kn-®p.
bqtdm-∏n-sebpw at[y-jy-bn-sebpw hnim-e-amb
]p¬ta-Sp-IfmWv IpXn-cb
- psS P∑-tZ-iw. BZy-amZyw
`£y-ti-Jc
A[ymbw ˛ 1
N{I-Øns‚ I≠p-]n-SnØw KXm-K-Xw, hyh-kmbw
F∂n-h-bpsS KXn am‰nadn®p. Xncnbp∂ N{I-
Øn≥ta¬ Ifn-aÆv Ipg®p sh®v a¨]m{X-ap-≠m-
°m≥ Ffp-∏-am-Wv. ]m{Xap≠m-°m≥ Cßs\
b{¥-ap-]-tbm-Kn-®Xv sXmgn¬ Xg-°-Øn\v XpS°w
Ipdn-®p. a¨]m-{X-\n¿Ωn-Xn-bn¬ N{I-Øns‚ D]-
tbmKw {]tXy-I-]-cn-io-e-\-Øns‚ Bh-iy-IX
sIm≠p-h-∂p. Dev]m-Z-\-Øn¬ t\cn-´n-S-s]-SmsX
a¨]m{Xw \¬In Dev]m-Z-\-an-®-Øn¬ Htcm-lcn
hmßp∂ sXmgn¬°q-´m-bva-I-fpsS Bhn¿`mhw
Cu ImeL-´-Øns‚ khn-ti-j-X-bmbn.
IpXn-csb ]men\pw khm-cn-°p-ap-]-tbm-Kn-®p;
]n∂oSv bp≤-Øn\pw. IpXn-c-bpsS hc-thmsS KXm-
K- X - Ø ns‚ KXnamdn. thKw- s Im≠pw _p≤n-
sIm≠pw CW°w sIm≠pw ap¥n-\n∂ IpXnc
ka- X - e - ß fnepw ]¿∆- X - { ]- t Z- i - ß - f nepw Hcp-
t]mse D]-tbmKtbmKy-am-bn.
Ie, BNm-cm-\p-jvTm-\-߃
X߃°p a\- n-em-°m≥ Ign-bm-Ø Nne i‡n-
I-fn¬ a\p-jy\v hnizm-k-a¿∏n-°p-hm≥ tXm∂n-
bXv BZy- a mZyw {]Ir- X n- b nse {]Xn- ` m- k - ß -
fn¬\n∂pXs∂- b m- b n- c n- ° - W w. CSn- a n- ∂ ¬,
- W
- Ø
- n¬ \n∂v `t£ymev]m-Z\
- Ø
- n-tebv°v 15
¢mkv ˛ IX

s]cpag, sh≈-s∏m-°w, sImSpw-Nq-Sv, sImSpw-X-

Wp∏v apX-em-bh Ahs\ A¤p-Xk- vX_v[\ - m-°n.
CXn-\p-]p-dta ac-W-sa∂ kXyhpw P\-\-sa∂
hnkva-bhpw Ahs‚ a\- n¬ D≠m-°nb `bm¤p-
X- ß ƒ A⁄mXi‡n- I fn¬ D≈ Ahs‚
hnizm-ksØ _e-s∏-Sp-Øn.
A\p-jvTm-\w, Ie
lna- b p- K - Ø ns‚ Ah- k m- \ - Ø n¬ ]pXnb
ta®n¬∏pdßft\z-jn®p t]mb sdbn≥Un-b¿ Iq´-
ßsf A∂sØ inem- b pKa\p- j y≥ Iim- ∏ p-
sNbvXp. Hmtcm EXp-hnepw BZyw th´-bm-Sn-°n-
´nb arKsØ Ah¿ A⁄m-X-\mb Bflm-hn\v
ka¿∏n-®p. Cu BNm-c-ß-fpsSbpw A\p-jvTm-\-
ß-fp-sSbpw XpS¿®-bmWv Ah-cpsS Nn{X-ß-fn¬
{]I-S-am-Ip-∂Xv.
\ho-\-in-em-bp-K-am-b-t∏m-tg°pssIh∂ Dev]m-Z- Hcp {]mNo\kwKo-tXm-]-I-cWw {]h¿Øn-∏n-°p∂
\-an®w, Hgn-hp-k-a-bw F∂nh kwKo-X-sØbpw Kplm-Nn{Xw
Nn{X-I-e-sbbpw ]cn-t]m-jn-∏n-®n-cn-°-Ww. F√n¬
Aßs\ c≠p-Xcw BNm-c-߃ H∏-Øn-s\m-∏hpw
Xo¿Ø kpjn-c-hm-Zy-ßfpw ]o∏n-Ifpw kwKo-X-
Nne-t∏m-sgms° ISpØ a’-c-Øn-eq-sSbpw apt∂-
{]-tbm-KsØ shfn-hm-°p-∂p-≠v.
dp-∂p.
B{I- a - W - ß fpw IpSn- t b- ‰ ßfpw \ne- h nep≈
BNm-cm-\p-jvTm-\-ß-fp-ambn IqSn-°-e¿∂p. CtXm- \ho- \ - i n- e m- b p- K - Ø ns‚ Ah- k m- \ - a m- b - t ∏m-
sSm∏w hf-sc-s∏s´-∂p-≠m-hp∂ sh≈-s∏m-°w, tgbv°pw kmt¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy-bn-eq-∂nb Irjn hnI-
sImSp-¶m-‰v, ]I¿®hym[nIƒ XpS-ßn-bh Hcp kaq- kn-®v `£y-km-[-\-ß-fpsS sNdnb tXmXn-ep≈
l-Øns‚ ASn-Ø-d-Xs∂ Cf-°n-bn-cn-°mw. ssIam-‰-߃ Dcp-Øn-cnbm≥ XpS-ßn. Irjn-bp-sS
B{I-a-W-ßfpw IpSn-tb-‰-ßfpw ]pXnb ]pXnb hym]\w ÿnc-hmkw Bh-iy-am-°n. {ItaW {Kma-
Bi-b-ßfpw A\p-jvTm-\-ßfpw sIm≠p-h-∂p. k-aq-l-w cq]-s∏-´p.

{]h¿Ø-\-߃
Irjn-bpsS Bcw-`-tØmsS \mbmSn \S∂ a\p-jycpsS Pohn-X-Øn¬ hºn® am‰-ß-fp-≠m-
bt√m. Blm-c-co-Xn, D]-I-c-W-߃, k©mcw, kwLw-tN-c¬, hnt\m-Zw, hnizmkw Ch-
bn¬ h∂ am‰-߃ ASn-ÿm-\-s∏-SpØn {]mNo\inem-bpKa\p-jy-cn¬\n∂v \ho-\-in-em-
bpKa\p-jycn-te-°p≈ hf¿® Hcp t{]mP-IvSmbn Ah-X-cn-∏n°q. kwL-ß-fmbn sNbvXv
s]mXp-A-h-X-c-W-Øn-eqsS t{ImUo-I-cn-°pI. (]mT-`mKw, sse{_-dn, C‚¿s\‰v F∂n-h-
bpsS klmbw D]-tbm-K-s∏-SpØmw.)

th´-bm-Snbpw ImbvI-\n-Iƒ tiJ-cn®pw Pohn® a\p-jy≥ `£Ww Dev]m-Zn-∏n®Xpw ÿnc-hmkw

XpS-ßn-bXpw am\hNcn-{X-Ønse kp{]-[m\L´-am-Wv. a‰p Poh-Pm-e-ß-sf-t∏mse {]Ir-Xn°v Iog-
Sßn Pohn-®n-cp∂ a\p-jy≥, "a\p-jy-\mb IY' Nn{X-I-Ym-cq-]-Øn¬ Xøm-dm-°p-I.

16 kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw ˛ I
 A[ymbw ˛ 1

a™p-aq-Sn-°n-S∂ πotÃm-ko≥ Ime-L-´-Øn¬\n∂v \ho-\-inembpK-Øns‚ Ah-km-\-am-b-t∏m-

tg°pw a\p-jy-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ Ht´sd am‰-߃ h∂p. `£Wkºm-Z-\w, ]c-kv]ckl-I-cWw,
kaqlcq]hXvI-cWw, A\p-jvTm-\-Ie F∂nh ap≥\n¿Øn skan-\m¿ kwLSn-∏n-°p-I.

N{I-Øns‚ I≠p-]n-SnØw, a\p-jys‚ hf¿®bn¬ Fs¥ms° am‰-߃ hcp-Øn-bn-cn-°pw? "N{I-

Øns‚ Bfl-IY'bpsS cq]-Øn¬ CXv Ah-X-cn-∏n-°q.

F√mhcpw X߃°m-h-iy-ap-≈ `£Ww Dev]m-Zn-∏n-°p∂ coXn-bn¬\n∂v C°m-eØv F¥v am‰-

amWv h∂n-cn-°p-I? \nß-fpsS Dulw ¢m n¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°q. N¿® sNbvXv s]mXp-\n-K-a-\-Øn-
seØq.

a[yinem-bp-K-Ønse inem-bp-[ß-tf-°mƒ kq£-a-X-chpw IqSp-X¬ {]tbm-K-£-a-Xbpw D≈-h-

bm-Wv \ho\inem-bp-K-Ønse Bbp-[-߃. hen∏w, D]-tbm-K-co-Xn Ch ap≥\n¿Øn D]-I-c-W-ß-
fp-sSbpw Bbq[-ß-fp-sSbpw \n¿ΩmW-Ønepw {]tbm-K-Ønepw h∂ am‰-߃ Fs¥-√m-am-bn-cn-
°pw? "inem-bq-[-߃ ˛ hf¿®bpw hnIm-khpw' F∂ ss…Uv tjm Xøm-dm°n ¢m n¬ Ah-X-
cn-∏n-°p-I. ({]mtZ-inI Ncn-{X-Im-c-∑m¿, kvIqƒ sse{_-dn, C‚¿s\‰v F∂nh-bpsS klmbw
tXSmw.)

arKßfn¬\n∂v a\p-jys\ hyXy-kvX\ - m-°p-∂Xv D]-Ic

- W
- ß
- f
- psS \n¿Ωm-Whpw AhbpsS kq£va-
{]-tbm-K-hp-am-Wv. {]IrXntbmSp a√n´p Pohn® a\p-jy≥ ]Xp-s°∏-Xps° {]Ir-Xnsb \nb-{¥n-
°p∂ Nn{X-amWv \ho\inem-bp-K-Øns‚ A¥y-Øn¬ ImWp-∂-Xv. sXfn-hp-I-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-
Øn¬ Cu {]kvXm-h\ \ymbo-I-cn-°p-I.

`£y-ti-Jc
- W
- Ø
- n¬ \n∂v `t£ymev]m-Z\
- Ø
- n-tebv°v 17
 ¢mkv ˛

A\p-_‘w
IX

`qan-bpsS {]mbhpw Pohs‚ hnIm-khpw

Ime-∏-g°w˛Zi-
bpKw (Era) Ime-L´w (Piriod) kw`hw (Epoch) e£w h¿j- ssPh-km-∂n-[y-Øns‚ kz`mhw
Øn¬ (MYA)
$ tlmtfm-ko≥

18 kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw ˛ I
$ skt\m-tkm-bnIv
(Holocene)
(Cenozoic) $ \memw L´w (\ho-\I
- mew) $ 0.01 $ a\p-jy-\pƒs∏-sS-bp≈ ]pXp-X-e-apd Poh-Pm-e-߃
(kkvX\ - n-bpsS
Imew) $ πotÃm-ko≥ $ Znt\m-k-dp-Iƒ t]mep≈ henb kkvX-\n-I-fp-sSbpw BZy-Im-e-a-\p-jy-h¿K-Øn-
$ aq∂mw L´w
\memw L´w $ 2.5
(Plestocene) s‚bpw hwi-\miw
$ πntbm-ko≥
$ 7 $ ]meq´n hf¿Øp-∂- arK-߃
(Pliocene)
$ atbm-ko≥ $ 26
(Miocene)
$ Hen-tKm-ko≥ $ 38
(Oligocene) $ kkvX-\n-IfpsS hnIm-khpw hf¿®bpw
$ Ctbm-ko≥ $ 54
(Eocene)
$ ]men-tbm-ko≥ $ 65
(Paleocene)
$ t{It‰-kn-bkv (Crataceous) $ Znt\m-k-dp-Iƒ, {]k-hn-°p∂ kkvX-\n-Iƒ, ]q°-fp-≠m-Ip∂ sNSn-Iƒ hym]n-°p-
$ antkmtkm-bnIv $ 135
∂p.
(Mesozoic)
$ Ppdm-knIv(Jurassic) $ 180 $ Znt\m-k-dp-Iƒ B[n-]Xyw t\Sp-∂p. kkvX-\n-Iƒ, ]£n-Iƒ, jUv]-Z-߃.
$ {Sbm-knIv(Triassic) $ 225 $ Znt\m-k-dp-Iƒ, BZy-Im-e-k-kvX-\n-Iƒ, henb D`-b-Po-hn-Iƒ
$ ]men-tbm-tkm-bnIv $ s]¿an-b≥(Permian) $ 270 $ D`-b-Po-hn-Isf am‰n Dc-K-߃ B[n-]Xyw t\Sp-∂p.
(Palaeozoic)
$ Im¿t_m-Wn-s^-dkv
$ 350 $ D`-b-Po-hn-Iƒ, BZy-Im-e-D-c-K-߃, ac-߃
$ \memw L´w )
(Carboniferous
$ sUtam-\n-b≥ (Triassic) $ 400 $ a’y-߃, BZy-D`
- b
- P
- o-hn-Iƒ
$ kneq-dn-b≥ (Silurian) $ 440 $ BZy-Im-ea
- ’y-߃, R≠p-Iƒ, B¿tXm-t]m-Sp-Iƒ, kq£vak
- k
- y-߃
$ Hm¿tUmhnjn-b≥ (Ordovician) $ 500 $ BZy-Im-e-\-s´-√p≈ Pohn-Iƒ, \s´-√n-√mØ Pohn-h¿K-Øns‚ B[n-]-Xy-Imew
$ Im{ºn-b≥ (Cambrian) $ 600 $ \s´-√n-√mØ arK-߃, B¬K-Iƒ
$ {]o˛-Im-{ºn-b≥ $ 4500 $ `qan-bpsS Dev]-Øn. GI-tIm-i-Po-hn-IfpsSbpw Ipd®v _lp-tIm-i-Po-hn-I-fp-sSbpw
(Pre- Cambrian) km∂n[yw
 2 sh¶-eØ
- ns‚ I≠p-]n-SnØw
D]-Ic- W
- ß
- f
- p-≠m-°m≥ th≠n teml-ßf - p-]t- bm-
Kn-°m≥ XpS-ßn-b-XmWv, a\p-jy-]p-tcm-K-Xn-bpsS
ASpØ L´w. hnZKv[]cn-io-e-\hpw AXns‚
{]tbm- K hpw th≠ H∂mWv teml- k w- k v I - c -
Whpw Iq´p-teml\n¿Ωn-Xn-bpw. \nc-¥-c-amb ]co-
£Wß-fpsS ^e-amWv Iq´p-temlw. ip≤-amb
sNºv th¿Xn- c ns®- S p- ° pIsb∂Xv BZy- I m- e -
sØms° _p≤n- a p- ´ p≈ H∂m- b n- c p- ∂ p.
XpS¿®bmb ]co-£W - ß- ƒ°pw {]tbm-Kß- ƒ°p-
sam-Sp-hn¬ sNºpw Cubhpw Dcp°n- sh¶ew
AYhm HmSp- ≠ m- ° p∂ hnZy kpta- d n- b - ° m¿
Is≠Øn. F∂m¬ Cu I≠p- ] n- S nØw
AhcptSXp am{Xam-bn-cp-∂n-√. CtX ImeØv
Z£n-tW-jy≥ D]-`q-J-fi-Ønepw sh¶ew D]-
tbm-Kn-®ncp∂p F∂-Xn\v sXfn-hp-Ifp-≠v. sNº-
bncv Dcp-°nbt∏mƒ bmZr—n-I-ambn sNºns‚bpw
Cub- Ø n- s ‚bpw Abn- c p- I ƒ IqSntbm- P n®v
sht≈mSv AYhm sh¶ew D≠mbn. kq£-va-\n-
co- £ - W - h pw IrXy- X - b m¿∂ ]co- £ - W - ß - f pw
hy‡-X-bm¿∂ Xmc-X-ay-]-T-\hpw Cu Iq´pteml-
sØ sNºn-t\-°mƒ IqSp-X¬ anI-®-Xm-°n.
Iq´p-temlw (Alloy)
ct≠m AXn-e-[n-Itam tem-l-߃ Dcp-°n-
t®¿Øp- ≠ m- ° p- ∂ Xv . satkms∏- m t´- a n- b ,
CuPn]vXv, lc∏, ssN\ XpS-ßnb kwkvIr-Xn-
I-fn¬ Iq´p-temlw D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂X
- mbn ]pcm-
h-kvXp-K-th-j-I¿ Is≠-Øn-bn-´p-≠v.
sh¶ew (Bronze)
sNºpw sh≈obhpw tN¿∂ Iq´p-tem-lsØ
sh¶ew AYhm sht≈mSv F∂p hnfn-°p-∂p.

teml-∏-Wn-°m¿ sh¶-e-D-]-I-c-W-߃ \n¿Ωn-°p∂p

Nn{X-Ønse AS-bm-f-s∏-Sp-Ønb `mK-߃ GXv kmt¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy-bpsS D]-tbm-K-
amWv kqNn-∏n-°p-∂X
- v? a\p-jy≥ t\Snb \nc-h[n Adn-hp-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-®mWv teml-
kw-kvI-c-Whpw D]-I-c-W-ß-fpsS \n¿Ωm-Whpw km[y-am-°n-b-Xv. Fs¥-√m-am-bn-
cn°pw B Adn-hp-Iƒ? \nß-fpsS {]tZ-iØv CØcw hnZy-Iƒ \ne-hn-ep-≠m-bn-
cpt∂m? Ch cq]-s∏-´p-h-∂-Xns‚ Ncn{Xw Is≠Øn Fgp-Xmtam?
¢mkv ˛ IX

sh¶e-∏-Wn°m-c\v hnZKv[]cn-io-e\w th≠n-bn- ÿe-Øn-\-\p-k-cn® Pohn-Im-k-{º-Zm-b-hpw cq]-

cp-∂p. apgp-h≥kabhpw Abmƒ B {]hrØn-bn- s∏´ph∂p. Cu Ime-L-´-Ønse {][m\sXmgn-ep-
te¿s∏-´p. lc-∏, kpta-¿, _m_n-tem¨ F∂n- Iƒ
hn-S-ß-fn¬ sNºv, Cubw F∂nh- D≠mbn-cp-∂n√. $ \mbm´v
Ch Zqc-tZ-i-ß-fn¬\n∂v sIm≠p-h-tc-≠n-bn-cp-∂p. $ ao≥]nSpØw
Cßs\ hnZqchn\n-a-b-Øn-te¿s∏-Sm≥ Dev]m-Z-\-
$ sImgp (Ie-∏) D]-tbm-Kn®p≈ Irjn
an®-ap≈ kwkvIr-Xn-Iƒt° Ign-bq.
$ Imen-tabv°¬
sh¶-e-bpKw
$ ssIsØm-gn-ep-Iƒ
inem-bp-K-Øn\pw CcpºpbpK-Øn\pw CS-bv°p≈ $ ssIam‰w, hnZq-c-hm-WnPyw
Ime-ØmWv sh¶ew D]-tbm-K-Øn¬ h∂-Xv. Cu
ImeL-´w sh¶-e-bpKw F∂mWv Adn-bs∏Sp- ]n∂oSv sh¶-e-bp-K-am-hp-tºm-tg°v hnhn[ P\-
∂Xv. inem-bp-[-ß-fp-sS {]tbmKw C°m-eØpw h¿Kß-fp-sSbpw \mK-cn-I-X-I-fp-sSbpw kº¿°w
XpS-¿∂pt]m∂p. hf¿∂p-h-∂p. P¥pimkv{Xw, `qK¿`-hn-⁄m\w,
tPymXn-»m-kv{Xw, ck-X{¥w Ch-bpsS {]tbm-
Ncn-{Xm-XoXImeØv ]Xp-s°-∏X - ps° kwkvIrXn
K⁄m\w [mcmfw th≠p∂ Irjn, teml
hf¿∂Xn-\p-tijw D]-I-c-W-ßfpw Bbp-[-ßfpw
kwkvI-c-Ww, sI´nS\n¿ΩmWw XpS-ßnb Adn-
\n¿an-°p-∂-Xn\v sh¶-ew D-]-tbm-Kn°m≥ XpS-ßn.
hns‚ taJeIƒ Ah¿°v hi-am-bncp-∂p. ac-Ww,
Blm-c-k-ºm-Z-\-Øn\v ]pXnb, sa®-s∏´, D]-I-
ac-Wm-\-¥cPohnXw XpS-ßnb Imcy-ß-sf-°p-dn-
cW-߃ tXSn-bp≈ At\z-jWw sh¶-e-Øns‚
®p≈ Ah- c psS Imgv N - ∏ m- S p- I ƒ, sh¶- e - b p- K -
Is≠-Ø-en\pw {]tbm-K-Øn\pw hgn-sh-®p. BZy-
Ønse Nn{X- ß fnepw in- e v]- ß fnepw -
Ime\K-c-߃ Db¿∂p-h-∂Xv C°m-e-Øm-Wv.
hmkvXphnZybnepw {]I-S-am-Ip-∂p-≠v. Adnhv Hcn-
k¶o¿W-amb Cu Ah-ÿsb "\Kc hnπhw'
SØpXs∂ HXpßn \n¬°m-sX, a‰nS-ß-fn-te°v
F∂v hnti-jn-∏n-°m-dp-≠v.
hym]n-°p-∂Xv Cu ImeØns‚ khn-ti-j-X-
Bdm-bn-c-tØmfw sIm√w apºv Ing-°≥ a[y-[-c- bmWv . Adn- h ns‚ hym]- \ - Ø n\v A∂sØ
Wymgn apX¬ Z£n-tWjy hsc-bp≈ ÿe-ß- ssIam‰ hyh-ÿbpw Zqc-hm-Wn-Pyhpw klm-b-I-
fn¬ P\-kw-Jy -h¿[n®p. CtXm-sSm∏w AXXv ambn.
teml-߃ kwkvI-cn®v D]-I-c-W-߃ \n¿Ωn-°¬, Irjn, sI´n-S-\n¿ΩmWw Ch-sb√mw \nc-
h[n Adn-hp-I-fpsSbpw {]tbm-K-⁄m-\-Øns‚bpw ^e-ambn D≠m-b-XmWv.
$ Fs¥ms° Adn-hp-I-fmWv Chbv°v Bh-iy-am-bXv?
$ {]tbm-K-Øn-eqsS ssIh∂ GsX√mw [mc-W-Iƒ Chbv°v D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°pw?
$ Cu Adn-hp-Ifpw {]tbmK[mc-W-Ifpw Htc ÿe-Øp-Xs∂ Is≠-Øn-b-Xm-hptam?
$ Adn-hp-Iƒ ssIam‰w sNø-s∏-Sm≥ CS-bm-°nb kml-Ncyw F¥v?
kwLß-fmbn N¿®sNbvXv \nK-a-\-߃ ¢m n¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-I. s]mXp[mc-W-Iƒ, Hcp
Nph¿ Nn{X-am°n ¢m n¬ {]Z¿in-∏n-°p.

ss\ ¬, bq{^- ´ okv˛ssS- { Kn- k v, kn‘p, Bh-iy-Øn-e[nIw `£Ww Dev]m-Zn-∏n-°p-hm-

slmbmwKvslm F∂o \Zo-X-S-ß-fn-emWv sh¶- \p≈ kml-N-cy-߃ s]mXpsh krjvSn-®p.
e- b pK]cn- j v I rXn hym]- I - a m- h p- ∂ - X v . sh≈- $ NXp-∏p-Iƒ h‰n®v Irjn°v D]-tbm-Kn-°m≥
s∏m°waqew F°¬aÆv ASn-™p-≠mb ^e-`q- XpS-ßn.
bn-jvT-amb \Zo-Xo-c-߃, Pe-k-ar-≤n CsX√mw

20 kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw˛ I

$ \n_nUh\-߃ C√m-Xm-bn.
$ sh≈w Hgp-In-t∏m-Ip-hm-\p≈ NmepI-fpsS
\n¿ΩmWw s]cp-In.
$ sh≈-s∏m-°-Øn¬\n∂p c£-t\-Sm≥ \Zn-
I-fn¬ XS-b-W-Iƒ D≠mbn.
\Zo-XSkwkvIm-c-߃
CuPn]vXv ({InkvXphn\v apºv 3000˛1780)
CuPn-]vXns‚ ]Sn-™mdv hnim-e-amb klm-dm-a-
cp-`q-anbpw Ing°v \ao_n-b≥ acp-{]-tZ-i-hp-am-Wv.
kz¿Æw, sNºv, hnhn-[-\n-d-ß-fn-ep≈ kqcy-Im-
¥- ° - √ p- I ƒ F∂nh CuPn- ] vXn¬ kpe- ` -
ambncp∂p. CuPn-]vjy≥ kwkvIr-Xn-bpsS BZn-a-
]pcm-X\
- C
- u-Pn-]vXns‚ `q]Sw
A[ymbw ˛ 2
L-´-sØ-°p-dn-®v t\cn-´p≈ sXfn-hp-Iƒ e`n-°p-
∂- X v ss\¬ \Zo- X - S - Ø n¬ ASn- ™ p- I q- S nb
F°¬a-Æn-\S- n-bn¬ \n∂mWv. CuPn-]vjy≥ \mK-
cn-I-X-bpsS DZbhpw AkvX-a-bhpw ss\¬\Zn-
bnse sh≈-s∏m-°-Øns‚ G‰-°p-d-®n-en-\-\p-k-
cn-®m-bn-cp∂p. Hmtcm th\¬°m-ehpw Ah-km-\n-
°p-tºmƒ D≠m-Ip∂ FtXym-]y≥ sh≈-s∏m-°w,
\Zo-X-S-Øn¬ Idp-Ø-Xpw ^e-`q-bn-jvT-hp-amb
F°¬ aÆv \nt£-]n-°pw. Cu aÆn¬ hnf-bn-
s®-Sp-°p∂ Im¿jn-tIm-ev]∂-߃ CuPn-]vjy≥
kwkvIr-Xn-bpsS ASn-ÿm\LS-I-am-bn. BZy-
Ime {Ko°vk©mcnIƒ AS°w F√m-hcpw CuPn-
]vXns\ "ss\ens‚ hc-Zm\w' F∂v hnti-jn-∏n®p.
CuPn-]vXnse cmPm°∑m¿ ^dthm F∂ t]cn-
emWv Adn-b-s∏-´ncp-∂-Xv. ]c-am-[n-Imcw ^d-thm-
\n¬ \n£n-]vX-am-bn-cp-∂p.
^dthm
ssltdm-•n-^nIvkv
\S∂ kw`-h-߃ IrXy-ambn tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp∂
coXn CuPn-]vjy≥ \mK-cn-I-X-bpsS kz`m-ham-bn-
cp-∂p. Fgp-Xm-\p-]-tbm-Kn-®Xv ssltdm-•n-^nIvkv
F∂ en]n-bm-Wv. "]pWy-en]n' F∂mWv Cu
sh¶-eØ
- ns‚ I≠p-]n-SnØw 21
¢mkv ˛ IX

hm°n-\¿∞w. In´n-b-Xn¬ h®v G‰hpw ]g-bXv ssltdm-•n-^n°v en]n-bn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø-s∏´

{In.ap. kpam¿ 3200 se tcJ-bmWv. he-Øp-\n∂v
CS-tØm-´mWv Cu en]n hmbn-t°-≠-Xv.
ssltdm-•n-^n°v en]n-
Nne kw`-h-߃
$ ^d-thmam-cpsS `cWt\´-߃
$ t£{X-߃, {]Xn-jvT-Iƒ XpS-ßn-b-h-bpsS
Imew
$ cmP-Iob BNm-c-߃ A\p-jvTm-\-߃
F∂nhbpsS Imew
$ P\-kw-Jy-m°-W-°p-Iƒ
$ ]S-tbm-´-ß-fpsS hnhcW-߃.
Ncn-{X-kvam-c-I-ß-fpsS \n¿ΩnXn
cmPm-°-∑m-cpsS Hm¿Ω-bv°mbn kvamc-I-߃
\n¿Ωn-®n-cp-∂p. Ah ]nc-an-Up-Iƒ F∂-dn-b-
s∏- ´ p. Chbv°p ]pdta t£{X߃,
sIm´mckap-®-b-߃ XpS-ßn-bhbpw ]pcm-
hkvXpKth-jI - ¿ Is≠-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. BZy-L-
´-Øn¬ Nfn-bn¬ \n¿Ωn®v DW-°n-sb-SpØ
CjvSn-I-bmWv sI´n-S-\n¿Ωm-W-Øn\v D]-tbm-
Kn®ncp-∂Xv. ]n∂oSv NXpc°-´-Iƒ D]-tbm-
Kn-°m≥ XpS-ßn. {ItaW sNØn-an-\p-°n-b-
Icn- ¶ - √ v ih- I p- S o- c - ß fpsSbpw a‰pw
\n¿ΩmWØn\v D]-tbm-Kn°m≥ XpS-ßn.

]nc-anUv

22 kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw˛ I
 A[ymbw ˛ 2

]nc-an-Up-Iƒ $ Ah¿°v {]nb-s∏-´-h-cpsS arX-i-co-c-߃

temIm-¤p-X-ß-fn¬ H∂mWv CuPn-]vXnse ]nc-
an-Up-Iƒ. Ch I¬∏-Wn-bpsS i‡nkuµcy߃
shfn- ® ØpsIm≠phcp- ∂ p. ]nc- a n- U p- I - f psS
ASnØd NXp-cm-Ir-Xn-bn-epw hi-߃ {XntIm-Wm-
Ir-Xn-bnepamWv. ]nc-an-Uns‚ D®-ÿm-\w {XntIm-
W-Øns‚ A{KsØ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p.
]nc-an-Up-I-fpsS D≈-S°w
$ "aΩn'Ifm°n kq£n® cmPm-°-∑m-cp-sSbpw
cmP-Ip-Spw-_mw-K-ß-fp-sSbpw arX-i-co-c-߃
aΩnbpw AS°wsNbvX
s]´nbpw
$ Ah-cp-]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp∂ Bbp-[-߃, BS-
Iƒ, B`-c-W-߃
$ IW-°‰ s]m∂pw sh≈nbpw cXv\-ßfpw
hmkvX-h-Øn¬ CuPn-]-vjy≥ kwkvIm-c-sØ-°p-
dn-®p≈ Adn-hp-Iƒ temI-Øn-\p-In-´m≥ XpSßp-
∂Xv ]nc-an-Up-Iƒ sIm≈-b-Sn® \n[n-th-´-°m-cn¬
\n∂m-Wv.
Bbn-c-°-W-°n\v ASn-a-ItfmsSm∏w Irjn-bnepw
ssIsØm-gn-enepw G¿s∏-´-h-scbpw ]nc-an-Up-I-
fpsS \n¿Ωm-W-Øn\v D]-tbm-Ks∏Sp-Øn-bn-cp-∂p.
ss\¬\Zn-bn¬ sh≈w s]mßp∂ Ime-ØmWv
]nc-an-Up-I-fpsS \n¿ΩmWw {][m-\-ambpw \S-∂n-
cp-∂-Xv. A°m-eØv Irjn sNøm≥ Ign-bn-√.
sh≈-Øn-eqsS `mc-ta-dnb Icn-¶-√p-Iƒ ]Wn-ÿ-
e-sØ-Øn-°pI Ffp-∏-am-bn-cp-∂p.
]nc- a n- U p- I - f psS \n¿ΩmWw Pyman- X n- b psS
hf¿®sb ImWn-°p-∂p. Af-hp--Ifpw Xq°-ßfpw
CuPn]vXp-Im-cpsS Db¿∂ kmt¶-Xn-I-⁄m-\-
Øns‚ Nn”- ß - f mbn IW- ° m- ° mw. Zimw- i -
Øns‚ D]-tbm-Khpw Ah¿°v hi-am-bn-cp∂p.

]g-°-ta-dnb ]nc-anUv
k°md ]oT-`q-an-bn¬ saw^n-kn\v kao-]-ØmWv Cu ]n-c-an-Uns‚ \n¿Ωn-Xn.
Cwtlm-´∏v F∂m-bn-cp∂p CXp \n¿Ωn® inev]n-bpsS t]cv. ZvtPmk¿ (Djoser)
F∂ cmPm-hns‚ Hm¿Ω-°m-bmWv Cwtlm-´∏v Cu ]nc-anUv \n¿Ωn-®-Xv.

sh¶-eØ
- ns‚ I≠p-]n-SnØw 23
¢mkv ˛ IX

Pohn-Xm-hi
- y-߃ \n¿h-ln-°p-∂X
- ns‚ `mK-ambn hnImkw {]m]n-®h
- b
- m-Wv kmt¶-Xn-Ih
- nZyIƒ.
]ncanUv\n¿am-W-Øns‚ hnhn[ L´-ß-fmWv Xmsg Nn{X-Øn¬ sImSp-Øn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Ah {Ia-
Øn-em-°q. Hmtcm L´-Ønepw D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ Adn-hv, AXn-eqsS cq]-s∏´ imkv{X-ta-
Je Ch Is≠Øn CuPn-]vXp-Im-cpsS imkv{Xkmt¶-XnIhn⁄m-\-sØ-°p-dn®v Ipdn∏v Xøm-
dm-°p-I.

2. ]nc-anUv \n¿am-WØ
- n-\p-tijw sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ Xn-´I
- ƒ \o°w- 3. Xn´Iƒ \n¿an®v ]nc-anUv \n¿am-W-Øn-\m-bp≈ I√p-Iƒ
sN-bvXv ]pdw-`m-KØv an\p-k-ap≈ NpÆm-ºp-I-√p-Iƒ ]mIp∂p sIm≠p-t]m-Ip-∂p

3. henb NpÆm-ºp-I-√p-Iƒ s]m´n-s®-SpØv ]mI-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. 4. ]nc-anUv \n¿am-W-Øn-\mbn ÿew Hcp-°p∂p

5. Zqc-ÿ-e-ß-fn¬ \n∂v I√p-Iƒ ss\¬ \Zn-bn-

eqsS h≈-ß-fn¬ sIm≠p-h-cp-∂p.

24 kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw˛ I

kpta-¿ ({In.ap. 3200 ˛ 1200)
C∂sØ Cdm-Jn-eqsS Hgp-Ip∂ bq{^-´o-kv-˛-ssS-
{Knkv \Zn-IfpsS CS-bn-ep≈ {]tZiw sak-s∏m-
t´-anb F∂ t]cn¬ Adn-b-s∏-´p. Cu {]tZ-i-
Øp-≠mb sh¶-e-bp-K-\m-K-cn-I-X-bpsS BZysØ
ÿm\w kpta¿ Bbn-cp-∂p. ss__n-fn¬ Cu
{]tZiØn\v jn\m¿ F∂mWv t]cv. hnim-e-amb
NXp-∏p-Iƒ, BIm-iw-aps´ hf¿∂ apf-¶m-Sp-Iƒ,
CS-bv°nsS aÆpw sNfnbpw IqSn-°-e¿∂ Xoc-
߃, Imem-Im-eß - f
- n¬ D≠m-Ip∂ sh≈-s∏m°w
F∂nh a‰p- sa-skm-s∏m-t´-an-b≥ \mK-cn-I-X-I-fn¬
\n∂v kpta-dns\ hyXy-kvX-am-°p∂p.
t£{Xw, sIm´m-cw, henb I®-hSIpSpw-_-߃
F∂nh- b psS IpØ- I - b mbn Irjn, arK- k w- c -
£Ww, Pe-tk-N\w F∂nh amdp-∂Xv kpta-dn-
b≥ kwkvIr-Xn-bpsS Ime-L-´-Øn-em-Wv. cmPy-
Øns‚ \nb- { ¥- W - Ø n- e p≈ Irjn`qan- b n¬
[mcmfw sXmgn-em-fn-Isf \nb-an-°p-∂-Xm-bn-´p≈
enJnXe£y-߃ "D¿' F∂ kpta-dn-b≥ \K-c-
Øn¬\n∂v In´nbn-´p-≠v.
kn§p-dm-Øp-Iƒ
t£{X-sØtbm t£{X-ß-fpsS Hcp Iq´-sØtbm
kn§pdm- Ø v F∂p ]d- b p∂p. ]q¿Æ- a mbpw
ssIsIm≠v Ipg-s®-SpØ henb Nfn-bp-≠I
- ƒ ]Sp-
ØmWv kn§p-dm-Øp-Iƒ D≠m-°n-bXv. G‰hpw apI-
fn¬ sh≈-]q-inb Hcp sNdnb Aº-e-hpw NfnIpg-
®p- ≠ m°nb CjvSn- I - s Im≠v ]WnX Hcp
tImWnbpw \n¿Ωn-®n-cn-°pw.
kn§p-dm-Øns‚ amXrI
A[ymbw ˛ 2
C{Xbpw henb Hcp \n¿Ωn-Xn-bv°v- Nfn, CjvSn-I
XpS-ßnb km[-\-km-a-{Kn-Ifpw hml-\-kw-hn-[m-
\hpw [mcmfw sXmgn-em-fn-I-fpw Bh-iy-ambn-cp-
∂p. B¿°pth≠n-bmWv Ah¿ ]Wn-sb-Sp-Øn-cp-
∂Xv? tZh\pth≠n-tbm? AtXm Ahsc \nb-
{¥n- ® n- c p∂ i‡- c mb at‰- s X- ¶ nepw Bfp-
Iƒ°pth≠n-tbm?
Pe-tk-N-\-Øn\p sa®-s∏´ kmt¶-XnI hnZy
Ah¿ {]tbm-Kn-®p. Irjn-∏-Wn-bn¬ ]pXn-b-Xpw
^e-{]-Z-hp-amb D]-I-c-W-ß-fpsS {]tbmKw hym]-
I-am-bn. sImgphns‚ D]-tbm-K-tØm-sSm-∏w, Imf-
sbbpw Igp-X-sbbpw ]q´n \new Dgp-Xp-a-dn-°p∂
Irjn-coXnbpw GXm-≠ntXIme-Øv hym]-I-am-bn.
ka-{K-amb Pe-tk-N\hyh-ÿ, Xcn-im-bn-°n-S∂
`qan-sb-°qSn ^e-`q-bn-jvT-am°n.
hnf-Ifpw arK-k-ºØpw
_m¿en, tKmX-ºv, ]bdph¿K-߃, CuØ-∏-gw,
ap¥ncn XpS-ßn-bhbmbn-cp∂p kpta-dnse {][m\
hnf-Iƒ.
I∂p-Im-en-Ifn¬ tImem-Sp-Iƒ, sNΩ-cn-bm-Sp-Iƒ,
]∂n-Iƒ, Igp-X-Iƒ XpS-ßnbh Dƒs∏-´p. Cu
Ime-Øpw th´- XpS-¿-∂pt]m∂p F∂ Imcyw
hnkva-cn-°-cp-Xv. ]mep-ev]-∂-߃°p th≠n ]ip-
°sf t]m‰nhf¿Øn-bn-cp∂p. arK-kw-c-£Ww
{]mtZ-inIkºZvhyh-ÿb - psS Ahn-`mPyLSIam-
bn-cp-∂p.
sh¶-eØ
- ns‚ I≠p-]n-SnØw 25
¢mkv ˛ IX
IyqWnt^mw enJn-Xß
- ƒ
kpta-dn-¬ hnI-kn-∏n-®- en-]nsb IyqWnt^mw
F∂p hnfn-°p-∂p. IpØ-s\bpw hne-ß-s\bpw
ac-∏q-fp-If
- psS BIr-Xn-bn-ep≈ Nn”-߃ D]-tbm-
Kn-°p∂-XmWv Cu Fgp-Øns‚ coXn. he-Øp-\n∂v
CS-tØm-´mWv IyqWn-t^mw enJn-X-߃ hmbn-
t°-≠X - v. {InkvXp-hn\p apºv aqhm-bn-ct- ØmsS Cu
en]n-bp-sS hnImkw ]q¿W-am-bn.
-temI`q]-S-Øn¬ CuPn-]vXv, kpta¿ \mK-cn-IX-IfpsS ÿm\w Is≠Øq. Irjn, Pohn-X-co-Xn,
sI´nS\n¿am-Ww, Fgp-Øp-hn-Zy, ssIsØm-gn-ep-Iƒ F∂n-h-bn¬ Cu c≠p kwkvIr-Xn-Ifpw
XΩn¬ Fs¥√mw kmay-ßfpw hyXym-kßfpap-s≠∂v ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Øq. F¥mhmw CXn\p
Imc-Ww? N¿® sNøq. \nK-a-\-߃ Ipdn-°q.
_m_n-tem¨
sak-s∏-mt´-an-b≥ kwkvIr-Xn-bpsS `mK-amb kpta-
dns\ ]cn-N-b-s∏-´-t√m. CtX kwkvIr-Xn-bpsS
`mK-amWv ]pcm-X\_m_n-tem-Wn-b≥ kwkvImcw.
CXv hnImkw {]m]n-°p-∂Xv ssS{Kokv \Zo-XS-
Øn-em-Wv. sak-s∏m-t´-an-b-bpsS cmjv{SnbNcn-{X-
Øn¬ At\Iw \Kc-˛-cm-jv{S-ß-fpw sNdpcmPy-
ßfpw `cWw ÿm]n-°p-∂Xp ImWmw. C°m-e-
Øp-Xs∂ cmP-hw-i-ßfpw DS-se-Sp-Øp.
{In.ap. Bbn-cØn FÆq-dn-t\m-S-Sp-∏n®v _m_n-tem-
Wnse cmjv{SobImem-hÿ ho≠pw amdn. Z£nW
_m_n-tem¨ dnw-kns‚bpw DØ-c-_m-_n-tem¨
lΩp-dm_n-bpsSbpw \nb-{¥-W-Øn-em-bn.
26 kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw˛ I
ssIsØm-gn-ep-Iƒ
t£{X-ß-fn¬\n∂pw sIm´mchf-∏p-I-fn¬\n∂pw
In´n-bn-´p≈ ]pcm-h-kvXp-°ƒ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂Xv
hnZKv[]cn-io-e\w th≠p∂ ssIsØm-gn-ep-Iƒ
AhnsS \ne-\n-∂n-cp∂p F∂m-Wv. temlm-h-in-
jvS-߃, Ifn-a¨]m{X\n¿Ωm-W-Øn\v D]-tbm-
Kn®n-cp∂ Nqf-Iƒ Ch-sbms° CXn\p sXfn-
hmW.v a¨]m{X\n¿Ωm-Ww, sImØp-]-Wn-Iƒ,
B`-cW\n¿ΩmWw F∂nhbpw ssIsØm-gn-ep-
I-fn¬ NneXmWv. kz¿Æw, sh≈n, hnhn-[-bn\w
Iq´pteml-߃ F∂nh-bpsS D]-tbmKw hym]-
I-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂p thWw Icp-Xp-hm≥.
Irjn- b n¬\n∂pw ]mep- e v ] - ∂ - ß - f n¬\n∂pw
In´nb an®w hmWnPyØn\v ASn- Ø - d - ] mIn.
t£{X-߃ [m\y-∏pc-I-fmbn Nn{Xo-I-cn-°p∂
kpta-dn-b≥ IY-I-fp-≠v.
[m\y- ß ƒ kq£n- ® CS- ß - f n¬\n∂v ]pg- b n-
te°pw tXm´nte°pw Cd-ßp-hm-\p≈ kuIcyw
Hcp-°n-bn-cp-∂p. [m\y-߃, a’yw, arK-߃ C-
hsb h≈- ß - f n¬ Ib- ‰ n- s °m≠p t]mIp- ∂ -
Nn{Xßfpw In´n-bn-´p-≠v.
cmjv{Sobamb Aÿn-cX hmWn-Py-sØbpw I®-
h- S sØbpw _m[n- ® p. \K- c - ß ƒ £- b n- ° m≥
XpSßn. kmt¶-XnIhnZy ]Xps° Dƒ\m-Sp-I-fn-
te°v HXp-ßn-°qSn. N¥-Iƒ {Kma-{]-tZ-i-ß-fn-
te°v amdn. Z£nW _m_n- t em- W nse
ssk\nIkm∂n- [ ywaqew P\- ß ƒ henb
tXmXn¬ DØc_m_n-tem-Wn-te°v IpSn-tb-dn.
`qan- A[n-Ihpw cmPm-hn-t‚-Xv. arK-ß-fpsSbpw
sXmgn-em-fn-If
- p-sSbpw ta-ep≈ Ah-Im-ihpw cmPm-
hn\pXs∂. F∂n´pw ]Wn-sb-Sp-°p-∂-Xn\v Icm¿
tPmen-°msc B{i-bn-t°-≠-Xmbn h∂p. IpSpw-
_-߃ Xp≠p`qan-bn¬ Irjn-bn-d-°n. Irjn-bm-h-
iy-߃°mbn ]e-t∏mgpw sIm´m-c-Øn¬\n∂pw

t£{X-ß-fn¬\n∂pw ISwhmßm≥ Irjn-°m¿
\n¿_-‘n-X-cm-bn. h¿≤n®phcp∂ IS-Øn¬\n∂v
c£-t\-Sp-hm≥ ]ecpw ASn-a-∏Wn kzoI-cn®p.
lΩp-dm-_n-bpsS \nbakwlnX
_m_n-tem-Wn¬ lΩp-dm_n sIm≠p-h∂ ka-{K-
amb Hcp \nb-a-kw-ln-X {]kn-≤-amWv. sak-s∏m-
lΩp-dm-_n-bpsS \nb-a-ßsf ]cn-N-b-s∏-´-t√m. F¥n-\mbncn°pw \nb-a-߃ cq]-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-
≠m-hpI? N¿® sNøpI.
ssN\ ({In.ap. 3000 ˛ 1600)
slmbmMv s lm \Zo- X - S - Ø n- e mWv ]pcm- X \
ssN\okv \mK-cn-IX hf¿∂v hnImkw {]m]n-®Xv.
kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ XpS°w {]mNo\inem-bp-K-Øn-
em-Wv. {In.ap. 6000 Øn\v ap≥]pXs∂ Irjnbpw
Imen- h - f ¿Øepw hnI- k n- ® n- c p∂p. {]mNo\
Im¿jnItKm{X-߃ GXm-≠n-tX-Im-e-Øp-Xs∂
Irjn-∏-Wn-Iƒ Nn´-s∏-Sp-Øn.
{]mNo\ssN\mkwkvIrXnbpsS BZyL´-ß-sf-
°p-dn®v Npcp°w Nne sXfn-hp-Itf In´nbn-´p-≈q.
hoSp-Iƒ hrØm-Im-c-ØnemWv \n¿Ωn-®n-cp-∂Xv;
ta¬°qc tImWm-Ir-Xn-bnepw. hoSn-\-IsØ Xd
ssht°mepw Nfnbpw Iq´n°pg-®p-≠m-°n. A¿≤-
hr-Øm-Ir-Xn-bn-ep≈ ASp-∏p-I-fp-sS Ah-in-jvS-
߃ ChnsS\n∂pw In´n-bn-´p-≠v. km[-\-߃
kq£n-°m-\p-]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ Ad-Iƒ, Ifn-a¨]m-
{X-߃ NpSm-\p≈ Nqf F∂nh hoSn-t\mSptN¿∂v
Is≠-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. Cu Bhmkÿm\-Øn\v kao-
]-Ømbn Hcp s]mXpivaim-\-Øns‚ Ah-in-jvS-
ßfpw ImWmw.
apJy-ambpw Im¿jnIhrØnsb B{i-bn-®mWv
{]mNo\ ssN\okv\mK-cn-IX hnImkw sIm≠Xv.
I√p-]-I-c-W-ß-fpsS {]tbmKw k¿∆-km-[m-c-W-
am-bn-cp-∂p. ISp-∏-ta-dnb I¬t°m-Sm-en-Iƒ ImSp-
sh´nsØfn-°m≥ D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂-Xmbn kqN-\-
I-fp-≠v. ac-Øn¬ \n¿Ωn-®, c≠p ap\-Ifp≈ Ipgn-
∏m-c-bpsS klm-b-tØmsS aÆv Ipgn-°p-hm\pw
I¬ssIt°m- ´ p- ] - t bm- K n®v Irjn- ° p- t h≠n
asÆmcp-°phm\pw C°m-eØv {ia-߃ \S∂p.
Irjn- b m- b p- [ - ß - f psS h¿≤- \ - h pw h¿≤n® -
A[ymbw ˛ 2
t´-an-b-bn¬ AXn-\p-apºpw \nb-a-߃ D≠m-bn-´p-
≠v. "IÆn\p IÆv, ]√n\p ]√v'F∂ in£m\b-
amWv lΩp-dm_n \S-∏m-°nb \nb-a-kw-ln-X-bpsS
ASn-Ød. \oXn, ka-Xzw, hn[hmkwc-£-Ww,
Irjn-°m-cp-sSbpw I®-hS- °
- m-cp-sSbpw kwc-£Ww
XpSßnb Bi- b - ß ƒ°pw {]tbm- K - ß ƒ°pw
th≠n lΩp-dm_n \ne-sIm-≠p.
ImenkºØpw Im¿jnI]ptcm-K-Xnsb kqNn-∏n-
°p-∂p.
ssN\okv a¨]m{X-߃
Nmc-\n-d-Øn-ep≈ Ifn-a¨]m{X߃ [mcm-f-ambn
hym]n-®p. Nph∏pw Idp∏pw Ie¿∂ ]m{X-ß-fpsS
D]- t bm- K hpw Cu Ime- L - ´ - Ø n¬ sNdnb
tXmXn¬ ImW-s∏-´p. ]m{X-ßfpsS Iq´-Øn¬ Xfn-
IIƒ, tIm∏-Iƒ, IpS-߃ XpS-ßn-b-h ImWmw.
{In.ap. 1900 ˛ 1600 t\mS-Sp-∏n®v sIm´mckap-®-b-ß-
fpsS \n¿ΩmWw hym]-I-ambn. ssN\-bn¬ sh¶-
e-bp-K-Øns‚ Imew CXp Xs∂-bm-Wv. ]m{X-߃
hm¿°p∂Xn\p≈ aqi-Ifpw a¨]m-{X-߃ NpSm-
\p≈ Nqf-Ifpw a‰pw Cu Ime-L-´-Øn-t‚-Xmbn
]pdØph∂p. sh¶-eØ - n¬ hm¿Ø ho™ptIm∏-
Iƒ, sh¨a-gp, Xfn-II - ƒ, aq∂p Imep-≈X
- pw ASn-
]-c-∂-Xpw ssI∏n-Sn-tbmSpIqSn-b-Xp-amb ]m{X-߃
F∂nh kpe-`-ambn e`n®n´p≠v.
ssN\-bn¬ Fgp-Øp-hnZy cq]w sIm≈p-∂Xv C°m-
e-Øm-Wv. saskm-s∏m-t´-an-b-bnse IyqWnt^mw
en]n-I-fn¬\n∂pw CuPn-]vXnse ssltdm-•n-^n-
Ivkn¬\n∂pw hyXy-kvX-am-bn-cp∂p ssN\-°m-
sh¶-eØ
- ns‚ I≠p-]n-SnØw 27
¢mkv ˛ IX
ssN\okv en]n
cpsS Nn{X-en-]n. Cu en]n-bn¬ Hmtcm hm°n\pw
Hmtcm Nn”w F∂ k{º-Zm-b-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. apI-
fn¬ \n∂v Xmtgm-´mWv CXv Fgp-Xn-bn-cp-∂-Xv.
C°m-eØv ssN\-bn¬ \K-c-߃ Db¿∂ph∂p.
kaq-lØ - n-se D®-\o-NX- z-߃, ]e-hn[ ssIsØm-
gn-ep-Iƒ, Zqc-hm-Wn-Pyw, \K-c-Po-hn-Xw, Fgp-Øp-
hn-Zy, sIm´m-c-s°-´p-Iƒ Ch-sb√mw kqNn-∏n-°p-
∂Xv `c-W-Iq-S-Øns‚ Bhn¿`m-h-sØ-bm-Wv.
lc-∏≥ kwkvIrXn
{In.ap. aqhm-bn-c-tØmsS \ne-hn¬ h∂ al-Ømb
Hcp kwkvIm-c-amWv lc-∏≥ \mK-cn-IX. h≥\-K-
c- ß ƒ, sNdp- ] - ´ - W - ß ƒ, At\Iw {Kma- ß ƒ
Chsb√mw ]c-kv]cw _‘-s∏´p InS-°p∂ Hcp
henb `q{]-tZ-i-ØmWv lc-∏≥ \mK-cn-IX DZ-
bw-sIm≠Xv.
28 kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw˛ I
t]cns‚ bp‡n
]pcm-hkvXpimkv{X-Øn¬ \S-∏p-≈ Hcp Iogvh-
g- ° - a - \ p- k - c n- ® m- W v lc- ∏ ≥ \mK- c n- I X/
kwkvIrXn F∂v t]cn´-Xv. {]mNo\kwkvIm-c-
sØ-∏‰n ]Tn-°p-tºmƒ, B kwkvIm-c-sØ--∏-‰n-
bp≈ sXfnhpIƒ BZy-ambn e`n® CS-Øns‚
B[p-\n-I-\m-a-Øn-emWv B kwkvIm-ctam \mK-
cn-I-Xtbm Adn-b-s∏-Sp-I. kn‘p\-Zn-bp-sSbpw
t]mj-I-\-Zn-I-fp-sSbpw XS-Øn-ep-≈Xv F∂
A¿Y-Øn¬ lc∏mkwkvIr-Xnsb kn‘p-\-Zo-
X-S-kw-kvIrXn F∂pw ]d-bm-dp-≠v.
Cu ]cn-jvIrXnsb-°p-dn-®p≈ sXfnhp-Iƒ e`n-
°p-∂Xv lc-∏-, taml≥sPm-Zm-tcm F∂o c≠p
ÿm\-ßf - n¬ \S-Ønb D¬J\-\ß-fn¬\n∂mWv.
1921˛¬ BWv Cu ÿe-ßfn¬ D¬J\\-߃
Bcw-`n-®-Xv.
]©m-_nse tam≠vtKmadn Pn√-bn¬ dmhn \Zn-
bp-sS he-tØ-°-c-bnse Hcp {Kma-amWv lc-∏.
20˛mw \q‰m- ≠ ns‚ BZy- Ø n¬ AhnsS
dbn¬]mX ]Wn-bp-tºmƒ AXn--en-Sm≥ I√p-
Iƒ°p ]Icw ASp-Øp≈ hen-sbmcp Iq\-bn¬
\n∂v [mcmfambn In´nb CjvSn-I-I-fm-Wv Icm-dp-
Im-c≥ D]-tbm-Kn-®X
- v. CXp-I≠ dbn¬th F©n-
\o-b¿ A[n-Im-cn-Isf hnhcw [cn-∏n-°p-Ibpw
]pcm-h-kvXp-h-Ip∏v AhnsS D¬J-\\w \S-Øp-
Ibpw sNbvXp. Aß- s \- b mWv, lc- ∏ ≥
kwkvIrXnsb°p-dn®v temIw Adn-bp-∂-Xv.
{]ikvX]pcm-hkvXpKth-j-I-\mb k¿ tPm¨
am¿jens‚ t\Xr- X z- Ø n- e mWv lc- ∏ ≥
Bhmkÿm\-ß-fn¬ D¬J-\\w \S-∂-Xv. lc-
∏≥ P\X D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp∂ D]-I-c-W-߃, Ic-
Iu-iehkvXp-°ƒ, sI´n-Sm-h-in-jvS-߃ XpS-ßn-
b- h sb Ah- e w- _ n®p sIm≠mWv \mw Cu
kwkvIr-Xnsb-°p-dn®v Adn-hp-t\-Sp-∂-Xv. BZyIm-
esØ Cu {]h¿Ø-\-߃°p tijw ]e ÿm]-
\-ß-fp-sSbpw ]fin-X-∑m-cp-sSbpw Iogn¬ c≠m-
bn-ctØmfw ÿm\-ß-fn¬\n∂v Cu kwkvIr-Xn-
sb-°p-dn-®p≈ sXfn-hp-Iƒ In´n-bn-´p-≠v.

lc∏ `q]Sw
kn‘p\Zo-XSkwkvIr-Xn-Iƒ: Ime-K-W\
{In.ap. 5500 ˛ 3500˛ \ho\ inem-bpKw
{In.ap. 3500 ˛ 2600˛ lc-∏m-]q¿hL´w
(Pre-Harappan)
{In.ap. 2600 ˛ 1800˛ ]q¿Æ hf¿®-sbØnb lc-
∏≥ kwkv I rXn ( Mature
Harappan Culture)
{In.ap. 1800 apX¬˛ ]nev°me lc-∏≥ \mK-cn-I-
Xm-L´w (Late Harappan Cul-
tures)
]e ÿm\-ß-fn¬ \n∂v Cu kwkvIr-Xn-sb-°p-
dn®v sXfn-hp-Iƒ e`n-®n-´p-≠v. lc-∏, taml-≥sPm-
Zm-tcm, temYmƒ apX-em-bh CXn¬ {][m-\-amWv.
lc∏ F∂ \K-c-Øn\v c≠p `mK-ß-fp-≠v. aÆn-
´p-s]m-°nb Hcp tIm´ Xmsg kmam-\y-P-\-ß-fpsS
hmk- ÿ - e w. a‰p- l- c - ∏ ≥ \K- c - ß - f nepw Cu
hn\ymkcoXn ImWmw. hk-Xn-I-fpsS hen-∏hpw
{]mam-Wyhpw A\p-k-cn®v P\-kwJy-bn¬ ]e- km-
A[ymbw ˛ 2
aq-ly-hn-`m-K-߃ D≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xmbn a\- n-em-
°mw. lc-∏-bn¬ Is≠-Ønb hensbmcp [m\y-
∏pc B kaqlw tiJ-cn®v \nb-{¥n-®n-cp∂ hn`-h-
ß-sf-°p-dn®v Adnhp Xcp-∂p.
taml≥sPmZmtcm ÿnXnsNøp-∂Xv kn‘nse
em¿°m\m Pn√-bn-em-Wv. kn‘p-\-Zo-Xo-c-Øp≈
Cu \K-c-amWv lc-∏≥ kwkvIr-Xn-bnse G‰hpw
henb \K-cw. henb kv\m\-L´w (Great Bath)
Chn-SpsØ Hcp {]tXy-I-X-bm-Wv. KpP-dm-Ønse
temYm-fn¬ Is≠-Ønb Xpd-ap-JØns‚ Ah-in-
jvS-߃ lc-∏≥ kwkvIr-Xn-bpsS hntZ-i-hm-Wn-
Py- s Ø- ° p- d n®v A\n- t j- [ y- a mb sXfn- h p- I ƒ
\¬Ip- ∂ p. PΩp- h n- \ - S p- Ø p≈ afip- ap- X ¬
sXt°m´v \¿aZmXocw hscbpw a{Im≥XocsØ
kp¿t°mØvZm apX¬ Ing-t°m´v DØ¿{]tZ-in-
se Aew-Ko¿]q¿ hscbpw Hcp-e-£-Øn¬∏cw
NXp-c{i Intem-ao-‰¿ hym]n®p InS-∂ncp-∂-Xm-Wv
lc-∏≥ kwkvIr-Xn.
{]mNo-\-tem-I-Ønse a‰p \K-c-ß-fn¬\n∂v hyXy-
kvX-ambn lc-∏≥ \K-c-ß-fpsS {]tXy-I-X-bm-Wv
sh¶-eØ
- ns‚ I≠p-]n-SnØw 29
¢mkv ˛ IX

alm-k\
v m-\L
- ´w

\K-cm-kq-{XWw. ]c-kv]cw ka-tIm-Wm-

Ir-Xn-bn¬ apdn-™p-t]m-Ip∂ sXcp-hp-Iƒ,
Ahbv°v Ccp-h-ihpw ]WnX sI´n-S-
߃, aqSnb Agp-°p-Nm¬ F∂n-h-bmWv
Cu \K-c-ß-fpsS a‰p {]tXy-I-X-Iƒ.
Cjv S n- I - I ƒ°v IrXy- a mb hoXnbpw
\ofhpw I\hpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. \ne-hm-c-
s∏-Sp-Ønb Af-hp-Ifpw Xq°-ßfpw Cu
kwkvIr-Xn-bpsS AS-bm-f-am-Wv. Ãnb-
ss‰‰v (Steatite) arZpine-bn¬ sImØnb
AkwJyw ap{Z-Iƒ Cu kwkvIr-Xn-sb-
°p- d n®v ]e hnh- c - ß fpw Xcp∂p.
ap{ZIfn¬ Nn{X-߃, en]n-Iƒ F∂n-h-
bmWv ImW-s∏-Sp-∂Xv. Inf-s®-SpØ Hcp lc-∏≥ ÿm\w

Nn{X-߃ en]n-Iƒ

Bƒcq]w ASnÿm\Nn”-߃
arK-߃ Iq´-£-c-߃
]£n-Iƒ Nn{X-߃
D]-I-c-W-߃
Bbp-[-߃
hr£-߃
lc-∏≥ en]n-Iƒ CXp-h-scbpw Xr]vXn-Ic-ambn
hmbn-®p-Ign™n-´n-√. kmt¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy-bpsS klm-
lc-∏≥ "]ptcm-ln-X≥'

30 kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw˛ I
 A[ymbw ˛ 2

CuPn-]vXn¬\n∂pw sak-s∏m-t´-an-b≥ \K-cß

- f
- n¬
\n∂pw In´nb lc-∏≥ hkvXp-°-fpsS ASn-ÿm-
\-Øn-emWv \mw Cu \nK-a-\-Øn¬ FØp∂-Xv.
lc-∏≥`c-W-k-{º-Zm-b-sØ-°p-dn®v hy‡-amb
cq]-߃ In´m-\n--√. Cu hnj-b-sØ-°p-dn®v Ncn-
{X-Im-c∑
- m¿ hyXy-kvXa
- mb A`n-{]m-ba
- p-≈h
- c
- m-Wv.
lc-∏≥ kwkvIr-Xn-bpsS A¥yw
lc-∏-≥ kwkvIr-Xn-bpsS A¥-y-L-´sØ°pdn®v
hnhn[ Xc-Øn-ep≈ kn≤m-¥-߃ Ncn-{X-Im-c-
∑m¿°n-S-bn¬ \ne-\n-¬°p-∂p. Ah-bn¬ Nne-Xv.
$ i‡-amb sh≈-s∏m-°-߃, `qN-e-\-߃
$ KXn amdn-sbm-gp-Inb \Zn-Ifpw L§¿-˛- lIvd
\Znbn-e-\p-`-h-s∏´ hcƒ®-bpw. (Cu \Zn
"]ip-]-Xn' -ap{Z
C∂n-√).
b-tØmsS AXn-\p≈ {ia-߃ temI-Øns‚ ]e-
`m-K-ß-fnepw \S-∂p-h-cp-∂p.
kaq- l - Ø n¬ Irjn- ° m¿°p ]pdsa ]e- X cw
ssIsØm- g n- ¬ Iq´m- b v a - I ƒ D≠m- b n- c p- ∂ p.
iwJnepw Nn∏n- b nepw Ic- I u- i - e - h - k v X p- ° ƒ
\n¿Ωn-°p-∂-h¿, teml-∏-Wn-°m¿, a¨]m-{X-˛-C-
jv S nI \n¿Ωn- ° p- ∂ - h ¿, sImØp- ] - W n- ° m¿,
s\bvØp-Im¿ F∂n-h¿ C°q-´-Øn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.
lc-∏≥ hmWnPyw
Irjn- ° p- ] p- d ta lc- ∏ ≥ kwkv I r- X nsb \ne-
\n¿Øn-bXv hmWn-Py-am-Wv. CuPn-]vXv, saskm-
s∏m-t´-an-b, ssN\ XpS-ßnb {]tZ-iß - f- p-ambn lc-
∏≥ \K-cß - ƒ°v hmWn-Py-_‘ - ß
- f- p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.
sh¶eØn¬ Xo¿Ø \¿ØIn

$ a‰p P\-XIfpsS B{I-a-W-߃

$ ]cn-ÿn-Xn-bn¬ h∂ am‰-߃
$ hmWn-Py-Øns‚ XI¿®
sh¶-eb
- pKkhn-ti-jX
- I
- ƒ
CuPn]vXv, saskms∏m-t´-an-b, lc-∏, ssN\ XpS-
ßnb kwkvIr-Xn-Isf°pdn®v s]mXpth ]d-bm-
hp∂ t]cm-bmWv sh¶-e-bp-KsØ ImtW-≠-Xv.
sh¶-e-Øns‚ kwkvI-c-Whpw D]-tbm-Khpw Hcp
]pXnb temI{Ia-Øn\v Xs∂ XpS°w Ipdn-®p.
lc-∏≥ ap{Z-Iƒ

sh¶-eØ
- ns‚ I≠p-]n-SnØw 31
¢mkv ˛ IX

Ncn- { Xm- X o- X - I m- e - Ø ns‚ Ah- k m- \ - a m- b - ]oT-`q-an-I-fnepw D]-tbm-Kn-®p-t]m-∂p. hy-X-y-kvX-

t∏mƒØs∂ sNºv Ipgn-s®-SpØv D]-tbm-Kn-°p- amb Cu D]-I-c-W-ß-fpsS {]tbmKw [mXphn`-h-
hm≥ XpS-ßn-b-Xmbn ]pcm-hkvXp e£y-ß-fp≠v. ß- f pw h\- h n- ` - h - ß - f pw sa®- s ∏´ coXn- b n¬
\ho\inem-bp-[-sØ-°mƒ sa®-s∏´ kmt¶Xn- NqjWw sNøp-hm≥ klm-b-I-am-bn. kzm-`m-hn-I-
Ita∑ sh¶-e-ap-]-tbm-Kn-®p-≠m-°p∂ Bbp-[- ambpw inem-bp-[-߃ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ tKm{X-
߃°pw D]-I-c-W-߃°pap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. inem- ßfpw sh¶-e-Øn¬ \n¿Ωn-°p∂ D]-I-c-W-߃
bp-[-ß-tfm-sSm-∏w-Xs∂ sh¶-e-Øn¬ \n¿Ωn® {]tbm- K n- ° p- ∂ - h cpw kl- I - c n®v Pohn- t °≠
D]-I-c-W-߃ ka-\n-c-∏mb Ir-jn-bn-S-ß-fnepw kml-N-c-y-߃ D≠m-°n.
Hcp kl-I-c-Wm-flIkaq-l-cq-]hXvI-c-W-Øn\v sh¶-e-bpKkwkvImcw CS-bm-°ntbm? ]cn-
tim-[n-°p-I.

sh¶-e-Øn\v [mcmfw ]cn-an-Xn-Iƒ D≠v. Ifpw Xp°-ßfpw Bh-i-y-ambn h∂p. kzm-`m-hn-I-

ISp-∏ -ta-dnb {]X-e -Øn¬ D]-t bm- Kn- ° p-
tºmƒ sh¶-e-Øn¬ \n¿Ωn® D]-I-c-W-
߃ HSn™p t]mIp-∂p.
sNºpw Cubhpw Xmc-X-tay\ Zp¿e-`-amb
teml-ß-fm-Wv.
ambpw CXv {]Xo-I-ß-fn-eqsS kqNn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp∂
FgpØphnZ-y-bn-te°pw A°-߃ hgn FÆphm-
\p≈ Ign-hn-te°pw \bn-®p. sh¶-e-bpKkwkvIr-
Xn-bpsS {][m-\-{]-tXy-I-X-Iƒ
$ \K-c-h¬°-cWw

anI® teml-∏-Wn-°m¿°p am{Xta sh¶-e- $ FgpØphnZybpsS Bhn¿`mhw

sa∂ Iq´ptemlw D≠m-°m-\mhq. $ IW-°p-Iq-´ens‚ I≠p-]n-SnØw

amdnb kmaq- l nI\ho- I - c - W - Ø n¬ ssIam- ‰ w, sh¶- e - b p- K w ]ptcm- K - a n- ® - t XmsS Cu teml-

sNdnb bp≤-߃, B{I-a-W-߃, hm-Wn-Pyw Ch Øns‚ ]cn-an-Xn-Iƒ Xncn-®d - n™ a\p-jy¿ as‰mcp
hnI-kn-°p-hm≥ XpS-ßn. I®-hSw \S-Øp-∂-Xn\v teml-Øn-\m-bp≈ At-\-z-j-W-amcw`n-®n-cn-°Ww.
s]mXpsh ]men-t°-≠- {Ia-߃ \ne-hn¬ h∂p. BI-kvan-I-ambn Ccp-ºns‚ I≠p]nSnØ-Øn-
Nc-°p-I-fpsS aqeyw \n¿Æ-bn-°p-∂-Xn\v Af-hp- te°v CXp hgnsh®p.

