ELS REVIEWER

UNIVERSE
- A large unimaginable expanse of gas, stars, dust clouds, and consists of planets and
galaxy.
- 13. 8 billion years old.
- Univers (Old French)
- Universum (Latin)
- Cosmos
COMPOSITION:
- 4.6% BARYONIC MATTER (PROTON, NEUTRON, ELECTRON)
- 24% COLD DARK MATTER (W/ GRAVITY BUT DOESN'T EMIT LIGHT)
- 71.4% DARK ENERGY (ANTI-GRAVITY)
- HYDROGEN(75% 1P, 1E), HELIUM(25% 2P, 2E N) & LITHIUM
STARS
- The building blocks of galaxies
PROTOSTAR
- Instabilities transformation of stars.
STELLAR INTERIORS
- Like furnaces where elements are synthesized or combined together.
MAIN SEQUENCE STARS
- Where most stars such our sun belong to.
THERMONUCLEAR REACTION
- The fusion of stars and hydrogen to make helium atoms.
GALAXY
- A cluster of billions of stars.
SUPER CLUSTERS
- The cluster of galaxies.
EMPTY SPACE
- Located in between the clusters.
NON SCIENTIFIC THOUGHT
 - The world arose from an infinite sea at the first rising of the sun (Ancient Egyptians).
- Mbombo felt an intense pain and vomited the stars, sun and the moon (Kuba Of Central
Africa).
- They sacrificed Purusha and his body parts became sky, earth, sun, and moon (India).
- A supreme being created the universe (Judaism, Christianity, and Islam).
SCIENTIFIC THEORY
- Nebular (Collapse)
- Planetism (Collide)
BIG BANG THEORY
- 13.8 billion years ago, the universe expanded from a tiny, dense and a hot mass to its
present size and much cooler state.
GEOCENTRIC THEORY
- CLAUDE PTOLEMY (2ND CENTURY) proposed that the Earth is the center of the universe.
HELIOCENTRIC THEORY
- NICOLAUS COPERNICUS (16TH CENTURY) proved that the sun is the center of the
universe and not the Earth.
COSMOLOGY
- Branch of Science that studies the origin, evolution and fate of the universe.
SOLAR SYSTEM
- The gravitationally bound system comprising the sun and the objects that orbit around
it, either directly or indirectly.
TERRESTRIAL PLANET
- Made of materials with high melting points such as silicates, iron & nickel.
JOVIAN PLANET
- Gas Giants.
IAU
- International Astronomical Union
- Re-classified Pluto as a Dwarf Planet.
PLUTO
- Discovered in 1930 and was reclassified as a dwarf planet in 2006.
PLANET BIYO
- A minor planet named after a Filipino teacher, Dr. Josette Biyo and was formerly known
as Planet 13241.
MERCURY
- Innermost & swiftest planet that its darkness and daylight both last 88 days.
VENUS
- Atmospheric pressure is 90 times that of Earth and has a thick cloud of carbon dioxide.
EARTH
- Any planet known to have an atmosphere containing free oxygen, oceans of water, on
its surface and life.
MARS
- Very dry planet and has a reddish rock, sand and soil.
JUPITER
- 2½ times larger than all other planets combined and its day is only equal to 10 hours
due to its fast rotation.
- Composed of 61 moons.
SATURN
- 29½ years to make one revolution and is a system of rings.
URANUS
- Green planet and has methane in atmosphere.
NEPTUNE
- Twin planet of uranus.
COMETS
- Frozen balls of gases and is compared to large dirty snowballs.
ASTERIODS
- Most lie between Mars & Jupiter (Asteroid Belt).
METEOROIDS
METEORS
- When they enter Earth's atmosphere.
METEORITES
- When they are found on Earth's surface.
4 SUB-SYTEMS OF THE EARTH
1. ATMOSPHERE
- Atmos – air - this is where the weather and climate occurs.
- 78% NITROGEN (NITRO – NATIVE SODA)
- 20.95% OXYGEN (PRODUCED BY PLANTS)
- 0.95% ARGON (HOTTEST ELEMENT THAT IS USUALLY USED IN WELDING)
- 0.04% OTHER GASES
2.GEOSPHERE/LITHOSPHERE
- This is where we stand and live.
3. BIOSPHERE
- Everything that has life.
4. HYDROSPHERE (70% OF THE EARTH'S SURFACE)
HYDRAULIC CYCLE
- EVAPORATION
- TRANSPIRATION
- CONDENSATION
- PRECIPITATION
- INFILTRATION
LAYERS OF THE ATMOSPHERE
1. TROPOSPHERE (7-20 KM above sea level)
2. STRATOSPHERE (20-50 KM above sea level)
3. MESOSPHERE (50-80 KM above sea level)
4. THERMOSPHERE (80 KM above)
TYPES OF PRECIPITATION
1. RAIN 3. HAIL
2. SNOW
ENVIRONMENT
- Our surrounding.
ECOSYSTEM
- Community of all organism.
4 MODELS:
1. PICTORIAL MODEL 4. STATISTICAL MODEL
2. PHYSICAL MODEL 4. CONCEPTUAL MODEL
NATURAL RESOURCES
- Elements or gems found in our planet.
NATURAL HAZARD
- Composed of phenomenon that is naturally occuring.
CYCLE
- Continuous flow of cycle.
INDIRECT EVIDENCE
- Mostly from seismic waves caused by earthquakes.
SEISMIC WAVES
- Behaviour of various shock waves.
SEISMOGRAPH
- Sensitive instrument used to measure seismic waves from an earthquake.
2 MAJOR TYPES OF SEISMIC WAVES:
1.P WAVES (PRIMARY)
- Waves that travel faster.
2. S WAVES (SECONDARY)
- Waves travel more slowly.
CRUST
- The layer that you live on that makes up 1% of the earth.
 2 TYPES:
1. CONTINENTAL CRUST (32 KM)
- Comprises the major land masses on the Earth.
2. OCEANIC CRUST (8 KM)
- Thin, dense sinks under continental crust and young.
MANTLE
- The largest layer of the Earth at about 3000 KM thick.
2 REGIONS:
1. LITHOSPHERE (ELASTIC SOLID)
- The extreme uppermost part of the mantle and is 100 KM thick.
2. ASTHENOSPHERE (PLASTIC SOLID)
- Beneath the Lithosphere and is 180 KM thick.
CORE
- The innermost section of the Earth and contain ⅓ of the Earth's mass.
2 DISTINCT SECTIONS:
1. INNER CORE (960 KM)
- Has the temperatures & pressures so great that it stays at solid state.
2. OUTER CORE (2400 KM)
- Consist of liquid melted rock matter.
TYPES OF ROCKS:
IGNEOUS ROCKS
- Extrusive (Volcanic Rocks), Intrusive
SEDIMANTARY ROCKS
- Sediments
- Clastic (Pebble), Organic (Coal), Chemical Precipitation (Limestone).
METAMORPHIC ROCKS
- Typically harder & more compact.
- Foliate, Non- Foliate.