{]h¿Ø-\-߃
"Fgp-Øp-hn-Zy-bpsS hf¿®°v Blm-c-k-ºm-Z-\-co-Xn-bn-ep-≠mb am‰w henb kw`m-h\
sNbvXp' {Ko°v, kpta¿, ssN\m kwkvIr-Xn-If
- psS Fgp-Øp-hn-Zy-bpsS Ncn{Xw ap≥\n¿Øn
Cu hnj-b-Øn¬ skan-\m¿ {]_‘w Xøm-dm-°pI.
inem-bp-[-ß-tfm-sSm∏w sh¶e Bbp-[-ßfpw D]-I-c-W-ß-fpw D]-tbm-Kn-®-tXmsS Dev]m-Z-\-Øn-
ep-≠mb am‰w F¥m-Wv? CXns‚ `mK-ambn kaq-l-Øn-ep-≠mb am‰-߃ F¥v?
inem-bp-K-tØ-°mƒ kl-I-c-Wm-fl-I-amb Hcp kaq-l-amWv sh¶eIme-L-´-Øn¬ ImWp-∂-Xv.
CXv a\pjy kwkvIm-c-Øn¬ hcp-Ønb am‰-߃ Hcp ss…Uv tjm Ah-X-cn-∏n-°pI
\Zo-X-S-ß-fn-emWv kwk-Im-c-߃ ]nd-hn-sIm≠sX∂v \mw I≠p. CXn-\p≈ Imc-W-߃ ]´n-I-
bm-°q. ¢mkn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n®v t{ImUo-I-cn-°q. Nm¿´v Xøm-dm°n {]Z¿in-∏n-°q.
lc-∏≥ kwkvIr-Xn-bpsS `q]-Sw, hnh-cWw F∂n-h-bn¬\n∂v hy‡-am-Ip∂ kn‘p-\-Zo-XS\mK-cn-
I-X-bpsS khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Ipdn-°q. CuPn-]vXv, sak-s∏m-t´-an-b, ssN\, lc∏ F∂o kwkvIr-Xn-
I-fpsS `c-Ww, Im¿jn-Ihyhÿ, hmWn-Pyw, Fgp-Øp-hnZy, \K-cm-kq-{X-Ww, kmt¶-Xn-I-hnZy Ch
kw_-‘n® Nm¿´p-Iƒ Xøm-dm-°p-I. Nm¿´p-Isf ASn-ÿm-\-am°n Ch-bpsS kmayhyXym-k-
߃ N¿® sNøq.
$
32 kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw˛ I
 3 Ccpºpw a\pjy\pw
sh¶etØ°mƒ ImTn\yw IqSnb Ccpºns‚
I≠p]nSnØw a\p-jy-]p-tcm-K-Xn-bn¬ henb ]¶p-
h-ln-®p. Ccpºv Is≠Øn {]tbm-Kn-°m≥ sshIn-
bXv F¥p-sIm-≠m-bn-cn°mw?
Ccpºv Abn-cp-I-fm-bn-´mWv {]Ir-Xn-bn¬ ImW-
s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. Cu Abn-cns\ kwkvI-cn®v Ccp-ºm°n
am‰p-∂-Xn\v sa®-s∏´ kmt¶-XnIhnZy Bh-iy-
amWv. Cu kmt¶-XnIhnZy B¿÷n-°m≥ Ime-
Xm-akw t\cn´XpsIm≠v Ccp-ºns‚ {]tbmKw
sshIn.
sshIn h∂n´pw F¥p-sIm-≠m-bn-cn°mw Ccp-ºn\v
C{X-am{Xw {]m[m\yw ssIh-∂Xv ?
$ ZrVX
$ kue`yw
Ccp-ºb
- ncv BZy-ambn kwkvIc
- n-®Xv Gjym ssa\-
dn¬ (C∂sØ Xp¿°n) ]m¿Øn-cp∂ lnss‰-
‰pIƒ F∂ hwi-°m-cm-bn-cp-∂p.
Ccp-ºns‚ kmt¶-XnI hnZy
`qan-bn¬ an° ÿe-ß-fnepw Ccp-º-bn-cns‚
\nt£-]a - n-cn¬ ac°cn (Charcoal)
- p-≠v. Ccp-ºb
tN¿Øv Db¿∂ Dujvam-hn¬ (GI-tZiw 15000
sk¬jy-kv) NqSm°n kwkvI-cn-®mWv - Ccpºv
Dev]m-Zn-∏n-°p∂Xvv. Aßs\ In´n-b ip≤-amb
Ccpºv ASn®v cq]-s∏-SpØn Bh-iy-߃°-\p-
k-cn®v -B-bp[ßfpw D]-I-c-W-ßfpw D≠m°n.
{]mNo-\-Im-esØ P\-ß-fpsS {][m\ sXmgn-ep-
Isf°pdn®v ap≥ A[ym-bØ
- n¬ ]cn-Nb
- s
- ∏-´t√m.

Nn{X-Ønse Ccp-ºp-]-I-c-W-ß-fpsS BIrXn t\m°q. sh¶-e-D-]-I-c-W-ß-tf-°mƒ Ch-bv°p≈

hyXym-k-ß-tfh? Ch-bpsS BIrXn, D]-tbmKw kw_-‘n®v \¬Ip∂ kqN-\-Iƒ F¥v?
$ Nn{X- Ø n¬ ImWp∂ Ccpºp]- I - c - W - ß ƒ A°m- e sØ P\- ß - ƒ Gs¥√mw Bh- i y-
߃°mbncn°pw D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cn-°pI?
¢mkv ˛ IX
ISp-∏hpw aq¿®-bp-ap≈ Cu D]-I-c-W-ß-ƒ Ah-
cpsS PohnX-Øn¬ Fs¥√mw t\´-߃ D≠m-
°n-bn-cn°pw?
$ h≥a-c-ßfpw Iq‰≥]m-d-Ifpw apdn-°m≥ klm-
bn-®p.
$ ]i-bp≈ aÆv DgpXp adn-°m≥ klm-bn®p.
$ Imf-Is - f-bpw hf-ambn NmW-Ihpw D]-tbm-Kn-°m≥
Ccp-ºns‚ D-]-tbmKw C¥y-bn¬
C¥y-bn¬ Ccp-ºns‚ D]-tbmKw Bcw-`n-®Xv GI-
tZiw 3000 h¿j-߃°v ap≥]mWv.
]Sn-™m-d≥ DØ¿{]-tZ-inse A{Xm-RvPn-tJU,
cmP-ÿm-\nse tPm[v]p-c, t\mlv, lcn-bm-W-
bnse `K- h ≥]pc XpS- ß nb ÿe- ß - f n¬
\n∂mWv Ccpºmbp-[-ß-fp-tSbpw D]-I-c-W-ß-
fp-tSbpw Ah-in-jvSß
- ƒ BZy-ambn e`n-°p-∂Xv.
Bbn-c° - W
- °
- n\v a‰p ÿm\-ßf - n¬\n∂pw Cu
sXfn-hp-Iƒ In´n-bn-´p-≠v.
Ccp-ºns‚ D]-tbm-K-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´v C¥y-
bn- ¬ \n∂v In´nb BZy- I me]pcm- h kv X p
kwkvIr-Xnsb Kth-j-I¿ "Nmbw tX® Nmc-\n-
d-∏m-{X-ßfpambn' (Painted Grey Ware) _‘n-∏n-
°p-∂p. ]n¬°me sshZnIIrXn-If - n¬ ]cm-a¿in-
°p∂ Pohn-Xc - o-Xn-bp-ambn Cu kwkvIrXn HØp-
t]m-Ip-∂p.
C¥y-bpsS hS°p]Sn-™mdv `mKsØ k]vX-
kn‘p{]tZ-iØv ]m¿Øn-cp∂ BZy-Im-e-ssh-Zn-
I-P-\X Imen-ta-®mWv Pohn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. {ItaW
]pXnb ta®n¬∏pd-߃ tXSn Ah¿ Ing°v KwKm-
k-a-X-e-Øn-te°v ]pd-s∏-´p. KwKm-XSw i‡-amb
ag e`n-°p∂ \n_n-U-h\{]tZ-i-am-bn-cp-∂p. kº-
∂-amb Ccpºp\nt£-]-Øns‚ tI{µw IqSnbm-
bn-cp∂p KwKmka-X-ew. Ccp-ºm-bp-[-ßfpw D]-I-
c-W-ßfpw D]-tbm-Kn®v Ah¿ ImSp-Iƒ sh´n-sØ-
fn- b n°p- I - b pw ^e- ` p- b njv T amb F°¬aÆv
DgpXpadn®v Irjn Bcw-`n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. ISp-
∏-ta-dnb aÆm-b-Xn-\m¬ h¿j-Øn¬ \nc-h[n
XhW Dg-W-am-bn-cp-∂p. I∂p-Im-en-Isf sI´nb
Ie∏I-fm-Wv CXn\v D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂-Xv.
34 kmaq-ly-im-kv{Xw˛ I
Cu {]tZ-isØ BZnahm-kn-Iƒ Db¿∂ {]tZ-i-
ß-fnse Xp≠p `qan-bn¬ Irjn-bn-d-°n-bmWv Pohn-
®n-cp-∂X- v. Ch¿°v Ccp-ºns‚ D]-tbmKw A⁄m-
X-am-bn-cp-∂p. s\√pw sNdp-[m-\y-ß-fp-amWv Ah¿
{][m-\-ambpw Irjn sNbvXn-cp-∂-Xv. F∂m¬
Irjnsb Imenhf¿Ø-ep-ambn _‘n-∏n-°m≥ Ign-
bm-Xn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ Ah¿°v Irjn Bh-iy-Øn\v
Ign-™n-√. ]men-\pw Cd-®n-°p-am-bmWv Ah¿ BZy-
Im-eØv Imen-Isf hf¿Øn-bn-cp-∂-Xv.
KwKmka-Xe - Ø
- n-te°v IS-∂p-h∂ ]n¬°m-es - sh-
Zn-I-P-\X Ccpºp sIm≠p≈ Bbp-[-ß-fpw D]-
I-c-W-ßfpw D]-tbm-Kn®v ka-X-e-ß-fnse \n_n-
U-h-\-߃ sh´nsØfnbn®v Irjn-bn-S-ß-fm-°p-
Ibpw Irjn hym]n-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Ccp-ºm-
bp-[-ßfpw IpXn-c-Isf ]q´nb cY-hp-ambn apt∂-
dnb Chsc XS-bm≥ KwKm-X-S-Ønse BZn-ahm-
hm-kn-Iƒ°v Ign-™n-√. ImcWw Ah¿ D]-tbm-
Kn- ® n- c p- ∂ Xv sNºns‚ Bbp- [ - ß - f m- b n- c p- ∂ p.
XpS¿∂v Ah¿ sshZn-I-P-\-X-bp-ambn Cgp-In-t®-
cp-Itbm Ah¿°v Iog-S-ßp-Itbm sNbvXp.
Imen-h-f¿Ø-ens\ At]-£n®v IqSp-X¬ ]Wn-
°msc Bh- i y- a p≈ taJ- e - b m- W t√m Irjn.
KwKm-X-S-Øn-te°v IpSn-tb-dn-∏m¿Ø ]n¬°me
sshZn-I-P-\-X°v Irjn hnI-kn-∏n-s®-Sp-Ø-t∏mƒ
[mcmfw ]Wn-°msc Bh-iy-ambn h∂p. Ah¿
Iog-S-°nb {]tZ-i-ß-fnse P\-ßsf Irjn-∏-Wn-
°mbn D]-tbm-Kn®v CXp ]cn-l-cn-®p. ka-Im-enI
kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-I-fn¬ Zmk¿ F∂ t]cn¬ hyh-
l-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂Xv Xt±-io-b-cmb C°q-´-cm-Wv. kaq-
l- Ø n- s e D®- \ o- N - X z- Ø ns‚ Bcw`w
ChnsS°mWmw.
Irjn-bpsS hnImkw a\p-jys‚ Iq´-tØm-sS-bp≈
ÿnc-hm-k-Øn\pw Imen-Isf CW°n hf¿Øp-
∂- X n\pw hgn- s X- f n- b n®p. Imen- I - f m- b n- c p∂p
{][m\ kº-Øv. ImenkºØv ssIhiw hbv°p-
∂-Xn-\mbn Ah¿ ]e-t∏mgpw Bbq-[-ß-sf-SpØv
t]mcm-Sn. IpXn-cbv°pw {]ap-J-ÿm-\-ap-≠-m-bn-cp-
∂p. bm{X-Iƒ°pw bp≤-߃°pw IpXn-c-Isf D]-
tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂p. bhw (_m¿fn) Bbn-cp∂p {][m\
hnf. ]n¬°meØv s\√n-s‚bpw Icn-ºn-s‚bpw
Irjn A`n-hr≤n {]m]n-®p.
 A[ymbw ˛ 3

Imen-h-f¿Ø-ens‚ Ime-L-´-Øn¬ sshZn-I-P-\X Chbv°p th≠p∂ hn`-h-ß-fmb [m\y-߃,

{]IrXni‡n-Isf Bcm-[n-®ncp∂p. Irjn-bpsS ]m¬, s\øv, arK-߃ F∂nh kpe-`-ambn. Bdv
hym]-\-hpw ÿnc-hm-khpw h∂-tXmsS BNm-c- EXp- ° fp≈ Hcp Im¿jnI]©mw- K w C°m- e -
ßfpw A\p-jvTm-\-ßfpw IqSp-X¬ hn]p-eambn. ØmWv hnI-kn-®-Xv.

kn‘p\-Zn-bp-sS XocØv sh¶-e-bp-K-Øn¬ cq]w{]m]n® kwkvIm-c-sØ-°p-dn®v \Ωƒ N¿®

sNbvXt√m. kn‘phns\t∏mse Xs∂ C¥y-bnse {][m-\s - ∏´ \Zn-If
- n-sem-∂mWv KwK. F∂m¬
sh¶-e-bp-K-Øn¬ KwKm-\-Zn-bpsS XocØv AØ-c-Øn-semcp kwkvImcw cq]-s∏-Sm-Xn-cp-∂Xv
F¥p-sIm-≠m-bn-cn°mw? N¿® sNøp-I.

sa®-s∏´ ]Wn-bm-bp[-ßfp]tbmKn®Xpw IqSp- hmWnPyw sXmgn-em-°nb Hcp ]pXnb h¿K-Øns‚

X¬ `qanbn¬ hym]- I - a mbn Irjn- s N- b v X Xpw
Im¿jnIcoXn-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ Adn-hp-≠m-bXpw
Im¿jn-tImev]m-Z\w KWy-ambn h¿≤n-°p-∂-Xn\v
CS- b m- ° n. Cßs\ D]- t bm- K - Ø n- \ m- h - i y-
ap≈Xnepw- A[nIw [m\yw Dev]m-Zn-∏n-®-Xp-hgn
h≥tXm- X n- e p≈ an®w D≠mbn. A[zm- \ - Ø n-
te¿s∏-´-h¿°pw Ahsc \nb-{¥n-®n-cp-∂-h¿°pw
Htc-t]m-se-b√ Cu an®w e`n-®-Xv. kmaq-ln-I-amb
D®-\o-NXzw h¿≤n-°m≥ CXv Imc-W-am-bn.
\ho\inem-bp-K-Øn¬ Im¿jn-tImev]m-Z-\-Øn¬
hnhn[tPmen-Iƒ ]¶n-s´-Sp-°p∂ coXn ]cn-N-b-
s∏-´t√m. hn`-h-߃ ]c-kv]cw ssIam-dn-bmWv
Bh- i y- ß ƒ \nd- t h- ‰ n- b n- c p- ∂ - X v . F∂m¬
sshZnIkwkvIm-c-Øn¬ ]Wn-sb-Sp-∏n-°p-∂-hcpw
]Wn-sb-Sp-°p-∂-hcpw kaq-l-Øn-ep-≠m-bn. Cu
hyhÿ a\p-jy¿°n-S-bn¬ F¥p-X-c-Øn-ep≈
th¿Xn-cn-hmWv krjvSn-®n-´p-≠m-hp-I?
KwKm- k - a - X - e - Ø nse P\- ß ƒ Ah- c psS
ant®mev ] ∂߃ ssIam‰w sNbv X p. CXv
DZ-b-Øn\v Imc-W-am-bn. Hcp {]tZ-isØ hym]m-
cn-Iƒ HØp-tN¿∂v "t{iWn-Iƒ' F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂
hWnIvkwL-߃ (Trade Guilds) cq]hXv-I-cn-®p.
Ch-bpsS Xe-h≥ t{ijvTn F∂-dn-b-s∏-´p. hmWn-
Py-tI-{µ-߃ \K-cß - f - mbn hf¿∂ph∂p. {ItaW
hnhn[hmWn- P y- t I- { µ- ß ƒ XΩn¬ Iq´n- b n- W -
°p∂ hmWn-Py-]-Y-ßfpw D≠mbn.
KwKm-\Zn Hcp {][m-\h
- m-Wn-Py-Pe
- ]
- m-Xb
- m-bn-cp-∂p.
Cu \ZoXocsØ ]´-W-߃ hn`-h-߃ tiJ-cn-
°m\pw hkvXp-°ƒ hnX-cWw sNøm-\p-ap≈
kuI-cy-sam-cp-°n. KwKm-\-Zn-bpsS XocsØ Hcp
{][m\ ]´-W-am-bn-cp∂p Imin.
\K-c-߃ tI{µo-I-cn®v Ic-Iu-i-e-hpw ssIsØm-
gn-ep-Ifpw hf¿∂ph∂p. XpWn-Ø-c-߃, apØp-
Iƒ, a¨]m-{X߃, B\-s°m-ºn¬ Xo¿Ø Dev]-
∂- ß ƒ apX- e m- b - h bm- b n- c p∂p {][m\
hmWnPyhkvXp-°ƒ. BZy-Im-e-ß-fn¬ ssIam-‰-
Øn\v km[-\-߃°p ]I-c-ambn km[-\-߃

Nm∏ IpØnb Cu \mWb߃ {i≤n-°q. CXn¬ ImWp∂ ap{Z hWnIv kwLsØ Xncn-®-dn-
bm-\p≈ AS-bm-f-ß-fm-Wv. \mW-b-߃ \ap°v Fs¥√mw Adn-hp-Iƒ \¬Ip-∂p.

Ccpºpw a\pjy\pw 35
¢mkv ˛ IX
Nm∏-Ip-Ønb \mW-b-ß-fn¬ s]mXpsh A©v
ap{Z-IƒImWpw. hWnIvkwL-ß-fpsS ap{Z-I-fm-
bn-cp∂p Ch-sb∂v Icp-X-s∏-Sp-∂p. \mW-b-
ßfpsS Xq°w Hcp-t]m-se-bm-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶nepw
BIr-Xn-bn¬ henb hyXym-kß - f- p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.
Xs∂- b mWv D]- t bm- K n- ® n- c p- ∂ Xv . F∂m¬
]n¬°methZ-Im-e-L-´-w Ign-bm-dm-Ip-tºmƒ hn\n-
a- b - Ø n\v \mW- b - ß ƒ D]- t bm- K n®p XpS- ß n.
Nm∏IpØnb \mW-b-߃ (Punch Marked Coins)
Bbn-cp∂p C°m-eØv D]-tbm-K-Øn¬ D≠m-bn-
Nm∏-Ip-Ønb \mW-bß
- ƒ
- Nm∏-Ip-Ønb \mW-bß
36 kmaq-ly-im-kv{Xw˛ I
cp-∂-Xv. Nn{X-Øn¬\n∂v Nm∏-Ip-Ønb hnhn-[-Xcw
\mW-b-ß-fpsS khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Xncn-®-dn-bmw.
A∂sØ \mW-b߃°v Im¿jm-]Ww F∂
t]cmWv D≈Xv. ae-bm-f-Øn-ep≈ Imiv, ]Ww
F∂o hm°p-I-fp-ambn CXn-\p≈ _‘w {i≤n-
°pI. \mW-b-ß-fpsS D]-tbmKw hym]-mc-Øn\v
henb DW¿th-In. hmWn-Py-Øns‚ hnImkw
hnZq-c-tZ-i-ßfp-ambn _‘w ÿm]n-°m≥ KwKm-
X-S-Ønse P\-ßsf klm-bn-®p.
- f
- n¬ ImWp∂ ap{Z-Iƒ
 A[ymbw ˛ 3

sshZnIImesØ hmWn-Py-tI-{µ-ßf
- mbn hf¿∂ \K-cß
- t- fh? Ahsb XΩn¬ _‘n-∏n-°p∂
hmWn-Py-]-Y-߃ `q]-S-Øns‚ klm-b-tØmsS Is≠-Øq.
$ \n߃ A°m-esØ hWnIvkwL-Ønse t{iWn{]ap-J\ - m-sW∂v Icp-XpI. A°m-esØ hmWn-
Py-sØ-°p-dn®v Hcp hnh-cWw Xøm-dm-°mtam?
$ Dev]m-Z\w h¿[n-∏n-°p-∂X
- n\v hnhn[ tPmen-Iƒ ]¶n-s´-Sp-°p-∂Xv \ho-\i
- n-em-bp-KØnepw sshZn-
I-kw-kvIm-c-Ønepw \mw I≠p. Ch XΩn-ep≈ hymXymkw F¥v? CXv kaq-l-Øn-ep-≠m-°nb
am‰-߃ F¥mhpw? N¿® sNøp-I.

Ccpºpw a\pjy\pw 37
¢mkv ˛ IX

{Ko°vkwkvImcw s{Kt°m-˛-tdm-a≥ P\-X-Ifpw `mc-Xo-b-cp-ambn

CcpºpbpK-Øn¬ hnIkn® c≠v {][m\ kwkvIm- hmWn-Py-_‘ - ß
- ƒ \ne-\n-∂n-cp-∂p. C¥y-bnse
c-ß-fmWv {Ko°v kwkvIm-chpw tdma≥ kwkvIm- hnhn-[-`m-K-ß-fn¬\n∂v [mcmfw tdma≥\mW-b-
chpw. ߃ In´n-bn-´p-≠v. C‰-en-bnse shkqhn-b v
A·n-]¿hXw s]m´n-b-t∏mƒ emh-°-Sn-bn¬
]pcm- X \ ]m›m- X y- t em- I sØ {it≤- b - a mb
Aa¿∂p- t ]mb t]mwt] \K- c - Ø n¬\n∂v
kwkvIm-c-am-bn-cp∂p {Ko°vkwkvIm-cw. CXn\v
C¥ybn¬ D≠m-°nb Ic-Iu-i-e-h-kvXp-°fpw
sl√-\nIv kwkvImcw F∂pw ]dbpw. {Ko°v
e`n-®n-´p-≠v.
kwkvIm-csØ°pdn®v {][m-\-ambpw hnh-c-߃
e`n-°p-∂Xv tlma-dns‚ Cen-b-Uv, HUo n F∂o XØz-Nn-¥m-cw-KsØ {Ko°ns‚ t\´-߃ {]kn-
CXn-lm-k-ß-fn¬ \n∂m-Wv. {Ko°p-Im-cpsS kmaq- ≤-am-Wv. ssaen-kn-b≥ Nn-¥-I-∑m-cpsS Bi-b-ß-
ln-I-˛-km-º-ØnI PohnXw Xmc-X-tay\ efn-X-am- fmWv {Ko°v XØzNn-¥bv°v ASn-Ø-d-bn-´-Xv. Ah-
bn-cp-∂p. Irjnbpw Imen-h-f¿Ø-ep-am-bn-cp∂p P\- cpsS XØz- N n¥ `uXn- I hmZ- ] c- a m- b n- c p- ∂ p.
ß-fpsS {][m-\- sXm-gn¬. km[-\-߃ ssIam‰w imkv { Xo- b - a mb At\z- j - W - ß ƒ°v Ah¿
sNøp∂ _m¿´¿ k{º-Zmbw \ne-\n-∂n-cp-∂p. {]mapJyw \¬In. F∂m¬ Imem-¥-c-Øn¬ Bi-
hym]m-chpw {]Xn-tcm-[m-h-iy-ßfpw hnImkw b-hm-Z-]-c-amb XØz-Nn¥ {]Nm-c-Øn¬ h∂p. Cu
{]m]n-®-Xns‚ `mK-ambn ]´-W-߃ DS-se-SpØp. Nn¥-Isc tkm^n-Ãp-Iƒ F∂p hnfn-®n-cp-∂p.
`cWtI{µ-߃ IqSn-bm-bn-cp∂ Ch \K-c-cm-jv{S- {Ko°pIm¿ tZho-tZ-h≥amsc a\p-jy-`m-hØnemWv
ß-fmbn hf¿∂p. GY≥kv, kv]m¿´ F∂n-h-bm- k¶- e v ∏ n- ® n- c p- ∂ - X v . Ch¿ hn⁄m- \ - Ø ns‚
bn-cp∂p {Koknse {][m\\Kccmjv{S-߃. Hmtcmtcm imJ-I-fp-ambn _‘-s∏-´mWv Adn-b-
hn⁄m-\-Øns‚ hnhn[taJ-e-I-fn¬ {it≤-b- s∏-´-Xv. AYo-\, At∏m-tfm, knbqkv F∂n-h¿
amb kw`m-h-\-Iƒ \¬Inb P\-X-bmWv ]pcm- Ahcn¬ Nne-cm-Wv. AYo\bpsS t]cp-ambn
X\ {Ko°p-Im¿. ]´n-I- 3.1˛ ¬ \n∂v {Ko°p-Im¿ _‘s∏´mWv v - GY≥kn\v B t]cv e`n- ® X.v
t\´-߃ ssIh-cn® taJ-e-Isfbpw Hmtcm taJ- GY≥knse PohnXw a‰v \K-c-cm-jv{S-ß-fp-tS-
e-bnepw kw`m-h-\-\¬Inb hy‡n-I-sfbpw ]cn- Xn¬\n∂v XnI®pw `n∂-am-bn-cp-∂p. P\m-[n-]-Xy-
N-b-s∏-Smw. ]-c-amb `c-W-co-Xn-bmWv GY≥kn¬ \ne-hnen-
cp-∂Xv. s]cn-¢n-kns‚ Iogn¬ GY≥kv kph¿W-
XØz-Nn¥ tkm{I-´o-kv, tπt‰m,
Z-i-bnseØn-b-Xmbn Ncn-{X-Im-c-∑m¿ hniz-kn-°p-
Acn-tÃm-´n¬
∂p. Irjnbpw hym]m-c-hp-am-bn-cp∂p Ah-cpsS D]-
KWn-X-imkv{Xw B¿°nanUnkv
Po-h-\-hr-Øn-Iƒ. hym]mcw hnImkw {]m]n-®n-cp-
ss]X-tKm-d-kv,
∂p- s h- ¶ nepw Ah- c psS kmº- Ø nIPohnXw
bq¢nUvv
s]mXpth efn-X-am-bn-cp-∂p. Iem-km-ln-Xy-cw-K-ß-
sshZy-imkv{Xw lnt∏m-{In-‰kv
fn¬ Ah-¿ hcn® t\´w ]n¬°m-esØ ]m›-
\mS-I-thZn Cukv°n-e-kv,
mXy-kw-kvIm-c-߃°v ASn-Ø-d-bm-bn.
tkmt^m-¢nkv
bqdn-∏n-Unkv,- GY≥kpw P\m-[n-]-Xyhpw
AcntÃm-^m-\nkv GY≥knse `c-W-hy-h-ÿ-sbbpw \nb-a-\n¿Ωm-
Ncn{Xw sld-tUm-´kv W-co-Xn-sbbpw P\m-[n-]Xyw F∂v hnti-jn-∏n-
Xqkn-ssU-Unkv °p∂p. CXp-sIm-≠¿∞-am-°p-∂Xv GY≥knse
inev]-Ie ^nUn-bmkv ]ucm-h-Imiw kn≤n® F√m ]pcp-j-∑mcpw t\Xm-
`qan-imkv{Xw Cdm-tØmkvX\okv °sf Xnc-s™-Sp-°p-∂-Xn¬ ]¶m-fn-I-fm-bn-cp-∂p
]´nI 3.1 F∂pam- { XamWv . Xß- f psS cmPysØ \nb- a -

38 kmaq-ly-im-kv{Xw˛ I

\n¿Ωm-W-Ønepw `c-W-]-c-amb Xocp-am-\-ß-sf-Sp-
°p-∂-Xnepw Ch¿°v ]¶m-fn-Ø-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.
GY≥kn¬ cmPmthm cm⁄ntbm D≠m-bn-cp-
∂n√. 500 t]c-S-ßnb Iu¨knepw hn]p-e-amb
GY≥knse Cu `c-W-kw-hn-[m-\sØ P\m-[n-]Xyw F∂v hnti-jn-∏n-°p-∂Xv F{X-am{Xw
icnbmWv? N¿® sNøpI.
amkntUmWn-b-bnse Ae-Ivkm-≠¿ CuPn-]vXv,
saskm-t∏m-s´-an-b, t]¿jy apX-emb {]tZ-i-߃
Iog-S°n kn‘p\Zo-XSw hsc-sb-Øn. CXn≥ ^e-
ambn Cu {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ ]m›-mXyhpw ]uc-kvXy-
hp-amb kwkvIm-c-ß-fpsS k¶-e\w D≠m-bn.
CXn\v sl√-\n-ÃnIv kwkvImcw F∂p ]d-bp-∂p.
{Ko°v kwkvIm-c-Øn¬ \n∂v tdma≥ kwkvIm-c-
Øn-te°v hgn-sh-®Xv sl√-\n-ÃnIv kwkvIm-c-am-
bn-cp∂p F∂p ]d-bmw.
tdma≥ kwkvImcw
C‰-en-bnse ssS_¿\Zn-bpsS sX°p`mKØv hkn-
®n-cp∂ P\-X-bmWv tdmans‚ ÿm]-I¿. C¥y-
bp-am-bp≈ tdmans‚ hym]mc_‘-sØ-°p-dn®v
\Ωƒ N¿® sNbvXt- √m. Ing-°≥ cmPy-ßfpw ]Sn-
™m- d ≥ temIhpw XΩn¬ hmWn- P y- ] - c hpw
kmwkvIm-cn-I-hp-amb _‘w ÿm]n-°p-∂-Xn¬
tdmw \n¿Wm-bI]¶v hln-®p.
{InkvXp-hn\v apºv c≠v \q‰m-≠p-Im-esØ tdmans‚
Ncn{Xw \nc-¥-c-amb bp≤-ß-fpsS Ncn{XamWv.
AIzn-UIv‰v
A[ymbw ˛ 3
Akw-ªn-bp-amWv D≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv. ]pcp-j-∑m-cmb
F√m ]uc-∑m¿°pw Akw-ªn-bn¬ ]s¶-Sp-°m-
am-bn-cp∂p.
Cu bp≤-߃°p tij-amWv h¿[n-®phcp∂ P\-
s∏-cp-∏sØ Dƒs°m-≈m-\p≈ {]tZ-i-߃ tdmw
Ic-ÿ-am-°n-b-Xv. IqSp-X¬ {]tZ-i-߃ ]nSn-®-S-
°n-b-Xns‚ ^e-ambn IqSp-X¬ P\-߃ Irjn-bn-
te°v Xncn-™p. AXp-sIm≠p Xs∂ Ah¿ hyh-
km- b - Ø n\pw hmWn- P y- Ø n\pw th≠{X
{]m[m\yw \¬In-bn-√. bp≤hpw Irjn-bp-am-bn-
cp∂p P\-ß-fpsS {][m-\- sXm-gn¬. ]´-W-ß-fn¬
Npcp°w ssIsØm- g n- e p- I m¿ Pohn- ® n- c p- ∂ p.
hym]mcw hf¿∂ph∂Xv aµ-K-Xn-bn-emWv.
{Ko°v kwkvImcw tdmamkwkvIm-c-Øn¬ \n¿Æm-
bIamb kzm[o\w sNep-Øn. kmln-Xy-Ønepw
inev]-I-e-bnepw XØz-Nn-¥-bnepw Cu kzm[o\w
{]I-S-ambn ImWmw. ac-Wm-\-¥cPohn-X-Øn¬
Ah¿ hniz-kn-®n-√. ]ptcm-ln-X-∑m¿°v kaq-l-
Øn¬ \n¿Wm-bIkzm[o\w D≠m-bn-cp-∂p.
Imen-Is
- f-bpw Dev]∂
- ß
- sfbpw t]mse a\p-jysc
Itºm-fß- f- n¬ hn¬°pIbpw hmßp-Ibpw sNbvXn-
cp∂ k{º-Zm-b-sØ-°p-dn®v tI´n-´pt≠m? AXm-
AIzn-UIv‰v
\Zo- X - S - Ø n- \ p- a p- I - f n- e qsS
sh≈w hln-®p-sIm-≠p-t]m-
Ip-∂- I\m-ep-Iƒ. Ch ImgvN-
bn¬ ]mew-t]mse tXm∂n-
°pw.
Ccpºpw a\pjy\pw 39
¢mkv ˛ IX
bn-cp∂p ASnak{º-Zm-bw. ASn-aØw \ne-\n-∂n-
cp-∂ \mSm-bncp∂p tdmw. tdmapw B{^n-°-bpsS
hS-°≥Xo-cØ - p≈ Im¿tØPpw XΩn¬ ]yqWnIv
bp≤-߃ F∂-dn-b-s∏´ \o≠ bp≤-߃ \S-∂p.
Ch-bv°p-ti-j-ap≈ tdmans‚ Ncn{Xw k¶o¿W-
amWv. ISpØ h¿Kk-a-c-߃°pw sIme-]m-X-I-
߃°pw bp≤-߃°pw Iem-]-߃°pw Cu
Ime-L´w km£yw hln-®p. Iem-]-ß-fn¬ ASn-
a-Ifpw ]¶m-fn-I-fm-bn. {]t£m`w kwL-Sn-∏n-®
kv]m¿´-°kv F∂ ASnat\Xm-hns‚ IY {]kn-
≤-am-Wv. tdmanse G‰hpw {it≤-b-\mb `c-Wm-
[n-Im-cn-bm-bn-cp∂ AK-Ãkv N{I-h¿Øn-bpsS
ImeØv [mcmfw ]cn-jvIm-c-߃ \S-∏n-em-bn.
Ie, kmln-Xyw, hmkvXp-hnZy F∂o cwKßfn¬
tdmam- ° m¿ al- Ø mb kw`m- h - \ - I ƒ \¬In.
sh¿Pn¬, Hhn-Uv XpSßnb-h¿ eØo≥ kmln-
XysØ kºp-jvS-am-°n. A[n-Im-chpw IcpØpw
{]Xm-]hpw {]I-Sn-∏n-°p-∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p Ah-cpsS
hmkvXp-hnZymcoXn. Ah¿ [mcmfw tdmUp-Ifpw
]me-ßfpw AIzn-U-Iv‰p-Ifpw \n¿Ωn-®p. {InkvXp-
sshZnIP\-X-bpsS KwKm-X-S-Øn-te-°p≈ hchv sXmgn¬ cwKØv Fs¥√mw am‰-߃
krjvSn®p.? A°m-eØv P\-߃ GsX√mw sXmgn-ep-I-fn-emWv {][m-\-ambpw G¿s∏-´n-cp-∂Xv?
F√m sXmgn¬ sNøp-∂-h¿°pw kaq-l-Øn¬ Xpey Ah-Im-i-hpw ÿm\-hp-amtWm D≠m-bn-cp-
∂Xv? N¿® sNøq.
sshZnIP\-Xbpw Ah¿°v Iog-S-ßnb KwKm-X-S-
Ønse \n-hm-kn-I-fp-a-S-ßnb kaq-l-Øn¬ sXmgn-
ens‚ ASn- ÿ m- \ - Ø n¬ Nne kmaq- l n- I - a mb
th¿Xn-cn-hp-Iƒ cq]-s∏-´p. CXv h¿Wk{º-Zmbw
F∂-dn-bs - ∏-´p. Cu k{º-Zm-bØ - n¬ Xmtg-Ø´- nse
P\- ß ƒ ASn- a - I sft∏mse Zmky- ∏ Wn- s b- S p-
t°≠nh∂p. Ch-cpsS PohnXw Zpcn-Xhpw IjvS-
∏m-Sp-Ifpw \nd-™-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ kaq-l-
Ønse Hcp hn`mKw P\-߃ Irjn-bpw hmWn-Py-
hpwsIm≠v kº- ∂ - c mbn. Krl- ] - X n, t{ijv T n
Fs∂ms° Adn-b-s∏-´-h¿ kaq-l-Ønse A[n-
Im- c - ß fpw Ah- I m- i - ß fpw ssIb- S °n h®p.
BUw-_cPohnXw \bn-®p. kºØv ssI°-em-
°p∂-Xn-\p≈ {ia-߃ ]e-t∏mgpw bp≤-߃°pw
B{I-aW - ß - ƒ°pw Imc-Wa - m-bn. sXmgn-ens‚ ASn-
ÿm-\-Øn¬ cq]-s∏´ CØcw kmaq-ln-I, kmº-
40 kmaq-ly-im-kv{Xw˛ I
hn\ptij-ap≈ BZysØ c≠p aq∂p \q‰m-≠p-
Iƒ tdmam Ncn-{X-Øn¬ kº’ar-≤n-bpsS Ime-
am-bn-cp-∂p. C°meØv C¥y AS-°-ap≈ temI-
Ønse hnhn[cmPy-ß-fp-ambn Ah¿ hmWn-Py-
_‘w ÿm]n-®p.
kaq-l-Ønse D®-\o-NXzw
KwKm-k-a-X-e-Ønse hnIm-k-ß-sf-°p-dn®v \mw
t\csØ I≠p-. hn`-h-ß-fpsS e`y-Xbv°v A\p-
k-cn®v hym]m-cn-Iƒ \K-c-ß-fpsS Hmtcm `mKØv
Iq´-ambn Xma-kn-®p. CXns‚ ^e-ambn hmWn-
Pyhpw ssIsØm-gn-ep-Ifpw {]mtZ-in-Ia - mbn tI{µo-
I-cn-®p. {ItaW hmWn-Py-hpw ssIsØm-gn-ep-Ifpw
]c-º-cm-K-X-ambn amdn. hym]m-cn-I-fpw ssIsØm-
gn-ep-Imcpw \K-c-߃ tI{µam°n kaq-l-Ønse
{][m\ hn`m-K-ambn hf¿∂ph∂p. hym]m-chpw
Irjnbpw A`n-hr≤n {]m]n-®t- XmsS [mcmfw ]Wn-
°msc Bh-iy-ambn h∂p. KwKmka-Xe-Ønse
P\-߃ Im¿jnIcwK-tØ-bpw hymh-km-bnIcwK-
tØbpw ]Wn-°mcmbn amdn.
ØnI D®-\o-N-Xz-߃ ]n¬°m-eØv I¿°-i-amb
PmXnhyh-ÿ-bmbn ]cnWan®p.
A°m-esØ kmaq-ly-hn-`-P-\-Øn\v XmØzn-I-
amb \oXoI-cWw \¬In-bXv NmXp¿h¿Wy-hy-
h-ÿb- m-Wv. CX-\p-kc
- n®v P\-ßsf {_m“W¿,
£{Xn-b¿, sshiy¿, ip{Z¿ F∂n-ßs\ \mep-
h¿Æ-ß-fm°n.
kaq-l-Ønse CØcw Ak-a-Xz-߃ ]pcm-X\
tdmamkm{am-Py-Ønepw \ne-\n-∂n-cp-∂p. F∂m¬
C¥y-bn-te-Xp-t]mse PmXn ASn-ÿm-\-am-°n-
bp≈ th¿Xn- c n- h m- b n- c p- ∂ n√ AhnsS. AXv
h¿KsØ ASn- ÿ m- \ - a m- ° n- b mbn- c p- ∂ p.
tdma≥kaqlw sπ_n-b∑ - m¿ F∂pw s]{So-jy-∑m¿
F∂pw D≈ c≠v h¿K-ß-fmbn th¿Xn-cn-™p.
s]{So-jy-∑m¿ kº-∂cmb A[n-Imcnh¿Khpw
 A[ymbw ˛ 3

sπ_n-b-∑m¿ I¿j-I-cpw sXmgn-em-fn-Ifpw AS- t\Sn. CXns‚ ^e-ambn t\Sn-sb-SpØ Ah-Im-i-

ßp∂ km[m-c-W-°m-cp-am-bn-cp-∂p. sπ_n-b-∑m¿ ߃ ]{¥≠p ^e- I - ß fn¬ (Twelve Tables)
IjvS∏- m-Sp-Ifpw Zpcn-Xß
- fpw A\p-`h
- n-®p. Ah¿°v sImØn- s h- ® p. CXv ASn- ÿ m- \ - ] - c - a mb am‰-
`cWØn¬ ]¶m-fn-Øw D≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. \nb-a-]-
sam∂pw hcp-Øn-bn-√. ]n∂oSv BZysØ sπ_n-
c-amb Hcp kwc-£-Whpw Ah¿°v tdma≥ `c-W-
b≥ k` (tIm¨k¬) \ne-hn¬ h∂p. Cu k`-
Øn¬ \n∂v e`n-®n-√. s]{So-jy-∑mcpw sπ_n-b-
∑mcpw XΩn¬ \S∂ \o≠ t]mcm-´-sØ- kv{SKnƒ bn¬ \n¿Ωn-°p∂ \nbaw s]{So-jy-∑m¿°pIqSn
Hm^v Hm¿tU¿kv (Struggle of Orders) F∂p ]d- _m[-I-ambtXmsS sπ_n-b-∑m¿ Cu t]mcm-´-
bp-∂p. CXn¬ π_n-b-∑m¿ \n¿Æm-bIhnPbw Øn¬ A¥nahnPbw t\Sn.

C¥y-bn¬ \ne-\n-∂n-cp∂ PmXnIfpw tdmanse h¿K-ßfpw XΩn-ep≈ kmPmXysshPm-Xy-߃

N¿® sNøpI.

Imenhf¿Ø-en¬\n∂v Irjn-bn-te°pw XpS¿∂v t≠msS ]pXnb Bi-b-ßfpw {]ÿm-\-ßfpw

hmWn-Py-Øn-te-°p-ap≈ sshZnIP\-X-bpsS am‰w C¥y-bn¬ DS-se-SpØp. D]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ, ssP\-
kaq-l-Øn¬ \nc-h[n {]iv\-߃ krjvSn-®p. cp-sSbpw _u≤-cp-sSbpw {]ÿm-\-߃ F∂nh
ChtbmSv {]Xn-I-cn-®p-sIm≠v {In.ap. 6˛mw \q‰m- DZm-l-c-Ww.

{]h¿Ø-\-߃
"Ccpºv Dev]m-Z-\-h¿[-\-hn\v CS-bm-°n-b-tXm-sSm∏w kaq-l-Ønse a\p-jy-cpsS Xcw-Xn-cn-
hn\pw CS-bm°n' Cu A`n-{]m-b-tØmSv \n߃ tbmPn-°p-∂pt≠m? F¥p-sIm≠v?

Dev]m-Z-\-h¿[-\hv ssIam-‰-hy-hÿbn-tebv°pw {ItaW hmWn-Py-Øn-tebv°pw \bn-®p. hmWn-

Py-Øns‚ hf¿®-bpsS Hcp ^vtfmNm¿´v Xøm-dm°n ¢m n¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-I.

tdmanse ASn-a-k-{º-Zm-bhpw KwKm-k-a-X-e-Ønse h¿W-k-{º-Zm-bhpw XΩn¬ Fs¥√mw kmay-

hy-Xym-k-߃ D≠v. ]´nI Xøm-dm-°p-I.

Ccp-ºns‚ D]-tbmKw, Irjn, kmaq-ly-_-‘-ß-fpsS hnIm-kw, hmWnPyw Ch-bn-ep-≠mb am‰w

ap≥\n¿Øn skan-\m¿ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°pI.

ASn-a-I-fpsS t\Xm-hmb kv]m¿´-°-kns\-°p-dn-®p≈ kn\n-a- ¢m- n¬ {]Z¿in-∏n®v A°m-esØ

ASn-a-I-fpsS PohnXw ap≥\n¿Øn Hcp ^o®¿ Xøm-dm-°p-I. (kv]m¿´m-°-kns‚ IY (]pkvXIw)
Ncn-{X-{K-Ÿ-߃, C‚¿s\‰v Ch-bpsS klmbw tXSpI.)

a\p-jys‚ kmaq-ln-Ihpw kmº-Øn-I-hp-amb PohnXapt∂-‰-Øn¬ Ccp-ºns‚ D]-tbmKw hcp-

Ønb am‰-߃ Fs¥√mw? N¿® sNøpI.

Ccpºpw a\pjy\pw 41
¢mkv ˛ IX
4 A[n-Im-cØ
- ns‚ BZycq]-߃
a\p-jy-kw-kvIm-c-Øns‚ hnIm-k-N-cn-{X-Øn¬
\ho-\-in-em-bp-K-Øns‚ {]m[m\yw \mw Xncn-®-
dn™p-. \mtSmSnIfpsS Ah-ÿ-bn¬\n∂v ÿnc-
hm-k-Øns‚ Np-‰p-]m-Sp-I-fn-te°v a\p-jy¿ {]th-
in-°p-∂Xv At∏m-gmWv. XpS¿∂v sh¶-e-bp-K-
Ønepw Ccp-ºp-bp-K-Ønepw AhcpsS kmaq-ly-
Po- h n- X - w hnI- k n- ® ph- ∂ p. IpSpw- _ - a mbn- c p∂p
AXns‚ ASn-Ø-d. kmaq-ly-Po-hnXw k¶o¿W-
am-b-t∏mƒ \nb-{¥-W kw-hn-[m-\-ßfpw A[n--Im-
c-{]tbm-Khpw Hgn®p IqSm-Ø-Xm-bn. IpSpw-_-
Øn¬\n∂v XpS- ß p∂ A[n- I m- c - { ]- t bm- K - Ø n-
s‚bpw AXns‚ hym]-\-Øn-s‚bpw Ncn{Xw Adn-
tb-≠-Xp≠v.
hwi-Øn¬\n∂v cmjv{S-Øn-te°v
IpSpw-_-Øns‚ C∂sØ LS-\bpw ]c-kv]-c-_-
‘hpw Npa-Xe- I
- f
- p-sa√mw Fß-s\--bm-sW∂v Adn-
\nß-sfmcp tKm{X-Øe
- h
- \
- m-sW∂p Icp-Xq. AXn-\p-≈nse hwi-߃ XΩn-ep≈ _‘-sØbpw
tKm{X-Øns‚ s]mXpNpa-X-e-I-sfbpw \nß-sf-ß-s\-bmhpw \nb-{¥n-°p-I?
$ Hmtcm-cp-Øcpw Xbm-dm-°nb Ipdn∏v {Kq∏n¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n®v IpSpw-_w, hwiw, tKm{Xw Ch XΩn-
ep≈ _‘-Øns‚ ^vtfmNm¿´v Xøm-dm-°q.
hwi-Øn-s‚bpw tKm{X-Øn-s‚bpw ]cn-an-Xn-Isf
adn-I-S∂v cmjv{S-sa∂ k¶-ev]-Øn-te°v a\p-jy¿
FØn-t®¿∂-sX-ß-s\-bmhmw?
Irjn hym]-Ia- m-bt- XmsS Dev]m-Z\w h¿[n-®p. CXv
I®-h-S-Øns‚ hnIm-k-Øn\v CS-bm-°n. I®-h-S-
tI-{µ-߃ \K-cß - f - mbn hf¿∂p-h∂
- p. I®-hS- Ø
- n-
\mbn \nc-h[n tKm{X-߃ \K-c-ß-fn-se-Øn. I®-
h-Shpw ssIth-ebpw ÿnc-sØm-gn-em-°nb Hcp
hn`mKw \K-c-ß-fn¬ hf¿∂ph∂p. CXv kzIm-cy-
42 kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw˛ I
bm-at√m. IpSpw-_-Øn¬ BZy-Im-eØv kv{Xobpw
]pcp-j\pw Npa-X-e-Iƒ ]¶n-s´-Sp-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p.
{ItaW IpSpw-_-\m-Y≥ t\Xr-ÿm-\Øp \n∂v
IpSpw-_sØ \bn-°p-Ibpw \nb-{¥n-°p-Ibpw
sNøm≥ XpS-ßn. c‡-_-‘-ap≈ ]e IpSpw-_-
ß-fnse AwK-߃ tN¿∂v hen-sbmcp kaq-l-am-
b-t∏mƒ AXv hwiw F∂ t]cn-e-dn-b-s∏-´p. hwi-
Øns‚ s]mXp-hmb Imcy-߃ \nb-{¥n-°p-∂Xpw
`cn-°p-∂Xpw hwi-\m-Ys‚ Npa-X-e-bm-bn-cp-∂p.
\nc-h[n hwi-߃ Dƒs°m-≈p∂ henb kaq-
l-߃ cq]-s∏-´t- ∏mƒ AXv tKm{X-sa-∂d - n-bs
- ∏´p.
Ah¿°pw s]mXp-hmb BNm-c-ßfpw hnizm-k-ß-
fp-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. tKm{X-Ø-e-h-∑m-cmWv B kaq-
lsØ \nb-{¥n-®n-cp-∂-Xv. Irjn-tbm-S-\p-_-‘n-
®p≈ Dev]m-Z\ - h
- n-Xc
- Wk{º-Zm-bß
- f
- psS Npa-Xe
\n¿h- l n- ° pI F∂- X mWv {][m- \ - a mb A[n-
Imc{]tbm-Kw.
kz- Ø ns‚ Bhn¿`m- h - Ø n- \ n- S - b m- ° n. {ItaW
kmaq-lym-k-a-Xz-߃ h¿≤n-®p. I®-h-S-Øns‚
hf¿®-tbmsS \K-c-߃ hnI-kn-°m≥ XpS-ßn.
hnhn[hn`m-K-ßsf \nb-{¥n-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn \nb-
a-ßf-p-≠m-t°≠nh∂p. \nb-a-ß-fpsS {]tbm-K-
Øn-\mbn A[n-Imc-ÿm]-\-߃ hf¿∂ph∂p.
Cßs\ Xmtg-°n-S-bn¬\n∂v tatem-´p-b¿∂ph∂
A[n-Im-c-cq-]-amWv cmjv{Sw. I®-h-S-tI-{µ-ß-fmbn
amdnb \K-c-ß-fmWv BZy-Im-e-cm-jv{S-ß-fpsSbpw
tI{µ-ambn amdn-b-Xv.
 A[ymbw ˛ 4

I®-h-S-°m-scbpw ssIsØm-gn-ep-Im-scbpw \nb-{¥n-°p-∂-Xn\v Fs¥√mw \nb-a-ß-fmWv A∂p-

≠m-°n-bn-cn-°pI? B \nb-a-߃ Fß-s\-bm-bn-cn°pw \S-∏n-em-°n-bn-cn-°p-I? N¿® sNøq.

C¥y-bn¬ P\-]-Z-߃ F∂ t]cnepw {Kokn¬ bn¬ ]Xn-\m-sdÆw hf¿∂v alm-P-\-]-Z-ß-fmbn.

\K- c - c m- j v { S- ß ƒ F∂ t]cn- e p- a mWv A[n- Nne almP\-]-Zß -- -fn¬ cmP-hm-gvNbpw a‰p Nne-
Imcÿm\-߃ BZ-y-Im-eØv Adn-b-s∏-´-Xv. P\- Xn¬ KW-kw-Lß - f
- psS `c-Whpw \ne-\n-∂n-cp∂p.
]-Zß
- fpsS A[n-Imc]cn[n ]cn-an-Xa - mbncp-∂p. Ch-

Z£n-tW-jy-bpsS cmjv{So-b-`q-]Sw D]-tbm-K-s∏-SpØn alm-P-\-]-Z-ßfpw Ah-bpsS C∂sØ

ÿm\hpw Is≠-Øp-I. Ah Z£n-tW-j-y-bpsS GsX√mw {]tZ-i-ß-fn-emWv hym]n-®n-cp-∂Xv?

16

15

13
14
12 9 4
7 3
11 6 5 2
1
8

10

1. aK[w 9. ]m©mew
2. AwKw 10. AivaIw
3. h÷n 11. Ah¥n
4. a√ 12. iqc-tk\
5. Imin 13. Ipcp
6. h’w 14. am’yw
7. tImkew 15. Km‘mcw
8. tNZn 16. Iwt_mPw
P\-]-Z-߃

alm-P-\-]Zw KW-kw-L-ßfpw cmP-hm-gv®bpw

{][m\-ambpw Im¿jn-I-ta-J-esb Ah-ew-_n-
®n-cp∂ Hcp {]tXyI`q]-cn-[n-bnse P\-߃
Dƒs∏´ cmjv { S- Ø ns‚ BZycq]- a m- b n- c p∂p
almP\-]-Zw. hmWn-Py-Øn-s‚bpw D]-t`m-K-Øn-
s‚bpw tI{µ-ambn Db¿∂ph∂ \Kc߃°p
Np‰p-amWv Ch hf¿∂ph∂Xv. Dev]m-Z-\-an®w
tiJ-cn®v ]p\¿hn-X-cWw \S-Øp-hm\pw \oXn-
\ymbhyhÿ ]cn- ] men°phm\pw AhnsS
cmjv{So-bm-[n-Imccq]-ß-fp-≠m-bn. cmP-hm-gvN-
sb∂pw KW-kw-L-ß-sf∂pw B A[n-Imccq]-
ßsf hnti-jn-∏n-°mw.
almP\-]-Z-ß-fnse KW-kw-L-ß-fp-sS `cWhpw
cmP-hm-gv®bpw Hcp-t]m-se-bm-bn-cpt∂m?
C¥y-bpsS `qan-imkv{Xkz`mhw ]cn-tim-[n-°p-
tºmƒ DØc]¿h-X-ta-J-e-bv°pw a-lm-k-a-X-e-
Øn-\p-ap≈ {]m[m\yw hfsc hep-Xm-W-t√m.
AXn¬ lnam-eb - ]
- ¿h-Xt- ØmSv ASpØpInS-°p∂
{]tZ-i-ß-fnse alm-P-\-]-Z-ß-fn-emWv {][m-\-
ambpw KW-kw-L-ß-fpsS `cWw \ne-\n-∂n-cp-∂-
Xv. cmPhmgv® IqSp-X-epw KwKmka-Xe {]tZ-i-ß-
fnse alm-P-\-]-Z-ß-fn-embn-cp-∂p. "KW-kwLw',
"KW-cmPyw' F∂o ]Z-߃ Htc ]Z-hn-bp-≈-h-

A[n-Im-cØ
- ns‚ BZycq]-߃ 43
¢mkv ˛ IX
cpsS k`- `cn® alm-P-\-]-ZsØ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p.
tKm{Xßfp-sStbm tKm{X-Ø-e-h≥am-cpsStbm
Iq´m- b v a - b mWv KW- k w- L w. s]mXp- X o- c p- a m- \ -
Øns‚- A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ sFIyw \ne-\n¿Øn-
s°m-≠p≈ `c-W-amWv KW-kw-L-ß-fpsS coXn.
A`n-{]mbhyXym-k-߃ s]mXpXocp-am-\-Øn\v
hn´n-cp-∂p.
P\m-[n-]-Xy-coXn `c-W-Im-cy-ß-fn¬ kzoI-cn-®n-cp-
∂-Xn-\m-¬ AØcw P\-]-Z-ßsf Ncn-{X-Im-c-∑m¿
"dn∏-ªnIv' F∂v hnfn®p.
A[n-Imcw cmP-Ip-Spw--_-Øn¬ tI{µo-I-cn-®n-cp∂
`c-W-kw-hn-[m-\-amWv a‰p P\-]-Z-ß-fn¬ D≠m-bn-
KW-kw-L-`c-W-Øn-s‚bpw cmP-hm-gvN-bp-sSbpw {]tXy-I-X-Iƒ Xmc-Xayw sNbvXv Nm¿´v Xøm-
dm-°q. kmay--hy-Xym-k-߃ N¿® sNøq.
cmjv{S-k-¶-ev]hpw BZy-km-{am-Pyhpw
cmjv{S-Øns‚ BZy-Imecq]-am-bn-cp∂ almP\-
]- Z - ß - s f- ° p- d n®v \Ωƒ N¿® sNbv X p. Cu
almP\-]-Z-ß-ƒ cmjv{Sw F∂ ]Z-hn-bn-te°v
FØn. Ah-bn¬ NneXv km{am-Py-ß-fmbn hnI-
kn-®p.
aK[w BWv C¥-y-bnse BZ-ysØ km{am-Pyw.
alm-P-\-]-Z-ß-fn¬ H∂m-bn-cp∂ aK[w Hcp km{am-
Py-Øns‚ tI{µ-ambn hf¿∂Xv Fß-s\-bmWv?
KwKbpsSbpw t]mjI-\-Zn-Ifp-sSbpw kmao]yw
aK-[sØ ^e-`qbn-jvT-am-°n-. \Zn-bn-eqsSbp≈
hmWnPyw \nb-{¥n-°m≥ aK-[bv°v Ign-™p. Ccp-
º-bncv \nt£]w IqSp-X-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬
[mcmfw Bbp-[-ßfpw Im¿jn-tIm-]-I-c-W-ßfpw
ChnsS \n¿Ωn-°m-\m-bn. lnam-e-b-Øns‚ ASn-
°p-∂p-I-fnse ImSv as‰mcp LS-I-amWv. ChnsS
\n∂v ]nSn® B\- I ƒ aK[ ssk\- y - Ø n\v
h¿≤n®i‡n ]I¿∂p. Im´nse ac-ß-fp-]-tbm-
Kn®v tIm´-sIm-Øf-ßf- pw hmWn-Pymh-iy- Ø
- n-\p≈
Ccp-ºp-cp°v hyh-km-b-߃ IqSp-X¬ tI{µo-I-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv _olm¿ ˛ Qm¿Jfiv taJ-e-I-
fn-em-Wv. aK[w Cu taJ-e-bn-em-Wt√m ÿnXn sNbvXn-cp-∂Xv. Ccpºv aK-[-Øns‚ hf¿®bv°v
GsX√mw Xc-Øn¬ klm-bn-®n-´p-≠mhpw? N¿® sNøq. \nK-a-\-߃ Ipdn°q.
44 kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw˛ I
cp-∂-Xv. {]`p-Xz-`-cWcoXn-bn¬ \n∂mWv cmP-]-Z-
hn-bn-te°v `c-W-cq]w amdn-b-Xv. ]mc-º-cy-ambn
ASp-Ø- X-e-ap-d-bn-te°v A[-n-Imcw ssIam-dn-bn-
cp-∂p. a{¥n-amcpw D]-tZ-i-I-k-an-Xn-Ifpw cmPm-
hns\ `c- W - Ø n¬ klm- b n- ® p. a√≥am¿,
h÷nIƒ, imIy≥am¿ F∂nhcptSXv KW-kw-L-
ßfm-- b n- c p∂p. Imin, tImk- e w, aK[w
F∂nhnSß-fn¬ cmP-hm-gvN-bpw-. \nIpXn ]ncn-hv,
{Ia-k-am-[m-\w, Pe-tk-N-\w, Dev]m-Z-\-˛-hn-X-cW
k{º-Zm-b-ß-fpsS \nb-{¥Ww F∂n-h-bmWv KW-
cm-Py-ß-fnepw cmP-hmgvN \ne-\n∂ {]tZ-i-ß-
fnepw D≠m-bn-cp∂ `c-W®p-a-X-e-Iƒ.
henb h©n- I fpw Xo¿Øp. a‰p alm- P - \ - ] - Z -
߃°pta¬ aK-[bv°v ta¬ss° t\Sm≥ CXp
klm-bIam-bn.
{In.ap. Bdmw \q‰m-t≠m-sS Imin, tImk-ew, aK-
[w, h÷n F∂o alm-P-\-]-Z-ß-fmWv KwKmka-
X-e-Øn¬ i‡-cmbn h∂-Xv. Hcp \q‰m-t≠mfw
Ch¿ cmjv{Sobta[m-hn-Xz-Øn-\p-th≠n ]c-kv]cw
t]mcm-Sn-. CXn¬ aK[w hnP-bn°pIbpw DØ-tc-
¥y-bnse G‰hpw i‡-amb A[n-Im-c-tI-{µ-ambn
amdp-Ibpw sNbvXp. ]¿hX{]tZ-i-Øp≈ cmP-Kr-
l-Øn¬ \n∂v ka-X-e-Ønse ]mS-eo-]p-{X-Øn-
te°v Xe-ÿm-\w am‰nb APm-X-i{Xphns‚
Ime-tØmsS Cu hnPbw ]q¿W-am-bn. ]n∂oSv
alm-]fl-\µ - ≥ `cWw ]nSn-s®-SpØv cmP-ym-Xn¿Øn
hn]p-e-am-°n-b-tXmsS C¥-y-bn¬ km{am-Py`c-W-
Øn\v XpS-°-ambn. \µ-cm-P-hw-i-Øns‚ `c-Whpw
\nIp-Xn-hyh-ÿbpw P\-ß-fn¬ Akw-Xr]vXn
hf¿Øn-.- CXv aucy-km-{am-Pyÿm]-\-Øn\v hgn-
sbm-cp-°n.
 A[ymbw ˛ 4

IuSn-e-y\pw k]vXmwKkn≤m-¥hpw
cmjv{S-sa∂ Bi-b-Øn\v kzoIm-cy-amb Hcp hni-
Zo-I-cWw BZy-ambn \¬In-bXv A¿Y-im-kv{X-
sa∂ {KŸ-ØneqsS IuSn-ey≥ AYhm NmW-Iy-
\m- W v . NmW- I - y - s ‚ A¿Y- i m- k v { X- a - \ p- k - c n®v
cmjv{S-Øn\v Ggv LS-I-߃ D≠v. kzman (cmPm-
hv), Aam-Xy≥ (a{¥n), P\-]Zw (cmPyw/`q{]-tZ-
Atim-Is‚ cpΩn≥tZbv imk-\w
iw), Zp¿Kw (tIm´), tImiw (JP-\m-hv), Zfiw
(\oXn-\ym-bw), an{Xw (kJy-i-‡n) F∂n-h-bm- Xs‚ Ab¬°m-cm-bn-cp∂p F∂pw Atim-I-im-
W-h. CXn¬ GsX-¶nepw Hcp LSIw Zp¿_-e-am- k-\-ß-fn¬ ]d-bp∂p. _wKmƒ XocsØ Xm{a-
bm¬ `c-W-Iq-S-Øns‚ F√m {]h¿Ø\ßsfbpw en]vXn AYhm C∂sØ XmweqIv F∂ -Xp-d-ap-
AXp _m[n-°p-sa∂v IuSn-ey≥ hy‡-am-°p-∂p. J-Øn¬ \n∂v _¿Ω, {ioe-¶, Z£n-tW¥y F∂n-
KwKmka-X-e-Øn¬ Dcp-Øn-cn-™p-h∂ cmjv{Shy- hn-S-ß-fp-ambn IS¬am¿Kw I®-h-S-_‘w ÿm]n-
h-ÿ°v kn≤m¥w Na-bv°p-I-bmWv IuSn-e-y≥ ®n-cp-∂p. At¥-ym-Jy (C∂sØ Zam-kvIkv Dƒs∏-
sNbv-X-Xv. N{µ-Kp-]vX-au-cy≥ km{am-Py-Øns‚ Sp∂ {]tZiw), t]¿jy, CuPn]v X v apX- e mb
hnkvXrXn h¿≤n-∏n-°p-Ibpw Np‰p-]m-Sp-ap≈ {]tZ- cmPyß-fp-ambn Xm≥ ASp-∏-Øn-em-bn-cp∂p F∂v
i-ßsf Hcp tI{µ-ÿm-\Øp \n∂v \nb-{¥n-°p∂ Atim-I≥ ]d-bp-∂p.
Xc-Øn-ep≈ `c-W-kw-hn-[m-\-Øn\v XpS°w Ipdn- t]¿jy- bp- a mbn hf- sc- ° mew apºp- Xs∂ aK-
°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. aucy-km-{amPyw G‰hpw i‡- [Øn\v _‘-ap-≠mbncp∂p. t]¿jy≥ `c-Wm-[n-
am-bXv Atim-Is‚ Ime-Øm-Wv. Im-cn-bmb Zmcn-bqkv H∂m-as‚ Imew apX¬ c≠p
AtimIs‚ [¿Ωimk-\-߃ \q‰m-t≠mfw \o≠p-\n∂ t]¿jy≥ _‘w kmº-
Øn- I - k mwkv I mcnItaJ- e - I sf kzm[o- \ n- ® p.
km{am-Py- Ø- ns‚ ]e-`m-KØpw Atim-I≥ imk- X¬^e-ambn hym]m-chpw hmWn-Pyhpw A`n-hr≤n
\-߃ ÿm]n-®n-´p-≠v. alm-im-k-\-߃, eLp- {]m]n-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. aucy≥ inev]-I-e-bnepw
im-k-\-߃, kvXw`-im-k-\-߃ F∂n-ßs\ t]¿jy≥ kzm[o\w D≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xmbn Atim-
aq∂p hIp-∏n-emWv Ch. km{am-P-ym-Xn¿Øn-I-fn- I-kvXw-`-ß-fn¬\n∂v hy‡-am-Ip-∂p.
ep≈ Iq‰≥ ]md-I-fn≥taemWv alm-im-k-\-
߃. KwKm-Xo-c-ß-fn¬ Ahn-S-hnsS apºp-Xs∂ Atim- I ≥ ÿm]n®
\m´nb \ne-bn-ep≈ inem-kvXw-`-ß-fn-emWv kvXw`-ß-fn¬ H∂mWv
kvXw`-im-k-\߃. Chbv°p ]pdsa km{am- kmc- \ m- Y n- t eXv . \mev
PyØn-\-IØv Nnte-S-ß-fn¬ Xmc-Xt-a-y\ \ofw knwl-ß-sfbpw [¿Ω-N-
Ipd™ eLpimk-\ßfpw ÿm]n-°-s∏-´p. {I- s Øbpw AXn¬
kmaq-ly- hpw `c-W] - c
- h
- p-amb Im-cy-ßf
- mWv alm- Bte- J \w sNbv X n- c n-
im-k\ - ß
- f- psS D≈-S° - w. _u≤-kw-Lß - t- fmSv °p-∂p. Cu kvXw`-amWv
kvXw`-im-k\ - ß
- f- n-eqsS Atim-I≥ t\cn´v kwh- kz- X - { ¥- ` mcXw Nn”-
Zn-®p. {]mtZ-in-Ihpw Imen-I-hp-amb hnj-b-ß- ambn kzo- I - c n- ® - X v.
fmWv s]mXpsh eLpimk-\߃°v hnjbw. CXns‚ \Sphn¬ Ccp-]-
Øn- \ mev Bc- ° m- e p- I -
Atim- I ≥ Xs‚ imk- \ - ß - f n¬ ]d- b p- ∂ Xv fp≈ N{Iap≠v. \ΩpsS
Km‘m-cw, Iwt_m-Pw, tbm\w F∂nh Xs‚ tZiob]Xm-I-bn¬ CXv
AXn¿Øn-I-fm-sW-∂m-Wv. sXs°- C-¥ybnse FSp-Øp-sIm-Sp-Øn-´p-≠v.
tNmg-≥-am¿, tNc≥am¿, ]mWvUy≥am¿ F∂n-h¿

A[n-Im-cØ
- ns‚ BZycq]-߃ 45
¢mkv ˛ IX

`cWkwhn-[m\w Iuimw- _ n, tXmken (Hdo-   ), kph¿W- K ncn

BZysØ hyh-ÿm-]nXkm{am-Py-amWv aucy∑mcp- (B{‘) F∂nh {][m\\K-cß - f
- m-bn-cp-∂p. Ing°v
tSXv. Hcp tI{µo-IrX`c-W-kw-hn-[m\w \S-∏n-em- KwKmXSw apX¬ ]Sn-™mdv I‘m¿ hsc-bpw
°m≥ aucy-∑m¿°v Ign-™p. ]mS-eo-]p-{X-am-bn- hS°v Iivao¿ apX¬ sX°v I¿Æm-SIw hsc-
cp∂p Xe-ÿm\w. AXn-\p-]p-dta D÷-bn\n, bpap≈ `q{]-tZ-i-߃ auc-y-km-{am-Py-Øn\v Iogn-
em-bn-cp-∂p.

X£-ine

I]n-eh
- kvXp
]mS-eo-]p{Xw
D÷-bn\n Iuimw_n kmc-\mYv
km©n

kqcmjv{S
wK
en
I

aucy-km-{am-Py-Øns‚ AXn¿Øn

aucy-km-{amPyw ˛ Btim-Is‚ ImeØv

`q]SØn¬ \n∂v aucy-km-{amPyw Fhn-sS-sbms° hym]n-®n-cp-∂p-sh∂v Is≠-Øp-I.

aucy-km-{am-Py-ÿm-]-I-\mb N{µ-Kp-]vXs‚ kZ- ssk\y- Ø n- s ‚bpw \oXn- \ ymbkwhn- [ m- \ - Ø n-

 n-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ bh\cmP-Zq-X-\m-bn-cp-∂p, saK- s‚bpw Imcy-\n¿h-lWhn`m-K-Øns‚bpw ]c-am-
kvX-\o-kv. At±lw Fgp-Xnb C≥Un° F∂ [n-Im-cn-bm-bn-cp∂p cmPm-hv. \K-c-{]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬
{KŸw A°m-esØ C¥y-bnse kmaq-ly-cm-jv{So- Aø©wK- ß - f p≈ Bdv kan- X n- I ƒ `cWw
bm-h-ÿ-Iƒ hnkvX-cn®p {]Xn-]m-Zn°p-∂p. \n¿hln-®p. `q\n-Ip-Xn-bpw Np¶hpw Bbn-cp∂p

46 kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw˛ I

{][m\ hcp-am-\-am¿K߃. cmPm-hns‚ t\cn-´p≈
\nb-{¥-W-Øn-ep≈ hnim-e-amb Irjn-bn-S-amb
koXm-`q-anI-fn¬\n∂p-≈Xv C\n-sbm∂v. J\n-I-
fn¬\n∂p≈ hcp-am\ambn-cp∂p as‰m-∂v. `c-W-
Øns‚ Hcp {][m\hiw kpkw-L-Sn-X-amb Nmc-
h- y - h - ÿ - b m- b n- c p- ∂ p. t£a{]h¿Ø\Øn\v
`cWkwhn-[m\w {]m[m-\yw \¬In. Ip‰IrXy-
߃°v ITn\in£ G¿s∏-Sp-Øn. Atim-I≥ `c-
W-Øn¬ [¿Ωw Hcp \b-ambn kzoI-cn-®p.
km{amPyw £bn-°p∂p
aucy-∑m-cpsS `c-W-\n-b-{¥-W-Øn¬ hn]p-e-amb
`q{]-tZiw Dƒs∏-´n-cp-∂p-sh∂v \Ωƒ a\- n-em-
hntI-{µo-IrX`c-W-kw-hn-[m-\-ß-fn-√msX Hcp tI{µ-Øn-en-cp∂v hnZq-c-tZ-i-ßsf \nb-{¥n-®n-cp-
∂-XmtWm aucy-km-{amPysØ \mi-Øn-te°v \bn-®Xv? hni-I-e\w sNbvXv Hcp Ipdn∏v Xøm-
dm-°p-I.
{Kokpw tdmapw
BZy-Im-eØv {Ko°p-Im¿ tKm{X-ß-fmbn Pohn-®n-
cp-∂p. Hmtcm tKm{X-Øn-\p-w Hcp Xe-h≥ D-≠mIpw.
tKm{X-ß-fpsS Iq´-Øn\v Hcp aq∏\pw. {ItaW
{Kma-߃ HØp-tN¿∂v henb hn`m-K-ß-fmbn
amdm≥ XpS-ßn. AXv \Kccmjv{S-ßf - psS Bhn¿`m-
h-Øn\v hgn-sX-fnbn-®p. {Kokn¬ Aßs\ hf¿∂p-
h∂ {][m\\K- c - c m- j v { S- ß - f mWv ssakn\n,
GY≥kv , kv ] m¿´, amkn- t Um- ¨ , tImdn- ¥ v ,
Xo_vkv F∂n-h. BZy-Im-eØv cmP-`-cWw \ne-
\n-∂n-cp∂ \Kccmjv{S-ß-fn¬ ]n∂oSv `qhp-S-a-Iƒ
A[n-Imcw ssI°-em-°n. I®-h-S-°m¿ kaq-l-
Øn¬ kº-∂-cmbn amdn-b-t∏mƒ Ah¿ I¿j-I-
tcm-sSm∏w tN¿∂v `qhp-Sa - I
- sf FXn¿Øp XpSßn.
Ah-km\w P\m-[n-]-Xy-`-c-W-{Iaw hnI-kn-°m≥
CXv hgn-sbm-cp-°n-. -Nn-e-bn-S-ß-fn¬ {]`p-`-c-Whpw
\ne-hn¬ h∂p.
{Koknse \Kccmjv{S-ß-sf-°p-dn®v ]d-bp-tºmƒ
c≠p hyXykvX`c-W-co-Xn-I-fpsS DZm-l-c-W-ambn
GY≥kn-s\bpw kv]m¿´-sbbpw FSp-Øp-]-d-bm-
dp- ≠ v . Hcp ssk\n- I - c m- P y- s a∂ \ne- b n- e mWv
kv]m¿´ hf¿∂p h∂Xv. cmPysØ B¨Ip-´n-I-
ƒs°√mw ssk\n-I-]cn-io-e-\hpw tkh-\hpw
A[ymbw ˛ 4
°n. Cßs\ i‡-am-bn-cp∂ km{amPyw £bn-®p-
t]m-b-sX-¥p-sIm-≠v?
]e {]tZ- i - ß - f n- e mbn hym]n- ® aucy- k m- { am-
PyØns‚ \nb-{¥Ww Hcp tI{µ-ÿm-\-Øp-\n∂m-
bn-cp-∂p-ht√m. Atim-I\p tijw tI{µ-`-cWw
Zp¿_-e-am-b-t∏mƒ {]hn-iy-Iƒ ]eXpw kzX-{¥-
cm-Py-ßf- mbn amdn. C≥tUm-˛_ - m-Iv{Sn-b∑
- m¿, kmX-
hm-l-\-∑m¿, ipwK-∑m¿, ImWz≥am¿, tNZn-Iƒ
F∂n- h - s c√mw Cßs\ kzX- { ¥- c m- b - h - c m- W v .
ssk\y- s Øbpw DtZym- K - ÿ - s cbpw \ne
\n¿Øns°m≠p-t]m-Im≥ Bh-iy-amb hcp-am\w
e`n-°m-Xm-bn. {]hn-iy-I-fnse P\-ßsf ASn-®-
a¿Øm≥ DtZym-K-ÿ¿ {ian-®Xpw cmPy-Øns‚
XI¿®bv°v hgn-sbm-cp-°n.
\n¿_- \ v [ - a m°n. cmPm- h ns‚ DØ- c - h m- Z nXzw
ssk\n- I - ` - c Ww \S- ∏ n- e m- ° pI F∂- X m- W v .
CXn¬\n∂v hyXy-kvXa - mbn GY≥kn¬ Hcp P\m-
[n-]Xy`c-W-{Iaw hf¿∂p-h-∂p. cmP-`-c-W-Øn¬
\n∂v {]`p-`-c-W-Øn-te°pw AhnsS\n∂v P\m-[n-
]-Xy-{I-a-Øn-te-°pw-GY≥kv amdn-. hyh-km-bw,
hmWn-Pyw kwkvImcw F∂o taJ-e-I-fn¬ A`n-
hr≤n ssIh-cn-°m≥ P\m-[n-]-Xy-`-c-W-{I-a-Øn¬
GY≥kn\p Ign-™p. ]n∂oSv kv]m¿´-bp-ambn
\S∂ \o≠ bp≤-Øn-s\m-Sp-hn¬ GY≥kns‚
P\m-[n-]-Xyw Ah-km-\n-®v AXv kv]m¿´-bpsS
\nb-{¥-W-Øn-em-bn-.
{Ko°v \K-cc- m-jv{S-ßfpw t]¿jym km{am-Py- hpw
XΩn¬ \S∂ bp≤-ß-fpsS hnh-c-W-amWv sld-
tUm-´-kns‚ "lnkvt‰m-dnbm' F∂ {KŸ-Ønse
{]Xn-]mZyw. temI-Ønse BZ-ysØ Ncn-{X-]p-
kvX-I-ambn CX-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. kv]m¿´-bp-sSbpw
GY≥kns‚bpw Iogn¬ AWn-\n-c∂ {Ko°p-\-
Kccmjv{S-߃ XΩn-ep≈ s]e-t∏m-sW-kn-b≥
bp≤-ßfpsS IY Xpkn-ssU-Unkv F∂ Ncn-
{X-Im-c≥ ]d-™p. BZ-ysØ cmjv{Sob Ncn-{X-
ambn CXns\ hnti-jn-∏n-°m-dp-≠v.
A[n-Im-cØ
- ns‚ BZycq]-߃ 47
¢mkv ˛ IX

C¥y-bnse almP\-]-Z-ßfnsebpw {Koknse \K-c-cm-jv{S-ß-fnsebpw `cW kwhn-[m-\-߃

hni-I-e\w sNbvXv kmay-hy-Xym-k-߃ ]´n-I-s∏-SpØn ¢mkn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°q.

{In. ap. Bbn-c-tØmsS ÿm]n-°-s∏´ tdman\p {InkvXp-hn\ptij-ap≈ BZ-ysØ aq∂p \q‰m-≠p-

Np‰pw Hcp \Kccmjv{Sw Db¿∂ph∂p. AhnsS
BZy-Im-eØv Hcp cmPm-hv, Akw-ªn, sk\‰v
F∂n-h-bp-≠mbncp∂p. ]n∂oSv cmPm-hns\ A´n-
a-dn®v dn∏-ªnIv ÿm]n-Xambn.
tdma≥ dn∏-ªnIv
kº-∂I - p-Spw-_ß
- ƒ B[n-]Xyw ]pe¿Øn-bn-cp∂
Hcp sk\- ‰ mWv tdman¬ bYm¿Y A[n- I mcw
ssIbm-fn-bn-cp-∂-Xv. Cu hyh-ÿ-sb-bmWv dn∏-
ªnIv F∂p hnti-jn-∏n-®n-cp-∂-Xv. ]gb sk\‰pw
Akw-ªnbpw Dƒs°m-≈p∂Xmbn-cp∂p sk\-‰v.
Akw-ªn-bpsS Xocp-am-\-ßsf Xncp-Øm≥ sk\-
‰n\v A[n-Im-c-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. {In.-ap. 27 ¬ dn∏-ªn-
°ns\ C√m-Xm-°n-sIm≠v HIvtS-hn-b≥ cmP-y-`-
cWw ]p\xÿm]n-®p. CXv BZy-tdm-am-km-{am-Py-
sa-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. N{I-h¿Øn, DtZym-K-ÿ-ta-[m-
hn-Iƒ, ssk\yw F∂n-h¿ BZy-Imetdmamkm{am-
Py-Øns‚ {][m\cmjv{SobLS-I-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p.
C¥y-bn¬ aucykm{am-Py-Øn-se∂t]mse C°m-
eØv tdman¬ Hcp tI{µo-IrX`c-W-w \S-∏n-embn.
Iƒ tdmam-km-{am-Py- Ø
- ns‚ {]Xm-]I
- m-ea
- m-Wv. ]Xp-
s°- ∏ Xps° km{am- P yw £tbm∑pJ- a m- b n.
hS°pIng-°≥ bqtdm-∏n¬\n∂p≈ tKm{X-h¿K-
ß-fpsS B{I-a-W-ß-fpw kmº-ØnIh¿K߃
XΩn-ep≈ kwL¿j-ßfpw Po¿Wn® ASn-a-k-{º-
Zm-bhpw Cu XI¿®bv°v Imc-W-am-bn.
tdma≥ \nb-a-߃
s]{So-jy≥amscbpw sπ_n-b≥amscbpw apºv
]cnN-b-s∏´t√m. Ah-cpsS kwL¿jw Ah-km-
\n-°p-∂-Xn\v \nb-a-ß-fpsS GIo-I-cWw Bh-
iy-ambn h∂p. ]{¥≠v \nb-a-ß-fpsS ]´nI
F∂v AXdn-b-s∏-´p. Xß-fpsS Ah-Im-i-ß-sf-
∏‰n P\-߃ IqSp-X¬ t_m[-hm-∑m-cm-Ip-Ibpw
DtZym-K-ÿ-cpsS \nb-a-hn-cp≤{]h¿Ø-\-ßsf
sNdp-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. \q‰m-≠p-Iƒ Ign™v
PÃo-\n-b≥ N{I-h¿Øn Ah-sb√mw Dƒs°m-
≈p∂ \nb-a-kw-ln-X t{Im-Uo-I-cn-®p.

{]h¿Ø-\-߃
kmaq-ly-Po-hnXw k¶o¿W-am-Ip∂ Xc-Øn¬ \K-c-tI-{µ-߃ hnI-kn-®-t∏mƒ ]gb hwi-
߃°pw tKm{X-߃°pw {]k‡n \jvSa - m-Im-\n-Sb
- m-bs
- X-ßs
- \-sb∂v N¿® sNbvXv Ipdn∏v
Xøm-dm-°pI.

\nc-h[n km{am-Py-ß-fpsS DZ-bm-kvX-a-b-߃°v aK[w km£yw hln-®n-´p-≠v. temIsØ BI-

am\w ]cn-tim-[n-®mepw P\-߃ Gsd Xnßn-∏m¿°p∂ {]tZ-i-ß-fn-sem-∂m-W-hn-Sw. CXns‚ Imc-
W-߃ ]cn-tim-[n-°p-I.

alm-P-\-]-Z-ß-fnse KW-hm-gv®bpw cmP-hm-gv®bpw Xmc-X-ayw sNbvXv skan-\m¿ {]_‘w Xøm-dm-

°p-I. kqN-\-Iƒ-:˛ -`q-{]-tZ-iw, `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ, A[n-Im-c-Øn-se-Øp-∂ -co-Xn, Npa-X-e-Iƒ, `c-
W-kz-`m-hw.

B[p-\nI hm¿Øm-hn-\n-ab kwhn-[m-\-ß-sfm-∂p-an-√m-Xn-cp∂ ImeØv hn]p-e-amb {]tZ-i-ßsf

auc-y-km-{am-Pyw Fß-s\-bmWv \nb-{¥n-®n-cn-°pI? C∂p \mw a\- n-em-°p-∂-Xp-t]m-ep≈ Hcp
tI{µo-Ir-X-`-cWw AhnsS D≠m-bn-cp-∂pthm?

48 kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw˛ I
 A[ymbw ˛ 4

Atim-Is‚ ImeØv aucy-km-{amPyw kµ¿in® Hcp k©m-cn-bmWv \nß-sf∂p Icp-Xp-I.

A∂sØ aucy-km-{am-Py-Øns‚ hnkvXr-Xn. `c-Wc - c
- o-Xn, Ab¬]°_‘-߃ XpS-ßn-bh hy‡-
am-°p∂ Hcp bm{Xm-hn-h-cWw Xøm-dm-°p-I. aucykm{am-Py-Øn¬ \n߃ k©-cn® {][m\
{]tZ-i-߃ Dƒs∏-SpØn Hcp dq´v am∏v Xøm-dm-°-Ww. (]mT-]p-kvX-Iw, sse{_-dn, C‚¿s\‰v Ch-
bn¬ \n∂v hnh-c-߃ tiJ-cn°mw)

aucy-km-{am-Pyw Hcp tI{µo-IrX`c-Wk

- w-hn-[m\w F∂ \ne-bn¬ ^e-{]-Za
- m-bn-cp-t∂m? Cu hnjbw
ap≥\n¿Øn Hcp kwhmZw \S-Øp-I. dnt∏m¿´v FgpXn Xøm-dm-°p-Ibpw thWw.

A[n-Im-cØ
- ns‚ BZycq]-߃ 49
¢mkv ˛ IX
5 \mSp-hm-gn-Øhpw tZi-cm-jv{S-ßf- pw
a ucy- k m- { amPyw, tdmamkm{amPyw F∂n-
hsb°pdn®v N¿® sNbvX-t√m. Ah-bpsS ]X\w
Fß-s\-bm-bn-cp∂p F∂pw \mw I≠p. Chn-S-ß-
fn-sems° Dev]m-Z-\-Ønepw hnX-c-W-Ønepw h∂
am‰-߃ kmaq-ly-cq-]-Ønepw A[n-Im-c-{]-tbm-K-
Øns‚ coXn-bnepw am‰-߃ hcp-Øn.
C¥y-bn¬ aucy-`-cWw Zp¿_-e-ambt∏mƒ km{am-
PyØns‚ Iogn- e p≈ `q{]- t Z- i - ß sf
H∂n®p\n¿ØpI {]bm-k-ambn h∂p. aucy-km-
{am-Py-Øns‚ ÿm\Øv ipwK∑m¿, ImWz∑m¿
XpS- ß nbhcpsS {]mtZ- i nIcmPy- ß ƒ
Db¿∂ph∂p. Ah ]c-kv]cw a’-cØ - n-te¿s∏´p.
AtXm-sSm∏w ]e hntZ-in-Ifpw C¥y-bn-se-Øn.
Ct¥m˛{Ko°p-Im¿, ]m¿Yn-b∑m¿, IpjmW≥am¿
XpS-ßn-b-h-cm-bn-cp∂p Ah-cn¬ {]ap-J¿. U°m≥
]oT-`q-an-bn¬ kmX-hm-l-\∑m-cmWv `cWw \S-Øn-
bn-cp-∂-Xv. F∂m¬ i‡-amb tI{µo-IrX`cWw
G¿s∏-Sp-Øm≥ Ch¿s°m∂pw Ign-™n-√.
{InkvXp-hn-\p-tijw 4-˛mw \q‰m≠nemWv Kp]vX-
hwiw ÿm]n-°-s∏-´-Xv. Ipd®p Ime-tØ-s°-
¶nepw tI{µo-IrX`cWw \S-Øm≥ {ian-®Xv Kp]vX-
∑m-cm-bn-cp-∂p. ]©m_pw cmP-ÿm\pw Hgn-sI-
bp≈ DØ-tc-¥y≥ {]tZ-i-ß-fmWv Ch-cpsS `c-
W-Øn≥Io-gn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv. C∂sØ ]m‰v\
Dƒs°m- ≈ p∂ a[yKwKm- t Z- i sØ ^e- ` q- b n-
jvThpw [mXp-kº - ∂
- h
- p-amb {]tZ-ia
- m-bn-cp∂p Ch-
cpsS {]h¿Ø\tI{µw. ]mS-eo-]p{Xw F∂ t]cn-
emWv ]m‰v\ Adn-b-s∏-´n-cp-∂-Xv. ]mS-eo-]p-{X-
50 kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw˛ I
Øns‚ kao]{]tZ-i-߃ Ccp-º-bncv \nt£-]-
Øm¬ kar≤-am-bn-cp-∂p. CXv Ah¿ D]-tbm-K-
s∏-SpØn. ]uckvXy tdmam km{am-Py-hp-ambn
]´phkv{X°®-hSw \S-Øn-bn-cp∂ DØ-tc-¥y-
bnse A\p-KwK (a[y-KwKm ka-X-ew), {]bmKv
(Ae-lm-_m-Zv), kmtIXw (Atbm-[y) XpS-ßnb
{]tZ-i-ß-fp-am-bp≈ hmWn-Py-_‘w Kp]vX≥
am¿°v kmº-ØnIamb ta¬ss° h-cm≥ Imc-
W-am-bn. N{µ-Kp-]vX≥ H∂m-as‚ `c-WI - m-eØ - mWv
Cu cmP-hwiw {]Jym-Xa - m-bX- v. bp≤-ßf - n-eq-sSbpw
hnhm-l-_-‘-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw Kp]vXkm{am-PysØ
IqS-p-X¬ hnkvXr-X-am-°n-bXv kap-{Z-Kp-]vX-\m-Wv.
hn{I-am-Zn-Xy≥ F∂-dn-b-s∏-´ N{µ-Kp-]vX≥ c≠m-
a≥ Z£n-tW-¥y≥ cmPy-ßf - p-ambn kulr-Z_ - ‘w
]pe¿Øn. At±lw Iebv°pw kmln-Xy-Øn\pw
hn⁄m- \ - ß ƒ°pw anI® t{]m’m- l - \ - a mWv
\¬In-b-Xv.
hn{I-am-ZnXykZ- nse \h-c-Xv\-߃
Imfn-Zm-k≥, hc-cpNn,
km£m¬ thXm-f-`-´\pw
hcm-l-anln-c≥, i¶p,
LS-I¿-∏-c\pw XYm
[\z-¥-cn, £]-W-I≥
]n∂oS-ac - k- nw-l\pw
hn{I-am-Zn-Xy-k`- b - n¬
\h-cX- v\ß - f- o-hn[w
 A[ymbw ˛ 5

Kp]vXk
- m-{amPyw

Kp]vX-`-c-W-Im-esØ Nne ÿe\m-a-߃ ]cn-N-b-s∏-´t√m. C∂sØ C¥ym`q]-S-Øn¬

Ah-bpsS ÿm\w Is≠-Øq. aucy-km-{am-Py-Øns‚ hnkvXr-Xn-bp-ambn Kp]vX-km-{am-PysØ
Xmc-Xayw sNøq.

Kp]vX`cWw
tI{µ-
`-c-W-Øn¬ cmPm-hn-\v B-bn-cp∂p ]c-am-[n-Im-cw. `-cWw
cmPm-hns\ a{¥n-am¿ klm-bn-®p. `q‡n-Iƒ
`cWkuI-cy-Øn-\mbn Kp]vXkm{am-PysØ hn`- ({]hn-iy-Iƒ)
Pn® coXn I≠-t√m. \K-c-ß-fpsS `cWw \n¿hln- hnj-b-߃
®ncp-∂Xv \K-cm-[y-£≥ AYhm ]pc-]m-e≥ Bbn- (Pn√-Iƒ)
cp-∂p. alm-Zfi\mb-I≥ \oXn-\ym-b-Øn-s‚bpw
almtk\m-]Xn ssk\y-Øn-s‚bpw NpaX-e-°m- {Kma߃
c-m-bn-cp-∂p.

\mSp-hm-gn-Øhpw tZi-cm-jv{S-ßf
- pw 51
¢mkv ˛ IX
-^mln-bm≥
ssN\okv ]fin-X-\mb ^mln-bm≥ _p≤-a-X-
X- Ø z- ß - ƒ a\-   n- e m- ° m- ≥ C¥y- b n- s e- Ø n- . -
_u≤-hn-lm-cß-fn¬ Xma-kn®p ]Tn® At±lw
C¥ysb°pdn®v Hcp hnh-cWw -FgpXn. Kp]vX-
Im-esØ- P\-ß-fpsS PohnXcoXn-I-sf-°p-dn-
®p≈ hnh-c-߃ CXn¬ AS-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂p.
iI-∑m¿, lqW∑m¿ XpS-ßnb hntZ-i-tKm-{X-°m-
cpsS B{I-aWw Kp]vXkm{am-Py-Øns‚ XI¿®°v
Imc-W-am-bn-. Kp]vX≥am-cpsS ]X-\-tijw a[y-Kw-
Km-k-a-Xew ho≠pw \nc-h[n sNdpcmPy-ß-fmbn
NnXdn. C°m-eØv KwKm-k-a-Xew \nb-{¥n-°m≥
_wKm-fnse ]me-∑mcpw U°m-\nse cmjv{S-Iq-S-
∑mcpw I\q- P nse l¿j\pw t]mcm- ´ - ß - f n-
te¿s∏´p. AtXm-sSm∏w Xs∂ hS-°p-]-Sn-™m-
dp-\n∂v hntZim{I-an-Iƒ C¥y-bn-se-Øn.
KwKm-k-a-X-e-Øn¬ I®-h-S-tI-{µ-ß-fmb \K-c-߃ hf¿∂p-h-∂Xv ap≥ A[ym-b-Øn¬ a\- n-
em-°n-b-t√m. Kp]vX-Im-eØv \K-c-߃ XI-cm≥ Imc-W-sa-¥m-bn-cn°mw? N¿®sNøq.
{Kma-߃ hf-cp∂p
I®-h-S-Ønse {]Xn-k‘n ImcWw ]´-W-ß-fn¬
Pohn® I®-h-S-°mcpw ssIsØm-gn-ep-Imcpw Iq´-
tØmsS {Kma-Øn-te°v IpSn-tbdn. Ah-scm-s°
Irjn-∏-Wn-bn-emWv G¿s∏-´-Xv. I®-h-S-Øns‚bpw
]´- W - ß - f psSbpw XI¿®- a qew \ntXym- ] -
tbmKhkvXp-°fpsS Dev]m-Z\w Gsd-°psd {Kma-
ß-fn-tebv°v HXp-ßn-°q-Sn. I®-hSw \ma-am-{X-ambn.
CXv kzbw]cym]vX{Kma-ß-fpsS ]nd-hn°v Imc-
W-am-bn.
`qZm\w
Dev]m-Z-\-cw-KsØ {]Xnk‘n sshiy-scbpw iq{Z-
scbpw _m[n-®p. I\Ø \nIpXnbpw a‰p _m[y-
X-I-fpw I¿j-I¿°p Ak-ly-am-bn. \nIpXn HSp-
°m\pw the sNøm\pw Ah¿ hnk- Ω - X n- ® p.
\nIpXn e`n-°m-Xm-b-t∏mƒ cmPm-°≥am-cpsS hcp-
am-\-Øn¬ CSn-hp-≠m-bn. iº-fw, Zm\w, Z£nW
XpS-ßnb sNe-hp-Iƒ°v a‰p am¿K߃ Is≠-
52 kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw˛ I
]´-W-߃ XI-cp∂p
tdmamkm{am-Py-Øns‚ XI¿®bpw DØ-tc-¥y-
bnse cmjv{Sobamb A\n-›n-X-Xzhpw C¥y≥I®-
h- S - Ø n\v Xncn- ® - S n- b m- b n. ssN\- b p- a mbpw
Z£nW]q¿th- j y- b p- a mbpw DØtc- ¥ ybv ° v
hmWnPy_‘-߃ D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ I®-
h-SØ- nse CS-\n-e° - m-cmb Ad-_n-Iƒ°mbncp∂p
CXns‚ t\´w. Kp]vX≥am-cpsS ImeØv kz¿W\m-
W-b-߃ kpe-`-am-bn-cp-s∂-¶nepw AXn-\p-tijw
Ahbv°v Zu¿e`yw t\cn-´p. CXv ImWn-°p-∂Xv
I®-h-S-ß-fpsS XI¿®-bm-Wv. \mW-b-ß-fpsS
Zu¿e`yw Fßs\bmbn-cn°pw I®-hS- sØ _m[n-
®n-´p-≠m-hp-I? I®-h-S-Øns‚ XI¿® ]´-W-ß-
fpsS Po¿W-Xbv°v Imc-W-am-bn. ]pcm-W-Ine
(Zn√n), Iuimw_n (Ae-lm-_m-Zn-\p-k-ao-]w),
sshim-en, ]mS-eo-]p{Xw XpS-ßnb ]´-W-߃
Kp]vXImeØv XI-cm≥ XpS-ßp-Ibpw Kp]vXm-
\¥cIme-ß-fn¬ an°-hmdpw \mam-h-tij-am-hp-
Ibpw sNbvXp.
tØ-≠-Xmbn h∂p. DtZym-K-ÿ¿°v iº-f-Øn\pw
]ptcm-ln-X∑m¿°v Z£n-Wbv°pw ]I-c-ambn `qan
Zm\wsNtø≠nh∂p. U°m-Wnse kmX-hm-l-
\∑m-cmWv `qZm\k{º-Zm-b-Øn\v XpS°w Ipdn-®-
sX-¶nepw hym]-I-ambn `qan- Zm\w sNø-s∏-´Xv
Kp]vX-Im-e-L-´-Øn-em-Wv. hnhn-[-Xcw `qZm-\-߃
\ne-\n-∂n-cp-∂p. {Kma-߃ apgp-h-\m-bnt∏mepw
Zm\-ambn \¬In-bn-cp-∂p.
`-qZm-\-߃ (Land Grants)
{_m“-W¿°v Zm\w In´nb `qan A{K-lmcw/
{_“-tZbw F∂ t]cn¬ Adn-b-s∏´p: Aº-e-
߃°p-In-´nb `qan tZh-Zm\w/tZhkzw F∂
t]cnepw.
Zm\w In´nb {]tZ-i-ß-fnse \nIpXn ]ncnhpw {Ia-
k- a m- [ m- \ - ] m- e - \ hpw `qan e`n®h¿°p
h∂ptN¿∂p. A{X-bv°{X cmPm-°≥am-cpsS A[n-
Imcw Ipd-™p. `qanZm-\w `q{]-`q-°≥am-cpsS DZ-b-

Øn\v Imc-W-am-bn. `q{]-`q-°≥am¿ kzbw Irjn
sNømsX `qan Irjn°msctbm ]m´-°m-sc-tbm
`qhp-S-a-ÿ-X-bn¬ h∂ am‰w `c-W-Iq-S-Øns‚ A[n-Im-csØ ]cn-an-X-s∏-Sp-Øn. Cu \nK-a\w
{Kq∏n¬ N¿® sNøq.
kma¥hyhÿ
kma-¥¿, alm-km-a-¥¿ F∂o t]cp-I-fn-emWv
`q{]-`q-°∑m¿ Adn-bs∏´ncp-∂-Xv. cmPm-hn-t\mSv
hy‡n-]-c-ambn hnt[-bXzw {]I-Sn-∏n-°m≥ kma-
¥¿ _m[y-ÿ-cm-bn-cp-∂p. ]I-c-ambn kma-¥-ÿm-
\Øv XpS-cm≥ cmPmhv A\p-aXn \¬Ipw. bp≤-
Im-eØv cmPm-hn\v ssk\ysØ \¬Im≥ Hmtcm
kma-¥\pw Npa-X-e-s∏´p. Cu hnt[-b-Xz-Øns‚
ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Hmtcm kma-¥\pw Ah-cpsS
{]tZ-isØ `cWw kzbw Gs‰-SpØp\S-Øn.
\nIpXn AS- b v ° m- s Xbpw cmPm- h n\v Bh- i y-
ap≈ka- b Øv ]´m- f - ° msc Ab®psImSp-
°msXbpw Nne kma-¥∑m¿ cmPm-hns\ Zp¿_-
e-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ {ian-®p. kma-¥∑m¿ XΩn-ep≈ hg-
°pIfpw bp≤-ßfpw km[m-c-W-am-bn-cp-∂p. Nne
kma-¥-∑m¿ cmPm-°-∑msc sh√p-hn-fn-®n-cp∂Xn\p≈ DZm-l-cWw I≠t√m. F¥m-bn-cn°mw
kma-¥-∑msc CXn\p t{]cn-∏n-®-Xv? N¿®sNøq.
PmXn-Iƒ s]cp-Ip∂p
sXmgn¬°q´m-bva-I-fp-ambn _‘-s∏-´mWv PmXn
cq]-s∏-´-sX∂v ap≥ A[ym-b-Øn¬\n∂v a\- n-em-
°n-b-t√m. Kp]vXm-\-¥cImeØv PmXn-L-S-\-bn¬
am‰-ß-fp-≠m-bn. \nc-h[n PmXn-Iƒ ]pXp-Xmbn
D≠mbn. C°m-eØv C¥y-bn-te-°p -h∂ hntZ-
in-Isf°pdn®v ]d™t√m. Ah¿ kaq-l-Øns‚
`mK-am-bn-Øo-cp-Ibpw Hmtcm {]tXyI PmXn-bmbn
]cn- K - W n- ° - s ∏- S p- I bpw sNbv X p. Irjn- b psS
hym]\w sIm≠v tKm{X-h¿§-°m¿ I¿j-I-cmbn
]cn- W an- ® p. Hmtcm tKm{Xhpw Ipehpw
{_m“WtI{µnXkaq-l-Øn¬ Hmtcm {]tXyI
Kp]vXm-\-¥-c-Im-eØv PmXn hyh-ÿ-bn-ep-≠mb am‰-߃ N¿®sNøpI.
kqN-I-߃
$ `qkzØv
$ P\-\hpw sXmgnepw
$ ip≤m-ip≤w
A[ymbw ˛ 5
G¬]n®p. CXv P-∑n-Xz-Øns‚ Bhn¿`m-h-Øn\vv
Imc-Wambn.
kma- ¥ ≥am¿ kzmX{¥yw {]Jym- ] n®v cmPyw
ÿm]n-°m\pw {ian-®n-cp-∂p. CXn-s\mcp DZm-l-c-
W-amWv U°m\nse cmjv{SIqS¿. Nmeq-Iy-cpsS
kma-¥-cm-bn-cp∂ cmjv{S-Iq-S¿ kzmX{¥yw {]Jym-
]n-°p-Ibpw Nmeq-Iysc Iog-S-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
Ai- ‡ - c m- b - c mPm- ° - ∑ m- ¿ °p kma- ¥ ∑msc
\nebv°p \n¿Øm≥ Ign-™n-√.
kma¥hyh-ÿb - n¬ G‰hpw ZpcnXw A\p-`h
- n-®Xv
Irjn-°m-cm-bn-cp-∂p. kma-¥\v \nIpXnsImSp-°m≥
am{X-a-√, Abmƒ°p th≠ F√mXc-Øn-ep≈
tPmen-Ifpw kuP-\y-ambn sNøm\pw Ah¿ \n¿_-
‘n-X-cm-bn. cmPm-hn\v kma-¥s‚taep≈ A[n-
Imcw ]cn-an-X-am-b-Xp-sIm≠v Irjn-°m¿°v cmPm-
hn-t\mSv ]cmXn t_m[n-∏n-°m\pw Ign-™n-cp-∂n√.
PmXn-bpsS cq]w ssIs°m-≠p. PmXn-Iƒ XΩn¬
hnhm-l-_-‘-߃°v ]e-]-cn-an-Xn-Ifpw G¿s∏-´p.
AtX t]mse PmXn-I-fpsS ta¬Iogv hyhÿ Dd-
∏n-°m≥ ip≤m-ip-≤-hy-h-ÿ-Ifpw Imc-W-am-bn.
Ipw`m-c-∑m¿, s\bvØp-Im¿, £pc-I-∑m¿, ao≥]n-
Sp-Ø-°m¿ F∂n-h¿ "Xmtg-°n-S'-°m-cm-bn. Ic-Iu-
ie tPmen°m¿°pw am\yX Ipd™p. P\-\hpw
sXmgnepw PmXn-bp-sSbpw kmaqly]Z-hn-bp-sSbpw
\n¿Wm-bIi‡n-bmbn amdn. kmaq-ly-]-Z-hn°v
`qkzØv ASn-ÿm-\-L-S-I-ambn. PmXnhyhÿ
IqSp-X¬ I¿i-\-am-bn.
$ PmXn-I-fpsS s]cp∏w
$ hnhmlw
\mSp-hm-gn-Øhpw tZi-cm-jv{S-ßf
- pw 53
¢mkv ˛ IX

^yqU-e-nkw bqtdm-∏n¬ ∂-Xv. ]cn-Xm-]-I-c-amb PohnXkml-N-cy-ß-fmWv

aucy-km-{am-Py-Øns‚ XI¿®sbØpS¿∂p-≠mb
kmaqlycmjv{Sob]cn-Wma߃ C¥y≥ kma-¥-
hy-h-ÿ-bpsS Bhn¿`m-h-Øn\pw hf¿®bv°pw
CS-bm-°nbsX-ß-s\-sb∂v \mw I≠-t√m. AXp-
t]mse tdmamkm{am- P y- Ø ns‚ XI¿®- t bm- S p-
IqSnbp≠mb Acm-P-I-Xz-Øn¬\n∂pw Ac-£n-Xm-
h-ÿ-bn¬\n∂pamWv Hcp kmaq-ly-cm-jv{So-b-km-
º- Ø nIhyh- ÿ F∂ \ne- b n¬ bqtdm- ∏ n¬
^yqU-enkw Dcp-Øn-cn-™Xv.
tdmamkm{am-Py-Øns‚ ]X-\-Øn\v CS-bm-°nb
Imc-W-ß-fn-sem∂v Dev]m-Z-\-_-‘-ß-fnse {]Xn-
k-‘n-bm-Wv.
ASn-aI - sf D]-tbmKn®mWv tdman¬ Dev]m-Z\w \S-
∂n-cp-∂-Xv. bp≤-Øn¬ XS-hp-Im-cmbn ]nSn-°-s∏-
´-h-cm-bn-cp∂p ASn-a-I-fn-e-[nIhpw. {]`q-°∑mcpsS
kzImcy kzØm-bmWv ASn-a-Isf ]cn-K-Wn-®n-cp-
Ah¿°p--≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv. X߃ A[zm-\n-®p-≠m-
°nb Dev]-∂-ß-fn¬ Ah°v Hc-h-Im-i-hp-ap-≠m-
bn-cp-∂n-√. ASn-a-Iƒ tZlm-[zm-\-Øn¬ hnap-JX
{]I-Sn-∏n°pIbpw Iem-]-߃ Bcw-`n-°p-Ibpw
kzX-{¥-cm-hp-Ibpw sNbvXp. AXv Dev]m-Z-\sØ
_m[n-®p. ASna˛DSa _‘-Øn-ep-≠mb Cu {]Xn-
k‘n Dev]m-Z\_‘-ß-fn-¬ am‰-ap-≠m-°n. ASn-
a-k-ºZvhyh-ÿ-bpsS XI¿®bv°pw ^yqU-en-k-
Øns‚ Bhn¿`m- h - Ø n\pw CXv Imc- W - a m- b n.
tdmam- k m- { am- P y- Ø ns‚ A]- N - b - I m- e - t ØmsS
hmWnPyw £bn®p. kº-Zvhy-hÿ {Kma-ß-fn-
te°v Npcp-ßn-°q-Sn. CtX ImeØp Xs∂ Um\yp-
_ns‚bpw ssd\n-s‚bpw Ing°p \n∂v h≥tXm-
Xn¬ IpSn-tb-dn-∏m¿Ø tKm{X-h¿§-°m¿ ]gb
kmaq-ly-cmjv{Sob-hy-hÿ - bv°v kmc-amb am‰-߃
hcp-Øn-Øo¿Øp.

am\dpw AXpƒs°m-≈p∂ `q{]tZ-i-ßfpw

am\¿ (Manor)
^yqU¬ {]`p Xma-kn-°p∂ tIm´ "am\¿' F∂-
dn-b-s∏-´p. am\-dp-I-fnse {]`q-°∑m¿°v hn]p-e-
amb `q{]-tZiw kz¥-ambn D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. ASn-
bm∑msc D]-tbm-Kn-®mWv {]`p Xs‚ `qan-bn¬
Irjn \S- Ø n- b n- c p- ∂ - X v. am\- d p- I - t fmSv
tN¿∂mbncp∂p ASn-bm≥am-cpsS IpSn-ep-Iƒ.
Xs‚ sXmgn-en¬ am‰w hcp-Ømt\m Xma-kn-
°p∂ {]tZiw hn´v amdnØma-kn-°mt\m ASn-
bm\v Ign-bp-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. {Ia-k-am-[m\]me-\w,
\oXn\nb-{¥Ww F∂nh {]`p-°∑m-cpsS hcp-
Xnbn-em-bn-cp-∂p.

54 kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw˛ I

-^yqU-enkw (Feudalism)
Hcp Xp≠p`qan (Fief) F∂¿Y-ap≈ ^yqUw
(Feudum) F∂ em‰n≥ ]ZØn¬ \n∂mWv ^yqU-
enkw F∂ hm°p-≠m-b-Xv. `qan-bpsS ssIh-
im- h - I m- i sØ ASn- ÿ m- \ - a m- ° n- b p≈
cmjv{Sobkmº-Øn-I-km-aq-lnIhyh-ÿ-bmWv
^yqU-en-kw.
F√m `qanbpw cmPm- h n\v t\cn´v `cn- ° m\pw
IrjnsNøm\pw hnj-a-am-b-Xp-sIm≠v AXv ]e
"^o^p-Iƒ' Bbn Xncn®v cmPyØp≈ {][m\
{]`q- ° ∑m¿°v (Dukes) hoXn®psImSp- Ø p.
cmPmhpw {]`q-°≥amcpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘w tkh-
\-sØbpw IS-a-I-sfbpw ASn-ÿm-\-am-°n-bp≈
Icm-dn-t∑em-bn-cp-∂p. cmPmhv {]`q-°∑m¿°v kwc-
£Ww \¬Im\pw ]I-cw {]`p°∑m¿ cmPm-hn-
t\mSv Iqdp-≈-h-cm-bn-cn-°m\pw {]Xn⁄sNbv-Xp.
{]`p-°-∑m¿ ssk\nItkh\w AS-°-ap≈ IS-a-
Iƒ \n¿h-ln-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. {]`q-°∑m¿ Ah-
bqtdm-]y≥ ^yqU-en-k-Øns‚ A[n-ImcLS\ a\- n-em-°n-bt√m. AXns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬
]´nI ]q¿Øo-I-cn-°q.
cmPmhv
ASn-bm-f-∑m¿
Irjn-bpsS ]ptcm-K-Xn°v D]-I-c-W-߃ Bh-iy-
ambn h∂p. Ch \n¿Ωn-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn \nc-h[n
ssIsØm-gn-ep-Iƒ cq]-s∏-´p. ^yqU-en-k-Øn¬
Irjn-tbm-sSm∏w ssIsØm-gn-epw hf¿∂p. Irjn-
°m¿ ssIth-e-°m-cpsS Nc-°p-Ifpw ssIth-e-
°m¿ Irjn-°m-cpsS [m\yhpw hmßpw. ]´-W-ß-
fnse I®-h-S-°mcpw ssIth-e-°mcpw ^yqU¬
Nqj-W-Øn-s\-Xnsc Kn¬Up-Iƒ F∂ kwL-
A[ymbw ˛ 5
cpsS ssIh-i-ap≈ `qan Ahtc°mƒ Xmgv∂ ]Sn-
bn-ep≈ CS{]`p-°∑m¿°v (Baron) \¬In. Cu CS-
{]-`p-°-∑m¿ ss\‰vkv (Knights) F∂-dn-b-s∏-´
{]amWnam¿°v X߃°p In´nb `qan hn`-Pn®v
]m´- Ø n\v \¬In. Cßs\ ]Sn- ] - S n- b m- b p≈
]m´`qan-°m-cn¬ G‰hpw Xmg-sØ- ]Snbnep-≈-h-
cm-bn-cp∂p ASn-bm∑m¿ (Serfs). Bbp-[-ßtfm ]S-
°p- X n- c - I tfm kz¥- a mbn C√m- X n- c p∂ Ch¿
ssk\nItkh-\-Øn\p ]Icw bP-am-\s‚ `qan-
bn¬ tPmen sNtø≠nh∂p. ]I- e - ¥ n- t bmfw
taem-f-\p-th≠n ]Wn-sb-Sp-Øn-cp∂ ASn-bm-f∑m¿
apI-fnse \mep X´n-ep-ap-≈-h-¿°p≈ hn`-h-߃
Dev]m- Z n- ∏ n- ® p. `c- W - Ø ns‚ F√m kmº-
ØnI`mchpw bYm¿Y-Øn¬ hln-®n-cp-∂Xv Ch-
cm-Wv. kz¥-ambn ssk\ysØ \ne-\n¿Øn-bn-cp∂
^yqU¬ {]`phn\v ASn-bm-f-cn¬\n∂p \nIpXn
]ncn-°m\pw in£ hn[n-°m\pap≈ A[n-Im-c-ap-
≠m-bn-cp-∂p.
S\Iƒ cq]wsIm≠p. Hmtcm hn`m- K - Ø n\pw
{]tXyIw {]tXyIw Kn¬Up-Iƒ D≠m-bn-cp-∂p.
Hmtcm Kn¬Un\pw X\-Xmb \nb-am-hen \ne-\n-
∂n-cp-∂p. hne, {]hr-Øn-k-abw apX-em-b-hsb
\nb-{¥n-°p∂ Cu \nb-a-߃ F√m AwK-ßfpw
AwKo-I-cn-°-Ww. F√m ssIthehn`m-K-°m¿°pw
Hcp aq∏\pw (Master Craftman) aq∏s‚ Iogn¬
\nXy°qen-°m-cmb the-°mcpw (Journeymen)
\mSp-hm-gn-Øhpw tZi-cm-jv{S-ßf
- pw 55
¢mkv ˛ IX
sXmgn¬ ]cn-io-e\w t\Sm-s\-Ønbhcpw (Appren-
tice) D≠m-bn-cp-∂p.
^yqU- e n- k sØ ]n¥p- W bv - ° p∂ \ne- ] m- S p-
IfmWv bqtdm-∏nse aXta[m-hn-Iƒ ssIs°m-
≠Xv. bqtdm-∏nse `qan-bpsS Gdn-b`
- m-Khpw tdma≥
t]m∏pw N{I-h¿Ønbpw
^yqU¬ bqtdm-∏nse A[n-ImcLS-\b - nse c≠p
{][m\tI{µ-߃ \nb-{¥n-®n-cp∂Xp t]m∏pw
N{I-h¿Øn-bp-am-bn-cp-∂p. F√m {InkvXym-\n-I-
fpsSbpw Xe-∏-Øp≈ Xs‚ Iogn-emWv N{I-
h¿Ønbpw F∂v t]m∏v iTn-®-t∏mƒ cmPysØ
a‰p {]P-Is
- f-t∏mse t]m∏pw Xs‚ Iogn-em-sW∂v
cmPmhv hmZn®p. bqtdm-∏nse cmjv{Sob Ncn-
{XsØ kmc-ambn _m[n-®-Xm-Wv, Cu hSw hen-
Iƒ.
ItØm-en°mk`-bpsS DS-a-ÿ-X-bn-em-bn-cp-∂p.
tdma≥ N{I-h¿Øn-am¿ {InkvXp-aXw kzoI-cn-®-
tXmsS aX-ta-[m-hn-bmb t]m∏n\v cmPm-hn-t\-°mƒ
A[n-Imcw ssIh-∂p. ^yqU¬ hyh-ÿsb A\p-
A∂sØ kmaq-ly-hy-hÿ- n-XnsbbmWv apIfn¬ sImSpØ D≤-cWn kqNn-∏n°p-∂X
hyh-ÿn-Xn-bn¬ aÆn¬ ]Wn-sb-Sp-°p-∂-hs‚ Ah-ÿ- hy-‡-am-°p∂ Hcp eLp-hn-h-cWw
Xøm-dm-°pI.
kºØv tXSn-sb-Øn-b-h¿
Kp]v X ≥am¿°p- t ijw D≠mb A\n- › n- X - X z-
sØ°p-dn®v N¿® sNbvXt√m. XpS¿∂v hS°p]Sn-
™m-dp- \n∂v hntZ-in-Iƒ C¥y-bn-se-Øn. A^vKm-
\n-ÿm-\nse Hcp sNdnb cmPy-amb Lkv\n-bnse
`c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-bmb alaqZv kºØv sIm≈-b-Sn-
°p- ∂ - X n- \ p- t h≠n C¥y B{I- a n- ® p. CtX-
e£y-tØmsS-bmWv A^vKm-\n-bmb apl-ΩZv
tLmdnbpw C¥y-bn-se-Øn-b-Xv. A∂sØ cmPm-
hmb ]rYzo-cm-Pv Nulms\ tXm¬∏n®v aplΩZv
tLmdn Zn√n- b n¬ Xp¿°n`c- W - Ø n\v XpS°w
Ipdn®p.
Zn√n-bnse kp¬Øm≥am¿
apl- Ω Zv t Lmdn- b psS ac- W - t ijw C¥y- b n¬
At±lw Iog-S-°nb Ing-°≥ {]tZ-i-ßfpsS Npa-
X-e-bp-≠m-bn-cp∂ IpXv_p-Zo≥ sF_Iv BZy
56 kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw˛ I
Iq-en-°p∂ `c-W-Iq-S-߃ bqtdm-∏n-se ]e- `m-K-
ß-fnepw \ne-\n-∂n-cp-∂p.
""Irjn-°m-cpsS aosX km[m-c-W-°mtcm ]ptcm-
ln-X≥amtcm Bb {]`q-°ƒ, {]`q-°∑m-cp-sSbpw
{]`p°-fmbn sa{Xm-∑mcpw cmPm-°∑mcpw G‰hpw
apI-fn¬ N{I-h¿Ønbpw am¿]m-∏bpw ˛ CXm-bn-
cp∂p A∂sØ LS-\. Hmtcm {]`qhpw Ht∂m
AXn-e[ - n-Itam {Kma-ßf - psS DS-ab
- m-bn-cp-∂p. As√-
¶n¬ At\Iw {Kma-ß-fn¬ Abmƒ°v `qan-bp-
≠mhpw. Ahn-sS-sb√mw Abm-fp-sS ASn-a-Iƒ
]Wn- s b- S p- ° p- ∂ p˛Abmsf ]pe¿Øp- h m\pw
X߃°p ]pe-cp-hm-\pw. \mSp-hmgntkh-\-am-Ip∂
Cu DØ-ch - m-Zn-Xz-am-Wv, AXm-bXv _ew sImt≠m
_e- Ø ns‚ ]n¥p- W - t bm- S p- I q- S nb BNmcw
sImt≠m \n¿_-‘] - q¿hw {]hr-Øn-sb-Sp-∏n-°p∂
k{º-Zm-ba - m-Wv, \mSp-hm-gn-Øz-Øn-s‚ Nqj-WsØ
apX- e m- f n- Ø Øns‚ Iqen- h y- h - ÿ - b n¬\n∂p
th¿Xn-cn-°p-∂Xv.''
˛- sP.Un.- _¿W¬, imkv{Xw Ncn-{X-Øn¬, hmfyw H∂v,
t]Pv 351. (2007 ¬ {]kn-≤o-I-cn-®Xv)
- v. ^yqU¬
Xp¿°n k¬Ø-\Øv cmP-hwiw (Early Turkish
Sultanat) ÿm]n-®p. XpS¿∂v Jn¬Pn, Xp•-°v, køn-
Zv, temZn cmP-hw-i-߃ Zn√n k¬Ø-\-Øns‚
`mK-ambn `cWw\S-Øn. kp¬Øms‚ t\Xr-Xz-
Øn¬ DtZym-Kÿhrµ-Øns‚ klm-b-tØm-sS-
bmWv `cWw \S-∂ncp-∂-Xv. cmPysØ, {]hn-iy-
I-fmbpw (CJvX), {]hn-iy-Isf "jnIv' Ifm-bpw
"jnIv' Isf "]¿Km-\'-If- mbpw "]¿Km\' Isf {Kma-
ß-fmbpw hn`-Pn-®n-cp-∂p. A°m-eØv at[y-jy-bp-
ambpw ]›n-ta-jy-bp-ambpw hym]mcw i‡n-s∏´p.
kz¿Æ-Ønepw sh≈n-bnepw \n¿Ωn® \mW-b-
߃ hn\n- a bam[y- a - a mbn D]- t bm- K n- ® n- c p- ∂ p.
t{_m®v, Imws_, Zn√n, apƒØm≥, Imc XpS-ßnb
\K- c - ß ƒ hf¿∂p h∂Xv C°m- e - Ø m- W v .
ssk\nItI{µ- ß - f mb Cu \K- c - ß - f mWv
`cWtI{µ-ß-fmbn hnI-kn-®-Xv. am‰-ß-tfm-sS-sb-
¶nepw kma¥hyhÿ k¬Ø-\Øv Ime-L-´-
Ønepw \ne-\n-∂n-cp-∂p.
 A[ymbw ˛ 5

k¬Ø-\Øv km{amPyw

`q]Sw ]cn-tim-[n®v k¬Ø-\Øv ImesØ \K-c-߃ Is≠-Øp-I.

CJvX k{º-Zmbw ]ncn-s®-Sp-°p∂ \nIp-Xn-bn¬ Xs‚bpw ssk\y-

\nIpXn ]ncn-s®-Sp-°m-\p≈ A[n-Im-c-tØmsS
k¬Ø-\Øv ImeØv {]`q-°≥am-¿°v CJvX-Iƒ
F∂ t]cn¬ `qan hnX-cWw sNbvXn-cp-∂p. CJvX-
I-fpsS Npa-X-e-bp-≠m-bn-cp∂ {]`q apJvXn AYhm
hmeo F∂ t]cn¬ Adn-bs - ∏-´p. CJvXb
- n¬ \n∂p
Øn- s ‚bpw sNe- h p- I ƒ Ign- ® p≈ an®w
kp¬Øms\ G¬∏n-t°-≠n-bn-cp-∂p. CJvX A[n-
Imcw \nIpXn]ncn-hn\p am{X-ap-≈-Xm-bn-cp-∂p.
apJvXn°v ssk\n-Im-[n-Im-c-ßfpw \¬I-s∏-´p.
F∂m¬ CJvX `qan°v ]n≥Xp-S¿®m-h-Im-i-ßtfm
a‰p {]tXyI Ah-Im-i-ßtfm D≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√.

CJvX k{º-Zmbw Kp]vX-Im-esØ `qZm\k{º-ZmbØn¬ \n∂v Fß-s\-sb√mw hyXym-k-s∏-´n-

cn-°p-∂p? Is≠-Øq.

\mSp-hm-gn-Øhpw tZi-cm-jv{S-ßf
- pw 57
¢mkv ˛ IX

Itºmf]cn-jv°-c-Ww ≠Xv Bh-iy-ambn h∂p. `£y-[m-\y-߃, IpXn-

Zn√n k¬Ø-\-Ønse Aem-hp-Zo≥ Jm¬Pn-bpsS
G‰hpw {][m-\-s∏´ `c-W-]-cn-jvIm-c-am-bn-cp∂p
Itºmf]cn- j v I - c Ww AYhm Itºmf\nb-
{¥Ww. Zn√nbn-te-°p≈ awtKm-fn-b≥ B{I-aWw
XS- b m≥ kpk- ÷ hpw i‡- h p- a mb Hcp
ssk\ysØ \ne-\n¿ØpI F∂ e£y-tØm-sS-
bmWv At±lw Itºmf]cn-jvI-cWw G¿s∏-Sp-
Øn-b-Xv. ssk\nIs®ehv h¿[n-∏n-°msXXs∂
hn]p- e - a mb Hcp ssk\ysØ \ne- \ n¿Øp- ∂ -
Xn\p≈ ]≤Xnbmbn-cp∂p Itºmf]cn-jvI-c-Ww.
ssk\n-I-cpsS thX-\-Øn¬ Ipdhphcp-Øp-tºmƒ
Itºm-f-Øn¬ km[-\-ß-fpsS hne \nb-{¥n-t°-
c-Iƒ, I∂p-Im-en-Iƒ, ASn-a-Iƒ, Cd-°p-aXn sNø-
s∏´ hne- I q- S nb XpWn- Ø - c - ß ƒ F∂n- h - b n-
se√mw hne\nb-{¥Ww G¿s∏-Sp-Øn. Kh¨sa-
‚ v \n¿t±in- ° p∂ hne CuSm- ° m≥ am{Xta
hym]m-cn-Isf A\p-h-Zn-®n-cp∂p≈q. AanXhne
CuSm-°p-I-tbm Xq°-Øn¬ Ir{Xnaw ImWn-°p-
Itbm sNbvXm¬ ISpØin£ \¬In-bn-cp-∂p.
Itºm-f-Ønse ssZ\wZn\ Imcy-߃ \nb-{¥n-
°m≥ "jmlv\" F∂ DtZym-K-ÿs\Npa-X-e-s∏-
Sp-Øn. ]qgvØnsh∏v XS-bm≥ F√m hym]m-cn-I-
tfmSpw Ah-cpsS t]cv Kh¨sa‚n¬ cPn-ÿ
sNøm≥ Bh-iy-s∏-´n-cp-∂p.

Iqenbpw thX-\hpw Itºm-fsØ kzm[o-\n-°p-∂X - ns‚ DZm-lc

- W
- a
- m-Wv Jm¬Pn-bpsS Itºmf]cn-
jvI-cWw. km[m-c-W-°m-cpsS PohnX\ne-hm-cw sa®-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ Cu ]cn-jvImcw F{X-tØmfw
klm-bn-®n-cn-°pw? sXfn-hp-I-fpsS ]n≥_-e-tØmsS ka¿Yn-°p-I. CØcw ]cn-jvIm-c-߃
P\-t£-a`-c-W-Øns‚ \S-]-Sn-I-fmbn ImWmtam? N¿® sNøq.

apK-f≥am¿ emtlm¿ XpS-ßnb \K-c-߃ hnI-kn-®p-h-∂Xv

Zn√n k¬Ø-\-Øns‚ `c-Ww Ah-km-\n-∏n-®p-
sIm≠mWv apKƒcm-P-hwiw ÿm]n-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.
Im_q- f n¬ \ns∂- Ø nb _m_¿ ]m\n∏-
Øn¬sh®v C{_mlnw temZnsb ]cm- P - b - s ∏-
SpØn. apKƒkm-{am-PysØ GIo-I-cn®v Imcy-£-a-
amb Hcp `cWk{º-Zmbw \S-∏n-em-°n-bXv AIv_-
dm-Wv. F√m aX-ß-tfmSpw XnI™ kln-jvWp-X-
bmWv AIv_¿ {]I-Sn-∏n-®-Xv.
`c-W-coXn
tI{µo-IrX`c-W-co-Xn-bmbncp∂p apK-f≥am-cp-tSXv.
`c- W - Ø - e - h - ≥ N{I- h ¿Ønbmbn- c p- ∂ p. \oXn-
\ymbhIp-∏n-s‚bpw ssk\y-Øn-s‚bpw ]c-am-[n-
Imcn N{I-h¿ØnXs∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p. cmPysØ
kq_- I - f mbpw kq_- I sf k¿°m- d p- I - f mbpw
k¿°m-dp-Isf ]¿Km-\-I-fmbpw hn`-Pn-®p. B{K,
^tØlv∏p¿˛kn-{In, _\m-d-kv, ]m‰v\, Vm°,
C°m-e-Øm-Wv. Gjy-bn-sebpw bqtdm-∏n-sebpw
cmPy-ßf- p-ambn hn]p-ea
- mb I®-hS_‘-߃ apK-
f-Im-eØv C¥y-°p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Ic-Iu-ietaJ-
ebpw hnImkw {]m]n-®p. Hudw-K-tk-_n-\p-tijw
1857˛ ¬ {_´o-jp-Im¿ Zn√n ]nSn-®-S-°p-∂-Xp-hsc
apK-f∑m¿ Zn√n-bnse \ma-am{X`c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-
fmbn XpS¿∂p.
PmKn¿Zmcn k{º-Zmbw
k¬Ø- \ Øv Ime- L - ´ - Ø n¬ \ne- \ n- ∂ n- c p∂
CJvX k{º-Zm-b-Øns‚ apKƒ cq]m-¥-c-amWv
PmKn¿Zm-cn. \nc-¥-c-ambn bp≤-ß-fn-te¿s∏´ apK-
f∑m¿°v Iog-S-°nb {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ Imcy-£-a-amb
`cWw \S-∏m-°m≥ Ign-™n√. AXn-\m¬ `qan
PmKn¿Zm¿amsc G¬]n-°p-I-bmWv sNbvX-Xv. Cu
{]tZ-i-ß-fnse \nIpXn]ncnhv PmKn¿Zm¿am¿°m-
bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶nepw `qan-bn¬ ]mc-º-cym-h-Imiw
D≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√.

apKƒ PmKn¿Zmcn k{º-Zmbw k¬Ø-\Øv ImesØ CJvX k{º-ZmbØn¬ \n∂v Fß-s\-

sb√mw hyXym-k-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p. N¿® sNøq.

58 kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw˛ I

a≥k_vZmcn k{º-Zmbw
apKƒ km{am- P ysØ hn]p- e o- I - c n- ° p- ∂ - X n\v
AIv_dn\v i‡-amb Hcp tk\ Bh-iy-ambn
h∂p. Cu e£y-tØmsS AIv_¿ sIm≠ph∂
`cWk{º-Zm-b-amWv a≥k-_vZm-cn. CXn¬ AwK-
am- I p∂ Hmtcm hy‡n°pw Hmtcm "a≥k_v '
AYhm ]Zhn \¬In-bn-cp-∂p. ]Z-hn-bpsS ASn-
ÿm\w a≥k-_vZm¿ \ne--\n¿Øp∂ ssk\n-I-
cpsS FÆ-ambncp∂p. Hmtcm a≥k-_n\pw c≠v
D]-hn-`m-K-߃ D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Ch "kmXv' (Zat)
F∂pw "kmh¿' ( Sawar) F∂pw Adn-b-s∏-´p.
"kmXv' Hcp a≥k_vZmdns‚ hy‡n-]-c-amb ]Z-
hn- s bbpw iº- f - s Øbpw kqNn- ∏ n- ° p- ∂ Xpw
"kmhm¿' Abm-fpsS Iogn¬ \ne-\n¿tØ≠ IpXn-
c-∏-S-bm-fn-IfppsS FÆsØ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂-Xp-am-
Wv. a≥k-_vZm¿amcpsS iºfw ]W-amtbm As√-
tI{µoIrX-`c
- W
- sØ i‡-ambn \ne-\n¿Øp-∂X - n\v AIv_¿ \S-∏n-em-°nb a≥k-_vZmcn, skao-
µmcn k{º-Zm-b-߃ ^e-{]-Z-am-bn-cp∂p F∂v \n߃ Icp-Xp-∂pt≠m? F¥p-sIm≠v?
^yqU-en-k-Øns‚ XI¿®bpw tZi-cm-jv{S-
ß-fpsS DZ-bhpw
bqtdm- ∏ n¬ ^yqU¬ ImesØ AS™
kºZvhyh-ÿbv-°p-]-Icw ]pXn-sbmcp kmº-
ØnI{Iaw hf¿∂ph∂p. {]mtZ-inIXe-Øn¬
HXpßn\n∂ hym]mcw hnZqcÿe-ß-fn-te°v
hym]n-°m≥ XpS-ßn. CXv h¿[n® tXmXn-ep≈
Dev]m-Z-\-Øn\pw hn]p-e-amb hym]m-c-Øn\pw CS-
bm-°n. hym]mctI{µ-߃ ]pXnb \K-c-ß-fmbn
cq]m-¥-c-s∏-´p. hym]m-c-Øn-eqsS kº-∂-cm-b-h¿
\n¿_‘ the
bqtdm-∏n¬ ^yqU¬ kaq-l-Ønse ASn-bm-f¿
`q{]-`q-hn-\p-th≠n {]Xn-^e- a
- n-√msX Irjn-bS- °- -
ap≈ F√m tPmen-Ifpw \n¿_-‘-ambn sNtø-
≠n-bn-cp∂p. "tIm¿hn' F∂m-WnXv Adn-b-s∏-´-
Xv. C¥y-bn¬ thX\w \¬ImsX the sNøn®n-
cp∂ k{º-Zm-ba - mWv "hnjvSn'. cmPmhn\pw DtZym-
K-ÿ¿°pw th≠n {Kmao-W-cmWv Cu \n¿_-
‘tPmen sNtø-≠n-bn-cp-∂-Xv. Iqen \¬ImsX
\n¿_-‘ambn tPmen sNøn-°p∂ k{º-Zmbw
Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn¬ \ne-\n-∂n-cp-∂p. "Dugn-bt- he'
F∂ t]cn-emWv CX-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv.
A[ymbw ˛ 5
¶n¬ PmKn¿ Ah-Im-i-amtbm BWv \¬In-bn-cp-
∂-Xv.
-skao-µmcn k{º-Zmbw
apKƒ km{am-Py-Øn¬ \ne-\n-∂n-cp∂ as‰mcp `qhp-
Samk{º-Zm-b-amWv skao-µm-cn. apKƒ ssk\y-
Øm¬ Iog- S - ° - s ∏- S p- I bpw XpS¿∂v apKƒ
ta¬t°mbva AwKo-I-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvX i‡-
cmb {]mtZ-inIcmPm-°≥am¿°mWv skao-µmcn
]Zhn \¬In-bn-cp-∂-Xv. Ch¿ apKƒ N{I-h¿Øn°v
I∏w \¬I-W-am-bn-cp-∂p. skao-µ¿am¿ Ah-cpsS
CjvSØ- n-\\
- p-kc
- n®v \nIpXn ]ncn-s®-Sp-Øp. skao-
µmcn A[n-Imcw ]c-º-cm-K-X-am-bn-cp-s∂-¶nepw
]pXnb Ah-Imin skaoµmcn Gs‰-Sp-°p-∂-Xn\p
apºv N{I-h¿Øn-bn¬ \n∂v AwKo-Imcw hmtß-
≠n-bn-cp-∂p.
^yqU¬ {]`q-°≥am¿°pw ASn-bm-f¿°pw CS-bn-
ep≈ a[y-h¿K-ambn Db¿∂p-h-∂p.
^yqU¬ {]`q-°∑m¿ I¿j-Isc Fß-s\-bmWv
NqjWw sNbvX-sX∂v t\csØ a\- n-em-°n-
bt√m.
CXn-s\-Xnsc bqtdm-∏n¬ ]e `mKØpw Iem-]-
߃ s]m´n∏pd-s∏-´p. AXn-sem-∂mWv jm°v do
Iem]w.
jm°v do Iem]w
a[y-Imebqtdm-∏nse BZysØ {it≤-b-amb
Iem]w {^m≥kn¬ \S∂ " jm°v do'
(Jacequerie) bmWv. I¿j-Ic
- psS Ak-l\
- o-ba
- mb
Zpcn-Xß-fmWv Cu Iem-]-Øn\v Imc-W-am-bXv.'
""ip≤-\mb jm°ns‚ (I¿j-I-s‚) hnim-e-ap-
Xp-In\v F¥pw kln°mw'' F∂m-bn-cp∂p
^yqU¬ {]`q-°≥am-cpsS Iev]\. I¿j-I¿
kmbp-[-cmbn ^yqU¬ {]`p-°≥amsc t\cn-´p.
Knbmw Isø (Guillaume Caillet) F∂p t]cp≈
I¿j-I-\mWv Iem]w \bn-®-Xv.
shSnacp-∂ns‚ hcthmsS bp≤Øns‚ kmt¶-
XnIhnZy-bn¬ am‰-ßf
- p-≠m-bn. shSn-ac
- p∂v D]-tbm-
Kn®v {]h¿Øn-°p∂ tXm°pw ]oc-¶nbpw {]Nm-c-
Øn¬ h∂p. shSn-a-cp∂ns‚ \nb-{¥Ww cmPm-
\mSp-hm-gn-Øhpw tZi-cm-jv{S-ßf
- pw 59
¢mkv ˛ IX

-Ipcn-ip-bp-≤-߃ ߃ tZi-cm-jv{S-߃ F∂mWv Adn-b-s∏-´-Xv.

Xp¿°nIƒ Iog-S-°nb Pdp-ktew Xncn®p ]nSn-
°p--∂-Xn-\mbn ]Xn-s\m∂mw \q‰m-≠n\pw ]Xn-
\memw \q‰m-≠n\pw C-S-bn¬ bqtdm-]y∑m¿ \S-
Ønb bp≤߃. bqtdm- ∏ n¬ C…m- a - n s‚
hym]\w XS- b pI F∂- X m- b n- c p∂p CXns‚
e£yw. bp≤- t \- X rXzw ^yqU¬ {]`p- ° -
∑m¿°m-bn-cp-∂p. \o≠-Im-e-sØ- bp≤w Ah-
cpsS i‡nbpw kºØpw £bn-°m-\n-S-bm-°n.
Ing°pw ]Sn-™mdpw XΩn-ep≈ hmWn-Py-_‘w
]p\x-ÿm-]n-Xa- m-bn.
°∑m-¿°mbn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ ^yqU¬ {]`q-°≥am-
cpsS ssIbn¬ Aºpw hn√pw hmfpw Ip¥hpw
t]mep≈ Bbq- [ - ß - f mWv D≠m- b n- c p- ∂ - X v .
tXm°n\pw ]oc-¶n°pw ap∂n¬ CØcw Bbp-[-
߃°v ]nSn-®p-\n¬°m-\m-bn-√. CtXmsS cmPm-
°∑m-cpsS i‡nbpw A[n-Im-chpw h¿≤n-®p. cmPm-
hn\pw km[m-c-W-°m¿°pw CS-bn-ep≈ {]`p-°-
∑m¿°v A[n-Im-cw \jvS-am-bn. \nIp-Xn-]n-cnhpw
`qan-bpsS DS-a-ÿ-Xbpw cmPm-hns‚ A[o-\-X-bn-
em-bn. cmPmhv ]c-am-[n-Im-cn-bmbn. CØcw cmPy-
ssN\-bnse a©p, {^m≥knse _q¿_¨, Cw•-
≠nse SyqU¿-˛-Ãp-h¿´v F∂o cmP-hw-i-ßfmWv
Cßs\ hf¿∂p h∂ tZi-cm-jv{S-ß-fpsS `cWw
ssIbm-fn-b-Xv.
\nIpXn]ncn-hns\ ASn-ÿm-\a - m°n Imcy-£a - a
- mb
Hcp `c-W-kw-hn-[m\w G¿s∏-Sp-Øm≥ tZi-cm-jv{S-
ß-fnse cmPm-°∑m¿°p Ign-™p. _q¿jzm-kn-
Iƒ F∂-dn-b-s∏´ kº-∂-cmb a[y-h¿Khpw {]`q-
°≥am-cpsS \nb-{¥-W-Øn¬\n∂p kzX-{¥cmb
I¿j-Ic - pw a‰p P\-hn-`m-Kß
- fpw cmPm-hn\v ]n¥pW
\¬In. CXn\v ]I- c - a mbn cmPm- h n¬ \n∂v
Ah¿°v klm-b-߃ e`n-®p. ssk\yw \ho-I-cn-
°m\pw `cWw Imcy-£-a-am-°m\pw hym]m-cnIƒ
]Ww \¬In cmPm-hns\ klm-bn-®p. Ipcn-ip-bp-
≤- ß - f psS ^e- a mbn ss{Ikv X hk`bv ° pw
t]m∏n\pw aß- t e- ‰ Xv cmPm- [ n- I m- c - Ø ns‚
hf¿®sb klm-bn-®p. cmPm-hv F√m A[n-Im-c-
ßfpw {]tbm-Kn®v {Ia-k-am-[m-\hpw \nb-a-]m-e-
\hpw Dd-∏m-°m≥ {ian-®p. CsX√mw B[q-\nI
bpK-Øns‚ Bhn¿`m-h-Øn\v hgn-sbm-cp-°n.

{]h¿Ø-\-߃
Dev]-mZ-\-_-‘-ß-fnse am‰-߃ ^yqU-en-k-Øns‚ XI¿®bv°v Imc-W-amtbm? ]cn-tim-
[n-°p-I.

^yqU-enkw Hcp hntI-{µo-IrX A[n-Imc LS-\-bmtWm? F¥p-sIm≠v?

""k¬Ø-\Øv ˛ apKƒ Ime-L-´-ß-fn¬ ]pXn-sbmcp hn`mKw `qhp-S-a-Iƒ DZbw sNbvXp.'' ˛ Cu
{]kvXm-h-\-bpsS {]k‡n A°m-e-ß-fnse `qhp-Sak{º-Zm-b-߃ ]cn-tim-[n®v N¿® sNøp-I.
C¥y≥ kma-¥-hy-h-ÿ-sb-°p-dn®pw bqtdm-]y≥ ^yqUen-k-sØ-°p-dn®pw \Ωƒ a\-kn-em-°n-
bt√m. Xmsg-]-d-bp∂ kqN-\Iƒ B[m-c-am°n Ah XΩn-ep≈ kmPm-Xy-ssh-Pm-Xy-߃ Is≠-
Øn Ipdn∏p Xøm-dm-°p-I.
$ hyh-ÿ-Iƒ cq]-s∏-Sm-\p≈ kmlNcyw.
$ ASn-bmbva k{º-Zm-bhpw am\-dp-Ifpw
$ aX-ÿm-]-\-߃°v kaq-l-Øn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ \nb-{¥Ww
$ ssk\nIkwL-S\mk{º-Zmbw
$ I®-h-Shpw ssIsØm-gn-ep-am-bp≈ _‘w.
$ `q{]-`q-°≥am-cpsS hf¿®
$ ^yqU¬ Iem-]-߃

60 kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw˛ I
 A[ymbw ˛ 5

Kp]vX-˛-k¬Ø-\-Øv-˛-ap-Kƒ Ime-L-´-ß-fn-eqsS C¥y≥ kma¥hyh-ÿ-°p-≠mb hf¿®- ˛- Hcp

skan-\m¿ {]_‘w Xøm-dm-°p-I.

"\K-c-ß-fpsS hf¿®bv°pw XI¿®bv°pw I®-hSw \nan-Ø-am-hp-∂p.' aucy-Kp]vX `c-W-Im-esØ

\K-c-ß-fpsS Ahÿ hni-I-e-\w-sNbvXv apI-fn¬ sImSpØ {]kvXm-h-\-bpsS km[pX ]cn-tim-
[n-°p-I.

Atim-Is‚ ImeØv Iev]-\-Iƒ imk-\-ß-fn-eqsS P\-ß-fn¬ FØn-°p-Ibpw DtZym-K-ÿ-cn-

eqsS `cWw \S-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXXv \mw I≠p. F∂m¬ kma¥hyh-ÿ-bn¬ Cu coXn°v
F¥p-am-‰-amWv kw`-hn-®-Xv? Irjn°m¿°v Cu am‰w KpW-I-c-am-bn-cpt∂m? \nß-fpsS A`n-{]mbw
hy‡-am-°p-I.

km{am-Py-hn-I-k-\-Øn\v AIv_¿ \S-∏n-em-°nb a≥k-_vZmcn k{º-Zmbw ^e-{]-Z-am-bn-cpt∂m?

F¥p-sIm≠v?

cmP-hw-iß
- ƒ A∂sØ kmaq-ln-Im-hÿ
- b- n¬ ^e-{]-Za
- mbn CSs]-´p-sIm-≠mWv A[n-Im-cØ
- n¬
h∂-Xv. ssN\, {^m≥kv, Cw•≠v F∂n-hn-S-ß-fnse Ncn{Xw hni-I-e\w sNbvXv skan-\m¿ \S-
Øp-I.

C¥y-bnse k¬Ø-\Øv `c-WØ - ns‚ hnhn[ ]cn-jvIm-cß

- ƒ A[n-Imcw \ne-\n¿Øm≥ Fßs\
klm-b-I-ambn? C‚¿s\-‰v, Ncn-{X-{K-Ÿ-߃, Ncn-{X-]-fin-X-cp-am-bp≈ A`n-apJw Ch-bn-eq-sS
Hcp Ncn-{X-t{]m-PIvSv Xøm-dm-°p-I.

\mSp-hm-gn-Øhpw tZi-cm-jv{S-ßf
- pw 61
¢mkv ˛ IX

6 `mj, Ie, Z¿i\w

Bibhn\n-a-b-Øn-\mbn a\p-jy¿ ]e hgn-Ifpw bp-KØ- n-te-sX∂v hy‡-am-Ip-∂h - b - mWv `owt_-TvI-
Is≠-Øn. hkvXp-°-fn-t∑-ep-≠m-°nb AS-bm-f- bn-sebpw ]cn-kcsØbpw Kplm-Nn-{X-߃. inem-
߃, Nn{X-߃, en]n apX-em-bh CXn¬s∏-Sp-∂p. bp- K - Ø n¬\n∂v {ItaW ]cn- j v ° - c n- ° - s ∏´v
\mw t\ctØ a\- n-em-°nb \ho\inem-bp-K- D≠mb sa®-s∏´ ]Wn-bm-bp-[-߃ sXmgn¬taJ-
ImesØ Kplm-Nn-{X-ßf - m-Wn-h. {]mNo-\I
- m-es
- Ø- e- b n¬ A[zm- \ - ` mcw eLq- I - c n- ® p. AXp- a qew
°p-dn-®-dn-bm≥ \ap°v Ah-ew-_n-°m-hp∂ Hcp tPmen sNtø≠ ka-b-Ønepw Ipd-hp-h-∂p. IqSp-
sXfn-hmWv Kplm-Nn-{X-߃. a[y-{]-tZ-inse X¬ hn{i-a-k-abw e`n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Aß-
`owt_TvI F∂ ÿe-Øv ]pcm-h-kvXp-K-th-j-I¿ s\-bm-hWw Ah¿ Kplm`nØn-I-fn¬ Nn{X-߃
Is≠-Ønb Nn{X-ß-fm-WnhnsS \¬In-bn-´p-≈-Xv. hc-bv°m≥ XpS-ßn-b-Xv.
Cu Nn{X-߃ ImWp∂ \ΩpsS a\ n¬ ]e
tNmZy-ßfpw Db-cpw. Ah hc-bv°m≥ CS-bmb
kml-Ncyw F¥mhmw F∂-XmWv AXn¬ Gsd
{][m-\w.
Kplm-Nn-{X-߃ ]d-bp-∂Xv
]pcm-hkvXp Kth-j-I¿ B[p-\nIkt¶-X-ß-fp-]-
tbm-Kn®v Ime-\n¿Wbw sNbvXt- ∏mƒ \ho\inem-

"\ne-\n¬]n-\m-bp≈ ka-cw'˛ `owt_-TvI III C- 18/a

"s]¨a-bn¬'˛ `owt_TvI III C- 6

`owt_-TvI˛ Nph¿ Nn{Xw

62 kmaq-ly-im-kv{Xw˛ I

`owt_TvI-bnse Kplm-Nn-{X-߃ {i≤n®v Ah-bn¬ \n∂v Fs¥√mw hnh-c-߃ a\- n-em-°m≥
Ign-bp∂psh∂v Ipdn-°q.
$ \mbm-´n¬ G¿s∏-´n-cp-∂p.
hmsam-gn-bn¬ hym]n-°p∂ hn⁄m\w
hS-°≥ ]m´p-I-sf-°p-dn®v \n߃ tI´n-´nt√?
BZyImeØv Ah Fß-s\-bmWv {]N-cn-®n-cp-∂Xv
F∂-dn-bmtam? hmsam-gn-bmbn {]N-cn®v Xe-ap-d-I-
fn-eqsS {]N-cn®-h-bm-bn-cp∂p Ah. ]pcm-X-\-Im-
eØpw Xe-ap-d-I-fn-eqsS hmsam-gn-bmbn Bi-b-
߃ {]N-cn-®n-cp-∂p. tKm{X-ß-fmbn Ign-™n-cp∂
Ah¿ ]e {]Ir-Xn-i-‡n-I-sf-°p-dn®pw Nn¥n-®p.
CSn-an-∂¬, ag, Im‰v, kqcy≥ F∂n-h-sb√mw
BZyw hnkvabw P\n-∏n-®n-cn-°W- w. ]ns∂ Ahsb
`b-_-lp-am-\-ß-tfmsS {]Io¿Øn-°p-I-bpw Bcm-
[n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. CXnt\msSm∏w hnhn[ A\p-
jvTm-\-ßfpw Bcw-`n-®p. AtXmsS AXn-\mbn
hmsamgnbnep≈ a{¥-ßfpw D≠m-bn.
Adn-bs - ∏-´h
- b
- n¬ h®v G‰hpw ]g-ba
- {- ¥-߃ thZ-
-ß-fn-em-Wv. thZ-a-{¥-ß-tfm-sSm∏w Xs∂ tZh-X-
Isf {]oXn-s∏-Sp-Øm-\p≈ A\p-jvTm-\-ßfpw
D≠m-bn.
thZ-km-ln-Xy-Øn¬ a{¥ßƒ°p-]p-dta {_m“-W-
߃, Bc-Wy-Iß - ƒ, D]-\n-jØ
- p-Iƒ F∂n-hbpw
Dƒs∏-Sp-∂p. BZyw hmsam-gn-bm-bn-´m-Wnh Bhn¿`-
hn-®-sX-¶nepw Imem-¥-c-Øn¬ Ah Dd-®-cq-]-ambn
amdn.
thZ-߃
thZ-߃ \mseÆ-ap-≠v. EtKz-Zw, kma-th-Zw,
bPq¿th-Zw, AY¿h-th-Zw. 10 afi-e-ß-fn-embn
1017 a{¥-ßfp≈Xv EtKzZw. a{¥-߃ D®cn-
°p∂ kµ¿`- ß - f nse A\p- j v T m- \ - ß - f mWv
bPp¿th- Z - Ø nse D≈- S - ° w. at{¥m- ® m- c - W -
Øns‚ kwKo-Xm-fl-I-amb Bem-]\hi-amWv
kma-thZw. AY¿h-thZw ]n¬°m-e-tØ-Xm-Wv.
AXnse hnj-bw as‰m-∂mWv. a{¥-hmZw, B`n-
Nm-cw, tcmK-Nn-In’ F∂n-ß-s\-bp≈ hnj-b-
ßfpw AY¿h-Øn-ep-≠v.
\ΩpsS CXn-lm-k{KŸßfpw {Koknse CXn-lmk{KŸ-ßfpw GXn-se√mw kmayw ]pe¿Øp-
∂p, Fs¥√mw hnj-b-߃ ]cm-a¿in-°p∂p F∂v Is≠-Øp-I. kvIqƒ sse{_dn, C‚¿s\‰v
Ch-bpsS klmbw tXSmw. Is≠-Ønb Imcy-߃ N¿® sNøq.
A[ymbw ˛ 6
$ $
hmsam-gn-∏m-´n\v as‰m-cp-Zm-l-c-W-amWv ]g-¥-angv
]m´p-Iƒ. Xan-g-IsØ P\-ß-fpsS Pohn-X-amWv
Chbv°p hnjbw.
]Øp- ∏ m- ´ v , F´p- s Øm- s sI, ]Xn- s \¨Iogv
IW°v Cßs\ aq∂v hIp-∏p-I-fm-bmWv ]g-¥-
angv ]m´p-Iƒ {Ia-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≈X- v. AIw, ]pdw
F∂n-ßs\ c≠p- h-Ip-∏p-I-fmbn Ah ]ncn-bpw.
AI-Øn¬ t{]ahpw ]pd-Øn¬ bp≤-hp-amWv
hnj-bs - a∂v s]mXpsh ]d-bmw. Cu ]g¥-an-gn¬
\n∂v kwkvI-cn-®p-≠m-°nb-XmWv a[y-Im-eØv
{]Nmcw t\Snb sN¥-angv.
Irjn, Imen-ta-bv°¬, D∏pIpdp-°¬, ao≥]n-Sp-
Øw, apØp- h m- c ¬, hn`- h - ß - f psS ssIam- ‰ w,
sIm≈, t]mcv F∂n-h-sb°pdn-®p≈ hnh-c-߃
Ch-bn¬ \n∂p In´pw. am{X-a-√, ]m´p-I-fn¬ bh-
\-cpsS I∏-ep-Iƒ hcp-∂Xpw Ipcp-ap-fIv Ib‰n aS-
ßn-t∏m-Ip-∂Xpw a‰pw ]d-bp-∂p-≠v. cmam-bWw,
alm-`m-cXw apX-emb `mc-X-Ønse CXn-lm-k-
ßfpw Cßs\ hmsam-gn-bmbn XpSßn hf¿∂v
]n∂oSv enJn-X-cq-]-Øn¬ Dd-®p-t]m-b-h-bm-Wv.
CXn-lm-k-߃ {Koknepw
]pcm-X\{Koknepw C¥y-bn-te-Xp-t]mse hmsamgn-
bmbn hocKmY-Iƒ {]N-cn-®p-. ]n∂oSv Ah kam-
l-cn-®p-≠mb CXn-lm-k-ß-fmWv tlmadpsS Cen-
b-Uv, HUokn F∂n-h. C¥y-bnepw {Koknepw
D≠mb CXn-lm-k-ß-fnse {]ta-b-߃ bp≤-I-Y-
I-fm-bn-cp-∂p. A∂sØ P\-ß-fpsS PohnX-coXn-
Iƒ, kmaq-ly-_-‘-߃, A[n-Im-c-L-S\ Ch-sb-
°p-dn-s®√mw Adn-hp-\¬Ip-∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p Ah
F∂p ImWm≥ Ign-bpw.
`mj, Ie, Z¿i\w 63
¢mkv ˛ IX
FgpØns‚ Bcw`w
C¥y-bn¬ Fgp-Øns‚ G‰hpw ]g-bkq-N-\-Iƒ
kn‘p\- Z o- X - S - Ø n¬\n∂v lc- ∏ m- k w- k v I m- c -
Ønt‚Xmbn e`n® koep-I-fn-t∑-emWv. kpta-¿,
CuPn]vXv, ssN\ F∂n-hn-S-ß-fn¬ ]pcm-X-\-Im-
e-Øp-Xs∂ en]n-Iƒ - \S-∏n-em-bX
- ns‚ sXfn-hp-Iƒ
e`y-am-Wv. {]mtbm-Kn-I-amb Bh-iy-ß-fmWv Fgp-
Øp-hn-Zy-bpsS Bcw`Øn\v \nan-Øa - m-bXv. kpta¿,
CuPn-]vXv, ssN\ apX-emb \mK-cn-I-X-I-fn¬ \ne-
hn-en-cp∂ Fgp-Øp-hn-Zy-I-sf-∏‰n \mw apºp ]Tn-
®n-´p-≠-t√m.
C¥y-bnse FgpØp coXn-Iƒ
lc∏≥ kwkv I mcIme- L - ´ - Ø nse en]n- I ƒ
koep-I-fnepw ]m{X-߃, CjvSnI apX-em-b-h-bn-
t∑epw ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p. Ah ]q¿W-ambn hmbn-
°m≥ Ign-™n-´n√. Nn{X-en-]n-I-fp-w A£cNn”-
ß-fpw Ie¿∂ Fgp-Øp-co-Xn-bmWv lc-∏≥ ]cn-
lc-∏≥ en]n ˛ Xmc-Xayw
64 kmaq-ly-im-kv{Xw˛ I
jv°r-Xn-bn¬ D≠m-bn-cp-∂-sX∂v Nne ]fin-X-
∑m¿ Icp-Xp-∂p. A°-ß-sf- Ip-dn-°m-\p≈ Nne
Nn”-߃ Xncn-®-dn-™n-´p-≠v. IpØ-s\-bp≈ hc-
I-fpsS cq]-Øn-em-W-h. lc∏≥ en]n-sb-°p-dn®v
as‰-√m-Im-cy-Ønepw ]fin-X-kw-L-߃ XΩn¬
A`n-{]m-b-t`-Z-ß-fp-≠v.
Bi-bh - n-\n-ab
- Ø
- n-\mbn ]pcm-X\ C¥y-bn¬ \ne-
hn- e n- c p∂ `mj "{]mIr- X '- a m- b n- c p- ∂ p. Cu
"{]mIrXw' {]tZ-i-߃tXmdpw sht∆-sd-bm-bn-cp-
∂p. Cu `mj Fgp-Xm≥ D]-tbm-Kn-®Xv {_m“n-en-
]n-bm-Wv. Atim-I-N-{I-h¿Øn-bpsS enJn-X-ß-fn-
emWv {_m“n-bpsS G‰hpw ]g-bc - q]w ImWp-∂Xv.
GXm≠v CtX-Im-eØp Xs∂ sXs° C¥y-bn¬
Xan-g-IØv Xangv Fgp-Xm≥ {_m“nbpsS Hcp
`n∂cq]w D≠m- b n- c p∂p. {_m“n en]n
]cnWan®p≠m-b-XmWv C¥y-bnse an° en]n-
Ifpw. CtXm-sSm∏w C¥y-bpsS hS-°p-]S- n-™m-d≥
{]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ JtcmjvTn F∂ en]n \S-∏n-ep-≠m-
bn-cp-∂p. he-Øp-\n-∂v CStØm-´mWv Cu en]n-
bpsS hmb-\.
hyXykvX `mj-Iƒ
sak- s ∏mt´- a n- b , CuPn]v X v F∂n- h n- S - ß - f n¬
hyXykvX`mj-Iƒ D¤-hn®v hnImkw {]m]n-®p.
lo{_p X\n-a-bm¿∂ as‰mcp `mj-bmbn hf¿∂p.
Ac-am-bnIv, Aev]w hyXym-ka - p≈ kndn-b≥ F∂n-
hbpw hf¿∂p hnI-kn-®p.
{]mIrXw
ssP\-a-X-Øn-s‚bpw _p≤-a-X-Øn-s‚bpw BZy-
Imekmln-Xy-Øn-emWv {]mIrXw IqSp-X-embpw
ImWp-∂-Xv. CXp s]mXpth ]d-™m¬, \S-∏p-`m-
j-tbmSv hfsc ASp-Ø-Xm-Wv. CXn-\p-]p-dta,
]n¬°m-eØv kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-I-fn¬ \S-∏mb Hcp
{]mIrXw thsd-bp-≠v. AXn\v kwkm-c-`m-j-bp-
ambn henb _‘-an-√. aX-{K-Ÿ-߃°v ]pdta
lme≥ F∂ Ihn-bpsS Kmlm-k-Ø-kbo (KmYm-
k-]vX-i-Xo) t]mse-bp≈ Imhy-ßfpw {]mIr-X-
`m-jb
- n-ep-≠v. ]e kwkvIrX\mS-Iß
- f
- nepw kv{Xo
IYm-]m-{X-ßfpw \oNIYm-]m-{X-ßfpw kwkm-cn-
°p∂Xv Cu {]mIr-X-am-Wv.
 A[ymbw ˛ 6

{_m“n en]n˛ Atim-Is‚ kvXw`-im-k\w

JtcmjvTn en]n ˛ X£-in-e-bnse sh≈n ^e-I-Øn¬ sImØn-b-Xv

Atim-Is‚ inem-im-k\w ˛ 2 ˛ Kn¿\m¿

kwkvIrXw ae-bmf`mj-bpsS D¤-hhpw hf¿®bpw

{KŸcN-\-bv°p≈ `mj-bm-bn-´mWv kwkvIr-X-
Øns‚ {]Nm-cw. sshZnIImew apX¬t° \ne-
hn-ep-≈X
- m-Wn-Xv. AXn¬ {]tbm-KØ- m¬ Nne am‰-
߃ h∂v euInIkwkv I r- X - a mbnØo¿∂Xv
]n¬°me-Øm-Wv. {Ko°v, eØo≥, t]¿jy≥ apX-
emb Nne ]m›m-Xy-`m-j-Iƒ°p kwkvIr-X-tØm-
Sp≈ _‘w {]I-S-am-Wv. {In.ap. A©mw \q‰m-≠p-
Im-c\
- mb ]mWn-\n-bmWv kwkvIr-XØ - n∂p hnkvX-
cn® hymI-cWw \n¿Ωn-®-Xv. Z£n-tW-jy-bn-epw
Z£n-W] - q¿th-jy-bn-epw \S-∏mb alm-kw-kvIr-Xn-
bpsS am[y-aa- mbn Cu `mj h¿Øn-®p. C¥y-bnse
{]mtZ-inI`mj-I-fpsS hf¿®bv°pw kwkvIrXw
hfsctbsd XpW-bm-bn.
`mj-Iƒ kwkvIm-csØ kzm[o-\n-°p-∂-sX-ß-s\-sb∂v ae-bmf`mjsb ap≥ \n¿Øn hne-bn-
cp-ØpI.
{]mtZ-inI`mj-Iƒ hf¿∂p-h-∂p-sh∂v t\ctØ
{]kvXm-hn-®s
- √m. AXn¬ H∂mb ae-bm-f`- mj DZm-
l-c-W-ambn FSp-°mw.
tIc-f°- c - b
- n¬ AX-Xn-Sß- f- n¬ \S-∏n-en-cp∂ samgn-
I-fmWv Ime-Øm¬ amdn \m´p-`m-j-I-fmbnØo¿∂-
Xv. Bdp-\m-´n¬ \qdp-`mj F∂mWv ]g-sam-gn. \mSp-
tXmdpw A¬∏m¬]w am‰-ß-fp≈ B `mj-I-fmWv
\ne-hm-cs- ∏´ ae-bm-f`
- m-jb- psS BZy-cq-]w. ]n∂oSv
]Zy-Ønepw KZy-Øn-ep-ambn [mcmfw IrXn-Iƒ
{]N-cn-®-t∏mƒ B IrXn-Iƒ hgn-bmWv `mjbv°v
\ne-hm-c-s∏´ Hcp s]mXp-cq]w ssIh-∂-Xv. ae-bm-
f-sam-gn-bpsS {]tXy-I-amb Nne e£-W-߃
{InkvXp HºXmw iXIw apX-ep≈ enJn-X-ß-fn¬
ImWmw.

`mj, Ie, Z¿i\w 65

¢mkv ˛ IX

hn⁄m-\-im-J-I-fpsS Bhn¿`mhw Øn- s e- Ø n- b - t ∏m- t g°pw Adnhpw Nn¥bpw

Ccpºv I≠p-]n-Sn-®-tXmsS Pohn-Xw IqSp-X¬ Ne-
\m-fl-I-am-Ip-∂-Xmbn ap≥ A[ym-b-Øn¬ I≠-
s√m. Irjnbpw Imen-h-f¿Øepw sXmgn-em-b-h¿
tcmK-im-¥n°pw sFiz-cy-Øn-\pw-th≠n Nne NS-
ßp- I ƒ A\p- j v T n- ° phm≥ XpS- ß n. Aßs\
b⁄-߃, a‰v BNm-cm-\p-jvTm-\ß - ƒ F∂nh DS-
se-Sp-Øp. Irjn, imkv{Xw, teml-hn-Zy, sshZyw,
tPymXn-»m-kv{Xw, KWnXw F∂nh hnI-kn-®p-h∂ - p.
Irjn-°m-hi - y-amb Imem-hÿ - m-\n-co-£W
- w, kqcy-
N-{µ-∑m-cpsS Ne-\sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ Adnhv F∂nh
tPymXn-»m-kv{XhnI-k-\-Øn\v hgn-sh-®p. {]mNo-
\-Imew apX¬t° IS¬bm-{X-bpsS ]mc-ºc - y-ap≈
C¥y-°m¿ I∏¬ \n¿Ωm-W-Øn\v kz¥-amb hnZy-
Iƒ {]tbm-Kn-®p. ]e t£{X-ßfpw hmkvXp-hn-Zym-
ta∑-bpsS \nXy kvamc-Iß - f - mbn C∂pw C¥y-bn¬
\ne-sIm-≈p-∂p.
hn⁄m\taJ-e-I-fn¬ hºn® hnIm-k-ap-≠m-bXv
C¥y-bn¬ am{X-a√. ssN\, {Kokv, tdmw, Atd_y
F∂n-hn-Sß - f - nepw a\p-jy¿ AXn-Po-h\ - Ø
- n\pw D]-
Po- h - \ - Ø n- \ p- a mbn hnhn[ imkv { X- i m- J - I ƒ
hf¿Øn-s°m-≠p-h∂ - p. CuPn-]vXnse ]nc-an-Up-Iƒ
hmkv X p- h nZybnse A¤p- X - a mbn C∂pw \ne-
\n¬°p-∂p-≠v. ]nc-anUpI-tfm-sSm∏w ImWp∂
kv^n≥Ivkns‚ cq]w A∂sØ inev]-I-em-ta-
∑°v anI® DZm-l-c-W-am-Wv.
h¿≤n®p. cm{Xn, ]I¬, Im‰v, ag, shbn¬, DZ-bw,
AkvX-a-bw, CSn-sh-´v, an∂¬ F∂n-ßs\ {]Ir-
Xn-bn¬ ImWp∂ ImgvN-Iƒ a\p-jy≥ A¤p-X-
tØmSpw `bm-i-¶-I-tfmSpw IqSn I≠p \n∂n-cn-°-
Ww. Np‰p-ap≈ {]]-©-sØ-°p-dn®pw {]]-©hpw
Xm\pw XΩn-ep≈ _‘-sØ-∏-‰nbpw ]Xp-s°-∏-
Xps° Nn¥n-°m≥ XpS-ßn-bX - mWv HSp-hn¬ XØz-
Nn-¥-bmbn hf¿∂-Xv. Pohs‚ Dev]-Øn-sb-°p-
dn®pw Pohn-X-Øns‚ A¿Y-sØ-°p-dn®pw Nn¥n-
°m≥ XpS- ß n. {]Ir- X nsb \nco- £ n- ® p.
Xm\pƒs∏´ a\p-jy-cpsS Iq´m-bvabpw \nco-£-W-
hn-t[-ba
- mbn. C¥y-bn¬ thZ-߃, {_m“-Wß - ƒ,
Bc-Wy-I-߃, D]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ, ]pcm-W-߃
F∂n-h-bn¬ Nn¥-bpsS hyXykvX {]tbm-K-߃
ImWmw.
Irjn-bp-sSbpw hmWn-Py-Øn‚bpw hnImkw kaq-
l-Øn¬ am‰-߃ D≠m-°n-bXv \mw I≠p. Krl-
]-Xn-Ifpw t{ijvSn-If
- p-aS- ß
- p∂ kaq-lØ- nse D∂-
X¿°v b⁄m-[n-jvTn-Xa - mb sshZn-Im-\p-jvTm-߃
\nc¿∞-I-am-bn. IqSmsX Irjn°v Bh-iy-amb
I∂p-Im-en-Isf \jvS-s∏-Sp-∂Xv {Kma-Po-hn-XsØ
_p≤n-ap-´n-em-°n. B kml-N-cy-Øn-emWv {io_p-
≤-s‚bpw h¿≤-am\ alm-ho-c-s‚bpw Z¿i-\-߃
]nd-∂p-h-f¿∂v kzm[o\w t\Snb-Xv.
ssP\-a-Xhpw _p≤-a-Xhpw
{InkvXp-hn\p apºv Bdmw \q‰m-≠n-emWvv Cu c≠p
aX- ß fpw {]Nmcw t\Sp- ∂ - X v . Cu c≠p aX-
߃°pw XΩn¬ ]e Imcy-Ønepw kmay-ap-≠v.

kv^n≥Ivkv

Z¿i-\-ß-fpsS Bhn¿`mhw
th´-bm-Snbpw ]md-s∏m-Øp-I-fn¬ ]m¿Øpw Pohn®
a\p-jy¿ Irjn sNbvXv [m\yw hnf-bn-°p∂ L-´-
h¿≤-am-\-a-lm-ho-c≥

66 kmaq-ly-im-kv{Xw˛ I

c≠pw lnwksb Dt]-£n-°m≥ D]-tZ-in-°p∂p;
sshZn-Im-Nm-c-ß-sfbpw A\p-jvTm-\-ß-sfbpw
FXn¿°p∂p. kwL-Po-hn-Xhpw hnlmc-hm-khpw
kzoI-cn-°p-∂p. ssP\-aX - Ø
- nse ]c-aK- pcp Xo¿∞-
¶-c\- m-Wv. Ccp-]Ø
- n-\mep Xo¿∞-¶c
- ∑
- m-cp-≠v. Ah-
cn¬ HSp-hn-esØ Xo¿∞-¶-c-\mb h¿≤-am-\-a-lm-
ho-c\pw {io_p-≤\pw Htc ImeØp Pohn-®h - c
- mWv.
t\∏mƒ Xmgvhc-bnse I]n-e-hkvXp-hmWv {io_p-
≤-s‚ P∑-tZ-iw. A—≥ ipt≤m-Z-\≥, AΩ ambm-
tZ- h n. _p≤- K bbnse t_m[nhr£- ® p- h - ´ n¬
X] p sNbvXp. temI-Zpx-J-߃°p-≈ adp-a-cp∂v
tXSn-bm-bn-cp∂p X]- v. X]- ns‚ HSp-hn¬ At±-
l-Øn\v ⁄mt\m-Zbw D≠m-bn. B{K-l-߃
AI-‰p-I-bm-Wv ZpxJsØ \ntcm-[n-°m-\p-≈ am¿K-
sa∂v {io_p-≤≥ P\-ßsf D]-tZ-in-®p.
{io_p-≤≥
Xmthm-bn-khpw I¨^yq-jy-\n-khpw
C¥y-bn¬ _p≤-˛-ssP\ Z¿i-\-ß-ƒ {]N-cn-∏n®
AtX- I m- e - L - ´ - Ø n¬ ssN\- b n¬ Bhn¿`-
hn®XmWv Xmthm-bn-kw, I¨^yq-jy-\nkw F∂n-
h. _n.kn. 604 ¬ P\n® ethm-kp-hmWv Xmthm-
aXÿm]-I≥. "Xmthm' F∂m¬ am¿Kw. emfn-Xy-
Øn\pw ⁄mt\m-Z-b-Øn\pw {]m[m\yw \¬Ip-
∂-XmWv Xmthm-aXw. I¨^yq-jy-\n-k-Øns‚
ÿm]-I-\mb I¨^yq-jykv _n.kn. 551 ¬ P\n-
®p. ]c-kv]c_‘-߃°v {]m[m\yw \¬Ip-
∂Xpw Xn∑-Iƒ°v ]cn-lm-ca - mbn a\p-jy-\nse \∑
D]-tZ-in-°p-∂-Xp-amb Cu Z¿i\w ssN\-bn¬
hym]-I-am-bn.
A[ymbw ˛ 6
kd-Øq-kv{X-aXw (Zorastranism)
t]¿jy-bn¬ P\n® kd-Øpkv{X apt∂m-´p-sh-®-
XmWv Cu Z¿i-\w. `qan-bpsS A©p LS-I-ß-fn-
sem-∂mb A·n- Pz-en-°p-tºmƒ F√mw ip≤o-I-
cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. arX-tZ-lw Zln-∏n-°p-∂Xv A·nsb
Aip-≤-am-°p-sa-∂-Xn-\m¬ Ah¿ AXv sNøm-dn√.
adn®v ihw ]£n- I ƒ°pw a‰pw Xo‰- b m- h m≥
hnSp∂p. kuc-^-e-Ihpw Zo]hpw skmdm-kv{Sn-b-
cpsS Z¿i-\-Øns‚ {]Xo-I-ß-fmb hnip≤Nn”-
ß-fm-Wv.
PqX, ss{IkvX-h, C…mw Z¿i-\-߃
PqX-aX - h
- pw, ss{IkvXhaX-hpw, C…mw aXhpw hf-
sc-tbsd {]Nmcw t\Snbh-bm-Wv. PqX-a-X-Øns‚
{][m\{KŸw lo{_p `mj-bn-ep≈ tXmd-bm-Wv.
"]Øp-I-ev]-\-Iƒ' Ah-cpsS hnizm-k-{]-am-W-ß-
fp-w. X߃ A{_-lm-an-s‚- ]n∑pd°m-sc∂v Ah¿
hniz-kn-°p-∂p.
kaq-l-Ønse A\m-Nm-cßtfmSpw A‘-hn-izm-k-
ß-tfmSpw hntbm-Pn®v tbip-{InkvXp \SØnb CS-
s]-S-en-eqsS ss{IkvX-h-Z¿i\w Bcw-`n-°p-∂p.
Kncn-{]-`m-jWw Cu Z¿i-\-Øns‚ kmc-kw-{K-l-
am-Wv. Xs∂-t∏mse Xs‚ Ab¬°m-c-t\bpw
kv t \ln- ° p- I , kº- Ø ns\ emfn- ° p- ∂ - h ¿°v
kz¿K-cmPyw e`n-°n√ apX-emb kZvKp-W-ß-fmWv
ss{Ikv X h Z¿i\w apt∂m- ´ p- s h- ° p- ∂ - X v .
ss__nƒ BWv {][m\ {KŸw.
apl-Ω-Zv\_n F.Un. 571 ¬ sa°-bn¬ P\n®p.
lodm-Kp-l-bn¬ [ym\\nc-X-\m-bn-cnt° At±-l-
Øn\v \m¬∏Xmw hb- n¬ Znhy shfn-]m-Sp-≠m-
b-Xmbn hniz-kn-°s∏Sp-∂p. XpS¿∂v At±lw
{]hm-N-I-\mbn Adn-b-s∏-´p. Ad_nkaq-l-Øn¬
\ne- \ n∂ A\m- N m- c - ß - s f- s b√mw A]- e - ] n®
At±lw GIssZhhnizm-k-Øn-te°v F√m-h-
scbpw £Wn-®p. C…mw Z¿i-\-Øns‚ ka{Kcq]-
amWv Jp¿-˛-B≥. Bflm-hns‚ A\-iz-c-X-bnepw
Ah-km\hn[n-bnepw C…mw hniz-kn-°p-∂p. F√m
CS-]m-Sp-I-fnepw kXy-k-‘X ]pe¿Ø-W-sa∂pw
C…mw A\p-im-kn-°p∂p.
`mj, Ie, Z¿i\w 67
¢mkv ˛ IX

hyXykvX Z¿i-\-߃ ]Tn-°p-∂-Xn-eqsS a\p-jy¿°n-S-bn¬ kmtlm-Z-cyhpw kvt\lhpw

h¿[n°pw'. Cu {]kvXm-h-\-bpsS kmwKXyw ]cn-tim-[n®v hni-Z-amb Hcp Ipdn∏v Xøm-dm-°pI.
$ ae-bmf A°-ßfpw AfhpXq°-ßfpw C∂v {]Nm-c-Øn-en-s√∂v Adn-bm-a-t√m. C∂v \ne-hn-
ep≈ Afhp coXn-bn-tebv°v amdn-bX
- ns‚ Ncn{Xw At\z-jn-®d- n-bq. ({]mtZ-in-IN
- c
- n-{X-Imc∑mcn¬
\n∂pw sse{_-dn, C‚¿s\-‰v F∂n-h-bn¬ \n∂pw klmbw tXSmw).
$ _n.kn. Bdmw \q‰m-≠n¬ C¥y-bnepw ssN\-bnepw D¤-hn®v {]Nmcw t\Snb aX-ßsf krjvSn®
kmaqlykml-N-cy-߃ Is≠-Øp-I. ap≥ A[ym-b-ß-fn¬ ]Tn® hnh-c-ßfpw {]tbm-P-\-s∏-SpØq.-

{]h¿Ø-\-߃
`mj-bpsS hf¿® kaq-lØ
- ns‚ Iq´m-bvabv°pw ]ptcm-KX
- nbv°pw \n¿Wm-bI
- a
- mb kzm[o\w
sNepØn ˛ Cu {]kvXm-h\ sXfn-hp-I-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ ka¿∞n-°p-I.

a\p-jy≥ Xs‚ kmaq-ly-Po-hn-XsØ \n¿h-Nn-°m-\pw, {]IrXn ka-ky-Iƒ°v DØcw tXSm-\p-

ap≈ {ia-Øn¬\n∂v DZbw sIm≠-XmWv Z¿i-\-߃.

"Z¿i-\-ßfpw Ah-bpsS kzm[o-\hpw' F∂ hnj-b-Øn¬ Hcp skan-\m¿ {]_‘w Xøm-dm-°p-I.

a\p-jys‚ `mh-\-bp-sSbpw k¿Km-fl-I-X-bp-sSbpw sXfn-hp-I-fmWv Ncn-{X-kvam-c-I-߃ ˛ C≥Uy-

bnse inev]-Nn-{X-I-em-]-cm-º-cysØ hy‡-am-°p∂ Hcp kNnX hnh-cWw Xøm-dm-°p-I. (Ncn-{X-
kvam-c-I-߃, t£{X-߃ XpS-ßn-b-h-bpsS t^mt´m-bpw, Ah-kw-_-‘n-®p≈ hnh-c-W-ßfpw
tN¿Øv Xøm-dm-°n-bm¬ aXn).

68 kmaq-ly-im-kv{Xw˛ I
 7 tIc-f∏- g- a
sXfn-hp-Iƒ tXSn...
tIc-f-Øn¬ P\-hmkw Bcw-`n-®Xv GXp Ime-
Øm-bn-cn°mw? BZy-ImeP\-hmktI{µ-߃ cq]-
s∏-´Xv Fhn-sS-sb-√m-am-bn-cn°pw?
em-bpKw, a[y-in-em-bpKw F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. IqSp-
X¬ ]cn-jv°-cn® I√m-bp-[-߃ {]tbm-Kn®v a\p-
jy- P o- h n- X - Ø n¬ hºn® am‰- ß - f p- ≠ m- ° nb
ImesØ \ho-\-in-em-bpKw F∂p ]d-bp-∂p.

CXn-s\-°p-dn-s®ms° Adn-bm-s\¥p-hgn?
B¿°pw tXm∂m-hp∂ Nne IuXp-II - c
- a
- mb kwi-
b-ß-fm-Wt√m CØcw tNmZy-ß-fnte°v \bn-°p-
∂-Xv.
C∂p \mw Pohn- ° p- ∂ Xv imkv { X--k m- t ¶- X n- I -
hnZybpsS temI-Øm-Wv. ]pcm-X\tIc-f-kw-kvIm-
c-sØ°pdn-®d- n-bm≥ Ncn-{Xm-hi
- n-jvSß
- ƒ C√msX
H∂pw \S-°n-√.
AXn\v Ncn-{Xm-h-in-jvS-߃ Fhn-sS-bp≠v?
F¥p Ncn-{Xm-h-in-jvS-ß-fmWv e`n-°pI?
]g-bI- m-eØv a\p-jy≥ D]-tbm-Kn® D]-Ic - W
- ß- ƒ
]pcm-h-kvXp-K-th-j-I¿ ]T-\-hn-j-b-am-°n-bn-´p-≠v.
I√nepw sNtºm-e-I-fn-ep-ambn Fgp-Xn-h-®n-´p≈ ssII-fp-b¿Øn-\n¬°p∂ a\p-jy-cq]w˛
AkwJyw enJnX{]am-W-ß-fp-≠v. kmln-Xy-Ir- FS-bv°¬ Kplbnse Hcp Nn{Xw

Xn-Ifpw a‰p-tc-J-I-fp-ap-≠v. Ch-sbms° imkv{Xo- {]Ir-Xn-Z-Ø-amb KplbpsS -`n-Øn-I-fn¬ \q‰m-≠p-

b-ambn hni-I-e\w sNbvXmWv Ncn-{X-Im-c≥ `qX-
Im-esØ°pdn®p ]Tn-°p-∂-Xv.
Hcp \o≠ Ime-L-´-Ønse P\-Po-hn-X-sØ-°p-dn-
®p≈ Adn-hp-tX-Sp-tºmƒ inem-bp-K-sØ-°p-dn-
®p≈ [mcW IqSntb Xocq. I√p-Iƒ Bbp-[-ambn
D]-tbm-Kn® ]pcm-X\a\p-jys‚ Pohn-X-Im-esØ
inem-bpKw F∂m-Wt√m ]d-bp-I. ]cp-°≥ inem-
bp- [ ßfpw an\p- k - s ∏- S p- Ø nb sNdpinem- b p--
[ßfpw {]tbm-Kn® Imew bYm-{Iaw ]q¿h-in-
Iƒ ]g-°-ap≈ Nn{X-߃ ]pcmhkvXpKth-j-I¿
Is≠- Ø n- b n- ´ p- ≠ v . tIc- f - Ø n¬ FS- b v ° ¬,
sXmhcn, ad-bq¿ XpS-ßnb ÿe-ß-fnse Kplm-
Nn-{X-߃ {]mNo\Ime-L-´-Øn-ep-≈-h-bm-sW-
∂mWv s]mXp-th-bp≈ \nK-a\ - w. kq£vai
- n-eI- fpw
I∑-gphpw t]mep≈ D]-I-c-W-߃sIm≠v ]md-
®p-a-cp-I-fn¬ Dc®p hc® Nn{X-߃, A°m-e-L-´-
Ønse a\p-jy-cpsS Pohn-X-Øn-te°v shfn®w
hoip-∂-h-bm-Wv.
¢mkv ˛ IX
sXmhcn-a-e-bnse Hcp Kplm-Nn{Xw
a\p-jy-cp-sSbpw arK-ß-fp-sSbpw cq]-߃ Bc-°m-
ep≈ N{Iw, N{Iw LSn-∏n-®- h-≠n, th´arK-߃,
Pyman-Xobcq]-߃ XpS-ßn-b-h-bmWv AXn¬
Nn{Xo-I-cn-®n-´p-≈-Xv.
F¥mWv Ch-sbms° A¿Y-am-°p-∂Xv?
kpZo¿L-amb Hcp Ime-b-f-hnse \ΩpsS ap≥Km-
an-I-fpsS kmwkvIm-cnIapt∂-‰sØØs∂.
tKm{X-Po-hn-Xs
- Ø-°p-dn®pw Irjn-bpsS Bcw-`s
- Ø-
°p-dn®pw Kplm-Nn-{X-߃ \tΩmSv kwkm-cn-°p∂p.
Fß-s\-sbm-s°-bm-bn-cn°pw \ΩpsS ]q¿hn-I¿
PohnXw \bn-®n-cp-∂Xv?
Ah-cn¬\n∂v \ap°v ssIam-dn-°n-´nb kmwkvIm-
cnImh-in-jvS-߃ Fs¥ms°?
a\p-jy-cp-sSbpw arK-ß-fp-sSbpw cq]-߃, Bc-°m-ep≈ N{Iw, N{Iw LSn-∏n® h≠n, th´-ar-
K-߃, Pyman-Xob cq]-߃˛{]mNo-\-in-em-bp-K-ß-fnse Nne Kplm-Nn-{X-ß-fnse D≈-S-°-ß-
fm-Wv Ch. A°m-esØ P\-Po-hn-X-sØ-°p-dn®v Cu sXfn-hp-I-fn¬\n∂v Fs¥√mw A\p-am-\n-
°mw. N¿® sNøq.
70 kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw˛ I
Cu hn[-Øn-ep≈ Ht´sd tNmZy-߃°v DØcw
tXSp-tºmƒ kq£va-amb At\z-j-Whpw \nco-£-
Whpw Xmc-X-ayhpw Bh-iy-am-Wv. F¶nte icn-
bmb \nK-a-\-ß-fn¬ FØn-t®-cm≥ Ign-bq.
inem-bp-[-ßfpw Kplm-Nn-{X-ß-fn¬ ]eXpw inem-
bp-K-hm-k-ÿ-esØ AS-bm-f-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-h-bm-Wv.
ae-ºp-g, hmf-bm¿, sX∑-e, \n¿a-e-Kncn, s\øm¿
XpS-ßnb {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw e`n® inem-bp-
Km-h-in-jvS-߃ B Ime-L-´-Ønse a\p-jy-Po-
hn-XsØ ASp-Ø-dn-bm≥ klm-bn-°p-∂p.
th´-bm-Sp-Ibpw `£WtiJ-cWw \S-Øp-Ibpw
sNbvXn-cp∂ a\p-jy≥ ]cn-jv°-cn® kq£va-in-
em-bp-[-߃ {]tbm-Kn-°m≥ XpS-ßn. ae-s©-cp-
hp-I-fnse Ip‰n-°m-Sp-Iƒ sh´n-°-cn®p Irjn-sN-
øm≥ ]pXnb D]- I - c - W - ß ƒ klm- b I- a m- b n.
CtXm-sSm∏w Imen- h-f¿Øepw Bcw-`n-®p. `£y-
hn- ` - h - ß - f psS e`yX Dd- ∏ m- ° m≥ Ah¿°p
Ign™p. Bfp-Iƒ°v Iq´wtN¿∂v Hcn-SØv Xma-
k-am-°m≥ A\p-Iq-e-amb kml-N-cy-߃ h∂p-
tN¿∂p. CXv Hmtcm-cn-S-sØbpw a\p-jy-kw-kvIm-
c-Øns‚ hf¿®bv°v thK-X-tb-‰n.
Cc-tXSn \S∂ Ah-ÿ-bn¬\n∂v `t£ymev]m-
Z\Øns‚ Ah- ÿ - b n- t e- ° p≈ Cu am‰w
\ho\inem- b pK]cn- j v I r- X n- b psS {]tXy- I - X -
bmWv.
]d-ºn-°p-fw, hb-\mSv, s]cn-bm¿\Zo-XSw XpSßn
F{Xtbm ÿe- ß - f n¬ \ho\inem- b pKPohn-
XsØ°pdn®v Adn-hp-Xc - p∂ D]-Ic
- W
- ß
- ƒ Is≠-
Øn- b n- ´ p- ≠ v . ]e- X cw ssIsØm- g n- e p- I ƒ°pw
XpS°w Ipdn-®Xv Cu Ime-b-f-hn-emWv. hyXykvX
P\- h mktI{µ- ß ƒ XΩn¬ \S∂ hn\n- a b
_‘hpw sXmgn¬hn`-P-\hpw Cu L´-Øns‚
as‰mcp {]tXy-I-X-bmbn ImWmw.
 A[ymbw ˛ 7

alm-in-em-kvam-c-I-߃ iqew ˛
hnf°v ˛
ap≈ºv ˛
BWn-Iƒ ˛
Dfn-Iƒ ˛
IØn ˛
Nq≠-s°m-fpØv ˛
ap°m-en-bn-cp∏v ˛

`mc-X
alm-inemkvamc-Iß
- f- n¬ \n∂p Is≠-Øn-b -∏pg
Ccp-ºp-]I
- c - W
- ß
- ƒ a®mSv
t]m¿°fw
ih-Ip-So-c-ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏´ henb I√p-Ifpw
inem- \ n¿ΩnXKpl- I fpw Kpl- I ƒ°p- ≈ nse Ipdp-a-t»cn
hnhn[ hkvXp-°fpw Hs°-bmWv C\n \ΩpsS ]g-b∂ - q¿ s]cn-b
m¿
apºn¬ Ncn- { X- Ø n- t e- b v ° p≈ hgn- I m- ´ n- b mbn
\n¬°p-∂Xv.
Chbv°v Ncn-{X-Im-c-∑m¿ ]d-bp∂ t]cv "alm-
inemkvamc-I-߃' F∂mWv.
Fs¥√mw hkvXp-°-fmWv Nn{X-Øn-ep-≈-sX∂p alm- i n- e m- b pKmh- i n- j v S -
߃ Is≠-Ønb ÿe- aßmSv
t\m°p.
߃
an°-hbpw temlw sIm≠p≈ D]-I-c-W-߃. alm- i n- e m- b pKmh- i n- j v S -
߃ G‰hpw IqSp- X ¬
Cu D]-I-c-W-߃ \¬Ip-∂ kqN-\-sb¥v? Is≠-Ønb ÿe-߃
Fs¥√mw Bh- i y- ß ƒ°m- b n- c n°pw tIc- f -
Ønse {]mNo\a\p-jy¿ Ch D]-tbm-Kn-®n-´p-≠m- Cu D]-I-c-W-߃ FhnsS\n∂p In´n-sb-∂-dn-
hpI? tbt≠?

hmƒ ˛ t\csØ kqNn-∏n® "alm-in-em-kvam-c-I-ß-fn¬'

\n∂pXs∂. tIc-f-Øn-e-tßm-f-an-tßmfw hy]n-®p-
Ip¥w ˛

tIc-f∏
- g
- a 71
¢mkv ˛ IX

In-S-°p∂ Cu alm-in-em-kvam-c-I-߃ F¥m-

sW∂p t\m°mw.
{]tXyIw Xøm-dm-°nb I√-d-I-fmWv alm-in-em-
kvam-c-I-߃. I√-d-Iƒ°p-aosX hnhn[ Xc-Øn-
ep≈ `oam-Im-c-ß-fmb h´-°-√p-Itfm \of≥I-√p-
Itfm \m´n-b-Xmbn ImWmw. ih-kw-kvIm-c-co-Xn-
bnse sshhn-[y-amWv CXp hy‡-am-°p-∂-Xv.

I√-dI
- ƒ \∂-ßm-Sn-

IpS-°√
- p-Iƒ

IpØs\ \n¿Ønb aqt∂m \mtem I√p-I-fn¬ sN¶-√-d-sb∂pw Chsb hnfn-°m-dp-≠v. GXm≠v

IpS-t]m-setbm sXm∏n-t]m-setbm D≈, Iptd-
sbms° sNØn an\p-°nb, sXm∏n-°-√p-Ifpw IpS-
°-√p-I-fp-amWv Nne-Xv. aÆn-\-Sn-bn¬ ÿm]n®
henb a¨`-c-Wn-I-fmWv thsd Nne-Xv. arXm-h-in-
jvS-߃ AS°w sNbvX Cu `c-Wn-Iƒ \∂-
ßm-Sn-Iƒ F∂ t]cn¬ Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.
C\n-bp-≈Xv Ht∂m AXn-e-[n-Itam AdI-tfm-Sp-
Iq-Snb inem-\n¿ΩnXKpl-If
- m-Wv. ap\n-bd
- s
- b∂pw
c≠m-bncw h¿j-߃°∏p-dsØ P\-Po-hn-X-sØ-
°p-dn-®mWv alm-in-em-kvam-c-I-߃ \tΩmSp ]d-
bp-∂-Xv.
tIc-f-Ønse alm-in-em-h-in-jvS-߃ Is≠-
Ønb {][m- \ - ÿ - e - ß ƒ: ad- b q¿ (CSp- ° n)
t]m¿°fw (Xriq¿) Ip∏-s°m√n (hb-\m-Sv)
aßmSv (sIm√w) B\-°c (]me-°m-Sv)

72 kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw˛ I

e`yamb Ncn-{Xm-h-in-jvS-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw alm-in-em-kvam-cIIme-L-´-Ønse a\p-jy-cpsS Pohn-X-
sØ-°p-dn®v Fs¥√mw Imcy-߃ Adn-bm≥ Ignbpw?
Ccp-ºns‚ hchv
alm-in-em-kvam-c-I-ß-sf-°p-dn®mWt√m ]d-™p-
h∂-Xv. Xosc Dev]m-Z-\-£-a-a-√m-ØXpw ]md-s°-
´p-I-fp-≈-Xp-amb ae-s©-cp-hp-I-fn-emWv tIc-f-
Ønse ih-°-√-d-I-tf-sdbpw ImW-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.
AXn-\-Sp-Ømbn ^e-`q-bn-jvTamb {]tZ-i-߃
Ds≠-∂Xv {]tXyIw {it≤-b-am-Wv.
\mbm-´n¬\n∂v Irjn-bn-te-°p≈ am‰-Øns‚ ]e-
L-´-ß-fn-ep-≈-h-bmWv alm-in-em-kvam-c-I-ß-fn¬
Gsdbpw.
]p\w Irjn
ae-s©-cp-hp-I-fn¬ ImSp-sh´n Xobn´v aÆn-f°n
Irjn sNbvXp. ASp-Ø-hn-fbv°v \√ hnf-hp-In-
´p-tºmƒ ]pXnb HcnSw CXp-t]mse Irjn-°mbn
Hcp-°pw. Irjn sNbvX CSØv ]ns∂sbm-cn-
°¬ ho≠pw Irjn-bn-d-°pw. Cßs\ Htc
ÿeØv CS-hn´nS-hn´v IrjnsNbvXn-cp∂ coXn-
bm-WnXv.
inem-bp-[ß
- ƒsIm≠v Ip∂n≥sNcp-hn¬ Irjn-sN-
bvXn-cp∂ BZna a\p-jy¿°n-S-bn-te-°v, Ccp-ºm-
bp-[-߃ hs∂-Øn-b-Xns‚ sXfn-hp-Iƒ IqSn-
bmWv alm-in-em-kvam-c-I-ß-fn¬ ImWp∂ D]-I-
c-W-߃.
inem-bp-[ß
- f
- psS ÿm\Øv Ccp-ºm-bp-[ß- ƒ D]-
tbm-Kn-°m≥ XpS-ßn-bt- XmsS a\pjyPohn-XØ
- n¬
Fs¥√mw am‰-ß-fm-Wp-≠m-bn-cn-°pI?
Ccp-ºp-]I
- c
- W
- ß
- ƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°m≥ XpS-ßn-btXmsS P\-Po-hn-XØ
s°-bmWv? sXfn-hp-I-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ \nß-fpsS \nK-a-\-߃ Ipdn-°q.
Ncn-{X-a-dn-bm≥ ]m´pIfpw
Ncn-{Xm-t\z-jW
- Ø
- n\v \mw kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-Isfbpw
Ah-ew-_n-°mdp≠v. tIc-f-apƒs∏sSbp≈ {]mNo-
\-X-an-g-I-sØ-°p-dn®v hnh-cn-°p-∂-h-bmWv ]g-¥-
angv ]m´p-Iƒ. Ch \ap°v Gsd hne-s∏-´-h-bm-Wv.
C∂v tIc-f-sa-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂ `qhn-`mKw BZy-
sams° Xan-g-I-Øns‚ `mK-am-bn-cp-∂p. hnhn[
A[ymbw ˛ 7
$ ImSp-sh-´n-sØ-fn-°m\pw kpc-£bv°pw Ccp-ºp-
]-I-c-W-߃ D]-I-cn-®p.
$ Dev]m-Z-\-Øn-\p-ap-I-fn¬ Ah-Imiw ÿm]n-
°m≥ Ccp-ºns‚ hchv klm-b-I-ambn
$ a‰p-tKm-{X-ß-fpsS ta¬ A[n-Imcw Dd-∏n-°m≥
CS-bm°n
$
$
tIc-fØ - nse CS-\m-S≥ {]tZ-iØ - m-Wt√m s\¬h-
b-ep-Iƒ Gsdbpw ÿnXnsNøp-∂X - v. ^e-`q-bn-jvT-
amb CS-\m-´n¬\n∂p-X-s∂-bmWv IqSp-X¬ alm-
in- e m- h - i n- j v S - ß ƒ In´n- b - X pw. CXn¬\n∂v
Fs¥√mw Imcy-ß-fmWv \ap°v Is≠-Øm-\m-
hpI?
tIc-f-Øn¬ Ccpºv kpe-`-ambn e`n-®n-cp∂p F∂v
alminem-kvam-c-I-߃ hy‡-am-°p-∂p. F¶n¬
Ccpºv FhnsS \n∂mhmw e`n-®Xv?
Ccpºv Dcp- ° n- s b- S p- ° m- \ p≈ {]h¿Ø- \ - ß ƒ
\S∂ ÿe-ß-fn¬ Ccp-ºns‚ Ah-in-jvS-߃ ˛
Ccpºp IoSw (SLAG) tIc-f-Øn¬ hym]-I-ambn
ImWm≥ Ign-™n-´p≠v aÆns‚ apIƒ∏-c-∏n¬
Xs∂ h≥tXmXn¬ Ccp-ºbncv AS-ßn-bn-cp-∂-
Xmbpw Kth-j-I¿ Is≠-Ønbn-cp-∂p.
- n¬ D≠mb am‰-߃ Fs¥m-
Ime-ß-fn-embn kam-l-cn® hmsamgn∏m´p-Ifm-Wn-
Xn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-∂-Xv. ]Øp-∏m-´v, F´psØm-ssI,
]Xn-s\¨IogvIW°v F∂n-ß-s\-aq∂p `mK-ß-
fm-bmWv ]g-¥-angv∏m´p-Iƒ kam-l-cn-®n-´p-≈-Xv.
F´p-sØm-ssI-bn¬ Dƒs∏´ ]m´p-I-fmWv ]Xn-‰p-
∏-Øv, AI-\m-\q-dv, ]pd-\m-\qdv F∂nh. apss√-∏m-
´v, Ipdn-©n-∏m´v XpSßn ]Øp ]m´p-I-fpsS kam-
tIc-f∏
- g
- a 73
¢mkv ˛ IX
]g-¥-an-gv]m-´pIfnse Xan-gIw
lm-c-sØ-bmWv ]Øp-∏m´v F∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xv. ]Xn-
s\-´p- ]m-´p-k-am-lm-c-ß-fmWv ]Xn-s\¨Io-gvI-W-
°v. G‰hpw ]g-°-ap≈ ]m´p-Iƒ ]Øp-∏m-´nepw
F´p-sØm-ssIbnepw s]´-h-bm-Wv. ]g-¥-angv∏m´p-
I-fn¬ Dƒs∏-SmØ Nne-∏-Xn-Im-cw, aWn-ta-Isse
XpSßnb IrXn-Ifpw {]mNo-\-Im-e-sØ-°p-dn®v
{]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂p-≠v.
Cu ]m´p-I-fpsS {][m\{]Xn-]m-Zy-hn-jbw F¥m-
sWt∂m?
{]Ir-Xnbpw a\p-jy\pw a\p-jys‚ Pohn-Im-k-ºm-
Z-\-co-Xn-Ifpw Xs∂.
XnW-Iƒ
]g-¥a- ngv∏m´p-If
- n¬ {][m-\a
- mbpw ]cm-a¿in-°p∂
H∂mWv XnW-Iƒ. ]q°-fpsS t]cn¬ Adn-b-s∏´
XnW-I-sf-∏‰n Xan-g-I-Øn\v s]mXpsh Nne- hn-h-
c-ßtf In´m-\p-≈p. {]mNo\Xan-g-IsØ P\-hm-
k-tbm-Ky-amb {]tZ-i-ßsf A©p XnW-I-fm-
bmWv AYhm `q`m-K-ß-fm-bmWv ]g-¥-angv∏m´p-I-
fn¬ k¶¬∏n-®n-´p-≈Xv. ]c-kv]cw _‘-s∏´p InS-
°p-∂Xpw `qan-im-kv{X-]-c-ambn hyXym-k-ß-fp-≈-
Xp-amb Cu XnW-Isf H∂p ]cn-N-b-s∏-Smw.
Hmtcm XnWbn-tebpw P\-hn-`m-K-߃ hn`-h-߃
74 kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw˛ I
tiJ-cn-°p-Itbm Dev]m-Zn-∏n-°p-
Itbm sNbvXn-cp-∂p. Nne {]tZ-
i-ß-fn¬ Nne hn`-h-߃ Bh-
iy-Øn¬ IqSp-Xep≠m-bn-cp-∂p.
hkv X p- ° ƒ°v ]™w t\cn´
ÿe-ßfpw D≠v. ]c-kv]-c-hn-\n-
a-b-Øn-eqsS Cu t]mcm-bva-Iƒ
Ah¿°v \nI-Øm-\m-bn. CXn-
\mbn Hmtcm Iq´cpw Ign- h n-
s\mØv Dev ] m- Z n- ∏ n- ° p- I tbm
tiJ-cn-°p-Itbm sNbvXp.
ITn- \ - a mb th\¬°m- e Øv
Ipdn©n, apss√ XnW-Iƒ°v cq]-
am‰w kw`-hn-®mWv ]msse XnW-
bp-≠m-hp-∂-Xv. Dev]m-Z-\-Øn\v
A\p- I q- e - a - √ mØ ]me{]- t Z-
isØ Bfp-Iƒ°v hn`-h-߃
a‰p≈h-cn¬\n∂v Int´-≠n-bn-cp-
∂p. Ih¿®-, ]nSn-®p-]-dn-°¬ F∂nh ]me-\n-
esØ \nXy-kw-`-h-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p.
hn\n-abw XnW-I-fn¬
XnWbn¬ hn`-h-߃ Fß-s\-bmWv ssIam‰w
sNbvXn-cp-∂-sX∂v t\m°mw.
sImbvØp-Ig - n-™m¬ If-ßf - n¬ s\√p-ti-Jc - n-°p-
am-bn-cp-∂p. Ahn-tS°v ]m{X-hp-ambn hcp-∂-h¿°v
Dg-h¿ s\√v sImSp-Øp. [mcmfw ao≥ h∂ptNcp-
tºmƒ ASp-tØ°v ]m{X-hp-ambn hcp-∂h - ¿°v ]c-
X-h¿ ao≥ hmcn-s°m-Sp-Øp. CXp-Iq-SmsX D∏p-Np-
a-∂p-sIm≠v Da-Ws - ∏-Æp-ßfpw ao≥Np-aS- p-ambn ]c-
X-h-s∏-Æp-ßfpw sXm´-SpØ {]tZ-i-ß-fn-te°v
t]mbn hkvXp-°ƒ ssIam‰w sNbvXp. [m\yw,
XpWn, sImgp-, D∏v, s]m∂v F∂n-ßs\bp≈
ssIam-‰-h-kvXp-°-fpsS kqN\ Xan-g-IsØ Nne
Kplm-en-Jn-X-ß-fn-ep-≠v.
hn`-h-ßsfms°bpw Hcp tI{µ-Øn¬ kam-l-cn®v
hnX- c Ww sNøp∂ coXnbpw Ah¿°n- S - b n¬
\ne\n∂n-cp-∂p. CXn\p t\XrXzw \¬In-bn-cp-∂-
h¿ a‰p-≈-h-cpsS ta¬ A[n-Im-c-ap-≈-h-cm-bn-cp-∂p.
Ifß-fn¬ Iq´nb s\√pw a‰pw sIm≈-sN-bvXp-
sIm-≠p-h∂v aqth-¥-cpsS hmk-ÿ-e-ß-fn¬ Iq´n-
 A[ymbw ˛ 7

XnW `q`mKw \nhm-kn-Iƒ D]-Po-h-\-am¿Kw Bcm-[\

- m-
aq¿Øn
Ipdn©n ]¿h-X-{]-tZiw Im\-h¿, thS¿ h\-hn-`htiJ-cWw, tNtbm≥
\mbm´v
apss√ Ip∂v, ]p¬taSv CS-b¿, Bb¿ BSp-am-Sp-Isf amtbm≥
hf¿Ø¬
]msse aW¬ Ie¿∂ ad-h¿, I≈¿ ssItb‰w, sIm‰ssh
]mgv{]-tZiw ]nSn-®p-]dn
acpXw hb¬ Dg-h¿, sXmgp-h¿ Irjn-∏Wn th¥≥
s\bvX¬ IS¬Øocw ]c-X-h¿, D∏-h¿ D∏p \n¿ΩmWw,
ao\h¿, he-b¿ ao≥]n-SpØw, IS-tem≥
apØp-hm-c¬

bn-Spw. Aßs\ A[o-\-s∏-Sp-Ønb [m\yhpw a‰p SØpw D≠v. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v ap√-t»-cn, ap√-∏≈n
hkv X p- ° fpw th¥- ∑ m¿ Ah- c - h - c psS B{in- XpS-ßnb t]cp-Iƒ apss√ \ne-hp-ambn _‘-
X¿°pw _‘p-°ƒ°pambn Xcw-t]mse hoXn- s∏´XmImw. AXp-t]mse acp-X-{]-tZ-isØ Hm¿an-
°pw. CXmWv hn`- h - ß - f psS hnX- c - W - c o- X n. ∏n-°p-∂-h-bm-Wt√m acp-tXm-¶-c, acp-tXmfn XpS-
[mcmfw ]pdw]m´p-I-fn¬ Cßs\ hn`hw t\Sp∂ ßn-b-h. s\bvX¬ F∂ t]cn¬ tIcfØns‚
Imcyw kqNn-∏n-®p-Im-Wmw. XnW-I-fp-ambn _‘- IS¬Xo-cØv F{Xtbm {]tZ-i-߃ D≠v.
s∏´ Ht´sd ÿe-\m-a-߃ tIc-f-Øn¬ ]e-bn-
Hcp-{]-tZ-isØ P\-Po-hn-X-Øns‚ hnhn[ apJ-߃ Fßs\ ]c-kv]-cw _‘-s∏´p {]h¿Øn-
°p∂p F∂-Xn-\p≈ sXfn-hp-Iƒ \¬Ip-∂-Xm-Wt√m XnW-Iƒ. a\p-jy≥ Iq´mb PohnXw
apt∂m´p \bn-®-Xns‚ sXfn-hp-I-fmbn Chsb ]cn-K-Wn-°mtam? \nß-fpsS \nK-a\w XnW-I-
fnse Pohn-X-Øns‚ DZm-l-c-W-ß-tfmsS ka¿Yn-°p-I.

_‘-߃ hf-cp∂p
hn`-h-ß-fpsS Dev]m-Z-\-Øn¬ an®w D≠m-Ip-tºm-
gm-Wt√m hym]mckm[yX D≠m-Ip-∂-Xv. {]mtZ-
in-I-ambn ssIam-‰-°-®-hSw Ah¿°n-S-bn¬ D≠m-
bn-cp-∂p. AI-e-ß-fn-te°v I®-h-S-Øn-\mbn km[-
\-߃ sIm≠pt]mIp-∂Xpw ]Xn-hm-bn-cp-∂p.
Im´p-ar-K-ß-sfbpw ]nSn-®p-]-dn-°m-scbpw FXn-cn-
Sp- ∂ - X n\v h\m- ¥ - c - ß - f n- e qsS I®- h - S - Ø n\p
t]mbhtcmsSm∏w bp≤-ho-c-∑m¿ AI-º-Sn- t]mbn.
G‰p-ap-´-en¬ sIm√-s∏-Sp∂ hoc-∑m-sc-°p-dn-®p≈
hoc-°√v
A]-Zm-\-߃ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ønb I√p-Iƒ AX-Xn-S-
hmWn-Py-w
ß-fn¬ ÿm]n-®n-cp-∂p.
tIc-fØ
- n-te°v a‰n-Sß
- f
- n¬ \n∂p≈ I®-hS- °
- m¿
h∂n-cpt∂m? FhnsS\ns∂-√m-ap-≈-h-cm-bn-cp∂p

tIc-f∏
- g
- a 75
¢mkv ˛ IX
tdmam \mW-bß
- ƒ
Ah¿? Fs¥√mw hn`-h-ß-fmWv Ah¿ ChnsS
\n∂v sIm≠p-t]m-bn-cp-∂Xv?
]g-¥-an-gv∏m-´p-I-fn¬ CØcw hym]m-c-_-‘-ß-sf-
°p-dn®v kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p-≠v. DØ-tc-¥y-bn¬\n∂v
hnhn-[-Xcw hkvXp-°ƒ tXSn I®-h-S-°m¿ tIc-
f-°-c-bn¬ FØnbncp-∂-Xmbn IuSn-eys‚ A¿Y-
im-kv{X-Øn¬ ]d-bp-∂p-≠v. KwKm-X-S-hm-kn-Iƒ
tIc-f-Øn¬\n∂v apØp-Iƒ sIm≠p-t]m-bn-cp-
∂s{X. DØ-tc-¥y-bn¬ {]Nm-c-Øn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂
Nm∏-Ip-Øp-\m-W-b-߃ (Punch marked coins) tIc-
f-Øn¬ ]e-bn-SØp\n∂pw In´n-bn-´p-≈Xv Cu
hym]mc_‘--Øns‚ sXfn-hm-Wv. \mW-b-ßfpw
Ncn-{X-]-T-\-Øn-\p≈ D]m-[n-I-fn¬ H∂m-sW∂p
I≠-t√m.
Xan-g-I-Øp-\n∂pw tdmam \mW-b-߃ In´n-b ÿe-߃
76 kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw˛ I
IS-en-\-°-scbp≈-h-cp-ambpw {]mNo-\-Im-eØv
hym]m-c-_‘w \ne-\n-∂n-cp∂p F∂v AI-\m-\q-
dn¬ kqN-\-bp-≠v˛{]tXy-In®v tdma-°m-cp-am-bp≈
hym]m-c-sØ-∏‰n. bh-\¿ F∂-dn-b-s∏´ tdmam-
°m¿ kz¿W\mW-b-߃ \¬In tIc-f-Øn¬
\n∂v Ah¿t°sd CjvS-s∏´ Ipcp-ap-fIpw kpK-
‘-{Zy-h-ßfpw h\-hn-`-h-ßfpw sIm≠p-t]mbn.
CXn-s\-°p-dn®v ]g-¥-angv∏m´p-I-fnepw hntZ-i-k-
©m-cn-I-fpsS Ipdn-∏p-I-fnepw ]cm-a¿i-ap-≠v. tIc-
f-Øn¬ ]e-bn-S-Øp-\n-∂p-ambn In´nb {]mNo\
tdmam\mW-b-߃ Cu hym]m-c-_-‘sØ°pdn-
®p≈ [mcW Dd-∏n-°p-∂p. ]Sn-™m-d≥\mSp-I-fp-
ambn ]n¬°m-eØv hmWn-Py-_‘w ÿm]n-°p-
∂-Xn¬ tIc-f-Øn\v t{]m’m-l-\-am-bn-Øo¿∂Xv
tdmam-°m-cp-am-bp≈ hym]mckº¿°-am-Wv. Fß-
s\-bm-bn-cp∂p Cu hym]mcw \S-∂n-cp-∂Xv F∂v
t\m°mw.
Dev ] - ∂ - ß ƒ Xpd- a p- J - ß - f n¬ sIm≠p- t ]mbn
ssIam‰w sNbvXn-cp-∂p. Cu ÿe-߃ {ItaW
Itºm-f-ß-fmbn amdn. Ch Xpd-apJ\K-c-ß-fmbn
 A[ymbw ˛ 7

Øns‚ Xpd-ap-J-ß-fn¬ hn`-h-߃°mbn h∂n-

cp∂p F∂p hy‡-am-Ip-∂p. sImSp-ß-√q-cn-\-Sp-
Øp≈ "]´Ww' D¬J- \ \sØfn- h p- I ƒ
{]mNo\ Xpd-ap-J-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ A`n-{]m-b-
߃ icn-sh-°p∂p.
]´Ww D¬J-\\w
sImSp-ß-√q¿ {]tZ-isØ Ncn-{X-ss]-XrIw
kwc-£n-°p-∂X - n-\mWv s]cn-bm-dns‚ sXt°-
°-cb- n-ep≈ ]´-WØv ]cy-th-jW - hpw D¬J-
\-\hpw \S-∂-Xv. tIc-f-Øns‚ a‰p {]tZ-i-
ßsf At]-£n®v kº-∂hpw k¶o¿W-hp-
amb Ncn-{X-ap≈ Hcp {]tZ-i-amWv sImSp-ß-
√q¿. Dt±iw c≠m-bncw h¿j-߃°p apºv
ChnsS Pohn-®n-cp∂ \ΩpsS ]q¿hn-I-cpsS
Pohn-Xh - p-ambn _‘-s∏´ Ah-in-jvSß - f - mWv
]´-WsØ ]pcm-hkvXp{]m[m-\y-ap≈ Hcp
{]tZ-i-am°n am‰n-bXv. tIc-f-Øns‚ Ccp-ºp-
bp-K-Im-e-sØbpw Ncn-{Xm-cw-`-Im-e-sØbpw
]´Ww D¬J-\-\-Øns‚ ÿm\w ImWn-°p∂ `q]Sw Ipdn®v Adn-hp-Iƒ \¬Ip∂ sXfn-hp-Iƒ ]´-
W-Øp-\n∂pw In´n-bn-´p-≠v. Bbn-c° - W - ° - n\p
Adn-b-s∏´p. apkn-cnkv (apNn-cn AYhm sImSp-ß-
h¿j-߃°p-apºv \nc-h[n hntZ-i-kw-kvIm-
√q¿) Xn≠n-kv, s\¬°n≠ XpS-ßnb Xpd-apJ\K-
c- ß - f p- a mbn I®- h - S - _ - ‘ - ß - f n- e qsS
c-ßs- f-°p-dn®v πn\n F∂ tdma≥ Fgp-Øp-Im-cs‚
Ipdn-∏p-I-fnepw s]cn-πkv F∂ {Ko°v IrXn-bnepw kmwkvIm-cnIhn\n-abw \S-Øn-b-Xns‚ Cu
tSmf-an-bpsS `qan-im-kv{X-{K-Ÿ-Ønepw ]g-¥-angv sXfn-hp-Iƒ \ap°v Gsd hne-s∏-´-h-bm-Wv.
]m´p-I-fnepw ]cm-a¿i-ß-fp-≠v. sImSp-ß-√q-cns‚ AºXv Intem-ao-‰¿ Np‰-f-
hn¬ ]cy-th-j-W-߃ C\nbpw \S-t°-≠-
temI-Ønse {][m\I®-h-S-tI{µß-fp-ambn \nc-
Xp-s≠-∂mWv ]pcmh-kvXp Kth-j-I¿ A`n-
¥ckº¿°w ]pe¿Ønb I®-h-S-°m¿ tIc-f-
{]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.

temIØns‚ hnhn[ `mK-ß-fn¬\n∂p≈ hym]m-cn-I-fpsS hchv tIc-f-Ønse kmaq-ly-Po-hn-X-

Øn¬ Fs¥-¶nepw Xc-Øn-ep≈ kzm[o\w sNep-Øn-bn-´p-t≠m? I®hS-°m¿ Itºmf\K-c-ß-
fn¬ ÿnc-Xm-a-k-°m-cm-hp-∂-Xn-eqsS `£Ww, hkv{X-[m-cWw XpS-ßnb Fs¥√mw Imcy-ß-
fn¬ am‰w h∂n-cn°mw? N¿® sNøq.

A[n-Im-c-cq]߃ _-am-bn-cp∂p A[n-Im-c-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm\ am{X.

Ch "IpSn-Iƒ' F∂ t]cn-e-dn-b-s∏-´p. Iptd IpSpw-
A[n-Imccq]-߃ {]Xy-£a - m-bXv Fß-s\-sb∂p
_-߃ tN¿∂m¬ Hcp "Ducv' Bbn. Ducns‚
t\m°mw. hn`- h - ß - f psS taep≈ \nb- { ¥Ww
Xe-∏Øv A[nImcw sNep-Øn-bn-cp-∂Xv "Du¿In-
Xs∂-bmWv icn-bmb A[n-Imcw. IqSp-X¬ hn`hw
gm≥' F∂ aq∏-\m-bn-cp-∂p. Iptd Ducp-Iƒ IqSn-
ssIh-i-s∏-Sp-Øn-bh¿- henb A[n-Imcw t\Sn.
t®¿∂v "\mSp-Iƒ' cq]w sIm≠p. Hmtcm \mSpw
Bƒ_-ehpw Bbp-[hpw CXn-\p-]tbm-Kn-®p. IpSpw-
"thƒ' F∂-dn-b-s∏´ henb aq∏-∑m-cpsS Iogn-em-

tIc-f∏
- g
- a 77
¢mkv ˛ IX
bn-cp-∂p. thƒ ]e-hn-[-Øn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. hen-
∏-Ønepw i‡n-bnepw {]m[m-\y-Ønepw Ah¿
hyXy-kvX-cm-bn-cp-∂p. Ah-cpsS Iq´-Øn¬ G‰hpw
i‡cpw {]am-Wn-am-cp-am-bn-cp∂p tNc-˛-tNm-g-˛-]m-
fiy-∑m¿. Ch¿ aqth-¥¿ F∂pw Adn-b-s∏-´p.
Cu apth-¥-∑m-cmWv tKm{Xh¿K-k-aq-l-Øn¬
\n∂v cmPm- [ n- I m- c - Ø n- t e- ° p≈ am‰- Ø nse
BZysØ IÆn-Iƒ.
{_m“-W¿
CXc{]tZ-i-ß-fn¬\n∂v ChnsS FØn- A[n-hm-
k-tI-{µ-߃ ÿm]n-®-h-cmWv {_m“-W¿. ^e-
`q-bn-jvT-amb ÿe-ß-fn-em-bn-cp∂p {_m“-W-{Km-
a-߃ hf¿∂-Xv. A[n-Im-cn-Iƒ°v Bi-b-]-c-amb
]n¥pW \¬Inbpw t£{Xm-cm[\mk{º-Zm-b-
Øn¬ IpØI t\Snbpw {_m“-W¿ kaq-l-Øn¬
D∂-X-ÿm-\-ß-fn-se-Øn. Ah¿°v DS-a-ÿm-h-Im-
i-ap≈ hnkvXr-X-amb Irjn-`q-an-bn¬ tPmen-sN-
øm≥ apgp-h≥ kabIrjn-∏W - n-°msc sh°p-Ibpw
{_m“- W ¿ `qhp- S - a - I - f mbn \ne- \ n- ¬ °p- I bpw
sNbvXp. ]g-¥a - ngv ]m´p-If - n¬ ]cma¿in® kaqlw
{ItaW C√m-Xm-hp-Ibpw {_m“Wmi-b-߃°v
A\p-kr-X-amb ]pXnb kaqlw tIc-f-Øn¬ cq]-
s∏-Sp-I-bpw sNbvXp. NmXp¿h¿Wy-Øn-e-[n-jvTn-
X- a mb PmXn- k - { º- Z m- b w, `qhp- S ak{º- Z m- b w,
{_m“WtI{µo- I - c Ww F∂n- h - t N¿∂ Hcp
]pXnb Ahÿ kwPm-X-am-bn.
_u≤ssP-\-a-Xm-i-b-߃
AtimIN{I-h¿Øn-bpsS imk-\-ß-fn¬ tIc-f-
sØ-°p-dn®v ]cm-a¿i-ßf - p-≈X
- n-\m¬ A°m-eØ
- p-
Xs∂ _u≤-ssP\ Bi-b-߃ ChnsS {]N-cn-
®n-cp-∂-Xmbn A\p-am-\n-°mw.
Im¿jn-I-hnZy Adn-bm-hp∂ ssP\-∑mcpw _u-≤-
∑mcpw Xß-fpsS Adnhv kaq-l-Øn¬ {]N-cn-∏n-®-
Irjnbpw ssIsØm-gn-ep-Ifpw ]c-kv]cw _‘-s∏-´h - b
- m-Wt- √m. Im¿jn-tImev]∂
\-hn\v ssIsØm-gn-ep-I-fpsS hnImkw A\n-hm-cy-am-Wv. Hcp Im¿jn-I-k-aqlw F∂ \ne-bn¬
tIc-f-Øn-ep-b¿∂p-h∂ sXmgn-e-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep≈ kmaq-ly-hn-`-P-\-Øns‚ khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ
Fs¥m-s°-bmWv? N¿® sNøp-I.
78 kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw˛ I
Xn-\m¬ Dev]m-Z-\-h¿[-\-hn\v AXv Gsd klm-
b-I-am-bn. Hcp Im¿jnIkaq-l-Øn¬ `qan°v Gsd
{]m[m- \ yap- ≠ - t √m. `qan- b psS DS- a - ÿ X
B¿°mtWm Ah¿°m- b n- c p∂p kaq- l - Ø n¬
Db¿∂ ÿm\w. {_m“W{Kma-߃°p Np‰pw
hnim-e-amb Irjn-`qan t£{X-ß-fp-tStXm {_m“-
W-cp-tStXm Bbn. tZhkzw F∂-dn-b-s∏-´ t£{X-
`qan-bpw {_“kzw F∂-dn-bs - ∏-´ {_m“-W` - qanbpw
ssIImcyw sNbvXn-cp-∂Xv {_m“-W-cm-bn-cp-∂p.
km[m-c-W I¿j-I¿ A∂v Imcm-f¿ F∂m-W-dn-
b-s∏-´-Xv. Ch¿ {_m“-W-cpsS Iogm-f-cmbn amdn.
Irjn-bnS-ß-fn¬ Xma-kn-® IpSpw-_-ß-fmWv "IpSn-
Iƒ'. Irjn-bn-S-ß-fn¬ Xma-kn-°m-\p≈ Cu Ah-
Im-isØ "IpSn-bm-bva' F∂v ]d-™p-h∂p. kz¥w
\ne-\n¬∏n\pw `qhp-S-abv-°p≈ tkh\w F∂
\ne-bnepw IpSn-Iƒ Irjn-ÿ-e-ß-fn¬ ]Wn-sb-
Sp-Øp. Hmtcm `qkz-Øn-t\mSpw tN¿∂v AXn¬
the-sN-øm-\p≈ ASn-bm-f-cp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.
`qan-bpsS ta¬ Ch¿°v A-h-Im-i-ap≠m-bn-cp-∂n√.
`qan-bpsS ssIam‰w \S-Øp-tºmƒ B `qan-bn¬
A[zm- \ n- ® n- c p∂ ASn- b m- f - s cbpw ssIam‰w
sNbvXpt]m-∂p.
Irjn-bpsS hnIm-kw, t£{X-ß-fpsSbpw tZhm-e-
b- ß - f p- s Sbpw \n¿Ωm- W - Ø n- e p- ≠ mb hf¿®
F∂nh ssIsØm-gn¬ sNøp-∂hcpsS \ne sa®-
s∏-Sp-Øn. sF¶pSn°Ωm-f-cpsS hf¿® CXn¬
{][m-\-am-Wv. hn{K-l-߃, sImgp, Acn-hmƒ,
Ie∏, \mW-bw, Ac-I-√v, \pIw, sI´nSw XpS-
ßnbhbpsS \n¿Ωm- W - h p- a mbn _‘- s ∏- ´ - h ¿
sF¶pSn°Ωm-f-cm-bn-cp-∂p.
ac-∏W
- n-°m-c\
- mb Bimcn (X®≥), Iev]W
- n-°m-
c-\mb I¬Ø-®≥, HmSp-cp-°nb aqim-cn, Ccp-
ºp-]W- n-sNbvX sIm√≥, s]m∂p-cp-°p∂ X´m≥
F∂n-h¿ sF¶pSn°Ωm-f¿ F∂-dn-b-s∏-´p.
- ß
- f
- psS h¿[-

s]cp-amƒhmgv®°mew
{InkvXp-h¿jw HºXmw \q‰m-t≠msS s]cp-am-°-
∑m- c psS `c- W - a m- b n. A∂mWv tIcfw Hcp
{]tXyIcmjv{SobtaJ-eb - mbn amdp-∂X
- v. C∂sØ
sImSp-ß-√q-cn\-Sp-Øp≈ atlm-Z-b-]p-c-am-bn-cp∂p
CXns‚ Xe-ÿm-\w. cmjv{Sobm[n-Im-csØ \nb-
{¥n®pw t£{X-tI-{µo-Ir-X-amb {Kma-Po-hn-XsØ
Nn´-s∏-Sp-Øn-bpw {_m“WP∑nXzw C°m-eØv
DZbw sIm≠p. {InkvXp 9 ˛ 12 \q‰m-≠p-hsc tIc-
f-Øn¬ A[n-Imci‡n-bmbn \ne-\n-∂Xv {_m“-
W¿ ]n¥p-W® s]cp-am-°-∑m-cm-bn-cp-∂p.
\mSp-Iƒ
tNc-am≥ s]cp-am-°∑ - m-cpsS i‡n-tI-{µ-߃ \mSp-
I-fm-bn-cp-∂p. \nc-h[n {Kma-߃ IqSn-t®¿∂-Xm-
bn-cp∂p Hmtcm-\mSpw. ]c-º-cm-K-X-ambn `cWw \S-
Øn-bn-cp∂ IpSpw-_-Øn¬\n∂p≈ \mSp-hm-gn-I-fm-
bn-cp∂p ]te-SØpw \mSp-If - psS DS-aI
- fmbn-cp∂Xv.
Hmtcm-\m-Sp-hm-gnbpw kz¥-ambn ssk\ysØ \ne-
\n¿Øn-bn-cp-∂p. tIc-f-Øns‚ hSt° `mK-Øp
tImeØp\mSpw G‰hpw sXt°`mKØv thWmSpw
BWv A∂p-≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv.
Ch-bv°n-S-bn¬ Ipcp-ap-f-Ins‚ kar-≤n-bn¬ kº-
∂-amb \mSm-bn-cp∂p hb-\m-Sns‚ `mK-߃ IqSn-
t®¿∂ ]pd-In-gm-\m-Sv. hmWn-Py-tI-{µ-amb ]¥-em-
bn\n Dƒs∏´ \mSns\ Ipd-{º-\mSv F∂mWv ]d-
™n-cp-∂-Xv. Gd-\mSv, h≈p-h-\m-Sv, shsºmen \mSv
XpSßn a‰p Nne \mSp-Ifpw tNc-cm-Py-Øp-≠m-bn-
cp-∂p.
\mSp-hm-gn-Ifpw cmPmhpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘w Fß-
s\-bm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂p t\m°q.
Irjn-bn¬\n∂pw I®-h-S-Øn¬\n∂pw a‰pw \mSp-
hm-gn-Iƒ°v e`n-®n-cp∂ hcp-am-\-Øn¬ Hcp `mKw
\mSp-hm-gn-Iƒ cmPm-hn\p \¬In. BNm-c-Ønepw
]mc-º-cy-Ønepw A[n-jvTn-X-amb Hcp A[n-Im-c-
L-S-\-bmWv s]cp-amƒ `cWImeØv cmPmhpw
\mSp-hm-gnbpw XΩn¬ \ne-\n∂-Xv.
]pdw\mSp-I-fp-am-bp≈ hym]mcw s]cp-amƒ `c-W-
Im-eØv hfsc h¿[n-®p. kndn-b≥ {InkvXym-\n-
Iƒ, PqX-∑m¿, Ad-_n-Iƒ, ssN\-°m¿ XpS-ßn-
b- h ¿ C°m- e Øv tIc- f - h p- a mbn kPoh
hym]mc_‘w ]pe¿Øn.
A[ymbw ˛ 7
hym]m-c-Øns‚ `mK-ambn ]pXnb Aßm-Sn-Ifpw
Itºm-f-ßfpw cq]-s∏-´n-cp-∂p. hntZ-i-hym-]m-c-Øn-
\p≈ hkvXp-°ƒ Xpd-apJ\K-c-ß-fn¬ FØn-°p-
I-bmWv sNbvXn-cp-∂-Xv.
s]cp-amƒ°mesØ hntZ-i-hm-WnPyw
I®-h-Sm-h-iy-Øn\v tIc-f-Øn¬ FØn-t®¿∂-h-
cn¬ {InkvXym-\n-I-fp-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Ah-cpsS
A\p-bm-bn-I-fmbn Nne \m´p-Imcpw tN¿∂p. Chn-
SpsØ {][m\hmWn-Py-hn-`m-K-ambn amdnb Ah¿
Chn-SpsØ ]c-º-cm-KXkmaq-ly-{I-a-߃ AwKo-
I-cn®v Pohn-®p.
hym]m- c m- h iyØn\p Xs∂- b mWv PqX- ∑ mcpw
ChnsS FØn-bX - v. aX-]o-U\
- sØ XpS¿∂v kz¥w
\m´n¬\n∂v ChnsS IpSn-tb-dn-∏m¿Øv Chn-SpsØ
kwkvIm-c-hp-ambn Cgp-In-t®¿∂v Ign™p t]m∂-
h-cmWv PqX-∑m¿. kaq-l-Ønse Db¿∂ hn`m-K-
߃°v \¬In-bn-cp∂ F√m-]-Z-hn-Ifpw Ch¿°v
ChnsS e`n-®n-cp-∂p.
sNt∏SpIƒ
kndn-b≥ {InkvXy≥ t\Xmhpw Xcn-km-∏≈n
ÿm]- I - \ p- a mb am¿ k]o¿ Cutim- h n\v
sIm√sØ ]´-W-Ønse A[n-hmkIq´m-bva-bp-
sSbpw I®-h-S-Øn-s‚bpw Ahn-SpsØ IpSn-I-
fp-sSbpw \nb-{¥Ww G¬∏n-®p-sIm-Sp-Ø-Xns‚
tcJ-bmWv Ncn-{X-{]-kn-≤-amb Xcn-km-∏≈n
]´bw.
PqX-h¿Ø-I{- ]-am-Wn-bmb tPmk^v d∫m\v apbn-
cn-t°m´v Nne Ah-Im-i-ßfpw hn´p-sIm-Sp-ØXv
tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ tcJ-bmWv PqX-∏-´-bw.
ss{IkvXh-PqXhn`m-K-ß-sf-t∏m-se-Øs∂ I®-h-
S-Øn-\mbn FØn-bh - c
- mWv Ad-_n-Ifpw. bqtdm∏pw
tIc-f-hp-am-bp≈ hym]m-c-Øns‚ CS-Ø-´p-Im-cmbn
Ch¿ {]h¿Øn-®p.
tIc-f-hp-ambn I®-h-S-_-‘-Øn-te¿s∏´ as‰mcp
Iq´-cmWv ssN\-°m¿.
Fs¥m-s°-bm-bn-cp∂p tI-c-f-Øn¬\n∂v I®-h-S-
°m¿ sIm≠p-t]m-bs - X-∂d
- n-tbt≠? {][m-\a
- mbpw
Ipcp-ap-f-Ip-X-s∂. ]ns∂ Idp-h-∏-´, Gew, C©n,
tIc-f∏
- g
- a 79
¢mkv ˛ IX
Nµ-\w, ]´p-h-kv{X-߃, apØv, B\-s°mºv XpS-
ßnb Ht´sd km[-\-߃.
Ifn-a¨]m-{X-߃, No\-∏´v, ao≥he-Iƒ XpS-ßn-
bh ssN\-°m¿ ChnsS sIm≠ph∂v hn‰n-cp-∂p.
]e -\m-´p-Imcpw h∂v Pohn-°p-Ibpw AXp-hgn
hnhn[ kwkv I m- c - ß ƒ--t N¿∂v ]pXnb Hcp
kwkvImcw cq]-s∏-Sp-I-bpw sNbvXp. ssN\-°m-
scm-gnsI I®-h-S-Øn-s\-Ønb-h-¿ ChnsS ÿnc-
Xm-a-k-°m-cm-bn.
Xcn-km-∏≈n sNt∏Sv
I®-h-S-kw-L-߃
B`y-¥-chpw hntZ-io-b-hp-amb I®-hSw \SØn
\m´n\v Hgn-®p-Iq-Sm-\m-hmØ LS-I-ambnamdn-b-h-
hn`-h-ß-fpsS ssIam-‰w am{X-a√ I®-h-S-Øn-eqsS \S-°p∂Xv. hnhn[{]tZ-i-ß-fnse P\-Po-hn-
X-Øns‚ X\n-a-Ifpw ssIam‰w sNø-s∏-Sp-∂p. sXfn-hp-I-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ ]cn-tim-[n-
°pI.
PmXn-L-S\ tIc-f-Øn¬
s]cp-amƒhmgvN° - m-et- Øm-sS-bmWv PmXn-Ifpw D]-
Pm-Xn-Ifpw cq]-s∏-´-sX∂p ImWmw. A[zm-\sØ
ASn-ÿm-\-am°n cq]w-sIm≠ sXmgn¬°q´m-bva-
Iƒ {_m“W{Kma-ßsf Np‰n-∏-‰n-bmWv \ne-\n-
∂n-cp-∂-Xv. Hmtcm sXmgn-enepw sshZKv[yw t\Sn-
b-h¿ Ah-cpsS sXmgn-¬ ]c-º-cm-K-X-am-°n-am‰n.
CXns‚ ASn- ÿ m- \ - Ø n¬ ]pXnb PmXn- I ƒ
Db¿∂p- h ∂p. Cu k{º- Z mbw kaq- l - Ø n¬
ta¬PmXn-sb∂pw IogvPmXn-sb-∂p-ap≈ th¿Xn-
cn-hp-≠m-°n. hnizm-k-ßfpw BNm-c-ßfpw \nb-a-
ßfpw hgn D]-cn-h¿Kw kaq-l-Øns‚ kºØpw
A[n-Im-chpw ssIb-S-°n.
\mSp-hmgn kzcq-]-߃
{InkvXp 1124˛HmsS s]cp-amƒhmgvN Ah-km-\n®p.
s]cp-am-°∑mcpsS ImesØ "\m´p-S-b-h¿' Ah-c-
80 kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw˛ I
cmWv I®-h-S-kw-L߃. a[y-ImetIc-f-Ønse
{]i-kvX-cmb I®-hSkwLßfmbn-cp∂p A©p-
h-Æw, aWn-{Kmaw F∂n-h. kndn-b≥ {InkvXym-\n-
I-fpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn-ep≈ I®-h-S-kw-L-am-bn-cp∂p
aWn- { Km- a w. Ch¿ Z£n- t W-- ¥ y- b n- s eßpw
{]h¿Øn-®p-t]m-∂p.
PqX-∑m-cpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn-ep≈ I®-h-S-kw-L-am-bn-
cp∂p A©p-h-Æw. tIc-f-Ønse ae-©-c-°p-Ifpw
kpK-‘{- Zy-hy-ßfpw hntZ-iß- f- n-te°v Ib‰n Ab-
®n-cp∂ Cu I®-h-S-kw-L-߃°v \m´n¬ knhn¬
`c-W-Øns‚ NpaX-ebpw e`n-®n-cp-∂p. tZim-¥-
c_‘-ß-fp≈ Cu kwL-ß-fpsS ]n¥pW `c-
Wm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ Gsd hne-aX- n-®p. Chbv°p ]pdta
sXt° C¥y-bn-emsI {]Nm-c-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂ \m\m-
tZ-in-Iƒ, hf-©n-b¿ apX-emb {]mtZ-inIkwL-
߃°pw Xt±-iobhmWn-Py-Øn¬ {][m\]¶p-
≠m-bn-cp-∂p.
h-cp-sS \mSp-I-fn¬ `cWw ÿm]n-®p. F√m kzcq-
]-ßfpw Iq´p-Ip-Spw-_ß
- f- m-bn-cp-∂p. IpSpw-_Ø - nse
aqØ AwK-am-bn-cp∂p kzcq-]-Øns‚ `c-Wm-[n-
Imcn. s\Sn-bn-cn-∏v (tImgn-t°mSv), s]cp-º-S∏v
(sIm®n), tImew (Nnd- b v ° ¬), Xr∏m- ∏ qcv
(thWmSv ) XpS- ß n- b - h - b m- b n- c p- ∂ p {][m- \ -
kzcq]߃. AkwJyw sIm®p kzcq- ] - ß ƒ
thsdbpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. \mSns‚ ]c-am-[n-Im-cn-
Iƒ kzcq-]-ß-fmbn amdn. kzcq-]-ß-fpsS A[n-
Imc]cn[n \mSv Bbn- c p- ∂ p. Hmtcm \m´nepw
At\Iw tZi-ßfpw Xd-Ifpw F∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p
hyh-ÿ. tZi-Øn\v sX°≥ tIc-f-Øn¬ Ic
F∂p ]d-bp-∂p. tZiw tXmdpw tZi-hm-gnIfpw
D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. kzcq-]ß- ƒ°v ÿnc-ambn ssk\yw
D≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. Bh-iy-ap-≈-t∏mƒ tZi-hm-gn-Iƒ
t]mcm-fn-Isf Ab-®p-sIm-Sp-°-Ww. AXm-bn-cp∂p
\S-∏v.

Ad-_n-Iƒ
BZy-ImeI®-hS_‘-ß-fn-eqsS Ad-_n-Ifpw
ssN\-°mcpw tIc-f-Øn¬ kp]-cn-Nn-X-cmbn-cp-∂-
t√m. ]{¥≠mw \q‰m≠p apX¬ Ad-_n-I-fp-sSbpw
ssN\- ° m- c psSbpw kPo- h - k m- ∂ n[yw ho≠pw
D≠m- b n. A°m- e sØ {][m\ Xpd- a p- J - ß ƒ
GsXms°bmbn-cp-∂p-sht∂m?
Ggn-a-e, hf-]-´-Ww, ]¥-em-bn-\nsIm√w, Im∏mSv,
tImgn-t°m-Sv, Nmen-bw, sImSp-ß-√q¿, sIm®n,
sIm√w F∂nhbmbn-cp∂p Xpd-ap-J-߃. Ipcp-ap-
f-Iv, Idp-h-∏-´, Nµ-\w, C©n XpS-ßnb hn`-h-ß-
fm-bn-cp∂p ChnsS\n∂v hntZ-iß- f- n-te°v sIm≠p-
t]m-bn-cp-∂-Xv.
Ad-_n-°S- e - nse Zzo]-ka - q-la
- mb e£-Zzo-]p-Iƒ°v
tIc- f - h m- W n- P y- Ø ns‚ IY- b n¬ {][m- \ - s ∏´
]¶p≠v. sN¶-S¬ hn´v Ing-t°m´v t]mcp∂ I∏-
ep-Iƒ°v IpSn-sh≈w tiJ-cn-°m-\p≈ BZysØ
CS- Ø m- h - f - a m- b n- c p∂p Cu Zzo]- k - a q- l w.
ChnsS\n∂p In´nb tdma≥ \mW-b-߃ hmWn-
Py-irw-J-e-bn¬ Cu Zzo]-k-aq-l-Øn-\p≈ ]g°w
sXfn-bn-°p-∂p. a≤y-Im-eØv Ad-_n-I-fp-ambn
\S∂ hmWnPy_‘w e£-Zzo-]ns‚ kwkvIm-
csØ Imcy-ambn kzm[o-\n-®p. DØ-c-tI-c-f-Øns‚
Xoc-tZ-i-Øp-\n∂v IpSn-tb-dn-∏m¿Ø-h-cmWv Ahn-
S-Øp-Im¿. Imcy-£-a-amb I∏-tem-´-Øns‚ kmt¶-
XnIhnZy Ah¿ hnI- k n- ∏ n- s ®- S p- Ø p. CXn\p
th≠n hm\-\n-co-£-Ww, tPmXn-»mkv{Xw F∂n-
h-bn¬ `mc-Xo-bhpw Atd-_n-b\pw Bb ]mc-º-
cy-߃ Ah¿ kzoI-cn-®p.
imkv{Xhpw kmln-Xyhpw
a[y-Im-e-L-´-ß-fn¬ s]cp-amƒ `c-W-Øn-\p-ti-jw
ChnsS hnImkw{]m]n® c≠p hn⁄m\imJI-
fm-Wv tPymXn»m-kv{Xhpw sshZy-im-kv{X-hpw. Ch-
bp-ambn _‘-s∏´ Ht´-sd -{K-Ÿ-߃ A°m-eØv
cNn-°-s∏-´n-´p-≠v. i‡-amb kwkvIr-X-{]-`mhw
Ch-bn¬ ImWmw.
hmKv`-Sm-\-µs‚ AjvSmw-K-lr-Z-b-Øn\v tIc-f-
Øn¬ hfsc {]Nmcw kn≤n-®p. AjvS-ssh-Zy-∑m¿
F∂ t]cn- e - d n- b - s ∏- ´ n- c p∂ sshZy- I p- e - ß ƒ
Bbp¿th-ZNnIn-’m-co-Xn-bpsS {]Nm-c-Icpw kwc-
A[ymbw ˛ 7
£-I-cp-am-bn. Ah-cp-sSbpw injy-∑m-cp-sSbpw ]c-
º-c-h-gn-bmWv tIc-f-Øn¬ Bbp¿thZw \ne-\n-
∂Xpw {]N-cn-®-Xpw. tIc-f-Ønse `nj-Kz-c-∑m-sc-
°p-dn®v bqtdm]y≥ k©m-cn-Ifmb am¿t°m-t∏m-
tfm, Km¿jym U Hm¿´ F∂n-h-cpsS Ipdn-∏p-I-
fn¬ kqN-\-I-fp-≠v.
hS-t»-cn- ]c-ta-iz-c≥, Ccn-ßm-e-°pS am[-h≥, XpS-
ßnb tPymXn- » mkv{X]fin- X - ∑ m¿ Gsd
{]ivkvX-cm-bn-cp-∂p.
P\- X - b psS kwkv I m- c - Ø ns‚ `mK- a m- b n- s °m-
≠mWv Hmtcm `mjbpw hf¿∂ph∂-Xv. ae-bm-fhpw
CXn¬\n∂p `n∂-a-√. {]mNo\Xan-g-I-Øns‚ `mK-
am-bn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ BZy-Imeae-bm-f-Øn¬ Xan-
gns‚ cq]߃ ImWmw. _u≤ssP\aX-°m-cp-
sSbpw {_m“Wkaq-l-Øn-s‚bpw km∂n[ywhgn
kwkvIr-X-`mj ChnsS {]N-cn-®p. kwkvIr-Xhpw
Xangpw Chn-SsØ P\-߃°v ]cn-Nn-X-am-bn. Ch
c≠n-s‚bpw kzm[o-\Ø - n¬\n∂v {ItaW hnSp-X¬
t\Sn-bn-´mWv ae-bm-f`mj hf¿∂p-h∂ - X
- v. kwkvIr-
Xhpw ae-bm-fhpw tN¿∂ aWn-{]-hm-fØnemWv
BZyL-´-Øn¬ kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-Iƒ cq]-s∏-Sp-∂Xv.
cma-Nc- n-Xw, cma-IY- ∏
- m´v F∂nh ]m´p-Ir-Xn-Iƒ°pw
DÆnb®n-N-cn-Xw, DÆn-®n-cp-tX-hn-N-cn-Xw, DÆn-bmSn
NcnXw XpS-ßn-b-h aWn-{]-hm-f-Øn\pw ZrjvSm-¥-
ß- f m- W v . sNdp- t »- c n- b psS Irjv W - K mYbmWv
sXfnae-bm-fØ - n-ep≈ BZy-Ir-Xn. Xp©-sØ-gp-Ø-
—\pw Ip©≥ \ºymcpw ae-bm-fsØ IqSp-X¬
t]mjn-∏n-®p.
_u≤-ssP-\-a-X-߃
tIc-f-Ønse tKm{X-kw-kvIm-c-Øn¬ henb am‰-
ß-fp-≠m-°m≥ _p≤-aXkzm[o\w Imc-W-am-bn-
´p≠v. hnZym-`ym-kw, `mj, D’-hß
- ƒ, A£-ca
- me,
sshZyw, tPymXnjw XpSßn Hs´-√m -hn⁄m\ta-
J-e-I-fnepw _p≤-aXw kzm[o\w sNep-Øn-bn-
´p≠v.
{InkvXp 8-˛9 \q‰m-≠p-ItfmsS-bm-hWw ssP\-aXw
ChnsS {]N-cn--®Xv. Im¿jnI hrØn-bnepw hym]m-
c-Ønepw G¿s∏-´n-cp-∂-h-cm-bn-cp∂p ssP\-aX
hnizm-kn-Iƒ. hb-\m-Sv, tImgn-t°m-Sv, ]me-°m-Sv,
tIc-f∏
- g
- a 81
¢mkv ˛ IX

Fd-Wm-Ipfw Pn√-If - n¬ a[y-ImessP\-aX

- Ø
- ns‚ F∂-XmWv i¶-c-Z¿i-\Øns‚ s]mcpƒ.
Ncn-{Xm-hi
- n-jvSß
- ƒ ImWmw. AXp-t]m-se-Øs∂ Z¿i-\-߃°v {]Nmcw In´m≥ _p≤-a-X-Øns‚
sX°v sN´n-Ip-f-ß-c, `c-Wn-°m-hv, amth-en-°-c, P\-Iob{]Nm-c-W-coXn {ioi¶-c≥ Ah-ew-_n-®p.
Aº-e-∏p-g XpS-ßnb ÿe-ß-fn¬\n∂v _p≤-a- AXp-aqew Nne-c-t±-lsØ {]—∂_p≤≥ F∂p
Xm-h-in-jvS-߃ Is≠-Øp-I-bp-≠m-bn. hnfn-®p.
t£{X-I-e-Iƒ
a[yImetIc- f - Ø nse t£{X- ß ƒ kwKoXw,
\mSIw, \rØw apX-emb IeIƒ°v t{]m’m-
l\w \¬In-. kwkvIrX\mS-I-߃ Ac-tß-dn-
bXv I
- qØ-ºe- ØnemWv. t£{X]cn-kc - Øp am{X-
am-bn-cp∂p IqØpw IqSn-bm-´hpw. t£{X-I-e-I-
fmbnØs∂ Ah \ne- \ n- ∂ p. Aº- e - Ø n¬
IS°m≥ A\p-a-Xn-bn-√m-Ø-h¿°v Cu Ie-Iƒ
Bkz-Zn-°m≥ A-h-kcw In´n-bn-cp-∂n-√. am{X-a√,
ITn-\-amb kwkvIrX{]`m-h-ap≈ `mj-bmWv Ch-
bn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂-Xv.
A\p-jvTm-\-I-e-Iƒ
t£{X-I-eIfn¬\n∂v thdn´v Imhp-I-fnepw a‰v
Aº-e-∏p-g Icp-am-Sn-°p-´≥ Bcm- [ - \ m- ÿ m- \ - ß - f nepw Ac- t ß- d n- b n- c p∂
A\pjvTm\-I-e-Iƒ ]eXpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. sXøw,
_u≤ssP\aX-ßf - psS Bcm-[\mk{º-Zm-bß - ƒ
Xnd, sh≈m-´v, Dgn-®n¬ Ifw-]m-´v, k¿∏wXp≈¬
Gsd P\-{]n-bß - f
- m-bn-cp-∂p. CXv Ch-bpsS kzoIm-
apX-em-bh DZm-l-c-Ww. t£{X-I-e-Isf At]-
cyX h¿≤n- ∏ n- ° m- \ n- S - b m- ° n. tIc- f - Ø n¬
£n®v Ch IqSp-X¬ P\-Io-b-hp-am-bn-cp-∂p.
Bbp¿thZw {]Ncn∏n-®Xv C°q-´-cm-sW∂v A`n-
{]m-b-ap-≠v. Imem-¥-c-Øn¬ Cu aX-ß-fpsS Bcm-
[-\m-e-b-߃ {_m“WtI{µ-ß-fmbn amdp-I-bm-
Wp-≠m-b-Xv.
{ioi-¶-c≥
{InkvXp 8˛9 \q‰m-≠n-em-Wv {ioi¶-c≥ Pohn-®n-cp-
∂- X v . \ne- h n- e n- c p∂ ]e BNm- c - ß sfbpw
FXn¿Øv kaq-l-Øn¬ Db¿∂ Nn¥ Ah-X-cn-
∏n-°m≥ At±lw bXv\n-®p. CXn\v At±lw
B{ibn-®Xv thtZm]-\n-j-Øp-°-sf-bm-Wv. Ah-
bpsS B[n-ImcnIXzsØ Db¿Øn-∏n-Sn-®v Xs‚
ImgvN-∏mSv At±lw Ah-X-cn-∏n-®p. D]-\n-jZvZ¿i-
\-ß-fpsS ASn-Ø-d-bn-emWv {ioi-¶-c≥ Xs‚
AssZz-X-kn-≤m-¥w cq]-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xv.
Alw {_“mkvan (Rm≥ {_“-am-Wv)
XØz-akn (AXp \obmWv)
NmIym¿IqØv

82 kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw˛ I
 A[ymbw ˛ 7

IqSn-bm´w

Chbv°p ]pdsa tIc-f-Øn-se-Ønb a‰p aX-hn-`m- tbm-Sp-tN¿∂ A\p-jvTm-\ß - fpw Ch-bn¬s∏Sp-∂p.

K-߃°pw Ah-cp-tS-Xmb A\p-jvTm-\ß - fpw Iem- AXp-t]mse {InkvXp-aX - m-\p-bm-bn-Iƒ°pw Ahcp-
cq- ] - ß fpw ]m´p- h - g - ° - ß fpw \S- ∏ n- e n- c p- ∂ p. tS-Xmb am¿§w-I-fn, Nhn-´p-\m-SIw XpS-ßnb Iem-
aplvbp±o≥ame XpSßn Ht´sd ame-∏m-´p-Ifpw Ah- cq-]-ßfpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p.

tIc-f-Ønse Ie-I-fnepw kmln-Xy-Ønepw hnhn-[-P-\-hn-`m-K-ß-fpsS Pohn-X-co-Xn, `£-W-co-Xn,

thj-hn-[m-\w, BNm-cß
- ƒ, Ic-hn-cp-Xp-Iƒ XpS-ßn-bh
- b
- psS kzm[o\w {]I-Sa
- m-Wv. CXv \¬Ip∂
kqN-\-Iƒ F¥mWv? GsX√mw P\-hn-`m-K-ß-fpsS kwkvIm-c-hp-ambn Ch _‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p∂p?

t]m¿®pKokv B[n-]Xyw XInSw adn- ™ p. hmWn- P y- Ø n¬ IpØI

Gjy-bn¬ bqtdm-]y≥ tImf\n hmgvN°v XpS-°-
an´ kw`-h-sa∂ \ne-bv°mWv t]m¿®p-Kokv \mhn-
I\mb hmkvtIm-U-Km-abpsS hc-hns\ Ncn-{X-
Øn¬ hnh-cn-°m-dp-≈-Xv.
A∂p-hsc (1498 F.Un) tIc-f-°-c-bn¬ Imep-Ip-
Øn-b-h-cmcpw \mSns‚ cmjv{So-bm-[n-Im-c-Øn¬
IÆp sh®n-cp-∂n-√. hntZ-in-I-fmb I®-h-S-°m¿
ISep IS∂ph∂v ]e \q‰m-≠p-I-tfmfw hym]m-c-
_‘w XpS-cp-I-bp-≠m-bn. C∂m-´p-Im-cp-ambn CS-
]-gIn Xt±ihmkn-I-fmbn amdn-b-h-cmWv Gsd-bpw.
kam-[m-\-]-c-hpw kulr-Z-]-c-hp-amb Hc-¥-co-£-
am-bn-cp∂p Fßpw \ne-\n-∂n-cp-∂-Xv.
F∂m¬ t]m¿®p-Ko-kp-Im-cpsS hc-thmsS F√mw
X߃°m-hWw F∂v Ah¿ iTn-®p. \q‰m-≠p-
Ifmbn tIc-fh - p-ambn _‘w ]pe¿Ønt∏m∂ Ad-
_n-I-sfbpw ssN\-°m-scbpw B´n-tbm-Sn®pw Xt±-
i- h m- k n- I sf `b- s ∏- S p- Ø nbpw \mSp- h m- g n- I sf
XΩn¬Ø√n®pw t]m¿®p-Ko-kp-Im¿ ChnsS Nph-
Sp-d-∏n-°m≥ {ian-®p. ISepw Icbpw kwL¿j-`-cn-
X-ambn.
t]m¿®p-Kokvkm∂n[ywaqew Ah-cpsS hnizm-k-
ßfpw kmwkvIm-cnIkhn-ti-j-X-Ifpw ChnsS
{]N-cn-®p-sh∂p ImWmw. ]g-b-Imew apX¬t°
I®- h - S - Ø n- s \Øn \m´p- I m- c mbn amdnb kndn-
b≥{InkvXym-\n-Isf {]tIm-]n-∏n-°p∂ \S-]-Sn-I-
fmWv t]m¿®p-Ko-kp-Im¿ ssIs°m-≠-Xv. {]tXy-
In®v aX-hn-izm-k-Øns‚ Imcy-Øn¬.

tIc-f∏
- g
- a 83
¢mkv ˛ IX

DZ-bw-t]-cq¿ kq\-l-tZmkpw Iq\≥Ipcnip

kXyhpw
tIc-f-Ønse ss{IkvXhk`sb tdman-t\mSv
hnt[-b-Xz-ap-≈-Xm°n am‰m≥ DZbw t]cq-cn¬
\S-Ønb ]ptcm-lnXktΩ-f\ - a
- mWv "DZ-bw-t]-cq¿
kq\-l-tZmkv' F∂ t]cn¬ Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.
"kq\-l-tZmkv' Xocp-am-\-ß-fn¬ tIc-f-Ønse
kpdn-bm\n {InkvXym-\n-Iƒ FXn¿∏p {]I-Sn-∏n®p.
Ah¿ a´m-t©-cn-bnse ]gb Ipcn-in\p ap≥]n¬
ktΩ-fn-®p. eØo≥ _nj-∏p-am-cpsS Xocp-am-\-
߃ AwKo-I-cn-°n-s√∂v {]Xn⁄ sNbvXp.
Gsd {]i-kvX-amb Iq\≥Ipcniv kXyw F∂-
dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂Xv CXm-Wv.
Iip-h≠n, t]c, ]∏m-b, ]pI-bn-e, \ne-°-Se XpS-
ßnb Im¿jnIhn`-h-߃ t]m¿®p-Ko-kp-Im-cpsS
hc- t hmsS Ctßm- s ´- Ø nbXmWv . Iq´- Ø n¬
"Nhn´p \mSIw' t]mep≈ Iem-cq-]-ßfpw ChnsS
tlm¿Øqkv ae-_m-dn-°-qkns‚ ]pdwN´
{]N-cn-®p. ]pXnb Irjn- co-Xn-Ifpw Ah¿ ChnsS
]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øn. t]m¿®p-Ko-kp-Im¿ \n¿Ωn® ae- _ m- d nse ]qt¥m´w F∂¿∞w hcp∂
ss{IkvXhtZhm-e-b-߃, _w•mhpIƒ F∂nh tlm¿Øqkv ae-_m-dn-°qkv BZy-ambn Xøm-
bqtdm-]y≥ hmkvXp-in-ev]-ssien ChnsS {]N-cn- dm°nbXv em‰n≥ `mj- b n-
°m≥ CS-bm-°n. ae-bm-f-`m-j-bn-te°v t]m¿®p- emWv. 1678 apX¬ 1703 hsc-
Kokp _‘w hgn Ht´sd ]Z-߃ h∂ptNcp-I- bp≈ Ime-Øn-\n-Sbn¬ 12
bp-≠m-bn. tai, P\¬, hcm-¥, t]m¿´n-t°m, hmey-ß-fm-bmWv CXv ]pd-
takvXn-cn, teew, Nmhn, Ae-amc XpS-ßn-bh C°q- Øn- d - ß n- b - X v . ]pkv X - I w
´-Øn¬s∏-Spw. {]kn-≤o-I-cn-®Xv BwÿUm-
an-emWv. sIm®n-bnse U®p-
U®p-Im¿ sl≥{SnIv hm≥ doUv
K-h¿W-dm-bn-cp∂ sl≥{SnIv
t]m¿®p-Ko-kp-Imsc XpS¿∂v U®p-Im¿ tIc-f- hm≥ doUns‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn-em-bn-cp∂p tIc-f-
Øn¬ FØn. Gsd-°psd I®-hSw am{Xw e£yw Ønse Huj- [ - k - k y- ß - s f- ° p- d n- ® p≈ Cu
sh®mWv BZyw Ah¿ ChnsS Xßn-b-Xv. Xt±- _rl-Zv{KŸw cNn-°-s∏-´-Xv. Bbp¿th-Z-Nn-In-
iob-cmb \mSp-hm-gn-I-fpsS t]mcn-\n-S-bn¬ U®p- ’m-cw-KØv {]i-kvX-\m-bn-cp∂ C´n ANyp-X≥,
Im¿°v hfsc Ffp-∏-Øn¬ Xß-fpsS B[n-]Xyw Im¿a¬ ]ptcm-ln-X≥ tPm¨amXyqkv, cwK-`-´v,
ÿm]n-°m-\mbn. ae-bm-f-°-c-bnse Huj[kky- hn\m-bI- `- ´- v, A∏p-`´v F∂-nh-cpsS klm-bt- Øm-
ß-sf-°p-dn®v hni-Z-amb ]T\w \SØn Xøm-dm- sS-bmWv tlm¿Øqkv ae-_m-dn-°qkv F∂
°nb "tlm¿Øqkv ae-_m-dn-°qkv' F∂ H‰ ]pkvXIw hm≥ doUv Xbm-dm-°n-b-Xv. Fgp-∂q‰n
{KŸw sIm≠v U®p-Im¿ Ah-cpsS tIc-fob \m¬∏-Øn-c-≠ntesd kky-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p≈
km∂n-[yw Ahn-kva-c-Wo-b-am-°n. hnh-c-W-߃ CXn-ep-≠v.

t]m¿®p-Ko-kp-Im-cpsS hc-hn\p apºpw ]nºp-ap≈ tIc-f-Øns‚ hntZ-i-hm-WnPyØn¬ h∂

hyXym-k-sa¥v? N¿® sNøp-I.

84 kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw˛ I
 A[ymbw ˛ 7

thWmSv sIm®n-bnse i‡≥X-ºp-cm≥

inYneoI-cWi‡n-Isf D∑q-e\w sNbvXpw U®p-
Imsc XS™pw tXm¬∏n®pw thWm-´n¬ am¿Øm-
fi-h¿Ω \ne-bp-d-∏n®p. thWm-Sns\ B[p-\n-I-
X-bn-te°v \bn® cmPm-sh∂pw `c-W\n]p-W-
s\∂pw t]sc-SpØ hy‡n-bm-bn-cp∂p At±lw.
cmPy-Øns‚ hnkvXrXn h¿≤n-∏n®pw cmPysØ
GIo-I-cn®pw Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnse cmPm-°-∑m-cn¬
sh®v G‰hpw Ign-hp‰ `c-Wm-[n-Imcn F∂ \ne-
bn-te°v At±lw Db¿∂p. `c-W-cwKw \ho-I-cn-
°m\pw ssk\ysØ ]cn-jv°c - n-°m\pw kzoI-cn®
\S-]-Sn-Iƒ Gsd {]iw-kn-°-s∏-´p. amXr-Im-]-c-
amb \m´p-cm-PyØns‚ Cu kmc-Yn-bmWv tIc-f-
Øn¬ GIo-IrX`c-W-Øn\v XpS-°-an-´-Xv. Ab¬
\mSp-Isf Iog-S°n thWm-Sns\ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-
sd∂ B[p-\n-Ic - m-Py-am°n hnI-kn-∏n-®Xv am¿Øm-
fi-h¿Ω-bm-Wv.
t]m¿®p-Ko-kp-Im-cp-ambn kulr-ZØ
- n¬ \n∂p-sIm-
≠mWv sIm®n-cmPyw i‡-am-b-Xv. ]n¬°m-eØv
i‡≥ Xºp-cm≥ Chn-SsØ {]_-e-\mb cmPm-
hm-bn. amS-ºn-am-scbpw {]`p-°-∑m-scbpw ASn-®-
a¿Ønbpw {_m“W]utcm- l n- X ysØ \nb-
{¥WØn-em-°nbpw `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-bpsS \b-Nm-
Xpcyw At±lw hy‡-am-°n. CXv sIm®nsb i‡-
am- ° m- \ p≈ BZysØ Im¬sh- ∏ m- b n- c p- ∂ p.
{InkvXym-\n-Iƒ°v I®-h-S-Øn-\mbn kuIcyw
sNbvXp-sIm-SpØpw ]pXnb hym]m-c-tI-{µ-߃
Bcw- ` n®pw hmWn- P y- c wKw sa®- s ∏- S p- Ø m≥
At±lw {ian-®p. Im¿jn-tIm-ev]m-Z\w h¿≤n-∏n-
°m-\mbn AW-s°-´p-Iƒ \n¿Ωn-®Xv sIm®n-`-c-
W-Øns‚ ta∑-I-fn-sem-∂m-Wv.

hnL-Sn®p \n¬°p-Ibpw ]c-kv]cw t]mc-Sn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂Xv \ΩpsS hn`-hhpw kºØpw

sIm≈-bS- n-°s
- ∏-Sp-∂X
- n\v CS-bm-°nb Ncn{Xw \mw ]cn-Nb
- s
- ∏-´t- √m. am¿Øm-fih
- ¿Ω-bpsSbpw
i‡≥X-ºp-cms‚bpw `cWw tIc-f-Øns‚ GIo-I-cWØn\p{]tNm-Z-\-am-bn. Cu A`n-{]m-b-
tØmSv \n߃ tbmPn-°p-∂pt≠m?

ssakq¿ B{I-aWw tIc- f obkaq- l - Ø n¬ ssakq¿A[n- \ n- t hiw

hmWn- P y- Ø n¬ IpØItamln®v ]Sn- ™ m- d ≥
cmPy-ß-fn¬\n∂v h∂-Xp-t]mse Chn-SpsØ hn`-
h߃ sImXn®v Ing-°≥ aebndßnbpw adp-\m-
´p-Im¿ Ctßm-s´-Øn. hb-\m-Sn-\-∏p-dØv ssakq¿
cmPy-Øp-\n-∂mWv ]S-tbm-´-ap-≠m-b-Xv. sslZ-cm-
en, aI-\mb Sn∏p F∂o c≠p-kp¬Øm-∑m-cpsS
ImeØv hSt° ae-_m-dns‚ Ht´sd {]tZ-i-߃
Ah¿°-[o-\-am-bn. ssakq¿ kp¬Øm-∑m-cpsS
A¥y-tØmsS ae-_m¿ Cw•ojv Iº-\n-bpsS
Iogn¬h∂p.
Fs¥√mw -am-‰-ß-fm-Wp-≠m-°n-b-sX∂ At\z-j-
W-Øn-te°v \oßp-tºmƒ Is≠-Øp∂ Imcy-߃
Fs¥m-s°-sb∂p t\m°p.
Irjn-`qan Af∂p Xn´-s∏-Sp-Øn, \nIp-Xn- \n-
›-bn-®p.
hoXn-Iq-Snb ]oc-¶n-\n-c-Øp-Iƒ ]WnXp
\ncØp hgn {][m- \ - ÿ - e - ß ƒ XΩn¬
_‘-ap-≠m-°n. AXp-hgn hym]m-c-Øn\pw
KXm-K-X-Øn\pw kuIcyw h¿[n-∏n-®p.

{]h¿Ø-\-߃
ae-_m-dns‚ kmaq-ly-hn-Ik
- \
- Ø
- n\v Sn∏p-hns‚ \S-]S- n-Iƒ F{X-am{Xw klm-bI
- a
- m-bn-´p≠v?
]cn-tim-[n-°q.

alm-inemkwkvIm-c-L´w apX¬ B[p-\nItIcfw ]nd-°p-∂-Xp-h-sc-bp≈ ImesØ kmaq-ly-Po-

hn-XsØ°pd-n®v Adn-bm-\p≈ {ia-am-Wt√m \mw \S-Øn-b-Xv. Cu {iaw C\nbpw XpS-tc-≠-Xp-≠v.

tIc-f∏
- g
- a 85
¢mkv ˛ IX

\ΩpsS Pohn-X-]-cn-k-c-sØ-°p-dn®v IqSp-X-e-dn-bm-\p≈ {]mtZ-inINcn-{Xm-t\z-j-W-Øn\v XpS°w

Ipdn-bv°mw.
kvIqƒ/hoSv ÿnXn-sN-øp∂ {]tZ-itam sXm´-SpØ {]tZ-itam CXn-\mbn Xnc-s™-Sp-°mw. Ncn-
{X-kvam-c-I-߃, s]mXp-ÿm-]-\߃, ]gb Xd-hm-Sp-Iƒ, Bcm-[-\m-e-b-߃ F∂n-hsb tI{µo-
I-cn-®p≈ At\z-j-W-am-hmw. imkv{Xo-b-amb At\z-j-W-Øn-eqsS Hmtcm-∂n-s‚bpw Bhn¿`m-h-
Øns‚ kml-N-cyw, Ime-∏-g-°w, AXn\v kaq-l-Øn¬ D≈ ÿm\w, F∂nh Xncn-®-dn-bmw.

tIc-f-Ønse inem-bp-K-Øn-sebpw teml-bp-K-Øn-sebpw a\p-jy-cpsS Pohn-Xm-h-ÿsb Xmc-

XaywsNbvXv \nK-a-\-߃ cq]-s∏-Sp-Øq.
Dev]m-Z-\-an-®hpw hmWn-Py-_-‘-ßfpw kmaq-ly-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ Fs¥√mw {]Xn-^-e-\-ßfm-Wp-≠m-
°p-∂Xv? a[y-Im-e-tI-c-f-Øns‚ ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ hne-bn-cp-Øp-I.

86 kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw˛ I
 8 kmaqlyPohnXw
Iq´pIm-tcm-sSm-cp-an®v Ifn-I-fnepw a‰v hnt\m-Z-ß- \ΩpsS ssZ\w-Zn\Pohn-X-Øn¬ Bh-iy-ap≈
fnepw G¿s∏-Sm-Ø-h¿ \ap-°n-S-bn¬ hfsc Ipd- `£Ww, hkv{Xw, ]m¿∏nSw, ]pkvXIw apX-em-
hm- b n- c n- ° pw. kv I qfnepw Ab¬]- ° - Ø p- a p≈ bh e`n-°p-∂-Xn\v Bcp-sS-sb√mw klm-b-amWv
\ap°v e`n-®n-´p-≈-Xv? \mw Pohn-°p∂ temI-sØ-
\ΩpsS Nßm-Xn-am-tcm-sSm∏w Fs¥√mw Ifn-I-fn-
°p- d n®pw AXns‚ C∂- s e- I - s f- ° p- d n- ® p- a p≈
emWv \mw G¿s∏-Sp-∂-Xv? Ifnbpw Imcyhpw CS-
Adnhv \mw t\Sp-∂Xv FhnsS \n∂m-Wv? \ΩpsS
I-e¿∂-Xm-Wt√m \ΩpsS Pohn-Xw. Np‰p-ap≈ Bfp-I-fp-ambn \nc-h[n kµ¿`-ß-fn¬
\mw _‘-s∏-Sp-∂p-≠-t√m.
Iq´mb Pohn- X - Ø n- e qsS
sXmgn¬hIp∏pa{¥n
Ce-Iv{So-jy≥ Kƒ^v cmPyØp\n∂pw cq]-s∏-Sp∂ kmaq-ly-_‘ - -
s]t{Sm-fnbw Ib‰p-aXn ß- s f- ° p- d n®pw AXv
sNøp∂ Bƒ
\Ωn¬ sNep- Ø p∂
Npa-´p-sXm-gn-emfn t£a- kzm[o- \ - s Ø- ° p- d n®pw
Hmbn¬ dnss^-\dn DSa
\n[n t_m¿Unse \ap°v N¿® sNømw.
Poh-\°
- m-c≥
Ab¬ kwÿm-\sØ IpSpw-_mw-K-߃, kplr-
s\¬°r-jn-°m-c≥
Xø¬°m-c≥ Øp-°ƒ, A[ym-]-I¿ apX-
emb ]e-cp-ambpw \ap°v
]e-Nc
- °p IS-°m-c≥
CS- ] - g - t I≠nhcm- d p- ≠ v .
temdn DSa
Cßs\ \mw t\cn´v CS-]-
sXm-gn-emfn [m\y-ß-fpsS g- I p- ∂ - h ¿ am{X- a mtWm
samØ-°-®-h-S-°m-c≥
\ΩpsS Pohn- X sØ
kzm[o- \ n- ° p- ∂ - X v ? \mw
Cw•ojv acp-∂p-tjm∏v
DSa s]t{Smƒ _¶p-Sa Ct∂mfw I≠n- ´ n- √ mØ
]e-cp-sSbpw {]hrØn-Iƒ
temdn ss{Uh¿ \sΩ kzm[o-\n-°p-∂nt√?
tI_nƒ Sn.hn. Hm∏-td-‰¿
Nn{Xw (8.1)se PmenI
tUmIvS¿ {i≤n-°p-I. C∂sØ kaq-
l-Øn¬ Bfp-Iƒ Fßn-
Nn{Xw 8.1
s\-sb-√m-amWv ]c-kv]cw
_‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂Xv F∂mWv Cu PmenI kqNn-
∏n-°p-∂-Xv.
¢mkv ˛ IX

Pmen-I-bn¬ sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂ sXmgn-emfn Bsc-√m-am-bn _‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p?

$ Abmƒ t\cn´v _‘-s∏-Sp-∂Xv Btcm-sS-√m-am-Wv?
$ Pmen-I-bn¬ sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂ hnhn[ hy‡n-Iƒ ]pe¿Øp∂ ]c-kv]c_‘-߃°v IqSp-
X¬ DZm-l-c-W-߃ Is≠-Øp-I.
$ CXp-t]mse \n߃°v _‘-ap≈ hy‡n-Isf Dƒs∏-SpØn Hcp PmenI Xøm-dm-°q.
$ F¥n-\mWv \n߃ Ch-tcmSv _‘w ]pe¿Øp-∂-Xv? \n߃ GsX√mw Imcy-߃°mWv
Chsc B{i-bn-°p-∂X
- v? Cu _‘-߃ C√m-bn-cp-s∂-¶n¬ Fs¥√mw {]bm-kß
- f
- m-bn-cn°pw
\n߃ t\cn-tS≠n hcn-I? hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-I.

Ccp-´n¬\n∂v shfn-®-Øn-te°v kwkm-cn-°m-t\m \S°mt\m Ign-bmØ Ah-ÿ-

sImSnb Ip‰-hm-fn-Iƒ°v \¬Ip∂ Hcp in£m-hn-
[n-bmWv GIm-¥-Ø-S-hv. CXns\ `b-s∏-SmØ
Bfp-Iƒ Npcp-°-am-bn-cn-°pw. Hcp a\p-jy-°p-´nsb
Hcp Ccp-´-d-bn¬ H‰°v AS-®n-SpI. \ap°v Btem-
Nn-°m≥ høm-Ø{X `oI-c-amb A\p-`-h-am-W-Xv.
F∂m¬ CXp t]mep≈ kw`-h-ßfpw \S-∂n-´p-
≠v. 1938 ¬ Ata-cn-°-bn-em-bn-cp∂p AXv \S-∂-Xv.
bn- e m- b n- c p∂p Ahƒ. kmam- \ y- _ p- ≤ n- b psS
bmsXmcp e£-Whpw Ahƒ {]I-Sn-∏n-®n-cp-∂n-√.
Ah-fpsS icocw F√p-Iƒ ]pd-tØ-°p¥n hfsc
£oWn® \ne-bn-em-bn-cp-∂p. ]pdw-tem-IsØ H®-
I-tfmSpw ImgvN-I-tfmSpw {]Xn-I-cn-°m-Ø-Xn-\m¬
Ahƒ _[n-cbpw A‘-bp-am-sW∂ kwibw
t]mepw I≠p\n-∂-h-cn¬ D≠m-bn.

"A∂' F∂ s]¨Ip-´nsb Ahƒ P\n® \mƒ {i≤m-]q¿h-amb ]cn-Nc - W

- Ø
- n-eqsS {ItaW A∂-
apX¬ Ah-fpsS apØ-—≥ hoSns‚ X´n≥]pd- bpsS kz`m-hØ - n¬ am‰-߃ I≠p-Xp-Sß - n. Ahƒ
Øp≈ Ccp-´p-ap-dn-bn¬ AS-®n-´p. Poh≥ \ne- a‰p-≈-h-cpsS \n¿tZ-i-߃ A\p-k-cn®v {]h¿Øn-
\n¿Øm≥ Bh-iy-amb `£Ww am{Xta Ahƒ°v °m≥ XpS- ß n. apØp- I ƒsIm≠p ame
\¬In- b n- c p- ∂ p- ≈ q. Hcp Ip™n- \ m- h - i y- a mb tIm¿°m\pw \nd-߃ Xncn-®-dn-bm-\pap≈ Ignhv
kv t \l- ] q¿W- a mb ]cn- N - c - W tam emf- \ tbm t\Sn. ]mh-°p-´n-Isf kvt\ln-°m≥ XpS-ßn.
Ahƒ°v e`n-®n-cp-∂n-√. Ah-fpsS hkv{X-ßfpw A]q¿W-amb hmIy-߃sIm≠v a‰p-≈-h-cp-ambn
InS-°bpw Agp°v \nd™v Po¿Wn® Ah-ÿ-bn- Bi- b - h n- \ n- a bw \S- Ø m≥ {ian- ® p. ssIIƒ
ep-≈-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. hrØn-bm-°pI, ]√p-tX-bv°pI apX-emb ioe-
߃ Ah-fpsS Pohn-X-Øns‚ `mK-am-bn. \S-
GI-tZiw Bdv hb-kp-≈-t∏m-gmWv A∂ Cu °m\pw HmSm\pw XpS-ßn. a‰p Ip´n-I-fp-ambn CS-]-
GIm¥ØS- h n¬\n∂p tamNn- ∏ n- ° - s ∏- S p- ∂ - X v . g-Ip-Ibpw Ahsc klm-bn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
A∂-bpsS Pohn-Xm-\p-`-h-Øns‚ ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ Np‰p-]m-Sp-Iƒ Hcp hy‡n-bpsS hf¿®-bn¬
sNep-Øp∂ kzm[o-\-sØ-°p-dn®v \n߃°v F¥mWv a\- n-em-b-Xv?

a\p-jy-k-aq-lhpw P¥p-k-aq-lhpw imco-cn-I-amb {]tXy-I-X-Iƒ Xs∂-bmWv Ahsb

Iq´mb PohnXw \bn-°p∂ ]e P¥p-°-fp≠v. P∑-
hm-k-\bv°pw imco-cn-I-amb {]tXy-I-X-Iƒ°pw
A\p-k-cn®v Pohn-°p-∂-h-cmWv P¥p-°ƒ. tX\o-
®-I-sf-t∏m-se-bp≈ P¥p-°ƒ IqSv \n¿an-°p-∂-
Xns‚ {]tXy-I-X-I-sf-°p-dn®v \mw apsºm-cn-°¬
N¿® sNbvXp. CXp-t]mse Cc tXSp-∂-Xn\pw
NqSn¬\n∂pw XWp-∏n¬\n∂pw c£-t\-Sp-∂X - n\pw
klm-bn-°p-∂-sX∂p \mw a\- n-em-°n.
Nne-bn\w P¥p-°ƒ°n-S-bn¬ sXmgn¬ hn`-P\w
\ne- \ n¬°p- ∂ p. DZm- l - c - W - a mbn tX\o-
®sbØs∂-sb-Sp°mw. dmWnbpw the-°mcpw
BWo- ® - I fpw AS- ß n- b - X m- W t√m Ah- b psS
kaqlw. Hmtcm- hn`m-K-Øn\pw {]tXyIw tPmen-
bp--≠v. tX\o-®-Iƒ°n-S-bnse sXmgn¬hn`-P\w

88 kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw˛ I
 A[ymbw ˛ 8

Ah-bpsS Poh-im-kv{X-]-c-amb {]tXy-I-X-bm-Wv. I-fn-eq-sS-bp-am-Wv. i{Xp-°-fpsS hchv I≠m¬

CXp-t]mse a\p-jy-Po-hn-X-Ønepw kmaq-lyhpw
P¥p-im-kv{X-]-c-hp-amb Imc-W-ß-fm¬ sXmgn-ep-
Iƒ hn`-Pn-°s - ∏-´n-cp-∂p. P¥p-°ƒ°n-Sb
- nse Bi-
b-hn-\n-a-b-coXn {i≤n-°mw.
]cn-Wm-a-Øn¬ a\p-jy-t\mSv G‰hpw kmay-ap≈
Nnºm≥kn, __q¨, luf¿ apX-emb hnhn[
Pohn-h¿K-ßf - n¬s]´ Bƒ°p-cß - p-Iƒ Xs∂- DZm-
l-c-Ww. Ah Bi-b-hn-\n-abw \S-Øp-∂Xv i_vZ-
ß- f n- e q- s Sbpw AwK- N - e - \ - ß - f n- e q- s S- b p- a m- W v .
Bƒ°p-c-ßp-Iƒ Ah-bpsS am\-kn-Im-hÿ {]I-
Sn-∏n-°p-∂Xv Ic-®n-en-eq-sSbpw a‰v imco-cnItNjvS-
sXmgn¬hn`-P\w, Bibhn\n-abw F∂n-h-bn¬ a\p-jy\pw arK-ßfpw XΩn-ep≈ hyXym-k-
sa¥v? N¿® sNøp-I.
AXn-s\-°p-dn®v Xs‚ Iq´p-Im¿°v ap∂-dn-bn∏v
\¬Im\pw Ahbv°v Ign-bpw. ]s£ BcmWv
i{Xp-sht∂m AXv GXv kml-N-cy-ß-fn-emWv
{]Xy-£-s∏-Sp-∂-sXt∂m D≈ Adnhv Xs‚ kl-
Po-hn-Iƒ°v a\-kn-em°ns°mSp-°m≥ Ah-bv°m-
hn- √ . A\p- ` - h - ß ƒ a‰p≈h¿°v ]I¿∂v
\¬Im≥ arK- ß ƒ°v Ign- b n√ F∂mWv
CXn¬\n∂p a\- n-em-hp-∂-Xv.
a\p-jy-k-aqlw _p≤n D]-tbm-Kn®v `mjbpw
kmt¶-Xn-I-hn-Zybpw hnI-kn-∏n®v kaq-l-Øn\v
DXIp∂ kwkvImcw D≠m-°n-bn-´p-≠v.

amdp∂ kaqlw A[n-Im-c-cq-]-߃, D]-I-c-W-߃, `mj apX-em-

`£y-ti-J-c-Whpw \mbm´pw Irjnbpw hyh-km- b-h-bnepw am‰-߃ h∂n-´p-≠v. am‰w am\-h-k-aq-
bhpw tkh-\hpw hnhn[Ime-L-´-ß-fn¬ a\p- l-Øns‚ kp{]-[m-\-amb Hcp kz`m-h-am-Wv.
jys‚ {][m-\s- ∏´ sXmgn-ep-If
- m-bn-Øo¿∂p F∂v kmaqly_‘-ß-fpsS Pmen-I-bmWv kaqlw.
\mw N¿® sNbvXn-´p-≠v. Cu hf¿®-tbm-sSm∏w ˛aIv sFh¿
hm¿Øm-hn-\n-a-b-cw-KØpw imkv{X kmt¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy-bnepw Fs¥√mw am‰-ß-fmWv C∂p-≠m-bn-
s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂-Xv? AXv \ΩpsS Pohn-XsØ _m[n-°p-∂-sX-ßs\-bm-Wv?

kwkvImcw ∑m-cpsS A\p-`-h-ß-fn¬\n∂pw Adn-hn¬\n∂pw

A\p-`-h-ßfpw Adn-hp-Ifpw Xs‚ kl-Po-h-I-fp- ]mT-߃ Dƒs°m-≠mWv a\p-jy-k-aqlw hf¿∂p-
ambn ]¶psh- b v ° m\pw AXv hcpw- X - e - a p- d - sIm- ≠ n- c n- ° p- ∂ - X v . Cßs\ Xe- a p- d - I - f n- e qsS
Iƒ°mbn ]I¿∂p \¬Im-\p-ap≈ Ignhv a\p- ssIam‰w sNø-s∏-Sp∂ Adn-hp-Ifpw A\p-`-h-
jys‚ am{Xw {]tXy-I-X-bm-Wv. A\p-`-h-ßfpw ßfpw \ΩpsS kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ `mK-am-Wv.
Adn-hp-Ifpw ]¶p-sh-°m\pw ssIam‰w sNøm\pw ""kwkvImcw F∂Xv Ie, [m¿Ωn-I-t_m-[w,
a\p-jys\ klm-bn-°p-∂Xv `mj-bm-Wv. ]q¿hn-I- BNm-c-߃, ]mc-ºcyw XpSßn kaq-l-Øn¬
\n∂v Hcp a\p-jy\v AXnse AwK-sa∂ \ne-
bn¬ kzmwio-I-cn-°p∂ khn-ti-j-X-bmWv''.
C._n. sSbve¿
as‰s¥-√m-amWv \ΩpsS kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ `mK-
am-bn-´p-≈-Xv?
$ kmt¶-Xn-I-hnZy
$ `£-W-ioew
$ hkv{X-[m-c-W-coXn
$ BNm-c-߃

kmaqlyPohnXw 89
¢mkv ˛ IX

aq®n-tem´v `K-hXn sXøw

$ BtLm-j-߃ kaq- l - Ø n¬ Pohn- ° p∂ Hmtcm hy‡n°pw

$ Ie-Iƒ kwkvIm-c-ap≠v. Adn-hv, hnizmkw, Iem-]-c-amb
Ign-hv, \√Xpw NoØbpw Xncn-®-dn-bm-\p≈ Ignhv
$ kmlnXyw apX-em-b-h.
$ "kwkvIm-c-an-√m-Ø-h≥' F∂v Hcmsf hnfn-°p-∂-
$ Xns‚ HuNnXyw F{X-tØm-f-ap-≠v? kwkvImcw
am‰-an-√msX XpS-cp-∂-Xm-tWm?

`£-Ww, hkv{X-[m-c-Ww, hnhm-lw, acWw F∂n-h-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´v \nß-fpsS {]tZ-iØv

Pohn-°p∂ hnhn[P\-hn-`m-K-߃°n-S-bnse coXn-Iƒ, BNm-c-߃ Ch Is≠Øn Xmc-Xayw
sNøp-I.

kmaq-ly-h¬°-cWw {]mNo\kaq-l-Øn¬ hwiw, tKm{Xw F∂o hnim-

kwkvImchpw AXn-\\ - p-tbm-Py-amb s]cp-am‰coXn-
Iƒ, aqey-߃, at\m-`m-h-߃ apX-em-bhbpw
hy‡n Dƒs°m-≈p-∂Xv Xs‚ Np‰p-]m-Sp-ap-≈-h-
cp-ambn CS-]-g-Ip-∂-Xn-eq-sS-bm-Wv. Cu {]{In-bsb
kmaq- l y- h ¬°- c Ww F∂v hnfn- ° p- ∂ p.
kmaqlyh¬°-c-WsØ klm-bn-°p∂ \nc-h[n
LS-I-߃ D≠v. IpSpw-_hpw hnZym-`ymkÿm]-
\-ß-fp-amWv Ch-bn¬ {][m-\w.
IpSpw_w
]nd∂ \mƒ apX¬ \mw B{i-bn-°p-Ibpw CS-]-g-
Ip-Ibpw sNøp∂ ASn-ÿm-\-km-aq-ly-ÿm-]-\-
amWv IpSpw-_w. a\p-jys‚ kmaq-ly-_-‘-߃
Bcw- ` n- ° p- ∂ Xv IpSpw- _ - Ø n¬\n∂m- W v.
e-amb Iq´m-bva-I-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-L-SIw IpSpw-
_-am-bn-cp-∂p.
kaq- l - Ø n¬ Pohn- ° m≥ klm- b n- ° p∂ ]e
kz`mhßfpw IpSpw-_Ø - n¬\n∂v Dƒs°m-≈p-∂p.
Hmtcm IpSpw-_-Øn\pw AXns‚ X\-Xmb ]mc-º-
cy-ß-fpw hnizm-k-ßfpw BNm-c-ßfpw D≠m-bn-
cn°pw. Ch CfwXe- a p- d - b n- t e°v ]I¿∂p
\¬Im≥ apXn¿∂-h¿ {i≤n-°p-∂p. Xs‚ IpSpw_w
]n≥Xp-S-cp∂ aX-hn-izm-kw, BNm-c-߃, `£-W-
ioew apX-em-bh hy‡n-Isf kzm[o-\n-°p-∂p.
CXp-Iq-SmsX \mw Pohn-°p∂ kaqlw ]n≥Xp-S-
cp∂ s]cp-am-‰-co-Xn-Ifpw acym-Z-Ifpw A\p-k-cn®v
Pohn-°m-\p≈ ]cn-io-e-\hpw IpSpw-_-Øn¬\n∂v

90 kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw˛ I
 A[ymbw ˛ 8

e`n-°p-∂p. kaqlw AwKo-I-cn-°p∂ kz`m-h-k-hn- Aß-s\ sXmgn¬ sNøp-∂-Xn-\p≈ t{]c-I-i-‡n-

ti- j - X - I ƒ ]n≥Xp- S - c m≥ IpSpw_w Ip´nsb
t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°p-∂p. Ip´n-Iƒ in£n-°-s∏-Sp∂
kµ¿`-ßfpw D≠m-Im-dp-≠-t√m. F¥n\pth-≠n-
bmWv apXn¿∂-h¿ Ip´n-Isf in£n-°p-∂-Xv?
apXn¿∂-h¿ sNøp∂ {]hrØn A\p-I-cn-°m-\p≈
{]h-WX inip-k-l-P-am-Wv. hnhn[ kµ¿`-ß-fn¬
apXn¿∂-h¿ s]cp-am-dp-∂-sX-ßn-s\-sb∂v Ip´n-Iƒ
\nco-£n-°p-∂p. Ip´n-I-fpsS hf¿®-bn¬ A\p-I-c-
Whpw Ifn-Ifpw hln-°p∂ ]¶v {][m-\-am-Wv.
kmaq-ly-h¬°-cWØn\-∏pdw IpSpw_w a‰v ]e
[¿Ω-ßfpw \n¿h-ln-°p-∂p-≠v. a\p-jys‚ {]mY-
anImh-iy-ß-fmb `£-Ww, hkv{Xw, ]m¿∏nSw
F∂nh {]Zm\w sNøp-∂Xv IpSpw-_-am-Wv. AwK-
ß-fpsS kpc£ Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp-∂Xpw IpSpw-_-
Øns‚ Npa-X-e-bm-Wv.
]≠v sXmgn¬]cn-io-e\w IpSpw-_-Øn¬\n∂v e`n-
®n-cp-∂p. C∂v IpSpw-_Ø
- n¬\n∂v ]cn-io-e\w e`n-
°p∂ sXmgn-ep-Iƒ GsX--√m-am-Wv?
Dev]m-Z-\-bq-Wn-‰p-I-fmbn {]h¿Øn-®n-cp∂ IpSpw-
_-߃ D]-t`mKbqWn-‰p-I-fmbn amdn. IpSpw-_mw-
K- ß - f psS klm- b - t ØmsS \S- Ø p∂ Dev ] m-
Z\{]h¿Ø- \ - Ø ns‚ {]k‡nbpw Ipd- ™ p.
F¶nepw D]-t`m-‡mhv F∂ \ne-bn-ep≈ IpSpw-
_-Øns‚ {]m[m\yw H´pw Ipd-bp-∂n-√. IpSpw-_-
Øn-\m-h-iy-amb km[\kma-{Kn-Iƒ hmßp-hm≥
th≠n-bmWv Hmtcm hy‡nbpw sXmgn-en¬ G¿s∏-
Sp-∂X
- v. IpSpw-_mw-Kß
- ƒ Ah-cpsS hcp-am-\Ø
- ns‚
Gdnb ]¶pw sNe-h-gn-°p-∂Xv C°m-cy-Øn-\m-Wv.
bmbpw km[-\-km-a-{Kn-I-fpsS D]-t`m-‡m-hmbpw
IpSpw_w \ne-sIm-≈p-∂p.
hnhn-[-Xcw IpSpw-_-߃
AWp-Ip-Spw-_-ß-fmWv C∂v km[m-c-W-bmbn
ImW-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. CXn¬ AΩbpw A—\pw Ah-
cpsS Ahn-hm-ln-X-cmb a°fpw Dƒs∏-Sp-∂p. ]e
IpSpw-_-߃ H∂n®p Hcp IpSpw-_-ambn Xma-kn-
°p-tºmƒ AXns\ "hnkvXrXIpSpw_w' (Extended
Family) F∂v hnfn-°p-∂p.
AWp-Ip-Spw-_ß - ƒ hym]-Ia - m-Ip-∂X - n\v apºv Iq´p-
Ip-Spw-_-hy-hÿ \ne-\n-∂n-cp-∂p. Hcp ]c-º-cm-
KXIq´p-Ip-Spw-_Ø- n¬ aqt∂m AXn-e[ - n-Itam Xe-
ap-db
- n¬s∏´ Bfp-Iƒ AwK-ßf - m-bn-cn-°pw. kzØv
`mKw sh°msX Iq´mbn ssIhiw sh°p-∂Xpw
A\p-`-hn-°p-∂Xpw CØcw Iq´p-Ip-Spw-_-Øns‚
kz`m-h-am-Wv. IpSpw-_mw-K-߃ F√mw Hcp IpSpw-
_-\m-Ys‚ B⁄-Iƒ°v Iogvs∏-´p-sIm-≠mWv
Pohn-°p-∂-Xv. IpSpw-_-kz-Øns‚ \nb-{¥-Whpw
AXv ssIImcyw sNøm-\p≈ Ah-Im-ihpw IpSpw-
_-\m-Y-\m-bn-cn-°pw.
Iq´p-Ip-Spw_w
Htc ta¬°q-cbv°p Xmsg hkn-°p-I-bpw Htc
ASp-°-f-bn¬ Blmcw ]mNIw sNbvXp-`-£n-
°p-I-bpw kzØv s]mXp-hmbn ssIhiw h®v
A\p-`h- n-°p-Ibpw s]mXp-hmb Bcm-[\m{Ia-ß-
fn¬ ]s¶-Sp-°p-Ib- pw sNøp-∂p. GsX-¶nepw Xc-
Øn- e p≈ _‘p- ° - f m- b n- c n- ° p∂ Hcp Iq´w
hy‡n-Iƒ hkn-°p∂ IpSpw-_a- mWv Iq´pIpSpw-_w.
˛sF.-Im¿th

AWp-Ip-Spw-_ß
- f
- psS h¿≤\hpw hr≤-kZ- \
- ß
- f
- p-sSbpw inip-]c
- n-]m-e\tI{µ-ßf
- p-sSbpw s]cp-
∏hpw XΩn-¬ _‘-apt≠m? N¿® sNøp-I.

a°-Øm-bhpw acp-a-°-Øm-bhpw
IpSpw-_mw-K-ß-fpsS ]n≥Xp-S¿®m-h-Imiw \n›-bn-°p∂ coXn-bmWv Zmb-{I-aw.
CXns\ ]nXr-Zm-b{- I-as
- a∂pw amXr-Zm-b{- Ia-sa∂pw c≠mbn Xcw-Xn-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂p.
]nXr-Zm-b{- I-aØ
- n¬ ]n≥Xp-S¿®m-hI
- miw ssIam‰w sNø-s∏-Sp-∂Xv A—-\n¬\n∂v
a°-fn-te-°mWv. amXrZmb-{I-a-Øn¬ AΩ-bn¬\n∂v a°-fn-te-°mWv ]n≥Xp-
S¿®m-h-Imiw ssIam‰w sNø-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.

kmaqlyPohnXw 91
¢mkv ˛ IX
IpSpw-_-Ønse AwK-߃°v Ah-cp-tS-Xmb Ah-
Im-iß
- fpw Npa-Xe
- I
- fpw D≠v. Ip´n-Iƒ F∂ \ne-
bn¬ \n߃ c£n-Xm-°-fpsS kvt\lhpw kwc-
£-Whpw A¿ln-°p-∂-h-cm-Wv. IpSpw-_-kz-Øn¬
IpSpw-_-Ønse AwKw F∂ \nebv°v \n߃ \n¿h-ln-t°≠ Npa-X-e-Iƒ Fs¥-√m-am-Wv?
AXv \n߃ \nd-th-‰p-∂pt-≠m? ]cn-tim-[n-°p-I.
kmaq-ly-ÿm-]-\-߃
a\p-jy-hw-iØ
- ns‚ \ne-\n¬]v, {Ia-ka - m-[m-\]- m-
e\w XpS-ßnb Bh-iy-߃ \nd-th-‰p-∂X - p-ambn
_‘- s ∏´ hnizm- k - ß ƒ, s]cp- a m‰coXn- I ƒ
F∂n-h-bpsS kwL-SnXcq-]-amWv kmaq-ly-ÿm-
]-\-߃. IpSpw_w, hnZym-`ymkw apX-em-bh
kmaqlyÿm]-\-ßfpsS DZm-l-c-W-am-Wv.
hnZym-ebw
kvIqfp-Iƒ kmaq-ly-h¬°-cW{]{In-bsb klm-
bn-°p-∂sX-ßn-s\-bm-Wv?
$ hnhn[ hn`m-K-ß-fn¬\n∂p hcp-∂-h-cp-ambn CS-
]-g-Im≥ Ah-k-cw \¬Ip-∂p.
$ \nb-a-߃ A\p-k-cn-°m≥ ]Tn-°p-∂p.
$ kwL-{]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ G¿s∏-Sp-∂p.
$ A®-S-°w, ka-b-\njvT apX-em-bh hf-cp-∂p.
$
hnZym-eb
- Ø
- n¬ \nß-fpsS Iq´p-Im-cp-ambn kl-Ic
e`n-°p∂ kµ¿`-߃ GsX-√m-am-Wv?
Kpcp-Ipek{º-Zmbw
]≠p-Im-eØv C¥y-bn¬ Kpcp-Ipek{º-Zmbw \ne-
\n-∂n-cp-∂p. injy-∑m¿ Kpcp-hns‚ ho´n¬ Xma-kn®v
]Tn-°p∂ k{º-Zm-ba - m-bn-cp∂p CXv. Kpcp-hn¬\n∂v
e`n-°p∂ Adnhv lrZn-ÿ-am-°p∂ coXn-bmWv
A∂v \ne-hn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv. I¿°-i-amb in£m-
co-Xnbpw A®-S-°-hp-am-bn-cp∂p A∂v \ne-\n-∂n-
cp-∂-Xv.
B[p-\nIhnZym-`ymkw
C∂v `mj, Ie, am\-hnIhnj-b-߃, imkv{X
hnj-bß
- ƒ XpS-ßn-bh \ΩpsS hnZym-eb - ß
- f
- nepw
Iem-e-b-ß-fnepw ]T-\-hn-j-b-ß-fm-Wv. F©n-\o-
92 kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw˛ I
hy‡n-Iƒ°p≈ ]n≥Xp-S¿®m-h-Imiw \nbaw
aqew kwc-£n-°-s∏-´n-´p-≠v. IpSpw-_mw-K-߃°v
Ah-Im-i-߃ am{X-a√ Npa-X-e-Ifpw D≠v.
Xm≥ Pohn-°p∂ kaq-l-Øns‚ kmwkvIm-cnI
ss]XrIw kw_-‘n® [mc-W-Iƒ hnZym-e-b-
Øn¬\n∂pw Ip´n t\Sp-∂p-≠v. Xs‚ cmPy-Øns‚
`c-W-co-Xn, ]ucs‚ Ah-Im-i-߃, Npa-X-e-Iƒ
F∂nh a\- n-em-°pIhgn P\m-[n-]X
- y-t_m-[a
- p≈
]uc-\mbn amdm≥ hnZym-ebw Ip´n-Isf {]m]vX-
cm-°p-∂p. ]co-£W\nco-£-W-ß-fn¬ G¿s∏-Sp-
∂-Xn\pw imkv{Xobmh-t_m[w hf¿Øp-∂-Xn-\p-
ap≈ Ah-k-c-ßfpw hnZym-e-b-ß-fn¬ D≠v.
hy‡n-bn¬ A¥¿eo-\-amb Ign-hp-Isf Is≠-
Øm\pw Ahsb hf¿Øn-s°m-≠p-h-cm-\p-ap≈
{]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw hnZym-e-b-ß-fn¬ \S-°p-∂p-≠v.
]c-kv]ckl-I-c-Whpw Btcm-Ky-I-c-amb a’-c-
ßfpw t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°p∂ Xc-Øn-emWv hnZym-
e-b-Ønse hnhn[{]h¿Ø-\-߃ Bkq-{XWw
sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.
- n-°m\pw ]c-kv]cw a’-cØ
- n¬ G¿s∏-Sm\pw
b-dnw-Kv, amt\-Pvsa‚ v, sshZy-imkv{Xw apX-emb
taJ-e-I-fn¬ D∂XhnZym-`ymkw t\Sp-∂-Xn-\p≈
kuI-cy-ßfpw \ne-hn-ep-≠v. cmjv{S-Øns‚ kmº-
ØnI]ptcm-KX - n°pw am\-ht- ijnhnI-k\- Ø
- n\pw
Du∂¬ \¬Ip-∂-XmWv C∂sØ hnZym-`ym-kw.
C¥y-bn¬ C∂v \ne-\n¬°p∂ hnZym-`ymkw F√m
hn`m-K-Øn¬s∏´ Bfp-Iƒ°pw ]Tn-°m≥ Ah-
kcw \¬Ip-∂-Xm-Wv. kmaq-ly-ambn ]n∂m°w
\n¬°p∂ hn`m-K-ß-fpsS hnZym-`ym-k-]-c-amb D∂-
a-\-Øn\v {]tXyIw ]cn-K-W\ \¬Ip-∂p-≠v.
Ct∏mƒ hnZym-`ymkw ]ucs‚ auenImh-Im-i-
ambn AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏-´n-´p-≠-t√m.

kmaq- l y- h ¬°- c Ww Pohn- X - Ø n- e p- S - \ ofw
XpS¿∂psIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ Hcp {]{In-b-bm-Wv. IpSpw-
_-Øntem hnZym-`ymkÿm]-\-ß-fntem am{X-
ambn AXv HXpßn \n¬°p∂n√. Iq´p- I m¿,
kmaq-ly-h¬
- °-cW
- Ø
- ns\ kzm[o-\n-°p∂ LS-Iß
- sf Bkv]Z- a
hyXn-bm-\hpw kmaq-ly-\n-b-{¥-Whpw
an°-hmdpw Bfp-Iƒ kaqlw AwKo-I-cn-®n-´p≈
BNm-c-ßfpw acym-Z-Ifpw hnizm-k-ß-fp-sa√mw
A\p-kc - n-®m-bn-cn°pw s]cp-am-dpI. F∂m¬ BNm-
c-a-cym-Z-I-sfbpw hnizm-kßsfbpw [n°-cn-®p-
sIm≠v s]cp-am-dp∂ Bfp-If - p-ap-≠v. CØcw s]cp-
- sf "hyXn-bm\w'(Deviance)F∂v hnfn-°p-∂p.
am-‰ß
hyXn-bm-\sØ \nb-{¥n-°p-∂X - n\v kaqlw hnhn[
am¿K-߃ Ah-ew-_n-®p-t]m-cp-∂p.
{Ia߃ (Norms)
kaqlw AwKo-I-cn-®n-´p≈ s]cp-am‰coXn-I-fmWv
{Ia-߃. `£Ww Ign-°p-∂-Xn\v apºv ssI
hrØn-bm-°pI, apXn¿∂-hsc _lp-am-\n-°p-I, a‰p-
≈-hsc D]-{Z-hn-°m-Xn-cn-°pI apX-em-bh {Ia-
߃°v DZm-lc - W
- ß
- fm-Wv. {Ia-߃ ]men-®p-sIm-
≠p≈ s]cp-am‰w t{]m¬km-ln-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw
a‰p-≈h \ncp¬km-l-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.
kaq-l-Øn¬ kmaqly\nb-{¥Ww \ne-\n¿Øm≥
]e am¿§-ß-fp-ap-≠v. \m´p-\-S-∏p-Iƒ, [m¿an-IX,
]c-º-cm-KX\nb-a-߃, \nb-a-߃ F∂nßs\
Ahsb th¿Xn-cn-°mw.
\m´p-\-S-∏p-Iƒ
t]cpt]mseØs∂ ssZ\w- Z n\Pohn- X - Ø n¬
s]mXpsh ]n≥Xp-S-cp∂ Nne s]cp-am‰amXr-I-I-
fmWv Ch. CØcw s]cp-am‰amXr-I-Iƒ ewLn-
°-s∏-Sp-tºmƒ AXn\v {]tXyIw in£m-hn-[n-Iƒ
H∂pwXs∂-bn√. ImWp-∂h - ¿°v \ockw tXm∂n-
tb-°mw. CØcw [mcmfw \m´p-\-S-∏p-Iƒ \ΩpsS
kaq-l-Øn-ep-≠v. DZm-l-c-W-߃ Is≠-Ømtam?
[m¿an-IX
kaq-lØ - ns‚ t£aw, \ne-\n¬∏v F∂n-h°v A\n-
hm-cy-amWv [m¿an-I-X. [m¿an-I-X-bpsS ewL\w
kaqlw ho£n-°p-∂Xv Bi-¶-tbm-sS-bmWv. CXv
A[ymbw ˛ 8
hm¿Øm-am-[y-a-߃, sXmgn¬ÿesØ A\p-`-h-
߃ apX-emb ]eXpw kmaq-ly-h¬°-cW{]{In-
bsb kzm[o-\n-°p-∂p.
- m°n Hcp Ipdn∏v Xøm-dm-°pI.
ewLn-®m-ep-≠m-hp∂ A\¥c^ew \m´p-\S- ∏ - p-Iƒ
ewLn-°p-∂-Xn-t\-°mƒ ITn-\-am-bn-cn-°pw. icn-
sbbpw sX‰n-s\bpw Ipdn-®p≈ I¿°-ia - mb ImgvN-
∏mSpI-fmWv Ch.
]c-º-cm-KX\nb-a-߃
B{^n- ° - b nse slm´≥sSm ( Hottentots) h¿K-
Øn¬s]´ Bfp-Iƒ Ip‰-hm-fn-Isf ssIImcyw
sNøp∂ coXn {i≤n-°q.
sIme- ] m- X - I w, tamj- W w, Akm≥am¿KnI
{]h¿Ø- \ - ß ƒ F∂nh sNbv X n- ´ p- ≈ - h - c mbn
Btcm- ] n- ° - s ∏- S p∂ Ip‰- h m- f nsb ]nSn- I q- S m≥
tKm{X-Ønse GsXm-cw-K-Øn\pw Ah-Im-i-ap-≠v.
Ip‰-hm-fnsb tKm{Xk` apºmsI lmPcm°pIbpw
hnNm-cW \SØpIbpw sNøp-∂p. Ip‰w sXfn-
™m¬ Xe- h ≥ Bbp[wsIm≠v {]l- c n®v
Abmsf \ne- Ø n- S p- I bpw F√m- h cpw tN¿∂v
Abmsf sIm√p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.
slm´≥sSm h¿K-°m¿°v Fgp-X-s∏´ in£m-\n-b-
a- ß ƒ C√m- b n- c p- ∂ p. \nb- a - ] m- e - \ - Ø n- \ mbn
{]tXyItk\tbm \oXn-\ymbkwhn-[m-\tam C√.
Xe-ap-d-I-fn-eqsS ]cº-cm-K-X-ambn- ssIam‰w sNø-
s∏´ \nb-a-hy-h-ÿ-bm-bn-cp∂p Ah-cp-tS-Xv.
B[p-\nI\nb-a-߃
\ΩpsS cmPysØ \nb-a-\n¿ΩmW{]{In-b-sb-°p-
dn®v \mw a\- n-em-°n-bn-´p-≠v. \nb-a-߃ \S-∏n-
em-°m≥ kpkw-L-Sn-X-amb Hcp `c-W-kw-hn-[m\w
\ap- ° p- ≠ - t √m. \nb- a - ] m- e - \ - Ø n- \ mbn
{]tXyIkwhn-[m-\hpw \nb-a-ew-L\w \S-Øp-∂-
hsc in£n-°m≥ \oXn-\ymb kwhn-[m-\hpw \ap-
°p-s≠∂v cmjv{S-X-{¥-im-kv{X-Øn¬ \mw a\- n-
em-°n-bn-´p-≠v. B[p-\nI\nb-a-ßfpw ]c-º-cm-
KX\nb-a-ßfpwXΩn¬ Fs¥√mw hyXym-k-ß-
fmWv \n߃°v Is≠-Øm≥ km[n-°p-∂-Xv?
kmaqlyPohnXw 93
¢mkv ˛ IX

s]mXp-P-\m-`n-{]mbw ßfpw ]n≥Xp-S-cm≥ Hcmsf t{]cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn¬

Xm≥ Dƒs∏-Sp∂ Iq´m-bvab - nse AwK-ßf - psS A`n-
{]m-b-߃°pw kΩ¿±-߃°pw hg-ßn-s°m≠v
kzbw \nb-{¥n-°m≥ hy‡n-Iƒ Xøm-dm-hm-dp-≠v.
Xs‚ Np‰p-]m-Sn-ep-ap≈ Bfp-If - psS A`n-{]m-bß- ƒ
A\p-k-cn-®n-s√-¶n¬ D≠m-hp∂ `hn-jy-Øp-Isf
`b-∂mWv Cßs\ s]cp-am-dm≥ Abmƒ \n¿_-
‘n-X-\m-hp-∂-Xv. \m´p-\-S-∏p-Ifpw [m¿an-I-aq-ey-
s]mXp-P-\m-`n-{]mbw {][m\]¶v hln-°p-∂p.
kmaq-ly-\n-b-{¥-W-Øns‚ GP≥kn-Iƒ
hy‡n-bpsS s]cp-am-‰sØ \nb-{¥n-°p-∂-Xn¬
{][m\]¶v hln-°p∂ GP≥kn-If - mWv IpSpw-_w,
hnZym-e-bw, cmjv{Sw XpS-ßn-bh. cmjv{S-Øn\v
am{Xta _e-{]-tbm-K-Øn-eqsS hy‡nsb \nb-{¥n-
°m-\p≈ Ah-Im-i-ap-≈q. Ch IqSmsX aXhpw
i‡-amb Hcp kmaq-ly-\n-b{- ¥W GP≥kn-bmWv.

{]h¿Ø-\-߃
hy‡n-bpsS kz`m-hcq]o-I-c-W-Øn¬ IpSpw-_w, hnZym-e-bw apX-em-bh hln-°p∂ ]¶n-
s\-°p-dn®v Hcp Ipdn∏v Xøm-dm-°p-I.

hy‡nsb kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ `mK-am°n am‰p-∂-Xn¬ Np‰p-]m-Sp-IfpsS kzm[o-\sØ Ipdn®v Hcp

skan-\m¿ kw-L-Sn-∏n-°p-I.

kmaq-ly-ÿm-]-\-߃ Fß-s\-bmWv kmaq-ly-h¬°-c-W-{]-{Inb km[yam°p-∂-Xv? DZm-l-c-W-

߃klnXw hy‡-am-°p-I.

"kwkvImcw' Hcm-fpsS Pohn-X-Øn¬ X\nsb cq]-s∏-Sp-∂-X-√. kaqlw Abm-fn¬ hf¿Øn-sb-Sp-

°p-∂-Xm-Wv. CXn-t\mSv \n߃ tbmPn-°p-∂pt≠m? F¥p-sIm≠v?

kaqlw Hcp a\p-jys\ AXns‚ \nb-a-߃°-\p-kr-X-ambn cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ {]{In-b-bpsS Hcp

hnhcWw Xøm-dm-°p-I.

94 kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw˛ I
 9 P\-ßfpw `c-W-L-S-\bpw
"" C ¥ysb F√mhn[ ASn- a - Ø - Ø n¬\n∂pw
ta¬t°m-bva-bn¬\n∂pw tamNn-∏n-°p∂ Hcp `c-
W-L-S-\-bv°pth≠n Rm≥ InW™p ]cn-{i-an-
°pw. G‰hpw ]mh-s∏´ C¥ym-°m-c-\p-t]mepw
CXv Xs‚ \mSm-sW∂pw AXns‚ \n¿Ωn-Xn-bn¬
X\n°pw Imcy-amb ]¶p-s≠∂pw tXm∂-Ww.
AØ-c-sam-cn¥y°p th≠nbmWv Rm≥ bXv\n-
°p-∂-Xv, Rm≥ hn`m-h\w sNøp∂ C¥y-bn-¬
hen-b-h-s\∂pw sNdn-b-h-s\∂pw P\-ß-ƒ°n-S-
bn¬ h¿Khy-Xymkw D≠m-bn-cn-°n-√. F√m kaq-
l-ßfpw h¿K-ßfpw ]cn-]q¿W-amb kulm¿Z-
Øn¬ h¿Øn-°p-s∂m-cn¥y. AØc-sam-cn-¥y-
bn¬ Akv]r-iy-X-bpsS im]tam el-cn-]-Zm¿∞-
ß-fp-sSbpw ab-°p-ac - p-∂p-If
- p-sSbpw im]tam A\p-
`-h-s∏-Sp-I-bn-√. ]pcp-j-∑m¿°p≈ AtX Ah-Im-
i-߃ kv{XoIƒ°pw D≠m-bn-cn-°pw. NqjI-cm-
hp-Itbm Nqjn-Xc - m-hp-Itbm sNømsX temIsØ
CX-c-`m-K-ß-fn-ep≈ F√m-h-tcmSpw \mw kam-[m\
\bw ]pe¿Øpw. CXmWv Fs‚ kz]v\-Ønse
C¥y.''
Km‘nPn c≠mw h´-taiktΩf\-Øn-\mbn e≠-
\n-tebv°p t]mIp-tºmƒ, Cu ZuXyw hnP-bn-°p-
I-bm-sW-¶n¬ GXp-X-c-Øn-ep≈ `c-W-L-S-\-bm-
bn-cn°pw C¥ybv°v ip]m¿i sNøpI F∂v Hcp
kzm-X{- ¥-ym-\¥
- c
- `- m-cXw `c-WL
- S- \m\n¿Ωm-WØ
- n¬ Gs‰-Spt°≠n h∂ {][m\IS-aI
s°-bm-bn-cp-∂p. N¿® sNøq.
$ ]uc-Xzw $ Ah-k-c-Xp-e-yX
]{X{]Xn- \ n- [ n tNmZn- ° p- I - b p- ≠ m- b n. AXn\p
\¬Inb adp-]-Sn-bmWv apI-fn¬ sImSp-Ø-Xv.
\q‰m-≠p-Iƒ \ne-\n∂ tImf\nhmgvN-bn¬\n∂m-
Wt√m \ΩpsS cmPyw kzmX-{¥yw -t\Sn-bXv.
{_n´s‚ tImf\n `cWw C¥-y-bnse P\-ß-fpsS
ASn-ÿm-\m-h-i-y-߃ ]cn-l-cn-°p-hm-t\m t£aw
Dd-∏m-°p-∂X - nt\m th≠n-bp-≈X - m-bn-cp-∂n√. AXn-
\m¬ cmjv{Sw ]cn-l-cn-t°≠ \nc-h[n k¶o¿W-
amb {]iv\-ß-ƒ kz-X-{¥C¥y°v ssIImcyw
sNøm\p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. PmXn-hy-h-ÿ-kr-jvSn® D®-
\o-N-Xz-߃ ]cn-l-cn-t°-≠Xpw hnhn[aXhn`m-
K-ßsf Hcpan∏n®v sFI-y-tØmsS \bn-t°-≠Xpw
`c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-fpsS Npa-X-e-bm-bn-cp-∂p. {]hn-iy-
I- f m- b pw \m´pcmP- y - ß - f mbpw \ne- \ n- ∂ n- c p∂
C¥y≥ {]tZ-i-ßsf GIo-I-cn®v H‰ cmjv{Sam°n
Hcp s]mXp-`-cWhy-h-ÿ cq]s∏Sp-tØ-≠-Xp-≠m-
bn-cp-∂p. C¥ym hn`-P\w krjvSn® ]em-b-\hpw
A`-bm¿∞n{]hm-lhpw cmPyw t\cn´ sh√p-hn-fn-
bmbncp∂p. CØcw {]iv\-߃ ]cn-l-cn°pIbpw
F√m P\-ßs - f-bpw- H∂n∏n®v kmaq-ly- hpw cmjv{So-
b-hp-amb cwK-ß-fn¬ F√m-h¿°pw Xpe-yX e`y-
am-t°-≠Xpw Hcp ASn-b-¥c Npa-X-e-bmbn h∂p.
Cu AXn\v A\p-tbm-Py-amb Hcp `c-W-L-S\
\n¿Ωn- t °- ≠ Xv Fßns\ F∂- X m- b n- c p∂p
ASpØ Nn¥.
- ƒ Fs¥m-
$
¢mkv ˛ IX
F¥mWv Hcp cmP-y-Øns‚ `c-W-L-S\? Fß-s\-
bmWv \ΩpsS `c-W-L-S\ cq]-s∏-´Xv?
Hcp cmjv{SØns‚ cmjv{So-bhpw kmaq-ly-hp-amb
khn- t i- j - X - I fpsSbpw AXns‚ `c- W sØ
kw_‘n°p∂ ASn- ÿ m\\nb- a - ß - f psSbpw
kwln-X-bmWv `c-W-L-S-\. AXn¬ cmjv{S-Øns‚
LS-\, {]h¿Ø\coXn, Chsb \nb-{¥n-°p∂
auenI\nb-a-߃, `c-W-Iq-S-Øns‚ A[n-Im-c-
߃, ]uc- ∑ m- c psS Ah- I m- i - ß ƒ, IS- a - I ƒ
F∂nh {]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂p. \nb-a-\n¿ΩmWhn`m-Kw,
`c-W\- n¿h-lWhn`mKw, \oXn-\ymbhn`mKw F∂n-
h-bpsS-sb√mw {]h¿Ø\w, cq]hXvI-c-Ww, A[n-
Im-c-]-cn[n F∂o Imcy-ßfpw hni-Z-am-bn- CXn¬
{]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂p. GsXmcp cmjv{S-Øn-sebpw
]ucmh-enbpsS Ah-Im-i-ßfpw Npa-X-e-Ifpw hy-
t\∏m-fnse `c-W-L-S\m cq]-h¬°-c-W-Øn-\p-th≠n \S∂ Hcp kacw
C¥-y-bpsS `c-W-L-S\
C¥- y - b n¬ kzm- X - { ¥yka- c - Ø ns‚ `mK- a mbn
Db¿∂p h∂ cmjv{Sk¶-ev]s - Ø-°p-dn-®p≈ Bi-
b--ß-fpsS {]Xn-^-e-\-amWv \ΩpsS `c-W-L-S-\.
`c-W-L-S\m\n¿ΩmWk`-bmWv (Constituent As-
sembly) C¥-y≥ `c-W-L-S-\bv°v cq]w \-¬In-bXv.
96 kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw ˛I
‡-am-°n-s°m≠v B cmjv{S-Øns‚ cmjv{So-bm-
[n-Imc LS\ shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ tcJ-bmWv `c-W-
L-S\. B[p\nI cmjv{S-߃s°√mw X\-Xmb
`c-W-L-S-\-I-fp-≠v. hni-Z-amb N¿®-Iƒ°p-tijw
FgpXn Xøm-dm-°nb _rl-Ømb `c-W-L-S-\-
bmWv \Ωp-tSXv.
$ t\∏m-fn¬ P\m[n-]-X-y-Øn\pw `c-W-L-S\m
\n¿ΩmWk`mcq]o-I-c-W-Øn\pw th≠n \S-
Ønb {]t£m-`-ß-fpsS Nn{Xw I≠--t√m. Hcp
cmP-ysØ `c-W-L-S\bpw AXns‚ \n¿Ωm-
Whpw F{X-am{Xw {]m[m-\yw A¿ln-°p-∂-Xm-
sW∂v Cu Nn{Xw hy- ‡ - a m- ° p- ∂ p- ≠ - t √m.
C¥y≥ `c-WL- S- \
- b
- psS ]›m-Øe- Ø- n¬ \ap-
°nXv hni-Ie\w sNømw.
kzm- X - { ¥- y - Ø n\p apºv \ap- ° p- t h≠ ASn-
ÿm\\nb-a-߃ \n¿Ωn-®Xv {_n´o-jp-Im-cm-bn-cp-
∂p. `c-W-L-S\m\n¿ΩmWk`-sb∂ C¥-y-bpsS
Bh-iyw Zo¿L-Im-e-w {_n´≥ ]cn-K-Wn-®-tX-bn√.
F∂m¬ \nc-¥-c-amb kΩ¿±-ß-fpsS ^e-ambn

{_n´ojv {][m\a{¥n-bm-bn-cp∂ ¢a‚ v B‰ven
C¥-ybpsS kzbw`c-W-hp-ambn _‘s∏´ {]iv\-
߃ N¿®-sN-øm≥ Iym_n-\‰v anjs\ C¥-y-bn-
te-°-b-®p.
`c-W-L-S\m\n¿ΩmWk` (Constituent As-
sembly of India)
Iym- _ n- \ ‰p anj\pw C¥- y - b nse {][m\
cmjv{Sob]m¿´n-Ifpw XΩn¬ \S-Ønb N¿®-bpsS
ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-emWv `cWLS\m\n¿ΩmWk`
cq]hXvI-cn-°m≥ Xocp-am-\-am-b-Xv. \m´p-cm-P-y-ß-
fn¬ \n∂pw {_n-´ojv C¥ym {]hn-i-y-I-fn¬\n∂p-
GIo-IrXcmjv{S-Øn-\mbp≈ `c-W-L-S\mcq]hXvI-c-W-Øn\v Xnc-s™-Sp-°s∏´ k` C¥y-
bpsS sshhn-[-y-߃ Dƒs°m-≈p-∂Xn\v ]cym-]vX-am-bn-cp-t∂m?
$ hy-X-ykvXhn`m-K-ßsf Dƒs°m-≈p∂ cmjv{S-Øns‚ `c-W-L-S\m\n¿ΩmWk` F∂ coXn-
bn¬ CXns‚ LS\ ^e-{]-Z-am-bn-cpt∂m? N¿® sNøq.
{Um^v‰nMv IΩn‰n
\nc- h [nsshhn- [ - y - ß - f p≈ Hcp hnim- e - a mb
cmPyØns‚ `c-W-L-S\ Xøm-dm-°pI F∂Xv
A{X Ffp-∏-ambn-cp-∂n√. `c-W-L-S-\m-\n¿Ωm-W-
k` `c- W - L - S - \ - b psS IcSv Xøm- d m- ° m≥
{Um^v‰nMv IΩ-n‰n°v cq]w \evIn. tUm. _n.-B¿.
Awt_-Zv°-dm-bn-cp∂p CXns‚ A≤-y-£≥. At±-
lsØ°qSmsX IΩ-n‰n-bn¬ F≥. tKm]mekzman
Aø-¶m¿, A√mSn IrjvW-k-zman Aø¿, sI.-Fw.
ap≥jn, F≥. am[-h-dm-hp, apl-ΩZv kmZp≈, Sn.-Sn.-
Ir-jvW-am-Nmcn XpS-ßn-b-h¿ AwK-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p.
CXn\v ]pdsa _n.-F¬. anØ¿, Un.-]n. tJ-Øm≥
tUm.cm-tP-{µ-{]-kmZv
`c-W-L-S-\-bn¬ H∏p-h-bv°p∂p C¥y≥ `c-W-L-S-\-bn¬ Ph-l¿em¬ s\lvdp H∏p-h-bv°p∂p
A[ymbw ˛ 9
ap≈ {]Xn- \ n- [ n- I - s f- b mWv `c- W - L S\m-
\n¿ΩmWk`-bn-te°vv Xnc-s™-Sp-ØX - v. BsI 385
AwK-ß-fmWv k`-bn¬ D≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv. {_n´ojv
C¥-y≥ {]-hn-i-y-I-fn¬\n∂p 292 t]cpw \m´p-
cm-Py- ß
- f
- n¬ \n∂p 93 t]cpw. Ch-cn¬ Ph-l¿em¬
s\lv-dp, k¿Zm¿ h√-`m-bv]-t´¬, tUm. cmtP{µ-
{]-kmZv XpS-ßnb tZiob t\Xm-°fpw Dƒs∏-´n-
cp-∂p. tUm. cmtP-{µ-{]-km-Zns\bmWv k`m-≤-y-£-
-\mbn Xnc-s™-Sp-ØXv. kz-X-{¥C¥-ybv-°mbn
`c-W-L-S\ \n¿Ωn-°p-I, Xm¬°m-en-I-ambn C¥y-
bpsS \nba\n¿Ωm-W-k-`-bmbn {]h¿Øn-°pI
F∂o Npa-X-e-I-fmWv Cu k`-°p-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv.
F∂n- h cpw Npcp- ß n- b - I mew
CXn-ew-K-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p. \nb-a-
⁄-\mb _n.-F≥. dmhp Cu
IΩ-n‰n-bpsS D]-tZ-jvSm-hmbpw
{]h¿Øn®p.
F√m-h¿°pw Ah-kcXpe-yX
tUm. Awt_-ZvI¿ Dd- ∏ m- ° p- ∂ Hcp `c- W - L - S \
\n¿Ωn-°pI {ia-I-c-ambncp-∂p.
CtXs‰-SpØ {Um^v‰nMvv IΩn‰n Xøm-dm-°nb `c-
W-L-S\mIc-Sp-tcJ `c-W-L-S\m \n¿ΩmW-k-
P\-ßfpw `c-WL
- S- \
- bpw 97
¢mkv ˛ IX
`bv°v apºmsI ka¿∏n-®p. P\-ß-fpsS Adn-hn-
te°pw A`n- { ]m- b - ß ƒ tcJ- s ∏- S p- Ø p- ∂ - X n-
tebv°p-ambn CXv ]{X-ß-fn¬ {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-
Ibpw AXn-\mbn ka-b-a-\p-h-Zn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
hni- Z - a mb N¿®- I ƒ°v tijw `c- W - L - S - \ m-
F¥p-sIm-≠mWv 1950 P\p-hcn 26 `c-W-L-S-\-
bpsS D¬Lm-S\Zn\-ambn sXc™Sp-ØXv?
kzm-X-{¥-y-k-a-c-Im-e-Øv, 1929 se emtlm¿
tIm¨{Kkv Xocp-am\w A\p-k-cn®v 1930 P\p-
hcn 26 BZykzmX-{¥y-Zn-\-ambn BN-cn-°p-I-
bp-≠m-bn. AXns‚ Ccp-]Xmw hm¿jnI Zn\-
ambn-cp∂p 1950 P\p-hcn 26.
\n¿ΩmWk` C¥-yb - psS `c-WL- S- \
- °v 1949 \hw-
_¿ 26 \v AwKo-Imcw \evIn. 395 hIp-∏p-Ifpw
( Articiles) 8 ]´nI- I fpw (Schedules) Dƒs∏- ´ -
Xmbncp∂p CXv. ]n∂oSv `c-W-L-S-\-bn¬ hcp-
Ønb hnhn[t`Z-K-Xn-I-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬
\mev ]´n-I-Iƒ IqSn Iq´n-t®¿Øv Ct∏mƒ
]{¥≠v ]´n-I-Iƒ D≠v. 1950 P\p-hcn 26 \mWv
98 kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw ˛I
\ΩpsS `c-W-L-S\ Hu]-Nm-cn-I-ambn \ne-hn¬
h∂-Xv. `c-W-L-S-\-bn¬ \n¿t±-in-®-Xp-t]mse
CXn- \ p- t ijw C¥y Hcp ]cm- a m- [ n- I mcdn∏-
ªn°mbn Adn-b-s∏-Sm\pw XpS-ßn.
]e hntZi cmP-y-ß-fp-sSbpw `c-W-L-S-\-bnse
khn-ti-j-X-Ifpw A\p-`-h-ßfpw \ΩpsS `c-W-
L-S\m\n¿Ωm-WsØ kzm-[o-\n-®n-´p-≠v.
\nc- h [n sshhn- [ - y - ß fpw khn- t i- j - X - I fpw
Dƒs°m-≈p∂ {]tZ-i-amWv C¥y. Cu {]tZ-
isØ P\-ß-fpsS `mj, BNmccoXn, PohnX
kml-N-cy߃ F∂n-hsb Dƒs°m-≈p-∂Xpw
Ch¿s°√mwXs∂ Ah-k-c-Xp-e-yX \¬Ip-∂-Xp-
amb Hcp `c-W-L-S-\-bmWv \Ωp-tSXv.
`c-W-L-S-\-bpsS BapJw (Preamble)
\ΩpsS `c-W-L-S-\-bpsS Bap-J-amWv Xmsg
\¬In- b n- ´ p- ≈ - X v . CXn¬ ]cm- a ¿in- ® n- c n- ° p∂
aqey߃ `c-W-L-S\ Dƒs°m-≈p-∂-sX-ß-s\-
sb∂v ]cn-tim-[n°mw.

]c-am-[n-Imcw (Sovereignty)
Zo¿L-Im-ea - mbn sshtZ-in-Im-[n-]X
- y-Øn≥Io-gn-em-
bn- c p∂p C¥y- b nse _lp- ` q- c n]£w {]tZ- i -
ßfpw. tijn°p∂hbm-Is´ \m´p cmP-y-ßfpw.
Cu c≠p `c-W-{I-a-ßfnepw C¥y≥ P\XbpsS
Ah-Im-iß - fpw Bh-iy-ßfpw ]cn-KW - n-®ncp∂n√.
AXn-\m¬ {_n´ojv B[n-]-Xy-Øn-s\-Xnsc tZio-
b-{]-ÿm\w Db¿Ønb ap{Zm-hmIywXs∂ "]q¿W-
kz-cm-Pm-'bn-cp-∂p. CXns‚ {]mh¿ØnIcq]-amWv
`c-WL - S- \ apt∂m-´p-hb
- v°p∂ ]c-am-[n-Imcw F∂
Bi- b w. \ΩpsS cmPysØ `cWkwhn- [ m- \ -
Øns‚ ]q¿W-amb \nb-{¥Ww P\-ß-sf-Ø-s∂-
bmWv G¬∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv. P\-߃°p-th≠n
sXc-s™-Sp-°-s∏´ P\-{]-Xn-\n[nk`-I-sfbmWv
cmjv{S-Øns‚ ]c-am-[n-Imcw hn\n-tbm-Kn-°m≥ Npa-
X-e-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≈-Xv.
\ΩpsS `c-W-L-S-\-bn¬ ]c-am-[n-Imcw
Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xn-eqsS cmPy-Øns‚ A[n-
Imc hn\n-tbm-KØ
- n¬ F√m-h¿°pw Xpey-
]¶v F∂ k¶¬]w \n¿h-ln-°p-hm-\mIp-
∂pt≠m?
P\m-[n-]-Xyw (Democracy)
`cWLS\ Dd-∏p-X-cp∂ ]c-am-[n-Imcw \S-∏nem-
°m≥ P\m- [ n- ] - X y`c- W - { I- a - Ø n- e qtS am{Xta
km[yam-Iq. CXn\v hnhn[Xe-Øn-ep≈ P\-{]-
Xn-\n[n k`-Iƒ°v `c-W-L-S\ cq]w \¬In-bn-cn-
°p-∂p. temIk`, \nba-k`, {XnXe]©m-bØv
kan- X n- I ƒ F∂nh CXn\v DZm- l - c - W - a mWv .
\n›nX CS-th-f-I-fn¬ \S-°p∂ sXc-s™-Sp-∏n-
eqsS P\-߃°v Cu k`-I-fn-te°v Xß-fpsS -
{]-Xn-\n-[nIsf sXc-s™-Sp-°m-\m-hpw. Cu P\-
{]-Xn-\n-[n-Iƒ Dƒs°m-≈p∂ Kh¨sa‚pIfmWv
cmPy-Øns‚ `c-W-Øn\v t\XrXzw hln-°p-∂-Xv.
P\m-[n-]-Xy-sa∂ Bibw A¿∞-]q¿W-
am-°p-∂-Xn¬ P\-{]-Xn-\n[n k`-Iƒ F{X-
am{Xw klm-b-I-c-amWv?
$ P\-Iob{]iv\-ß-fpsS N¿®m-thZn
$ `c-W-\n¿h-l-W-Øn¬ ]¶m-fnØw
$ eqsSb√msX cmjv{S-Ø-e-hs\ \n›-bn-
$ °p∂ cmPy-ß-fpt≠m? At\-z-jn-°q.
A[ymbw ˛ 9
tkmj-y-enkw (Socialism)
cmP-yØv F√m ]uc≥am¿°pw Xpe-yX Dd-∏p-h-cp-
Øp∂ kmaq-ly-hy-hÿbmWv tkmj-y-enkw.
CXn- \ mbn ]e- h - I p- ∏ p- I fpw `c- W - L - S - \ - b n¬
Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. kº∂-cpw Zcn-{Z-cpw XΩn-
ep≈ A¥cw Ipd- b v ° p- I , kz- Ø n\v ]cn[n
G¿s∏- S p- Ø p- I , kºØv GXm\pw t]cpsS
ssIbn¬ tI{µo-Ic - n-°p-∂Xv XSbp-I, Zcn-{Z-cpsS
PohnX\ne-hmcw Db¿ØpI XpS-ßnb \S-]-Sn-Iƒ
CXns‚ `mK-am-Wv.
kzm-X-{¥-y-w In´n Bdp ]Xn-‰m-≠p-Iƒ Ign-
™n´pw tkmj-ye - nkw F∂ Bibw F{X-
am{Xw {]mh¿Øn-I-am-°m≥ \ap°v Ign-
™n-´p-≠v?
atXX-c-Xzw (Secularism)
aX-\n-c-t]-£-Xsb t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°p-∂-XmWv
C¥-y-bpsS `c-W-L-S-\. hyXy-kvX-a-X-hn-`m-K-߃
kulrZ- t ØmsS h¿Øn- ® p- h - c p∂ cmPy- a mWv
C¥y. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ \ΩpsS `c-W-L-S\m
inev]n-Iƒ C¥y-bpsS atX-Xckz`m-hsØ `c--W-
L-S-\-bn-eqsS Db¿Øn-°m-´m\mWv {ian-®n-´p-≈Xv.
cmjv { S- Ø n\v HutZym- K nIaX- a n- √ . F√m aX-
߃°pw Xpey]Z-hn-bmWv `c-W-L-S\ \¬Ip-
∂Xv. CjvS-ap≈ aXw kzo-I-cn-°m\pw {]N-cn-∏n-
°m\pw As√-¶n¬ Hcp-a-X-Ønepw hniz-kn-°m-Xn-
cn-°p-hm\pw ]uc¿°v Ah-Im-i-ap-≠v.
Ah- \ - h s‚ hni- z m- k - ß ƒ°- \ p- k - c n®v
Pohn- ° p- h m≥ atX- X - c - X zw hy- ‡ n- I sf
F{X-am{Xw klm-bn-°p∂p≠v?
dn∏-ªnIv (Republic)
`c-WL - S- \
- b- psS Bap-JØ
- n¬ C¥y Hcp dn∏-ªnIv
BsW∂v {]J-ym-]n-®n-cn-°p-∂p. P\-߃°v ]c-
am-[n-Im-c-ap-≈Xpw sXc-s™-Sp-∏n-eqsS am{Xw
cmjv{S-Øe - h- s\ Is≠-ØpIbpw sNøp∂ cmjv{S-
amWv dn∏-ªn-Iv. C¥-y-bpsS Xnc-s™-Sp-°-s∏´
cmjv{SØ-e-h-\mWv cmjv{S-]Xn.
P\m-[n-]X
- ykwhn-[m-\Ø
- n¬ Xnc-s™-Sp-∏n-
P\-ßfpw `c-WL
- S- \
- bpw 99
¢mkv ˛ IX
]uc-Xzw (Citizenship)
hy‡n°v cmPyw \¬Ip∂ khn-tij AwKo-Im-
c-amWv ]uc-Xzw. kz¥w Ah-Im-i-ß-sfbpw IS-a-
I-sfbpw Ipdn®v t_m[-hm-\m-bn-cn°pw ]uc≥.
]ucXzw F∂XneqsS cmPy-Øn-\p-≈n¬ F√m-
h¿°pw ka-Xzhpw Xpey Ah-Im-i-ßfpw Dd-∏m-
°p-∂p. Hcmƒ°v P\\w, hwi-]m-c-º-cyw, cPn-
kvt{S-j≥, ]uc-Xz- Z- m\w F∂n-hb
- n-eq-sSbpw GsX-
¶nepw `q{]-tZiw C¥y-bpsS `mK-ambnØocp-∂-
Xn-eq-sSbpw C¥-y-bn¬ ]uc-Xzw t\Sm≥ Ignbpw.
`c-W-L-S-\-bn¬ 5 apX¬ 11 hsc hIp-∏p-Iƒ
`c-WL
- S- \ \ne-hn¬h∂-tXmsS kz-X{- ¥ C¥-yb
- nse ]uc≥am¿°v {_n´ojv C¥-yb
cn¬\n∂pw hy-X-y-kvX-ambn Fs¥√mw A[n-Im-c-ß-fmWv ]pXp-Xmbn e`-y-am-b-Xv. N¿® sNøp.
$ Ata-cn-°≥ sFIy-\m-Sp-If
- nse ]uc-Xz-\n-ba
- hpw \ΩpsS ]uc-Xz-\n-ba
N¿® sNøq.
auen-Im-h-Im-i-߃ (Fundamental Rights)
Bap-J-Øn¬ {]Xn-]m-Zn-°p∂ Bi-b-ß-fmb
\oXn, kzmX-{¥yw, kaXzw, kmtlm-Zcyw F∂n-
h-bn-eqsS C¥y≥ dn∏-ªn-°ns‚ e£y-\n¿h-N-\-
amWv `c- W - L - S \ \S- Ø p- ∂ - X v . Ch- s b√mw
]ucs‚ auen-Im-h-Im-i-ß-fmbn `c-W-LS\ Dd-
∏p-h-cp-Ønbn-´p≠v. Cßs\ C¥-y≥ `c-W-L-S\
C¥y- b nse ]uc- ∑ m¿°v Dd- ∏ p- \ ¬Ip∂
auenImh-Im-i-ßsf°pdn®v \ap°v hni-Z-ambn
]cn-tim-[n-°mw.
`c- W - L - S \ ]uc- ∑ m¿°v {]Zm\w sNøp∂
{]tXyIkwc-£-W-amWv auen-Im-h-Im-iw. P\m-
[n-]Xy`c-W-{I-a-Øn¬ ]uc-∑m¿°v Nne Ah-Im-
i-߃ Dd-∏p-hc - p-tØ-≠X
- p-≠v. Cß-s\-bp≈ Ah-
Im-i-߃ `qcn-]-£-Øn-s‚tbm \yq\-]-£-Øn-
s‚tbm A`n-em-j-߃°v hnt[-b-am-Im≥ ]mSn√.
auen-Im-h-Im-i-߃ ]uc-∑m¿°v \ntj-[n-°m-Xn-
cn-°m≥ Kh¨sa‚p-Iƒ _m[y-ÿ-cm-Wv. \ΩpsS
auen-Im-h-Im-i-ß-fmbn `c-W-L-S\ \n¿t±-in-®n-
´p-≈Xv Xmsg∏d-bp-∂-h-bmWv.
ka-Xz-Øn-\p≈ Ah-Imiw (Right to Equality)
\nb-a-Øns‚ aq∂n¬ cmPysØ ]ucsc√mw Xpey-
cm-Wv. ]Z-hn-tbm hnZym-`ym-k-tam kmº-Øn-I-ti-
jntbm ]cn-K-Wn®v \nb-a-Øn\v ap∂n¬ B¿°pw
100 kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw ˛I
]ucXz-sØ°pdn®v {]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂p. C¥y kzX-
{¥-am-bt∏mƒ \ΩpsS cmPysØ P\-߃°p
e`n® Hcp ]Z-hn-bmWv ]uc-Xzw. {_n´ojv C¥-y-
bnse ]uc≥am¿°p- ≠ m- b n- c p∂ ]Z- h n- b √
kzX{¥ C¥-y-bnse ]uc≥am¿°p-≈Xv. P\m[n-
]-Xykwhn-[m-\-Øn-ep≈ Hcp `c-W-{Iaw kz-X-{¥
C¥y kzo-I-cn-®-XmWv CXn-\n-S-bm-°n-bXv.
Hmtcm cmPy-Øn\pw ]uc-XzsØ kw_-‘n®v
hyXy-kvX-ß-fmb \nbaß-fmWv \ne-hn-ep-≈-Xv.
AXXv cmPy-Øns‚ `c-W-L-S-\-bn¬ CXn-\m-h-
iy-amb hIp-∏p-Iƒ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v.
- nse ]uc≥am-
- hpw Hcp-t]mse-bmtWm?
{]tXyI]cn-K-W-\-Iƒ \¬In-√. PmXn, aXw,
enwKw, P\\ÿew Chsb ASn-ÿm-\-am-°n Hcp-
X-c-Øn-ep-ap≈ hnth-N-\hpw ]mSn-s√∂v `c-W-
L-S\ hne-°p-∂p.
s]mXp-h-gn-I-fn-eqsS k©-cn-°m-\pw s]mXp-ÿ-e-
ß-fn¬ {]th-in-°m\pw s]mXpIpf-ßfpw InW-
dp-Ifpw D]-tbm-Kn-°m-\p-ap≈ Ah-Imiw cmPyØv
F√m-h¿°pw XpeyamWv.
AbnØw t]mep≈ BNm-c-߃ C¥y-bn¬ `c-
W-L-S-\m-{]-Imcw \nb-a-hn-cp-≤-am-Wv. k¿°m¿
ÿm]-\-ß-fn¬ \nb-a\w e`n-°p-∂-Xn\pw ]uc-
∑m¿°n- S - b n¬ bmsXmcp hnth- N - \ hpw ]mSn-
s√∂pw `c- W - L - S - \ - b n¬ ]d- b p- ∂ p. AXp-
t]mseØs∂ {]tXyI PmXn-bntem aX-Øntem
s]Sp∂p F∂-Xn-\m¬ hnZym-`ymkw \ntj-[n-°p-
∂Xpw `c-W-L-S\ FXn¿°p-∂p.
F∂m¬ Ip´n-Iƒ°pw kv{XoIƒ°pw kmaq-ly--
ambpw hnZym-`ym-k]
- c
- a
- mbpw ]nt∂m°w \n¬°p∂
hn`m-K-߃°pw Nne {]tXyI]cn-K-W-\-Iƒ `c-
W-L-S\ \¬Ip-∂p-≠v.
]nt∂m- ° - h n- ` m- K - Ø n¬s]´- h ¿°v Kh¨sa‚ v
k¿∆o-kn¬ aXn-bmb {]mXn-\n-[yw e`n-°mØ
]£w AØ-c-°m¿°v {]tX-yI]cn-K-W\ \¬Ip-
∂Xv CXp-{]-Im-c-amWv.
 A[ymbw ˛ 9

apI-fn¬ \¬Inb ]n.Fkv.knbpsS eLphn⁄m-]\w {i≤n-°q. Nne XkvXn-I-Iƒ°v {]tX-yI hn`m-

K-Øn¬\n∂p-am{Xw At]£ £Wn®p-sIm-≠p≈XmWn-Xv. F¥p-sIm-≠mWv CØ-c-Øn¬ hn⁄m-
]\w ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-t°≠n hcp-∂-Xv? \nK-a-\-߃ Iqdnbv-°p-I.
kzmX-{¥y-Øn-\p≈ Ah-Imiw (Right to Freedom) 3. kwL- S - \ - I ƒ cq]o- I - c n- ° p- ∂ - X n- \ p≈
{_n´o-jp-Im-cn¬\n∂v C¥y kz-X-{¥-bm-b-Xn-eqsS kzmX{¥yw.
]uc≥am¿°v ssIh∂ P\m-[n-]Xy Ah-Im-i-ß- 4. C¥y-bnse-hn-sSbpw kzX-{¥-ambn k©-cn-°p-
fmWv Xmsg ]d- b p- ∂ h. C¥- y - b nse F√m hm-\p≈ kzmX-{¥yw.
]uc¿°pw `c-W-L-S\ CXv Dd∏p \¬Ip-∂p. 5. `mc-X-Øns‚ `q{]-tZ-iØv GXv `mKØpw -Xm-
1. kwkm-cØ - n\pw Bib{]I-S\ - Ø
- n-\p-ap≈ kzm- a- k n°p- h m\pw ÿnc- h m- k - a m- ° p- h m- \ p- a p≈
X-{¥-yw. kzmX-{¥yw.
2. kam-[m-\-]-c-ambpw B-bp-[-߃ IqSm-sXbpw 6. GsX-¶nepw {]hrØn-bn¬ G¿s∏-Sm\pw, GsX-
ktΩ-fn-°p-hm-\p≈ kzmX{¥yw. ¶nepw sXmgntem hym-]m-ctam _nkn-\t m
\S-Øm-\pap≈ kzm-X{¥yw.
C¥y≥ kzm-X-{¥yka-c-Ønse \nc-h[n kµ¿`-ß-fn¬ Hsc-Æ-amWv Xmsg sImSp-Øn´p-≈Xv.
kz-X{¥ C¥-y-bn¬ CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ {]t£m-`-߃ Ct∏mgpw \S-°p-∂pt≠m? Kh¨sa‚pIƒ
GXp coXn-bn-emWv AXv ssIIm-cyw sNøp-∂Xv? N¿® sNøq.
A©n¬ IqSp-Xemfp-Iƒ Hcp ÿeØv Iq´w IqSp-∂Xv \ntcm-[n-®p-sIm≠v BbnsS G¿s∏-Sp-Ønb Hcp
\ntcm-[\®´w A\p-k-cn®v ]ncn-™p-t]m-Im≥ t]meokv DtZ-ym-K-ÿ≥am¿ P\-°q-´-tØmSv Bh-i-y-s∏´p. sXc-
s™-Sp-°-s∏´ Hcp kwLw Bfp-Iƒ Cu Xm°oXv \n»-_vZw Ah-K-Wn-®p-sIm≠v apt∂m´v \S∂p. t]meo-
kp-Im-cpsS Hcp henb kwLw \S-∂-Sp-°p-∂ k∂≤-`-S≥amcpsS t\¿°v ]m™-Sp-Øp. Dcp-°p-sI-´nb emØn-
sIm≠p Ah-cpsS Xe X√n-Ø-I¿Øp. Hscm-‰-°p-™p-t]mepw Isø-SpØv ASn-hn-e-°n-bn√. Xe-tbm-´n-bn¬
emØn B™p-]-Xn-°p-∂-Xns‚ Akp-J-I-c-amb i_vZw tI´p. Hmtcm ASn-ho-W-t∏mgpw AXv I≠p-\n∂
P\-°q´w Gß-temsS, thZ-\-tbmsS \ne-hn-fn-®pt]mbn. c≠p aq∂p \nan-j-߃°Iw ASn-tb-‰p-ho-W-h-sc-
s°m≠p B ÿew \nd-™p. Ah-cpsS Xqsh≈ hkv{X-ß-fn¬ NpSp-c‡w hoWp]S¿∂p..... ...... Ah¿
c≠m-asØ kwL-sØbpw ASn-®p-hogvØn. Htc ka-bØv ]Xn-s\-´p-t]sc a©-ß-fn¬ FSpØpsIm≠p
t]mIp-∂-Xp- I≠p. 42 t]¿ tNmc-bn¬ IpXn¿∂v At∏mgpw \ne-Øv a©¬ hml-I-scbpw ImØv InS-°p-∂p-
≠m-bn-cp-∂p!
(kz-X-{¥ykacw, _n]n≥ N{µ, \mj-W¬ _p°v {SÃv t]Pv 186)

P\-ßfpw `c-WL
- S- \
- bpw 101
¢mkv ˛ IX

Nqj-W-Øn-s\-Xn-cm-bp≈ Ah-Imiw _me-\oXn\nbaw 2000

(Right against Exploitation)
{]tXy-I-X-Iƒ
kaq-l-Ønse Zp¿_-esc {]_-e-cpsS `oj-Wn-I-
fn¬\n∂p c£n-°m\pw Ak-a-Xz-an-√m-Xm-°m-\p-
ap≈ Ah-Im-i-am-Wn-Xv. DZm-l-c-W-ambn Hcmsf
\n¿_-‘n®v tPmen sNøn-°p-∂-Xpw 14 hb- n\v
Xmsg {]mb-ap≈ Ip´n-I-sf GsX-¶nepw hyh-km-
b-im-e-bntem J\n-I-fn-tem tPmensNøm-t\¿s∏-
Sp-Øp-∂Xpw A]m-b-km-[y-X-bp≈ at‰-sX-¶nepw
Poh-\-Øn\v G¿s∏-Sp-Øp-∂Xpw hoSp-I-fnepw
tlm´-ep-I-fnepw tPmen°psh°p-∂Xpw hne-°n-
bn-cn-°p-∂p.
(Juvenile Justice Act)
$ \nb-a-ß-fp-ambn Ie-ln-°p∂ Ip´n-Iƒ°v icn-
bmb {i≤bpw kwc-£-Whpw Dd-∏m-°p-∂p.
$ Ch¿°v tImSXn \S-]Sn{Ia-ß-fnepw in£-bnepw
Cf-hp-\¬Ip-∂p.
$ Ip´n-I-tfmSv {IqcX Im´p-∂-Xn\v in£ \¬Ip-∂p.
$ `n£m-S\w t]mse-bp≈ Imcy-ß-fn-eqsS Ip´n-Isf
NqjWw sNøp-∂-Xn\v in£ \¬Im\p≈ hyh-
ÿ.
$ \ncm- e w- _ - c mb Ip´n- I ƒ°v ]p\- c - [ n- h m- k hpw
kwc-£-Whpw ]cn-c-£bpw Dd∏v \¬Ip-∂p.

Nn{X-Øn¬ CjvSnI°f-Øn¬ tPmen sNøp∂ Ip´n-Isf t\m°p. CØcw kµ¿`-߃

\n߃°pw ]cn-Nn-X-amImw. Nqj-W-Øn¬\n∂p≈ kwc-£Ww `c-W-L-S\ Dd-∏p-\¬Ip-Ibpw
CXn-\mbn \nb-a-߃ \n¿Ωn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-tºmgpw F¥p-sIm-≠m-bn-cn°mw Cu Ahÿ
XpS-cp-∂Xv? N¿® sNøp.

aX-kzm-X-{¥y-Øn-\p≈ Ah-Imiw (Right to Freedom {]tXyI]cn- K - W \ \¬Ip∂n√. Hmtcm aX-

of Religion)
aX\nc-t]-£X \ne-\n¿Øp-∂Xn\p]-cym-]vX-amb
Ah-Im-ia - m-Wn-Xv. C¥y-bn¬ GsXm-cmƒ°pw X\n-
°n-jvS-s∏´ aXw kzoI-cn-°p-hm-\p≈ Ah-Im-i-
ap≠v . GsX- ¶ nepw aX- h n- ` m- K - Ø n\v cmjv { Sw
°m¿°pw Ah- c - h - c psS Bcm- [ - \ m- e - b - ß - f n¬
{]m¿Y\ \S-Øm-\p≈ Ah-Im-i-ap-≠v. GsX-
¶nepw aX-Øn¬ \n¿_-‘n®v Bsf tN¿°p-∂Xpw
Kh¨sa‚ v klm-b-Øm¬ {]h¿Øn-°p∂ hnZym-
e-b-ß-fn-eqsS aX-]-c-amb hnZym-`ymkw \¬Ip-
∂Xpw \nb-a-]-c-ambn XS-b-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p.

102 kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw ˛I
 A[ymbw ˛ 9

hy-X-ykvX aXhni-zmkw ]pe¿Øp∂ P\-߃ Hcp-an®phkn-°p∂ CS-amWv C¥y. C¥ymhn`-

P-\sØ XpS¿∂p-≠mb el-f-I-fpsS Ncn{Xw ]cn-tim-[n-°p-tºmƒ `c-W-L-S-\-bpsS aX-kzm-
X-{¥y-Øn-\p≈ Ah-Imiw kw_-‘n® \ne-]mSv F{X-am{Xw {]m[m-\-y-ap-≈-XmWv. N¿® sNøp.

kmwkvIm-cn-Ihpw hnZym-`ym-k-]-c-hp-amb Ah-Imiw

(Cultural and Educational Rights)
C¥-y-bn¬ GsX-¶nepw `mKØp Xma-kn-®p-h-cp∂
]uc≥am¿°v `n∂-amb Hcp `mjtbm en]ntbm
kwkvIm-ctam kz-¥-am-bp-s≠-¶n¬ AXv kwc-£n-
°p-∂-Xn\v `c-W-L-S\ Ah-Imiw \¬Ip-∂p.
AsXm-sSm-∏w-Xs∂ cmjv{Sw kwc-£n-°p-∂tXm
cmjv{S-Øns‚ \n[n-bn¬\n∂v klmbw kzo-I-cn-
°p-∂tXm Bb GsX-¶nepw hnZ-ym-`-ymkÿm]-
\-Øn¬ aXw, h¿§w, PmXn, `mj F∂nhtbm
Ahbn¬ GsX¶nepw H∂n-t\tbm am{Xw ASn-
ÿm-\-am°n Hcp ]uc\pw {]th-i\w \ntj-[n-
°m≥ ]mSp-≈-X-√. CXn-eqsS sshhn-[-y-am¿∂
kmwkvIm-cnIØ\n-a-I-sf \ne-\n¿Øm\pw `c-W-
L-S\ kwc-£Ww \¬Ip-∂p.
tIc-f-Øn¬ CSp-°n, ]me-°m-Sv, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw
F∂o Pn√- I - f n¬ Xangv amXr- ` m- j - b m- b p≈
hnZym¿Yn-Iƒ°p-th≠n Xangv am[y-a-Øn-ep≈
hnZym-e-b-߃ {]h¿Øn-°p-∂Xpw Imk¿tImSv
Pn√-bn¬ I∂U am[yaam-bp≈ hnZymeb-߃
{]h¿Øn-°p∂Xpw Cu Ah-Imiw Dd∏p \¬Ip-
∂-Xns‚ `mK-am-bmWv.

P\-ßfpw `c-WL
- S- \
- bpw 103
¢mkv ˛ IX
hnZ- y - m `- y mk Ah- I m- i - \ nb- a - Ø ns‚ BapJ
t]PmWv Nn{X-Øn¬ sImSp-Øn-´p-≈-Xv. `c-W-L-
S\m]-ca - mbn ]uc≥am-cpsS hnZ-ym-`y- mk Ah-Imiw
Dd-∏m-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ \nba\n¿Ωm-W-amWnXv.
\ΩpsS `c-W-L-S\ \¬Ip∂ Bi-b-{]-N-c-W-Øn-
\p≈ Ah-Im-iw, ka-Xz-Øn-\p≈ Ah-Im-iw,
kwL- S n- ° m- \ p≈ Ah- I miw XpS- ß n- b h
Xncn-®-dn™v {]h¿Øn-°m≥ Ip´n°v aXn-bmb
`mc-X-Øns‚ `c-W-L-S\ \ne-hn¬ h∂v Bdv ]Xn-‰m-≠p-Iƒ Ign™n´pw hnZym-`ymkØn\p≈
Ah-Imiw ]q¿Æ-ambpw Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øm≥ C\nbpw \ap°p Ign-™n-´n-√. Cu ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬
CØcw \nb-a-ß-fpsS {]m[m-\yw F¥m-Wv? N¿® sNbvXv Ipdn∏v Xøm-dm-°q.
`c-W-L-S-\m-kw_-‘-amb ]cn-lmc am¿K-߃°p≈
Ah-Imiw (Right to Constitutional Remedies)
]uc\v Xs‚ GsX-¶nepw auenImh-Imiw \ntj-
[n-°-s∏-´m¬ B Ah-Imiw ÿm]n®p In´p-∂-Xn-
\p≈ Ah-Im-ia - m-WnXv. auen-Im-hI
- m-iß
- ƒ kwc-
£n®p In´p-∂-Xn\v tImS-Xn-bpsS klmbw tXSm-
hp-∂-Xm-Wv. CØcw l¿Pn-I-fn¬ CS-s]-Sm\pw
Xo¿∏m-°m\pw kp{]ow-tIm-S-Xn°pw sslt°m-S-
Xn°pw A[n-Im-c-ap-≠v.
auen-Im-h-Im-i-ßfpw `c--W-L-S\ A\p-im-kn-
°p∂ a‰v Ah-Im-i-ßfpw XΩn-ep≈ hyXymkw
F¥m- s W∂v t\m°mw. auen- I m- h - I m- i - ß ƒ
ewLn-°-s∏-´m¬ ]cn-lmcw e`n-°p-∂-Xn\p th≠n
]uc¿°v sslt°m-S-Xn-bntem kp{]ow-tIm-S-Xn-
bntem t\cn´v ]cmXn t_m[n-∏n-°p-hm≥ Ah-Im-
i-ap-≠v. kzØ-h-Imiw XpS-ßnb a‰-h-Im-i-߃
ewLn-°-s∏-´m¬ _‘-s∏´ \nbaw A\p-im-kn-
°p∂ {]Imcw ap≥kn-^v tImS-Xn-bntem aPn-
kvt{S‰v tImS-Xn-bntem ]cmXn ka¿∏n®v ]cn-
lmcw tXSmw.
auenIIS-a-Iƒ (Fundamental Duties)
Ah- I m- i - ß - s f√mw Dd- ∏ p- X - c p∂ `c- W - L - S \
]uccn¬ Fs¥-¶nepw Xc-Øn-ep≈ Npa-X-e-Iƒ
A¿∏n-°p-∂pt≠m?
\nß-fpsS ]mT-]p-kvX-I-ß-fpsS ]pdw-N-´-bpsS
Dƒ`m-KØv Ipsd Npa-X-e-Iƒ tN¿Øn-cn-°p-∂Xv
{i≤n- ® n- ´ pt≠m? F¥p- s Im- ≠ mWv Ah C{X
104 kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw ˛I
hnZym-`ymkw e`n-°-Ww. Cu \nbaw AXns\
klm-bn-°p∂ H∂mWv.
$ 6 \pw 14 \pw CS-bn¬ {]mb-ap≈ Ip´n-Iƒ°v
\n¿_-‘n-Xhpw kuP-\y-hp-amb hnZym-`ymkw
Dd∏v \¬Ip-∂p.
$ {]mb-Øn-\-\p-k-cn®v ¢mkn¬ tNcm≥ Ah-k-cw.
$ Ip´n Bh-iy-s∏-Sp∂ kabw Ah-\n-jvS-ap-
≈hnZym-e-b-Ønte°v hnSp-X¬ k¿´n-^n-°‰v
e`n-°m-\-h-k-cw.
{]m[m-\y-tØmsS F√m ]pkvX-I-ß-fnepw \¬In-
bn-cn-°p-∂Xv?
cmPysØ ]uc¿ F∂ \ne- b n¬ Hmtcm
hy‡nbpw cmjv{StØm-Smbn sNtø≠ IS-a-I-fm-
Wn-h. Xß-fpsS {]hrØn-bnepw s]cp-am-‰-Ønepw
]uc-¿ ]n¥p-S-c-W-sa∂v {]Xo-£n-°p∂ s]cp-am‰
kwln-X-bm-W-Xv. cmjv{S-]p-tcm-K-Xn-°mbn ]uc¿
sNtø-≠p∂ I¿Ø-h-y-ß-fm-Wnh. 1976 se `c-W-
L-S\m t`Z-K-Xn-bn-eq-sS-bmWv (42˛mw t`Z-K-Xn)
auenIIS-a-Iƒ `c-W-L-S-\-bn¬ Iq´n-t®¿ØXv.
`c-W-LS-\-bn¬ hcp-Ønb 86˛mw t`Z-K-Xn-bn-eq-
sS- b mWv ]Xn- s \m- ∂ m- a sØ I¿Øhyw Iq´n-
t®¿Ø-Xv. CXv 6 \pw 14 \pw CS-bn¬ {]mb-ap≈
Ip´n-Iƒ°v hnZym-`ym-k-Øn-\p≈ Ah-k-c-sam-cp-
°m≥ c£n-Xm-°sf Npa-X-e-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. apºv
N¿® sNbv X hnZym- ` ymk Ah- I m- i - \ n- b aw
CXns‚ `mK-ambn ImWmw.
]uc-cpsS Ah-Imiw kwc-£n-°¬ cmjv{S-Øns‚
IS-ab- m-Wv. AXp-sIm-≠mWv Ah-Im-iß - ƒ ewLn-
°-s∏-´m¬ Ah ]cn-l-cn®v \¬Ip-∂-Xn\v tImSXn
Kh¨sa‚n\v \n¿t±iw \¬Ip-∂-Xv. ]uc¿°v
Ah-Im-i-߃ D≈tXmsSm∏w cmPy-Øn-t\mSv
]men-t°≠ Nne IS-a-I-fp-ap-≠v. AXp-sIm-≠mWv
`c- W - L - S \ A\p- k - c n- ° p- I bpw tZiobKm\-
sØbpw tZiob]Xm-I-tbbpw BZ-cn-°p-Ibpw
sNøpI XpS-ßnb IS-a-Iƒ \n¿∆-ln-°m-Ø-Xn\v
tImSXn ]ucsc in£n-°p-∂-Xv.
 A[ymbw ˛ 9

\nß-fpsS ]pkvXI
- Ø
- nse auenI IS-aI
- ƒ hmbn-°q. CXn¬ Adnt™m Adn-bm-sXtbm GsX-
¶nepw IS-a-Iƒ \n߃ ewLn°m-dpt≠m? DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xzt_m[-ap≈ ]uc≥am-cpsS kaq-l-
Øn¬ IS-a-Iƒ ewLn-°p-∂Xv A\p-h-Zn-°mtam? ]ucs‚ IS-a-Iƒ ewLn-°p-∂-Xns‚ DZm-l-c-
W-߃ Is≠Øn ¢m n¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-®v N¿® sNøq.

\n¿tZ-i-IXØz-߃ (Directive Principles

of State Policy)
C¥y-bpsS `c-W-L-S-\-bn¬ Nne \n¿tZ-i-I-X-Øz-
߃ Dƒs°m- ≈ n- ® n- c n- ° p- ∂ p. cmPysØ
hnhn[Kh¨sa‚p-Iƒ°pw Kh¨sa‚ v GP≥kn-
Iƒ°pw `c-W-Øn¬ ASn-ÿm-\-am-bn-cn-t°≠
{]am-W-am-Wn-Xv. Ah-bn¬ {][m-\-s∏-´h NphsS
sImSp-°p-∂p.
$ kmº-Øn-I-km-aq-ln-I-cm-jv{Sob \oXn-bn¬
A[n-jvTn-X-amb Hcp hyh-ÿnXn sI´n-∏-Sp-Øp-
sIm≠v P\-ß-fpsS t£aw Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp-I.
$ sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ°v IqSp-X¬ \oXn-bp‡hpw a\p-
jy- X z- ] - c - h p- a mb sXmgn¬ hyh- ÿ - I - f pw
kv{XoIƒ°v {]khkwc-£-Whpw Dd-∏p-h-cp-
Øp-I.
$ kv{Xo-]p-cpjt`Z-at\y F√m ]uc-∑m¿°pw
Pohn-°m≥ aXn-bmb D]m-[n-Iƒ Dd-∏p-h-cp-
ØpI.
$ kaq-l-Øns‚ `uXn-I-k-ºØv s]mXp\∑°v
DX-Ipw-hn[w icn-bmbn hnX-cWw sNøp-I.
$ cmjv { S- Ø nse kºØv GXm\pw t]cpsS
ssII-fn¬ tI{µo-I-cn-°p-∂Xv XS-bp-I.
$ kv { Xo]p- c pjt`Z- a t\y F√m- h ¿°pw Xpey
tPmen°v Xpey-th-X\w A\p-h-Zn-°p-I.
$ {Kma-∏©m-b-Øp-Iƒ kwL-Sn-∏n®v P\-ßsf
{Kma-`-c-W-Øn¬ ]¶m-fn-I-fm-°p-I.
$ kaq-l-Ønse Zp¿_ehn`m-K-ß-fpsS {]tXy-
In®v, ]´n-I-Pm-Xn, ]´n-I-h¿K-°m-cpsS kmº-
ØnIhpw hnZym-`ym-k-]-c-hp-amb D∂-Xn-°p-
th≠n {]h¿Øn-°p-I.
$ cmPysØ h\-ßfpw h\y-Po-hn-I-sfbpw ]cn-c-
£n-®p-sIm≠v ]cn-ÿn-Xn-kw-c-£n-°p-I.
$ tZiob{]m[m-\yhpw Ncn-{X-]c
- a
- mb aqey-hp-ap≈
F√m kvamc-Iß
- fpw kwc£n°pI.
$ temIkam-[m-\hpw cmjv{Sobkpc-£n-X-Xzhpw
Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øm≥ {ian-°p-I, cmjv{S-߃ XΩn-
ep≈ _‘w \oXn-bp-‡hpw am\y-hp-amb coXn-
bn¬ ]pe¿ØpI, A¥m-cmjv{SX¿°-߃ cay-
ambn ]cn-l-cn-°p-I.
$ t]mjImlm-ce`yX Dd-∏m-°m\pw PohnX\ne-
hm-chpw PohnX-tØmXpw Db¿Øm-\pw s]mXp-
P-\m-tcm-Kyw sa®-s∏Sp-Øp-hm\pw cmjv{S-Øn-
\p≈ I¿Øhyw.
CXp-t]mse {]k-‡-amb \n¿tZ-i-߃ `c-W-L-
S- \ - b n¬ C\nbpw {]Xn- ] m- Z n- ® n´p≠v . Ah
Is≠Øn N¿® sNøq.
auen-Im-h-Im-i-߃°v D≈-Xpt]mse \nb-a-kw-
c-£Ww \n¿tZ-i-I-X-Xz-߃°n-√. \n¿tZ-i-I-X-
Øz-߃°\p-kr-X-amb \S-]-Sn-Iƒ `c-Wm-[n-Im-
cn-Iƒ ssIs°m-≠n-s√-¶n¬ tImS-Xn-bn¬ ]cm-
Xn-s∏-Sm-\m-In-√. F∂m¬ Ch \S-∏m-°m≥ `c-Wm-
[n-Im-cn-Iƒ ]c-am-h[n {ian-°m-dp-≠v.
F{Xbpw thKw \S-∏n-em-°-W-sa∂v \n߃ B{K-
ln-°p-∂ c≠v \n¿t±-iIXØ-z-߃ Fgp-Xmtam?
F¥p-sIm-≠mWv CXv \S-∏m-°-W-sa∂v \n߃
A`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.

\n¿tZ-iIXØz-߃ \S-∏m-°p-∂-Xn¬ \ΩpsS Kh¨sa‚p-Iƒ F{X-am{Xw apt∂m-´p-t]m-bn-

´p≠v? Ah \S-∏m-°m≥ Fs¥√mw \S-]-Sn-I-fmWv ssIsIm-≠n-´p-≈Xv? hne-bn-cp-Øq.

P\-ßfpw `c-WL
- S- \
- bpw 105
¢mkv ˛ IX
kwbp-‡-hy-hÿ (Federal System)
\ΩpsS `c-W-L-S\ cmPy-Øn\v Hcp kwbp‡
hyh-ÿ-bm-Wv hn`m-h\w sNøp-∂-Xv. F¥n-\mWv
\mw kwbp‡ hyhÿ kzoI-cn-®Xv. hnkvXr-
Xnbpw sshhn-[y-ßfpw {]mtZ-inI{]tXyI-X-Ifpw
\nd™ cmPyØv Cu sshhn-[y-ßsf-sb√mw
Dƒs°m-≈m\pw H∂n®p \n¿Øm\pw s^U-d¬
`cWkwhn-[m\w klm-bn-°p-∂p.
Fs¥ms° {]tXy-I-X-I-fmWv kwbp‡kwhn-[m-
\-Øn-\p-≈Xv?
$ enJnX`c-W-L-S\
$ tI{µ-Øn\pw kwÿm-\-߃°pw {]tXyI
`cWkwhn-[m-\hpw A[n-Imchn`-P-\-hpw.
106 kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw ˛I
$ kzX-{¥hpw \njv]-£-hp-amb \oXn-\ymb hyh-
ÿ.
C¥y-bpsS `c-WL
- S- \ Cu khn-ti-jX
- I
- ƒ F{X-
am{Xw Dƒs°m-≠n-´p≠v? N¿® sNøq.
`c-W-L-S\ t`Z-KXn sNøm-\p≈ A[n-Imcw
F¥p-sIm-≠mWv `c-WL - S- \mt`Z-KX - n-°p≈ A[n-
Imcw ]m¿e-sa‚n\v \¬In-bncn°p-∂Xv? `c-W-
L-S\
- - C°mcyw hni-Zo-Ic- n-°p-∂p-≠v. `mc-XØ - nse
P\-ßfm¬ kzbw kzoI-cn-°p-Ibpw \S-∏m-°p-
Ibpw sNbvX `c-W-L-S\ t`Z-KXn sNøp-hm≥
]m¿e- s a‚ns\ A[n- I m- c - s ∏- S p- Ø pIhgn P\-
߃°v `c-W-L-S-\bv°vtaep≈ Ah-Im-isØ
AwKo-I-cn-°p-IbmWv sNøp-∂-Xv.
 A[ymbw ˛ 9

`c-W-L-S\mt`Z-KXn kw_-‘n® hyhÿ {i≤n- bpsS `c-W-L-S-\sb kzm[o-\n-®-Xmbn ImWmw.

®-t√m. Xmsg-bmbn A°-an´v Nne hkvXp-X-Iƒ
tN¿Øn-cn-°p-∂Xv {i≤n-°q. `cWLS-\-bn¬ Cu
coXn-bn¬ t`Z-K-Xn-Iƒ hcp-Øp-hm-\p≈ A[n-
Imcw Fhn-sS-bmWv \n£n-]vX-am-°n-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv?
`c-W-L-S\: a‰pZm-l-c-W-߃
kpZo¿L-amb Imew h¿W-hn-th-N\ - Ø
- n\pw tImf-
\n-hm-gvN°psa-Xn-sc {]t£m-`-߃ \S-Øn-bmWv
Z£n- W m- { ^n° kzmX{¥yw t\Sn- b - X v . Cu
kmaqlycmjv{Sob]›m-Øew Z£n-Wm-{^n-°-
F√m a\p-jy-cp-sSbpw A¥- ns\ AwKo-I-cn-°p-
Ibpw Db¿Øn∏nSn-°p-I-bpw cmPyØv F√m-Øcw
hnth-N-\-ß-sfbpw C√m-Xm-°pIbpw Z£n-Wm-{^n-
°≥ `c-W-L-S-\-bpsS {][m\e£y-am-Wv. AXp-
t]mse P\-ß-fpsS kzIm-cyX \ne-\n¿Øp-I
F∂ Ah-Im-ihpw Kh¨sa‚ns‚ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-
sf-°p-dn®v ]uc\v Adn-bp-hm-\p≈ Ah-Im-ihpw
P\m- [ n- ] - X y- Ø ns‚ D∂Xkhn- t i- j X F∂
\ne°v Z£n- W m- { ^n- ° - b psS `c- W - L - S \
cmPysØ ]uc-∑m¿°v Dd-∏p-\¬Ip-∂p.

Z£n-Wm-{^n-°-bpsS `c-W-L-S-\-bnse Nne khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ hmbn-®-t√m. \ΩpsS `c-W-L-S\m

aqey-ß-fp-ambn Chsb Xmc-Xayw sNømtam? N¿® sNbvXv Ipdn∏v Xbm-dm-°q.

{]h¿Ø-\-߃
kzmX-¥y-k-a-c-Im-eØv P\-ß-ƒ Db¿Ønb Bh-iy-߃ `cWLS\ \S-∏n-em-°n-b-tXmsS
F{X-am{Xw {]mh¿Øn-Ia - m-bn. `c-WL
- S- \ ]uc-∑m¿°p\¬Ip∂ Ah-Im-iß
- ƒ ap≥\n¿Øn
Hcp skan-\m¿ {]_‘w Xbm-dm-°p-I.

hnt\m-Z-bm-{X-bv°p-t]mb \nß-fpƒs∏´ Hcp kwLw Ip´n-Iƒ a\p-jy-hm-k-an-√mØ Hcp Zzo]n¬

H‰-s∏-´p-sh∂p Icp-Xp-I. `£-Ww, IpSn-sh≈w Ch Ipd-®p-am{Xw _m°n-bp≈ Ah-ÿ-bn¬
Fs¥√mw \nb-a-߃ kzbw \S-∏n-em°mw? Fß-s\-bmWv AXv {]tbm-K-Øn¬ hcp-ØpI? `c-
W-L-S-\-bpsS auen-Im-h-Im-i-ß-fn¬ ]d-bp∂ ka-Xz-Øn-\p≈ Ah-Imiw, kzmX-{¥y-Øn-\p≈
Ah-Imiw Ch Fß-s\-bm-bn-cn°mw \n߃ Dd-∏m-°pI? kwL-ß-fmbn Xncn™v {]h¿Ø-\-]-
cn-]mSn Xbm-dm-°p-I. N¿® sNøp-I.

\n¿tZ-i-I-X-Øz-ß-fn¬ C\nbpw ]e-Im-cy-ßfpw \ap°v \S-∏m-°m-\m-bn-´n-√. \n¿tZ-i-I-X-Øz-߃

\S∏m-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ Hcp ap≥K-W-\m-]-´nI Xøm-dm-°p-I. ap≥K-W\ \¬In-b-Xns‚ \ymbo-I-cWw
\¬Ip-Ibpw thWw.

P\-ßfpw `c-WL
- S- \
- bpw 107
¢mkv ˛ IX
10 tI{µ-`c- Ww
C¥y-bn¬ P\m-[n-]Xy`c-W-{I-a-am-Wt√m D≈-Xv.
cmPysØ P\- ß - f psS \m\m- X cw Bh- i y- ß -
sfbpw A`n- e m- j - ß - s fbpw Xr]v X n- s ∏- S pØn
am{Xta \oXn-]q¿h-I-amb Hcp `cWw {]Zm\w
sNøm≥ Ignbq. AXn-\mbn cq]-s∏-Sp-Ønb `c-
Nn{Xw ˛ 10.1
108 kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw ˛ I
W-L-S\ \mw ]cn-N-b-s∏-´p-I-gn-™p. `c-W-L-S-\-
bmWv `c-W-hy-h-ÿ-bpsS cq]hXvI-c-W-Øn\pw
AXns‚ {]h¿Ø-\-߃°pw th≠ am¿K\n¿tZ-
i-߃ \¬Ip-∂-Xv. \ΩpsS `c-W-L-S-\ Fß-
s\-bmWv P\m-[n-]Xy`c-W-hy-hÿbv°v cq]w
\¬In-bn-´p-≈-Xv? GsX√mw ÿm]-
\-߃ AXn¬ Dƒs∏-´n-cn-°p∂p?
AXns‚ hnhn-[-ß-fmb {]h¿Ø-\-
߃ Fs¥- √ m- a mWv ? AXp- h gn
cmPysØ P\-ß-fpsS Bh-iy-߃
km[q- I - c n- ° m\pw Ah- I m- i - ß ƒ
kwc-£n-°phm\pw Ignbp-∂pt≠m?
Hcp P\m-[n-]Xyhyh-ÿb - nse ]uc-
∑m-sc∂ \nebv°v \mw CsX√mw
Adn-™n-cn-t°-≠-XmWv.
Nn{Xw (10.1) {i≤n°q. C¥y-bnse
apgp- h ≥ {KmaoWP\- X bv°pw
sXmgn¬ \¬Ip-∂-Xn\v e£y-an-´p-
sIm≠v cq]-s∏-Sp-Ønb \nb-aØ- ns‚
hnh-c-ß-fmWv Nn{X-Øn-ep-≈Xv. Cu
\nbaw {Kma-{]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬ Ahn-
ZKv[ sXmgn¬ sNøm≥ Xøm-dp≈
Hmtcm IpSpw-_-Øn\pw kwÿm\
k¿°m¿ \qdn¬ Ipd-bmØ sXmgn¬
Zn\-߃ \¬IWw F∂-\p-im-kn-
°p-∂p. \ΩpsS cmPysØ kmaq-
lnI{]iv\-ß-fn-sem-∂mb {KmaoW
taJ-e-bnse sXmgn-en-√m-bva°v ]cn-
lmcw ImWp-∂-Xn-\p≈ {ia-amWv
Cu \nbaw. sXmgn-en-√mbva t]mse

cmPysØ BI-am\w _m[n-°p∂ \nc-h[n hnj-
b-ßf - p-≠v. Zmcn{Zy\n¿Ωm¿÷\w, kmaq-lnI\oXn
Dd-∏m-°¬, cmPy-Øns‚ B`y-¥ckpc-£n-X-Xzw,
AXn¿Øn kwc- £ - W w, XpS- ß n- b h C°q- ´ -
Øn¬s∏- S p- ∂ p. C¥y°v s]mXp- h mbn hcp∂
CØcw hnjbßfn¬ \nb-a߃ \n¿Ωn-°p-∂-
Xn\pw Ah \S-∏n-em-°p-∂-Xn\pw cmPy-Øm-sI-
bp≈ \oXn- \ ymb]cn- ] m- e - \ - Ø n- \ p- a mWv
tI{µ`cWkwhn-[m-\ß - ƒ cq]-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≈Xv.
kwÿm-\-X-e-Øn¬ C°m-cy-߃ \n¿∆-ln-°p-∂-
Xn-\mWv kwÿm\`cW-hy-hÿ cq]-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-
cn-°p-∂Xv. kwÿm\`c-Wh - y-hÿ
- s - b-°p-dn®v \mw
ap≥¢m- n¬ ]cn-N-b-s∏-´n-´p-≠v.
A[n-Imchn`-P\w
\ap°v tI{µ-K-h¨sa‚pw kwÿm\ Kh¨sa‚p-
Ifpw D≠-t√m. Cu `cWcoXn cq]-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂Xv
\ΩpsS `c-W-L-S-\m-hy-h-ÿ-Iƒ A\p-k-cn-®m-Wv.
`c-W-L-S-\m-]-c-ambn cmPy-Øns‚ ]c-am-[n-Im-
csØ tI{µ-`-c-W-Iq-S-Øn\pw kwkvYm\-`-c-W-Iq-
S-߃°p-ambn hn`-Pn-®n-cn-°p∂ coXn-sb-bmWv
kwbp‡hyhÿ (Federal System) F∂p-]-d-bp-∂-
Xv. AXv {]Im-c-amWv cmPysØ tI{µKh¨sa‚n-
Xmsg tN¿Øn-cn-°p∂ ]´n-I-bn¬ aq∂v enÃp-I-fn-ep-ap≈ Nne hnj-b-ß-fmWv \¬In-bn-cn-°p-
∂-Xv. Hmtcm∂pw AXXv enÃn¬ tN¿Øn-cn-°p-∂-Xns‚ bp‡n ]cn-tim-[n-°q. \nß-fpsS Is≠-
Ø-ep-Iƒ ¢m n¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-I. Cu hn`-P-\-Øn¬ Fs¥-¶nepw am‰-߃ \n¿t±-in-°p-hm-
\pt≠m?
bqWn-b≥ enÃv tÉv enÃv
cmPy-c£ {Ia-k-am-[m\w
hntZ-i-Imcyw Xt±ikzbw-`-cWÿm]-\-߃
]ucXzw Irjn
Id≥kn Pe-tk-N\w
hm¿Øm-hn-\n-abw s]mXp-P-\m-tcmKyw
tI{µ`c-W-kw-hn-[m\w
tI{µ- ` - c Wkwhn- [ m- \ - Ø n¬ \nb- a - \ n¿ΩmW
hn`mKw (Legislature), `c-W-\n¿h-lWhn`mKw (Ex-
ecutive ), \oXn- \ ymbhn`mKw ( Judiciary ) F∂o
hn`mK-߃ Dƒs∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p. Xmsg tN¿Øn-cn-
A[ymbw ˛ 10
s‚bpw kwÿm\Kh¨sa‚p-I-fp-sSbpw A[n-Im-
c-߃ hn`-Pn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. `c-W-L-S-\-bpsS 7˛mw
]´nI{]Im-c-amWv Cu hn`-P-\w \S-Øn-bn-cn-°p-
∂-Xv. A[n-Imchnj-bß - sf bqWn-b≥ enÃv, tÉv
enÃv , I¨I- d ‚ v enÃv F∂n- ß s\ th¿Xn-
cn°p∂p. bqWn-b≥ enÃn¬ 97 hnj-bß - fpw tÉv
enÃn¬ 66 hnj-b-ßfpw I¨I-d‚ v enÃn¬ 47
hnj-b-ßfpw Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn´p-≠v. tZio-b-{]m-[m-
\y-ap≈ hnj-b-ß-fmWv bqWn-b≥ enÃn-ep-≈-Xv.
Cu hnj-b-ß-fn¬ \nb-a-\n¿ΩmWw \S-Øp-hm-
\p≈ A[n-Imcw tI{µKh¨sa‚n-\mWv \¬In-
bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. {]mtZ-in-I-{]m[m-\y-ap≈ hnj-b-
ßfmWv kwÿm\enÃn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-
∂-Xv. Cu hnj-b-ß-fn¬ kwÿm-\-\n-b-a-k-`-
Iƒ°v \nb- a - \ n¿ΩmWw \S- Ø m- h p- ∂ - X m- W v .
F∂m¬ Htc-ka - bw tI{µ-Kh
- ¨sa‚pw kwÿm\
Kh¨sa‚p-Ifpw ssIImcyw sNtø-≠n-h-cp∂
hnj-b-ß-fmWv I¨I-d‚ v enÃn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-
bn-´p-≈-Xv (DZm-l-cWw hnZym-`ym-kw).- AXn-\m¬
Cu enÃn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p∂ hnj-bß - f - n¬
\nb-a-\n¿ΩmWw \S-Øm≥ tI{µ Kh¨sa‚n\pw
kwÿm\Kh¨sa‚pIƒ°pw A[n-Imcw \¬In-
bn-cn-°p-∂p.
I¨I-d‚ v enÃv
hnZym-`ymkw
hnhm-lhpw hnhm-l-tam-N-\hpw
hnZyp—‡n
P\-kw-Jym-\n-b-{¥Ww
t{SUv bqWn-b≥
°p∂ ]´nIbn¬ \ΩpsS tI{µ`cWkwhn-[m-\-
Ønse Hmtcm hn`m-Khpw GsX√mw ÿm]-\-߃
tN¿∂-Xm-sW∂v \¬In-bn-´p-≠v.
tI{µ-`c
- Ww 109
¢mkv ˛ IX
tI{µ `cW Hmtcm-∂nepw Dƒs∏-´n--
kwhn-[m-\ß
- ƒ cn°p∂ ÿm]-\-߃
\nb-a-\n¿ΩmW cmjv{S-]Xn
hn`mKw temI-k`
cmPy-k`
`c-W-\n¿h-lW cmjv{S-]Xn
hn`mKw D]-cm-jv{S-]Xn
a{¥n-k`
\oXn-\ymb kp{]ow-tIm-SXn
hn`mKw
\nb-a-\n¿ΩmWhn`mKw
Cu A[ym- b - Ø ns‚ Bcw- ` - Ø n¬ tN¿Øn- c n-
°p∂ "tZiob {KmaoW sXmgn-ep-d∏v \nb-aw˛2005'
]cn- N - b - s ∏- ´ - t √m. {KmaoWP\- h n- ` m- K - ß ƒ°v
sXmgn¬ Dd-∏m-°p∂-Xn\v \nbaw \n¿Ωn-®-Xp-
t]mse ]uc-∑m-cpsS hnhn-[-ß-fmb Ah-Im-i-
߃ kwc- £ n- ° p- ∂ - X n\pw cmPy- Ø ns‚bpw
s]mXp-kaq-l-Øn-s‚bpw ]ptcm-K-Xn°pwth≠n
[mcmfw \nb-a-߃ Bh-iy-am-Wv. AØcw \nb-
a-߃ cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bmWv \nb-a-\n¿Ωm-W-hn-`m-
K-Øns‚ {][m-\-Np-a-Xe. tI{µ-\n-b-a-\n¿Ωm-W-
hn-`m-K-Øn\v c≠v afi-e-ß-fp-≠v ˛ temIk-`-bpw
cmPy-k-`-bpw. \ΩpsS tI{µ\nba\n¿ΩmWk`
]m¿e-sa‚ v F∂m-Wd - n-bs
- ∏-Sp-∂X
- v. cmjv{S-]X
- nbpw
(President of India) temIk-`bpw (House of the Peo-
ple) cmPy-k-`bpw (Council of States) tN¿∂Xm-Wv
C¥y-bpsS ]m¿e-sa‚ v. kwÿm\Kh¨sa‚p-I-
fpsS {]mXn-\n-[y-Øn-s‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep≈
cmPy-k-`bpw P\-߃ t\cn´p Xnc-s™-Sp-°p∂
temIk- ` bpw. F¥p- s Im- ≠ mWv cmjv { S- ] Xn
]m¿e- s a‚ ns‚ `mK- a m- I p- ∂ - s X∂p Nn¥n- ® n-
´pt≠m? {_n´ojv amXr-I-bn-ep≈ ]m¿e-sa‚dn
P\m-[n-]Xyk{º-Zmbw kzoI-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\m-
emWv cmjv{S-]Xn ]m¿e-sa‚ns‚ `mK-am-bn-cn-°p-
∂-Xv. {_n´-Wn¬ ]m¿e-sa‚ v F∂Xv cm⁄n-bpw
P\-k-`bpw (House of Commons) {]`p-k-`bpw
( House of Lords ) Dƒs°m- ≈ p- ∂ - X m- W v.
kwbp‡`c-W-hy-hÿ (Federal System) kzoI-cn-
®n-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\m-emWv ]m¿e-sa‚ns\ Zzna-fi-e-
k-`-bmbn cq]-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. temIk`
Iogvk-`bpw (Lower House) cmPy-k` D]-cn-k-`bpw
(Upper House) BWv.
110 kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw ˛ I
]m¿e-sa‚ v cq]hXvI-cWw
Fß-s\-bmWv ]m¿e-sa‚ v cq]-s∏-Sp-∂-sX∂v
t\m°mw. P\-߃ t\cn-´mWv temI-k-`-bn-te-
°p≈ Xß-fpsS {]Xn-\n-[n-Isf Xnc-s™-Sp-°p-
∂-Xv. CXn-\mbn cmPy-sØ-bmsI \nc-h[n \ntbm-
P-I-a-fi-e-ß-fmbn hn`-Pn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. P\-kw-Jy-
bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-em-Wv Cu hn`-P-\w. Fß-
s\-bmWv `c-W-L-S\bn¬ temIk-`bpsS cq]o-
I-cWw hyhÿ sNøp-∂-sX∂v t\m°mw. `q{]-
tZ-im-Sn-ÿm-\-Ønepw P\-kw-Jym-Sn-ÿm-\-Ønepw
cq]o-I-cn-®n-´p≈ \ntbm-PIafi-e-ß-fn¬ \n∂v
t\cn-´v sXc-s™-SpØphcp∂ 530 ¬ Ihn-bm-sX-
bp≈ AwK-ßfpw bqWn-b≥ {]tZ-i-ßsf {]Xn-
\n-[m\w sNøp-∂-Xn\v ]m¿e-sa‚ v \nbaw hgn
hyhÿ sNøp∂ coXn-bn¬ Xnc-s™-Sp-°p∂ 20
¬ Ihn-bmsXbp≈ AwK-ßfpw AS-ßn-b-XmWv.
(`mc-XØ- ns‚ `c-WL - S- \ ˛ \nb-aa
- {- ¥m-ebw Xøm-
dm-°n-bXv ˛ t]Pv 34) Hmtcm \ntbm-P-I-a-fi-e-
Øn¬\n∂pw Hmtcm {]Xn-\n-[nsb hoXw Xnc-
s™-Sp-°p-∂p. Ct∏mƒ 543 \ntbm-P-I-a-fi-e-
ßfmWv D≈Xv. CXn¬ 79 FÆw ]´n-I-Pm-Xn°pw
41 FÆw ]´n-I-h¿K-hn`m-K-߃°p-ambn kwh-
cWw sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂p. Bwt•m C¥y≥ kap-Zm-
b-Øn\v temIvk-`-bn¬ th≠{X {]mXn-\n[yw e`n-
®n-´n-s√∂v cmjv{S-]X- n°v A`n-{]m-ba - p-s≠-¶n¬ B
kap-Zm-b-Ønse c≠n¬ Ihn-bm-sX-bp≈ AwK-
ßsf temIk`-bn-te°v \ma-\n¿t±iw sNøm-hp-
∂-Xm-Wv. temI-k` - b- psS Imem-h[n 5 h¿j-amWv.
Imem-h[n ]q¿Øn-bm-hp-∂-Xn\p apºv temIk`
]cn-®p-hn-Sm≥ cmjv{S-]-Xn°v A[n-Im-c-ap-≠v.
`c-W-L-S\ cmPy-k-`sb Fß-s\-bmWv \n¿h-Nn-
®n- ´ p- ≈ Xv F∂v t\m°mw. "cmjv{S- ] Xn
\ma\n¿t±iw sNøp∂ 12 AwK-ßfpw; kwÿm-
\-ß-fp-sSbpw bqWn-b≥ {]tZ-i-ß-fp-sSbpw 238
¬ Ihn-bmØ {]Xn-\n-[n-Ifpw AS-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂-
XmWv cmPy-k-`' (`mc-X-Øns‚ `c-W-L-S\ ˛ \nb-
a-a-{¥m-ebw Xøm-dm-°n-bXv ˛ t]Pv 34). cmPy-k-
`mw-K-ßsf Xnc-s™-Sp-°p-∂Xv kwÿm\\nb-a-
k-`-bnse Xnc-s™-Sp-°-s∏´ AwK-ß-fm-Wv. cmPy-
k-`mw-K-ß-fpsS Imem-h[n 6 h¿j-am-Wv. Imem-
h[n Xocp-tºmƒ temIk-`-t]mse apgp-h≥ AwK-
ßfpw ]ncn- ™ p- t ]mIp∂ coXn- b √ cmPy- k -
`bv°p≈Xv. c≠p h¿j-Øn-sem-cn-°¬ Imem-h[n
 A[ymbw ˛ 10

]q¿Øn- b m°nb aq∂n- s em- c p- ` mKw AwK- ß ƒ

]ncn™p t]mhp-Ibpw A{Xbpw ]pXnb AwK-
߃ Xnc-s™-Sp-°s
- ∏-Sp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. Aßs\
cmPy-k` Hcp ÿncw k`-bmbn \ne-\n¬°p-∂p.
kmln- X yw, imkv { Xw, IeIƒ, kmaq- l n- I - { ]-
h¿Ø\w XpS-ßn-b-ta-J-e-Ifn¬ {]mhoWyw t\Sn-
b-h-sc-bmWv cmjv{S-]Xn t\cn´v \ma-\n¿tZiw
sNøp-∂-Xv.

cmPy- k - ` - b n- t e°v cmjv{S- ] Xn \ma

\n¿t±iw sNbvX hy‡n-I-sf-°p-dn-®p≈
hm¿Ø hmbn-°p. \ΩpsS \nb-a\ - n¿ΩmW
k`-bn¬ Cu {]Xn-`-Isf Dƒs∏-Sp-∂Xv
F¥n-\mhmw? \nß-fpsS Is≠-Ø-ep-Iƒ
N¿® sNøq.

\ΩpsS cmPyØv F{X hb v ]q¿Øo-I-cn-®- S\ \njvI¿jn-°p-∂p. hfsc Kpcp-X-c-amb {Inan-

h¿°mWv thm´-h-Imiw \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂-sX∂v
\n߃-°-dn-bmw. F∂m¬ F{X hbkv ]q¿Øo-
I-cn-®-h¿°mWv ]m¿e-sa‚n-te°v a’-cn-°m-\m-
Ip-∂-sX∂v t\m°mw. temI-k-`-bn-te°v a’-cn-
°p-hm≥ 25 hb pw cmPy-k-`-bn-te°v a’cn°p-
hm≥ 30 hb pw ]q¿Øo-I-cn-°-W-sa∂v `c-W-L-
\¬ Ip‰-߃°v in£n-°-s∏-´-hsc a’-cn-°p-∂-
Xn¬\n∂v \nbaw apJm- ¥ cw hne- ° p- ∂ p.
h¿j-Øn¬ c≠v {]mh-iy-sa-¶nepw ]m¿e-sa‚ v
k-tΩ-f\w \S-∂n-cn-°W
- w. Hcp ktΩ-f\w Ign™v
6 amkw XnI-bp-∂-Xn-\p-apºv Xs∂ cmjv{S-]Xn
ASpØ ktΩ-f\w hnfn-®p-tN¿Øn-cn-°-Ww.

P\-{]-Xn-\n[n BIp-hm≥
hnZym-`ymk tbmKyX apJy-ambn
]cn-K-Wn-°m-ØXv F¥p-sIm-
≠mWv
P\-ß-fpsS
Xmev]-cy-ßfpwBh-iy-ßfpw
a\- n-em-°p-hm\pwcmPy-Øns‚ s]mXp-Xm-ev]cyw
Xncn-®-dn-bp-hm\pw {]mtbm-KnI ]cn-⁄m-\-Øn-eqsS Ign-
bm-dp-≠v. Aß-s\-bp-≈-h¿°v hnZym-`ym-k-Øns‚ Ipd-
hns\ Gsd-°psd ]cn-l-cn-°m-\m-hpw.

tI{µ-`c
- Ww 111
¢mkv ˛ IX

Xmsg tN¿Øn-cn-°p∂ ]´nI {i≤n-°q. ]m¿e-sa‚ns‚ Ccp-k`- b- nepw Hmtcm kwÿ-m\-sØbpw

\ne-hn-ep≈ {]m[n-\n-[y-amWv ]´nI hy‡-am-°p-∂-Xv. temIk-`-bp-sSbpw cmPy-k-`-bp-sSbpw
LS-\bpw {]Xn-\n-[n-I-fpsS FÆhpw XΩn-ep≈ hyXym-k-߃ Fs¥-√m-am-Wv.
$ tIc-f-Øn-sebpw U¬ln-bn-sebpw temIk-`, cmPy-k` F∂n-h-bnse {]Xn-\n-[n-I-fpsS FÆw
Xmc-Xayw sNøp-tºmƒ hy‡-am-Ip∂ [mc-W-Iƒ Fs¥-√mw?

Hmtcm kwÿm-\-Øp-\n∂pw ]m¿e-sa‚ns‚ Ccp-k-`-I-fn-te-°p-ap≈ AwK-߃

kwÿm-\ cmPy-k` temIk` kwÿm-\ cmPy-k` temIk`

Øns‚ t]cv AwKß-ƒ AwK-߃ Øns‚ t]cv AwKß-ƒ AwK-߃

1. B{‘m-{]-tZiv 18 42 21.]©m_v 7 13

2. Acp-Wm-N¬ 22.cmP-ÿm≥ 10 25
{]-tZiv 1 2 23.kn°nw 1 1
3. B mw 7 14 24.Xan-gv\mSv 18 39
4. _olm¿ 16 40 25.{Xn]pc 1 2
5. OØo-kvKUv 5 11 26.DØ-cm-©¬ 3 5
6. tKmh 1 2 27.DØ¿{]-tZiv 31 80

7. KpP-dmØv 11 26 28.]›n-a-_w-Kmƒ 16 42

8. lcn-bm\ 5 10 tI{µ-`c
- W
- {- ]-tZ-iß
- ƒ
9. lnam-N¬{]-tZiv 3 4
1. U¬ln 3 7
10.PΩp&Imivao¿ 4 6
2. t]m≠n-t®cn 1 1
11. Qm¿Jfiv 6 14
3. B¥am≥
12.I¿Wm-SI 12 28 \nt°m-_m¿
13.tIcfw 9 20 Zzo]pIƒ 1

14.a[y-{]-tZiv 11 29 4. Nfin-KVv 1

15.alm-cmjv{S 19 48 5. ZmZ¿ &

\mK¿ lthen 1
16.aWn-∏q¿ 1 2
6. e£-Zzo]v 1
17.taLm-eb 1 2
7. Uma≥ & Uyp 1
18.antkmdmw 1 1
8. \ma-\n¿tZiw
19.\mKm-em‚ v 1 1 sNbvXXv 12
20.Hdo  10 21 BsI 245 545

112 kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw ˛ I
 A[ymbw ˛ 10

k`mw-K-߃ tbmKw tN¿∂v \nb-a-\n¿ΩmWw \S-

ØpI F∂-XmWv temI-k-`-bp-sSbpw cmPy-k-`-
bp-sSbpw apJy-I¿Ø-hyw. BcpsS A[y-£-X-bn-
emWv Cu k`- I ƒ tbmKw tNcp- ∂ sX∂p
t\m°mw. temI- k - ` - b psS A[y- £ \mWv
kv]o°¿. k`mw-K-߃ Ah-cn¬ \n∂v Hcw-KsØ
kv]o°-dmbn Xnc-s™-Sp-°p-∂p. cmPy-k-`-bpsS
A[y-£≥ D]-cm-jv{S-]-Xn-bm-Wv. At±lw cmPy-
k-`-bn¬ AwK-a√. Ccp-k-`Ifpw AXm-Xns‚ D]m-
[y-£-∑m-sc k`mw-K-ß-fn¬\n∂v Xnc-s™-Sp-°m-
dp-≠v. cmPy-k`
- b
- p-sSbpw temI-k`
- b
- p-sSbpw Ct∏m-
gsØ A[y-£-∑m¿ Bsc-√m-am-Wv? Ccp-k-`-I-fp-
sSbpw D]m-[y-£-∑m¿ Bsc-√mw?
]m¿e-sa‚ v ktΩ-f-\-Øns‚ hm¿Ø -{i-≤n-
®t√m? \nb-a-\n¿ΩmWØn\p Xs∂-bmtWm
]m¿e-sa‚ v ktΩ-f\w AXns‚ kabw hn\n-
tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv? ktΩ-f\
- Ø
- ns‚ ]{X-hm¿Ø-
Iƒ hni-I-e\w sNbvXv \nß-fpsS \nK-a\w
¢m n¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-®p N¿® sNøpI.

A[n-Im-c-ßfpw Npa-X-e-Ifpw temI-k` ]m m-°n-b-tijw [\-Imcy_n√p-Iƒ

]m¿e-sa‚dn P\m-[n-]-Xy-Øn¬ A[n-jvTn-X-amb
Hcp `c-W-{Iaw \ne-\n¬°p∂ cmPy-sa∂ \ne°v
]m¿e-sa‚n\v \nb-a\
- n¿Ωm-Wt- Øm-sSm∏w a‰p-Nne
A[n-Im-c-ßfpw Npa-X-e-I-fp-ap-≠v.
\nb-a-\n¿am-W-]-camb A[n-Im-c-߃
cmPy-Øn-\p-th≠n \nb-a-\n¿ΩmWw \S-Øp-hm-
\p≈ A[n-Imcw `c-WL - S- \ ]m¿e-sa‚n\p \¬Ip-
∂p. \nb- a - ß ƒ _n√p- I - f m- b n- ´ mWv \nb- a -
\n¿ΩmWk`-I-fn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂-sX∂v \mw
a\- n-em-°n-bn-´p-≠v. Aß-s\-bp≈ _n√p-Iƒ
{]mY- a n- I m- h - X - c - W - Ø n- \ mbn cmPy- k - ` - b ntem
temI-k-`-bntem bp‡w-t]mse sIm≠p-h-cmw.
hnhn-[-L-´-ß-fnembn hni-Z-amb N¿®-Ifpw ]cn-
tim-[-\-Ifpw \S-Øn-bmWv Hcp _n√v \nb-a-am-Ip-
∂-Xv. _n√v \nb-a-am-Ip-hm≥ Ccp-k-`-I-fp-sSbpw
AwKo-Imcw e`n-°-Ww.
[\-]-c-amb A[n-Im-c-߃
[\-Imcy_n√p-Iƒ temI-k-`-bn-emWv BZyw Ah-
X-cn-∏n-t°-≠s
- X∂v `c-WL
- S- \ \njvI¿jn-°p-∂p.
cmPy-k`- b
- psS ]cn-KW
- \
- °v Ab-°mw. _n√n-t∑¬
cmPy-k` 14 Znh-k-Øn-\p-≈n¬ \S-]Sn ]q¿Øn-
bm-°-Ww. Aßs\ sNøp-∂n-s√-¶nepw {]kvXpX
_n√v ]m¿e-sa‚ v ]mkm-°n-b-Xmbn ]cn-K-Wn®v
cmjv{S-]-Xn-bpsS A\p-a-Xn°b-°mw.
]m¿e-sa‚ns‚ A\p-hm-Z-tØmSpIqSn am{Xta
Kh¨sa‚ v s]mXp-]Ww Nne-hm-°m\pw [\-ti-
J-cWw \S-Øm\pw ]mSp≈q. `c-W-\-S-]-SnIƒ°m-
bp≈ [\-k-am-l-c-WØn\pw AXv sNe-hm-°p-
∂-Xn\pw ]m¿e-sa‚ns‚ AwKo-Imcw Bh-iy-amWv.
CsX√mw _UvP-‰n-eq-sSbpw hm¿jnI [\-Imcy
{]kvXm-h-\-bn-eq-sSbpw (Annual Financial State-
ment) ]m¿esa‚ v \n¿h-ln-°p-∂p.
`cW\n¿h-lWhn`m-K-Øn-\p-ta-ep≈
\nb-{¥Ww
]m¿e-sa‚ v cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ \nb-a-߃ \S-∏n-em-
°p-∂Xv `c-W-\n¿∆-lWhn`m-K-am-Wv. Cu hn`m-
K-Øn-\p-ta¬ ]m¿e-sa‚n\v [mcmfw \nb-{¥-Wm-
[n-Im-c-ap-≠v. `c-W-\n¿∆-l-W-Øns‚ {][m\Npa-
Xe a{¥n-k-`-bv°m-Wv. temI-k-`-bn¬ `qcn-]£
AwK-ß-fpsS ]n¥p-W-bp-s≠-¶n¬ am{Xta a{¥n-

tI{µ-`c
- Ww 113
¢mkv ˛ IX
k-`°v XpS-cm-\m-hq. temI-k` a{¥n-k`
- b
- n¬ Ahn-
izmkw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bm¬ a{¥n-k-`°v A[n-Im-
c-Øn¬\n∂v ]pdØv t]mtI≠n hcpw. ]m¿e-
sa‚n¬ `c-W-\-S-]-Sn-Iƒ kw_-‘n® tNmZy-߃
tNmZn®pw {]ta-b-ßfpw _n√p-Ifpw Ah-X-cn-∏n®v
N¿® sNbvXpw \nb-a-\n¿Ωm-W-hn-`mKw `c-W-
\n¿∆-lWhn`m-KsØ \nb-{¥n-°p-∂p.
]m¿e-sa‚n-\p≈ a‰v A[n-Im-c-߃
$ `c-WL
- S- \ t`Z-KX
- n-sN-øp-∂X
- n\v ]m¿e-sa‚n\v
A[n-Im-c-ap-≠v.
cmPy-k-`bpw temI-k-`bpw XΩn¬ Xmc-Xayw sNbvXm¬ Nne kam\-X-Ifpw hyXykvXX-Ifpw
ImWm≥ Ign-bpw. Ch ]cn-tim-[n-°q-I. ¢m n-semcp N¿®-bm-bmtem?
kqN-I-߃
$ Xnc-s™-Sp∏v $ a’-cn-°p-∂-h-cpsS {]mbw $ A[y-£-∑m¿ $ A[n-Im-c-߃
`c-W-\n¿h-lWhn`mKw
]m¿e-sa‚ v AwKo-I-cn-°p∂ \nb-a-߃ Fß-s\-
bmWv cmPyØv \S-∏n-em-°p-∂-sX∂v Btem-Nn-
®n- ´ pt≠m? \nb- a - ß ƒ \S- ∏ m- ° p- ∂ - X n- \ mbn
\ΩpsS `c-W-L-S\ kpk-÷-amb Hcp `c-W-hy-
hÿ cq]-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. AXv `c-W-\n¿h-
lWhn`mKw F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. cmjv{S-]-Xn-bpw
D]-cm-jv{S-]-Xnbpw a{¥n-k-`bpw tI{µ sk{I-t´-
dnb‰pw tN¿∂-XmWv \ΩpsS tI{µ Kh¨sa‚ns‚
`c-W-\n¿h-l-W-hn-`m-Kw. P\-߃ Xnc-s™Sp-
°p∂ ]m¿e-sa‚n-t\m-Sv DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-ap≈ LS-
I-amWv a{¥n-k-`. AXn-\m¬ a{¥n-k-`-bn-emWv
bYm¿Y A[n-Im-c-߃ \n£n-]vX-am-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv.
`c-W-\n¿h-lWhn`m-K-Øn\v c≠v `mK-ß-fp-≠v.
BZy-tØXv Hcp \n›nXIme-b-f-hn-te°v Xnc-
s™-Sp-°-s∏-Sp∂ P\-{]-Xn-\n-[n-I-f-S-ßp∂ hn`m-
K-am-Wv. AXv cmjv{Sob `c-W-\n¿h-lWhn`mKw
F∂-dn-bs - ∏-Sp∂p (Political Executive). cmjv{S-]X
- nbpw
D]-cm-jv{S-]-Xnbpw a{¥n-k-`bpw Dƒs∏-´-XmWv Cu
hn`m-Kw. Ch-cmWv cmPy-Øn-\p-th≠ `c-W-\-b-
ßfpw ]cn-]m-Sn-Ifpw cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xv.
c≠m- a sØ hn`mKw ssZ\w- Z n\ `c- W - Ø n¬
cmjv{So-b-Imcy\n¿h-lWhn`m-KsØ klm-bn-
°p∂- DtZym-K-ÿ-c-S-ßp-∂-XmWv. CXv ÿncw `c-
114 kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw ˛ I
$ cmjv { S- ] - X n- s bbpw D]- c m- j v { S- ] - X n- s bbpw
Xnc-s™-Sp-°p-∂-Xn\pw ]m¿e-sa‚n\v A[n-Im-
c-ap≠v.
$ Ip‰-hn-Nm-c-W-bn-eqsS (Impeachment) cmjv{S-]-
Xn, kp{]ow-tIm-S-Xn-bn-tebpw sslt°m-S-Xn-bn-
tebpw PUvPn-am¿ F∂n-hsc X¬ÿm-\-ß-
fn¬\n∂p \o°w sNøm\pw ]m¿e-sa‚n\v A[n-
Im-c-ap-≠v.
W-\n¿h-l-Whn`mK-sat∂m (Permanent Executive)
knhn¬ k¿hokv Ft∂m Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.
cmjv{S-]Xn
\ΩpsS `c-W-L-S\ Hcp dn∏-ªn-°≥ `c-W-co-Xn-
bmWv hn`m-h\w sNøp-∂-sX∂p \mw a\- n-em-
°n-bn-´p-≠v. cmjv{S-]-Xn-bmWv \ΩpsS cmjv{S-Ø-
e- h ≥. ]m¿e- s a‚ ns‚ Ccp- k - ` - I - f n- t ebpw
kwÿm\\nb- a - \ n¿ΩmWk`- I - f n- t ebpw Xnc-
s™-Sp-°-s∏´ AwK-߃ tN¿∂mWv cmjv{S-]-
Xnsb Xncs-s™-Sp-°p-∂-Xv. A©ph¿j-amWv
cmjv{S-]-Xn-bpsS HutZym-KnIImem-h-[n. temI-k-
`-bn¬ AwK-am-Ip-hm-\p≈ tbmKy-Xbpw ap∏-Øn-
b- © p- h - b  p ]q¿Øo- I - c n- ° p- I bpw sNbv X
GsXmcp C¥y≥ ]uc\pw Cu ÿm\-tØ°p
a’- c n- ° mw. F∂m¬ tI{µ˛kwÿm\
Kh¨sa‚pIfp-sStbm Xt±ikzbw-`-cWÿm]-
\-ß-fp-sStbm iºfw ]‰p∂ DtZymKw hln-°p∂
Hcp hy‡n°v Cu ÿm\-tØ°p a’-cn-°p-hm≥
A¿l-X-bn-√.
cmjv{S-]Xn GsX-¶nepw kµ¿`-Øn¬ `c-W-L-
S\ ewLn®p F∂v ]m¿e-sa‚n\p t_m[y-s∏--´m¬
Ip‰-hn-Nm-cW
- b
- n-eqsS ]m¿e-sa‚n\v cmjv{S-]X
- nsb
X¬ÿm-\Øp\n∂p \o°w sNømw. AXp-kw-_-
‘n® {]tabw AwKo-I-cn-°p-hm≥ ]m¿e-sa‚ns‚
aq∂n¬ c≠p ( 23 ) AwK-ß-fpsS `qcn-]£w Bh-
iy-am-Wv.

cmjv{S-]-Xn-bmbn {ioaXn {]Xn-`m-]-´o¬ kXy{]Xn⁄ sNøp∂p
A[n-Im-c-ßfpw Npa-X-e-Ifpw
`c-W-L-S\ cmjv{S-]-Xn°p hn]p-e-amb A[n-Im-c-
߃ \¬Ip-∂p. `c-W-\n¿h-lW-]-c-amb A[n-
Im-c-߃, \nb-a-\n¿Ωm-W-]-c-amb A[n-Im-c-߃,
\oXn-\ym-b-]-c-amb A[n-Im-c-߃, ASn-b-¥-cm-
hÿ {]Jym-]n-°p-hm-\p≈ A[n-Im-c-߃ F∂n-
h-bmW-h. F∂m¬ Cu A[n-Im-c-߃ a{¥n-k`
\¬Ip∂ D]-tZ-i-ß-f-\p-k-cn®p am{Xta \n¿h-ln-
°p-hm-\m-Iq.
`c-W-\n¿h-l-W-]-c-amb A[n-Im-c-߃
cmjv{S-]-Xn-bpsS t]cn-emWv Kh¨sa‚ns‚ F√m
{]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw \n¿h-ln-°p-∂-Xv. \nb-a-ßfpw
Kh¿W¿
kwÿm\`c- W - h y- h - ÿ - b psS Xe- h - \ mWv
Kh¿W¿. cmjv{S-]-Xn-bmWv Kh¿Wsd \nb-an-
°p- ∂ - X v . A©p- h ¿j- a mWv At±- l - Ø ns‚
HutZym-KnIImem-h-[n. tI{µ-Øn¬ cmjv{S-]-Xn-
°p-≈X - p-t]mse kwÿm-\ß - f
- n¬ Kh¿W¿°v
Imcy-\n¿h-l-W-]-chpw \nb-a-\n¿Ωm-W-]-c-hp-
amb A[n-Im-c-ß-fp-≠v. kwÿm\ a{¥n-k-`-
bpsS D]-tZ-i-a-\p-k-cnt® Kh¿W¿°v Xs‚
A[n-Im-c-߃ hn\n-tbm-Kn-°m-\m-Iq.
A[ymbw ˛ 10
\b-]-c-amb Xocp-am-\-ßfpw ]pd-Øn-d-°p-∂Xp
cmjv{S-]-Xn-bm-Wv. At±-l-amWv cmPysØ {][m-
\-s∏´ \nb-a-\-ß-sf√mw Kh¨sa‚n-\p-th≠n \S-
Øp-∂-Xv. kp{]ow-tIm-S-Xn-bnse apJy-PUvPn (Chief
Justice), a‰v PUvPn-am¿, sslt°m-SXn PUvPn-am¿,
Kh¿W¿am¿, Xnc-s™-Sp∏p IΩo-j≥ AwK-߃,
\b-X-{¥-{]-Xn-\n-[n-Iƒ XpS-ßn-b-hsc \nb-an-°p-
∂Xv cmjv{S-]-Xn-bmWv. \ΩpsS cmPy-c-£m-tk-
\IfpsS k¿∆ssk\ym-[n-]\pw cmjv{S-]X - n-bm-Wv.
\nb-a-\n¿Ωm-W-]-c-amb A[n-Im-c-߃
cmjv{S-]-Xn-bpsS AwKo-Imcw e`n-®-Xn-\p-tijw
am{Xta ]m¿e-sa‚ v ]mkm-°nb _n√p-Iƒ \nb-a-
am-Ip-I-bp-≈q. Bb-Xn-\m¬ cmjv{S-]Xn \nb-a-
\n¿ΩmW{]{In-b-bpsS Ahn-`m-Py-L-S-I-am-Wv.
cmjv{S-]-Xn-bpsS AwKo-Im-c-Øn-\mbn ka¿∏n-°-
s∏-Sp∂ _n√p-Iƒ At±-l-Øn\v h®p-Xm-a-kn-∏n-
°p-Itbm ]p\x-]-cn-tim-[-\-bv°mbn Xncn-®-b-°p-
Itbm sNømw. F∂m¬ Xncn-®-bbv-°p∂ _n√v
]m¿e-sa‚ v Hcn-°¬ IqSn AwKo-I-cn-°p-I-bm-sW-
¶n¬ cmjv{S-]Xn AXn\v AwKo-Imcw \¬In-bn-
cn-°W- w. ]m¿e-sa‚ns‚ Ccp-k`- I
- f
- p-sSbpw ktΩ-
f-\ß- ƒ hnfn-®p-tN¿°p-∂Xpw \n¿Øn-h° - p-∂Xpw
cmjv{S-]-Xn-bm-Wv. temI-k` ]ncn-®p-hn-Sp-∂-Xn\pw
At±-l-Øn\v A[n-Im-c-ap-≠v.
tI{µ-`c
- Ww 115
¢mkv ˛ IX
\oXn-\ym-b-]-c-amb A[n-Im-c-߃
GsX-¶nepw tIkn\p in£n-°-s∏-Sp-∂-bmƒ°v
Abmƒ°p \¬I-s∏´ in£ Hgn-hm°n am∏p
sImSp-°mt\m in£ \n¿Øn hbv°mt\m d±m-
°mt\m D≈ A[n-Imcw \ΩpsS `c-W-L-S\
cmjv{S-]-Xn°p \¬Ip-∂p.
ASn-b-¥-cm-hÿ {]Jym-]n-°p-hm-\p≈
A[n-Imcw (Emergency Powers)
C¥y-bnse kwbp‡`c-W-hy-h-ÿ- {]Imcw `c-
WLS\ tI{µ- K - h ¨sa‚ n\pw kwÿm- \ - K -
h¨sa‚p-Iƒ°pw A[n-Im-cß - ƒ hn`-Pn®p \¬In-
bn-´p-≠v. F∂m¬ B`y-¥-ctam _mlytam Bb
{]Xn- k - ‘ n- I ƒ cmPyw t\cn- S p∂ L´- Ø n¬
AXns\ ^e-{]-Z-ambn ssIImcyw sNøp-∂-Xn\v
cmPyØv ASn-b-¥-cm-h-ÿ-{]-Jym-]n-°m≥ cmjv{S-
]-Xn°v A[n-Im-ca - p-≠v. ASn-b¥
- c
- m-hÿ \ne-hn¬
h∂m¬ kwÿm-\-ß-fpsS ta¬ IqSp-X¬ \nb-
\ΩpsS cmPyØv CXn¬ GsX√mw Xc-Øn-ep≈ ASn-b-¥-cm-h-ÿ-Iƒ {]Jym-]n-®n-´ps≠∂v
Is≠-Øq.
D]-cm-jv{S-]Xn
]m¿e-sa‚ns‚ Ccp-k-`-I-fn-sebpw AwK-߃
tN¿∂m-Wv D]-cm-jv{S-]-Xnsb Xnc-s™-Sp-°p-∂Xv.
D]-cm-jv{S-]-Xn-bmWv cmPy-k-`-bpsS A≤y-£≥.
`c-W-L-S\ A\p-k-cn®v cmjv{S-]Xn acn-°p-I-tbm,
cmPn- h - ° p- I - t bm \o°w sNø- s ∏- S p- I tbm
sNbvXmtem Akp-Jtam at‰-sX-¶nepw Imc-W-
ß-fmtem cmjv{S-]-Xn°v Xs‚ HutZym-KnIIrXyw
\n¿h-ln-°m≥ Ign-bmsX hcn-I-bm-sW-¶ntem D]-
{][m-\-a-{¥n-bmbn {io. a≥tam-l≥knMv
kXy-{]-Xn⁄ sNøp∂p
116 kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw ˛ I
{¥-Wm-[n-Imcw tI{µ-K-h¨sa‚n\v h∂p-tN-cpw.
cmjv{S-]-Xn°v aq∂v hyXy-kvX-Xc-Øn-¬ ASn-b-
¥-cm-hÿ {]Jym-]n-°p-hm-\p≈ A[n-Im-c-ap-≠v.
1. bp≤-hn-]tØm hntZ-im-{I-a-Wtam B`y-¥c
kmbp[Iem-]tam Ds≠∂p t_m[y-s∏-´m¬
C¥y-bn¬ GsX-¶n-ep-samcp `mKtØm cmPy-
sØm-´m-sItbm ASn-b-¥-cm-hÿ {]Jym-]n-
°mw. CXmWv tZiob ASn-b-¥-cm-h-ÿ.
2. C¥y-bnse GsX-¶nepw kwÿm-\Øv `c-W-
L-S\ hyhÿ sNøp∂ `c-W-{Iaw XI-cp-I-
bm- s W∂p t_m[y- s ∏- ´ m¬ B kwÿm- \ -
Øn¬ cmjv{S-]-Xn-`-cWta¿s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xns\
kwÿm-\-A-Sn-b-¥-cm-hÿ F∂p]d-bp-∂p.
3. cmPyw Hcp kmº-ØnI{]Xn-k‘n t\cn-Sp-I-
bm- s W- ¶ n¬ kmº- Ø nI ASn- b - ¥ - c m- h ÿ
{]Jym-]n-°mw.
cm-jv{S-]-Xn°v cmjv{S-]-Xn-bpsS Npa-X-e-Iƒ \n¿h-
ln-°mw.
{][m-\-a-{¥nbpw a{¥n-k-`bpw
{][m- \ - a - { ¥n- b psS A[n- I m- c - ß fpw Npa- X - e -
Ifpambn _‘-s∏´ Nne hm¿Ø-Ifpw {][m-\-
a{¥n kXy- { ]- X n⁄ sNøp∂ Nn{X- h p- a mWv
tN¿Øn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. CXn¬ \n∂pw \ΩpsS `c-W-
hy-hÿ
- b
- n¬ {][m-\a - {- ¥n-bv°p≈ ÿm\w hy‡-
amIp∂p≠v. temI-k-`-bn¬ `qcn-]£w AwK-ß-
fpsS ]n≥Xp-W-bp≈ ]m¿´n-bp-sStbm ap∂-Wn-bp-
sStbm t\Xm-hns\ {][m-\-a-{¥n-bmbn \nb-an-°p-
∂-Xv cmjv{S-]-Xn-bm-Wv. {][m-\-a-{¥n-bpsS D]-tZ-
Ahn-izm
a{¥n-k-`- -k-{]-tab N¿®-b
s°-Xnsc n¬ {]X
{][m-\-a{¥ D∂-bn® hna¿i n-]£w
n adp-]Sn -\-ß
]d-™p. ƒ°v
Ct¥m-˛-A
-ta-cn-°≥ n¬
{][m-\-a{¥ BW-h-I-cm-dn¬ y≥ D®t- ImS- nb-
n H∏p-h-®p. m]- p.
t¥ m˛- b- qt- d n kw_-‘n-®
C -a{¥
{][m-\

i-a-\p-k-cn-®mWv cmjv{S-]Xn a‰v a{¥n-amsc \nb-
an-°p-∂-Xv.
a{¥n-k-`-bn¬ Hmtcm a{¥n-bps-Sbpw ]Zhnbpw
(Rank) Hmtcm a{¥n°pw Npa-Xe- b
- p≈ hIp-∏p-Ifpw
\n›-bn-®p-\¬Ip-∂Xv {][m-\-a-{¥n-bm-Wv. a{¥n-k-
`mw-K-ß-fpsS FÆw temI-k-`mw-K-ß-fpsS 15 iX-
am-\-Øn¬ IqSp-X-em-Im≥ ]mSn-√. a{¥n-k-`-bn¬
e`n-°p∂ ÿm\-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ a{¥n-
k-`mw-K-ßsf aq∂p hn`m-K-ß-fmbn Xcw-Xn-cn-°mw.
Xmsg X∂n-cn-°p∂ ]´nIbn¬\n∂v GsX-√m-
amWv Cu aq∂p-hn-`m-Ks
- a∂pw Hmtcm hn`m-KØ
- n\pw
Fs¥√mw Npa-X-e-I-fpw A[n-Im-c-ßfpamWp≈-
sX∂pw Is≠-Ømw.
Iym_n-\‰v kl-a-{¥n-am¿
a{¥n-am¿
a{¥-k-`-bn¬ {][m-\-hIp Iym_n-\-‰n¬ AwK-ßf√.
∏pIƒ ssIImcyw sNøp {]tXyIw £Wn-®m¬
a{¥n-amcS-ßp∂ Hcp Iym_n-\‰v ao‰nßn¬
sNdnb kan-Xn-bmWv - ]s¶-Sp-°mw.
Iym_n-\-‰v. Nne kl-a-{¥n-am¿°v
hIp∏pIfpsS kzX{¥
Npa-Xe \¬Im-dp-≠v.
tI{µ a{¥n-k-`-bn¬ tIc-f-Øn¬ \n∂p≈ AwK-߃ Bsc√mw? Iym_n-\‰v a{¥n-amcpw kl-
a-{¥n-amcpw Bsc√mw? Hmtcm-cp-Ø¿°pw Npa-X-e-bp≈ hIp-∏p-Iƒ GsX√mw?
a{¥n-k-`-bpsS Iq´p-Ø-c-hm-ZnXzw
{][m-\-a-{¥n-bpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn-ep≈ a{¥n-k-`mw-
K-߃s°√mw `c-W-Øn¬ Iq´p-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Xz-am-Wp-
≈-Xv. Iym_n-\‰v a{¥n-am¿ ktΩ-fn-®mWv `c-W-]-
c-amb F√m Xocp-am-\-ßfpw ssIs°m-≈p-∂-Xv.
Cu Xocp-am-\sØ F√m a{¥n-amcpw AwKo-I-cn-
°p-∂p. \b-]-c-amb Imcy-ß-fn¬ Ah¿°v A`n-
{]mb sFIyw D≠m-bn-cn-°-Ww. a{¥n-k-`-bpsS
{]h¿Ø-\ß - f- n¬ AXv H∂msI ]m¿e-sa‚n-t\mSv
DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p.
{][m-\-a-{¥n-bpsS A[n-Im-c-ßfpw Npa-X-e-Ifpw
{][m-\-a-{¥n-bmWv a{¥n-k-`m-k-tΩ-f-\-ß-fn¬
A[y-£X hln-°p-∂-Xv. a{¥n-k`m Xocp-am-\-ß-
fn¬ {][m-\-a-{¥n-bpsS \ne-]m-Sp-Iƒ \n¿Wm-b-
I- a m- W v . a{¥n- k - ` tbbpw cmjv { S- ] - X n- t bbpw
A[ymbw ˛ 10
hnthN\m-[n-Imcw (Discretionary Powers)
temI-k-`-bn¬ `qcn-]£ AwK-ß-fpsS ]n≥Xp-W-
bp≈ ap∂-Wn-bp-tStbm ]m¿´n-bp-sStbm t\Xm-hn-
s\-bmWv km[m-cW kµ¿`-ß-fn¬ cmjv{S-]Xn
{][m-\-a-{¥n-bmbn \nb-an-°p-∂-Xv. F∂m¬ Nne
kµ¿`- ß - f n¬ GsX- ¶ nepw ]m¿´nt°m ap∂-
Wnt°m `qcn-]£w e`n-°msX hcm-dp-≠v. AØcw
kµ¿`-ßf - n¬ cmjv{S-]Xn Xs‚ hnth-N\- m-[n-Imcw
D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p. AXm-bXv temI-k-`-bn¬ `qcn-
]£w sXfn-bn-°p-hm≥ Ign-bp-sa∂v At±-lØ - n\v
t_m[y-ap≈ ]m¿´n-bpsS t\Xm-hns\ {][m-\a - {- ¥n-
bmbn \nb-an-°p-Ibpw \n›nX ka-bØ - n-\p-≈n¬
`qcn-]£w sXfn-bn-°-W-sa-∂m-h-iy-s∏-Sp-Ibpw
sNøp-∂p.
D]-a-{¥n-am¿
hIp-∏p-I-fpsS `cW
Øn¬ Iym_n-\‰v
a{¥n-amsc klm-bn-°p∂p.
XΩnepw a{¥n- k - ` - t bbpw ]m¿e- s a‚ n- t \bpw
XΩnepw _‘n-∏n-°p∂ IÆn-bmbn {][m-\-a{¥n
{]h¿Øn-°p-∂p. {][m-\-a{¥n hnhn[a{¥m-e-b-ß-
fpsS {]h¿Ø- \ - ß sf GtIm- ] n- ∏ n- ° p- I bpw
cmPyØns‚ s]mXp-`-c-W-Øn\v ta¬t\m´w hln-
°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. At±lw cmPn ka¿∏n-®m¬
AXv a{¥n-k-`-bpsSXs∂ cmPn-bmbn IW-°m-
°pw.
tI{µ sk{It-´-dnb‰v
cmPysØ hnhn[a{¥m- e - b - ß ƒ tN¿∂- X mWv
tI{µ sk{I-t´-dnb-‰v. Hcp cmPy-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-
\-hn-`-h-߃ {]tbm-P-\-s∏-SpØn cmPy-Øns‚
]ptcm-K-Xn-°m-h-iy-amb \b-߃ cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-
Ibpw {]h¿Ø\]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ Bhn-jv°-cn-°p-
tI{µ-`c
- Ww 117
¢mkv ˛ IX
Ibpw sNøp-∂Xv sk{I-t´-dnb‰v BWv. tI{µ-sk-
{It-´-dnb-‰nse hnhn[ a{¥m-e-b-߃ Xøm-dm-
°p∂ \b- ß fpw I¿Ω]cn- ] m- S n- I fpw ]m¿e-
sa‚ns‚ AwKo-Im-ct- ØmsS \S-∏m-°p-Ibpw sNøp-
∂p.
Iym_n-\‰v sk{I-´dn
tI{µ-sk-{I-t´-dn-b‰nse G‰hpw Db¿∂ DtZym-K-
ÿ-\mWv Iym_n-s\‰v sk{I-´d - n. G‰hpw IqSp-X¬
k¿ho-kp≈ sF.F.-Fkv DtZym-K-ÿ-s\-bmWv
Iym_ns-\‰v sk{I-´-dn-bmbn \nb-an-°p-∂-Xv. a{¥n-
k-`m-k-tΩ-f-\-ß-fn¬ Xocp-am-\-am-tI≠ hnj-b-
߃ Hmtcm a{¥n-k`mktΩ-f-\-Ønepw Ah-X-
cn-∏n-°p-∂Xv Iym_n-s\‰v sk{I-´-dn-bm-Wv.
\oXn-\ymbhn`mKw
Xmsg tN¿Øncn-°p∂ hm¿Ø-Iƒ {i≤n-°p-I.
tImS-Xn-Iƒ Fs¥√mw Imcy-ß-fn-emWv CS-s]-
´n-cn-°p-∂-Xv F∂v t\m°q. ]ucmh-Im-i-߃
kwc- £ n- ° p- I , kwÿm- \ - ß fpw tI{µ-
Kh¨sa‚pw XΩnepw kwÿm-\-߃ XΩn-ep-
ap≈ X¿°-߃ ]cn-l-cn-°p-I, \nb-a-hmgvN ]cn-
c-£n-°pI, kaq-l-Øn-ep-≠m-Ip∂ hnhn-[-ß-fmb
X¿°-߃°v ]cn-lmcw \n¿tZ-in-°p-I XpS-ßnb
I¿Ø-hy-߃ \n¿h-ln-°p-∂X - n-\m-bmWv cmPyØv
118 kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw ˛ I
kzX-{¥-amb Hcp \oXn-\ymbhn`mKw cq]-s∏-Sp-Øn-
bn-´p-≈-Xv. AXv \nb-a-\n¿amWhn`m-K-Øn-s‚bpw
`cW\n¿h-lWhn`m-K-Øn-s‚bpw kzm[o-\-ß-
fn¬\n∂pw cmjv{Sob]m¿´n-I-fpsS CS-s]-S-ep-I-
fn¬\n∂pw kzX-{¥-ambn {]h¿Øn-°p-hm≥ Ign-
bp-∂-Xm-Wv. AJn-te-¥ym-X-e-Øn¬ hnhn[ Xe-
ß-fn-ep≈ Hcp GIo-IrXkwhn-[m-\-am-Wv \ΩpsS
\oXn-\ymbhn`mKw. kp{]ow-tIm-S-Xn-bmWv G‰hpw
apI-fn¬. AXn\p Xmsg-bmbn sslt°m-S-Xn-Ifpw
G‰hpw Xmsg IogvtIm-S-Xn-Ifpw.
kp{]ow-tIm-SXn (Supreme Court)
cmPysØ \oXn-\ymb\n¿h-lW - Ø- n-\p≈ G‰hpw
Db¿∂ kwhn-[m-\-amWv kp{]ow-tIm-SXn. CsXmcp
kzX{¥kwhn-[m-\a - mbn \ne-\n-ev°p-∂p. Hcp apJy
PUvPnbpw (Chief Justice) 25 PUvPn-amcpw D≠v
Chsc \nb-an-°p-∂Xv cmjv{S-]-Xn-bm-Wv. apJy-
PUvPn Hgn-sI-bp-≈-h-cpsS \nb-a\-Øn¬ cmjv{S-
]Xn apJy-P-UvPn-tbmSmWv A`n-{]mbw tXtS-≠Xv.
PUvPn-amsc \nb-an-°p-tºmƒ cmjv{S-]Xn kwÿm-
\-ß-fnse sslt°m-SXn PUvPn-am-tcmSpw A`n-
{]mbw tXSm-dp-≠v. kp{]ow-tIm-SXn PUvPn-am-cpsS
HutZym-KnIImem-h[n 65 hb- p-h-sc-bm-Wv. kz`m-
h- Z q- j y- t am Ign- h p- t ItSm Nq≠n- ° m´n ]m¿e-
sa‚ n\v PUvPn- a msc X¬ÿm- \ Øp\n∂v

\o°wsNømw. AXn-\mbn ]m¿e-sa‚ns‚ Ccp-k-
`bpw aq∂n¬ c≠v `qcn-]-£-Øns‚ ]n¥p-W-
tbmsS hnNm-cW {]tabw (Impeachment Resolution)
AwKo-I-cn-°-Ww.
kp{]ow-tIm-S-Xn-bpsS A[n-Im-c-߃
kp{]ow-tIm-S-Xn-bpsS A[n-Im-c-ßsf {][m-\-ambn
aq∂mbn Xn-cn-°mw.
D¤hm[n-Im-c-߃ (Original Jurisdiction)
Nne Imcy-ß-fn¬ kp{]ow-tIm-S-Xn°v D¤-hm-[n-
Im-c-ß-fp-≠v. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v tI{µ Kh¨sa‚pw
kwÿm- \ - K - h ¨sa‚pw XΩnepw kwÿm\
Kh¨sa‚p-Iƒ XΩn-ep-ap-≠m-Ip∂ X¿°-߃,
auen-Im-h-Imiw kw_-‘n® tIkp-Iƒ F∂nh
tIƒ°p- h m- \ p≈ A[n- I mcw kp{]owtImS- X n-
°p≠v.
A∏o¬ kw_-‘n® A[n-Im-c-߃
(Appelate Jurisdiction)
kp{]ow tImS-Xn-bmWv cmPysØ G‰hpw Db¿∂
A∏o¬t°m-S-Xn. sslt°m-S-Xn-Iƒ knhnepw
{Inan-\epw `c-W-L-S-\m-]-c-hp-amb tIkp-I-fn¬
FSp-°p∂ A¥naXocp-am\ß-fpsS ASnÿm-\-
Øn¬ kp{]ow tImS-Xn°v A∏o-ep-Iƒ kzoI-
cn°mw.
D]-tZ-i-߃ \¬Im-\p≈ A[n-Im-c-߃
(Advisory Jurisdiction)
Nne {][m\kµ¿`-ß-fn¬ cmjv{S-]Xn Bh-iy-
s∏-´m¬ kp{]ow-tIm-S-Xn°v GsX-¶nepw \nba
{]iv\-Øn¬ D]-tZiw \¬Ip-hm≥ A[n-Im-c-ap-≠v.
sslt°m-SXn (High Court)
\oXn- \ ymbhn`m- K - Ø ns‚ kwÿm- \ - ß - f nse
G‰hpw Db¿∂ LSIw sslt°m-S-Xn-I-fm-Wv.
cmjv{S-]-Xn-bmWv sslt°m-SXn PUvPn-amsc \nb-
an-°p-∂-Xv. Hmtcm sslt°m-S-Xn-bn-tebpw PUvPn-
am-cpsS FÆw AXXp ka-bØv cmjv{S-]-Xn°p
\n›-bn-°mw. sslt°m-SXn PUvPn-am-cpsS Imem-
h[n 62 hb v ]q¿Øn-bm-Ip-∂-Xp-h-sc-bm-Wv.
Iogvt°m-S-Xn-Iƒ knhn¬, {Inan-\¬ tIkp-I-fn¬
]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-°p∂ DØ-c-hp-I-fp-ambn _‘-s∏´v
A[ymbw ˛ 10
sslt°m-S-Xn-Iƒ°v A∏o-ep-Iƒ kzoI-cn-°mw.
AXp-Iq-SmsX `c-W-L-S\ sslt°m-S-Xn°v \mev
A[n-Im-c-߃ IqSn \¬Ip-∂p. (1) auen-Im-h-Im-
i- ß - s ftbm AXp- a mbn _‘- s ∏´ hnj- b - ß -
sftbm kwc- £ n- ° p- ∂ - X n- \ mbn DØ- c - h p- I ƒ
\¬Ip-I, (2) kwÿm-\-Øn-\p-≈n¬ {]h¿Øn-
°p∂ F√m tImS-Xn-Iƒ°pw apI-fn¬ ta¬t\m-´-
Øn-\p≈ D∂-Xm-[n-Im-cw. (3) `c-W-L-S\ hymJym-
\n-°p∂ Xc-Øn-ep≈ tIkp-Iƒ Iogvt°m-S-Xn-I-
fn¬\n∂p sslt°m-SX - n-bn-te°p am‰m-\p≈ A[n-
Imcw. (4) sslt°m-S-Xn-bnse DtZym-K-ÿ-∑m-
scbpw tPmen-°m-scbpw \nb-an-°m-\p≈ A[n-
Imcw.
Unkv{SnIvSv B‚ v skj≥kv tImSXn
(knhn¬˛{In-an-\¬ A[n-Im-c-߃)
knhn¬ tImS-Xn-Iƒ {Inan-\¬ tImS-Xn-Iƒ
k_vPUvPv No^v PpUo-jy¬
tImSXn aPn-kvt{S‰v tImSXn
ap≥kn^v ^Ãv ¢mkv
tImSXn aPn-kvt{S‰v tImSXn
Iogvt°m-S-Xn-Iƒ (Subordinate Courts)
Hmtcm kwÿm-\Øpw hyXykvXamb coXn-bn-
emWv Iogvt°m-S-Xn-Iƒ cq]-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≈-Xv.
tIc-f-Øn¬ Pn√m-X-e-Ønse G‰hpw Db¿∂
tImSXn Unkv{SnIv‰v B‚ v skj≥kv tImS-Xn-
bm-Wv. Cu tImS-Xn°v knhnepw {Inan-\-ep-amb
A[n-Im-c-ß-fp-≠v. Unkv{SnIv‰v B‚ v skj≥kv
tImS-Xn°v Xmsg knhn¬ X¿°-ßfpw {Inan-\¬
Ip‰-ßfpw hnNm-cW sNøm≥ {]tXyIw tImS-Xn-
I-fp-≠v. knhn¬ tIkp-Iƒ°v Unkv{SnIv‰v B‚ v
skj≥kv tImS-Xn°p Xmsg k_v PUvPv tImS-
Xnbpw AXn\p Xmsg-bmbn ap≥kn^v tImS-Xnbpw
{]h¿Øn-°p-∂p. {Inan-\¬ tIkp-Iƒ°m-Is´
No^v PpUo-jy¬ aPn-kvt{S‰v tImS-Xnbpw AXn\p
Xmsg-bmbn ^Ãv ¢mkv aPn-kvt{S‰v tImS-Xnbpw
{]h¿Øn-°p-∂p.
tI{µ-`c
- Ww 119
¢mkv ˛ IX

s]mXp-Xm¬∏cyl¿Pn-Iƒ (Public Inter- hnj- b - ß - f p- a mbn _‘- s ∏´v tImS- X n- I - f n¬

est Litigation) \¬Ip∂ ]cm-Xn-I-fmWv s]mXp-Xm¬∏cy l¿Pn-
\mw ]e-t∏mgpw am[y-a-ß-fn¬ s]mXp-Xm¬]cy Iƒ. ]cm-Xn-°m-kv]-Z-amb hnj-b-߃ ]cm-Xn-°m-
l¿Pn-Is- f-°p-dn®v hmbn-°m-dn-t√. AØ-cØ
- n-ep≈ cs\ t\cn´p _m[n- ° - W - s a- ∂ n- √ . GsXmcp
Hcp hm¿Ø-bpsS Npcp°w {i≤n-°q. s]cn-bm¿ hy‡n°pw CØcw s]mXp-{]-iv\-߃ tImS-
kwc-£-W-k-anXn A\nb{¥nX-amb aW¬ J\- Xnsb t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Ømw. Nne kµ¿`-ß-fn¬
\- Ø n¬\n∂p \Znsb kwc- £ n- ° p- ∂ - X n- \ mbn s]mXp- X m¬∏- c y- ß ƒ kwc- £ n- ° m≥ tImSXn
sslt°m-S-Xnsb kao-]n-®p. ]cmXn ]cn-K-Wn® t\cn´pXs∂ tIsk-Sp-°m-dp-≠v. \nß-fpsS {]tZ-
tImSXn, \Znsb kwc- £ n- ° p- ∂ - X n- \ mbn iØpw CØcw {]iv\-߃ ImWp-a-s√m. ta¬
Kh¨sa‚n\v \n¿tZ-i-߃ \¬Ip-Ibpw sNbvXp. hnh-cn® coXn-bn¬ CS-s]-Sm-\m-In-t√?
Cßs\ kaq-lsØ s]mXp-hmbn _m[n-°p∂
\ΩpsS cmPysØ P\-ß-fpsS Ah-Imiw kwc-£n-°p-∂-Xn-\mWv \oXn-\ymbhyh-ÿsb
kzX{¥LS-I-am°n `c-W-L-S\ hn`m-h\w sNøp-∂-Xv. Cu [¿Ωw \n¿∆-ln-°p-∂-Xn\v tImS-Xn-
Iƒ°v F{X-am{Xw Ign-bp-∂p? GsX-¶nepw Hcp DZm-l-cWw Is≠Øn \nß-fpsS \nK-a-\-߃
km[q-I-cn-°p-I.
{]h¿Ø-\-߃
C¥y-bpsS sFIyhpw AJ-fiX - bpw Dd-∏p-hc
- p-Øp-∂X
- n\pw cmPysØ ]uc≥am¿°v kmaq-
ly-\o-Xn-bn¬ A[n-jvTn-X-amb ]ucm-h-Imiw Dd∏p \evIp-∂-Xn-\pamWv `c-W-L-S\ `c-W-
kw-hn-[m-\-߃ cq]s∏SpØn-bn-´p-≈-Xv. \nb-a-\n¿ΩmWk`, `c-W-\n¿∆-lWhn`mKw, \oXn-
\ymbhn`mKw F∂n-hbv°v \¬In-bn-´p≈ A[n-Im-c-ßfpw Ah-bpsS {]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw
Cu e£yw t\Sm≥ F{Xam{Xw ]cym-]vX-am-Wv. Hmtcm hn`m-K-Øn-s‚bpw Npa-X-e-Iƒ IS-
a-Iƒ {]h¿Ø\w F∂nh ap≥\n¿Øn {]_‘w Xøm-dm°n ¢m n¬ Hcp skan-\m¿ \S-
Øp-I.

`c-WL
- S- \
- b
- \
- p-kc
- n®v C¥y-bpsS `c-WØ
- e
- h
- ≥ cmjv{S-]X
- n-bm-Wv. CXv \n¿∆-ln-°p-∂X
- n\v cmjv{S-
]-Xn°v `c-W-L-S\ \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂ A[n-Im-c-߃ F{X-am{Xw ]cym-]vX-am-Wv. \nß-fpsS Is≠-
Ø-ep-Iƒ ¢m n¬ N¿®sNbvXv s]mXpA`n-{]mbw t{ImUo-I-cn-°p-I.

hnZym-`ymkw I¨I-d‚ v enÃn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bXv F¥p-sIm-≠mhmw? \nß-fpsS \ymbo-I-cWw

s]mXp-hmbn Ah-X-cn-∏n®v N¿® sNøq.

\oXn-\ym-b-kw-hn-[m-\sØ kzX-{¥-ambn \ne-\n¿Øp-∂-Xns‚ bp‡n F¥mWv? ka¿∞n-°p-I.

\nb-a-k-`m-\-S-]-Sn-I-sf-∏‰n 8˛mw ¢mknepw Cu A[ym-b-Øn¬ temI-k-`bpsS A[n-Im-c-ß-sf-∏-

‰nbpw \n߃ ]Tn-®p. \nb-a-\n¿Ωm-W-Øn-s‚bpw A[n-Im-c-\n¿h-l-W-Øn-s‚bpw hni-Zmw-i-߃
a\- n-em-°p-∂-Xn\v Hcp "tam°v ]m¿e-sa‚ v' \S-Øp-I. \ΩpsS `c-W-L-S-\, P\-{]-Xn-\n-[n-I-fp-am-
bp≈ A\p-`-hw, C‚¿s\‰v Ch-bpsS klmbw tXSmw.

120 kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw ˛ I
 Front Inner

`mc-X-Øns‚ `c-W-L-S\
`mKw IV I

auenI I¿Ø-hy-߃

51 I. auenI I¿Ø- h y- ß ƒ ˛ Xmsg- ∏ - d - b p- ∂ h `mc- X - Ø nse Hmtcm

]uc-s‚bpw I¿Øhyw Bbn-cn-°p-∂-XmWv ˛

(I) `c-WL
- S- \
- sb A\p-kc
- n-°p-Ibpw AXns‚ BZ¿i-ßs
- fbpw ÿm]-\ß
- s
- fbpw
tZiob]Xm-I-sbbpw tZiobKm\-sØbpw BZ-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøpI;
(J) kzmX-{¥y-Øn-\p-th-≠n-bp≈ \ΩpsS tZiobka-c-Øn\v {]tNm-Z\w \¬Inb
al-\o-bm-Z¿i-ßsf ]cn-t]m-jn-∏n-°p-Ibpw ]n≥Xp-S-cp-Ibpw sNøpI;
(K) `mc-XØ
- ns‚ ]c-am-[n-Im-chpw sFIyhpw AJ-fiX
- bpw \ne-\n¿Øp-Ibpw kwc-
£n-°p-Ibpw sNøpI;
(L) cmPysØ ImØp-kq-£n-°p-Ibpw tZiob tkh\w A\p-jvTn-°p-hm≥ Bhiy-
s∏-Sp-tºmƒ A\p-jvTn-°p-Ibpw sNøpI;
(M) aX-]-chpw `mjm-]-chpw {]mtZ-in-Ihpw hn`m-Ko-b-hp-amb sshhn-[y-߃°Xo-
X-ambn `mc-X-Ønse F√m P\-߃°p-an-S-bn¬, kulm¿Zhpw s]mXp-hmb
kmtlm-Z-cy-a-t\m-`m-hhpw ]pe¿Øp-I. kv{XoI-fpsS A¥- n\v Ipdhp hcp-
Øp∂ BNm-c-߃ ]cn-Xy-Pn-°pI;
(N) \ΩpsS kΩn{ikwkvIm-c-Øns‚ kº-∂-amb ]mc-º-cysØ hne-a-Xn-°p-Ibpw
\ne-\n-dp-Øp-Ibpw sNøpI;
(O) h\-ßfpw XSm-I-ßfpw \Zn-Ifpw h\yPo-hn-Ifpw Dƒs∏-Sp∂ {]IrXym D≈
]cn-ÿnXn kwc-£n-°p-Ibpw A`n-hr-≤n-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw Pohn-I-tfmSv ImcpWyw
ImWn-°p-Ibpw sNøpI;
(P) imkv{Xo- b - a mb ImgvN- ∏ mSpw am\- h n- I - X bpw, At\z- j - W - Ø n\pw
]cnjvIcWØn\pw D≈ at\m-`m-hhpw hnI-kn-∏n-°pI;
(Q) s]mXp-kzØv ]cn-c-£n-°p-Ibpw i]Yw sNbvXv A{Iaw Dt]-£n-°p-Ibpw
sNøpI;
(R) cmjv{Sw bXv\Ø
- n-s‚bpw e£y-{]m-]vXn-bp-sSbpw D∂-XX
- e
- ß
- f
- n-te°v \nc¥cw
Db-c-Ø-°-hÆw hy‡n-]-chpw Iq´m-b-Xp-amb {]h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ F√m afi-
e-ß-fnepw D¬Ir-jvS-X-bv°p-th≠n A[zm-\n-°p-I.
(S) Bdn\pw ]Xn-\m-en\pw CSbv°v {]mb-ap≈ Xs‚ Ip´nt°m c£y-_m-e-I-t\m,
AXXp kwKXn t]mse, amXm-]n-Xm-°tfm c£-I¿Ømthm hnZym-`ym-k-Øn-
\p≈ Ah-k-c-߃ G¿s∏-Sp-Øp-I.