*

COMPUTER NETWORKING AND ELECTRONIC

SECURITY WITH RESPECT TO SMART
CITIES/UTILITIES

A PROJECT REPORT
Submitted by
VASHITAA SETHI [Reg no. RA1411004010641]

Under the guidance of

Mrs.P RADHIKA
(Assistant Professor,Department of ECE)

in partial fulllment for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
in

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

ENGINEERING

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

Faculty of Engineering and Technology,
 SRM Institute of Science and Technology
SRM Nagar,Kattankulathur–603203,Kancheepuram District, Tamilnadu

APRIL 2018
SRM INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
(Deemed to be University u/s 3 of UGC Act, 1956)

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this project report titled COMPUTER NETWORKING AND ELEC-
TRONIC SECURITY WITH RESPECT TO SMART CITIES/UTILITIES is the
bonafide work of VASHITAA SETHI [Reg No.:RA1411004010641] who carried out
the project work under my supervision.Certied further, that to the best of my knowledge
the work reported herein does not form any other project report or dissertation on the
basis of which a degree or award was conferred on an earlier occasion on this or any
other candidate.

Date: Project Supervisor Head of the Department

(Dr. T Rama Rao)

Submitted for University Examination held on in the

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, SRM Institute of Science
and Technology, Kattankulathur.

Date: Internal Examiner External Examiner

 Declaration Letter 

Date: 20‐04‐2018 

Ref: BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE 

Certified that this project report titled “COMPUTER NETWORKING AND ELECTRONIC SECURITY
WITH RESPECT TO SMART CITIES/UTILITIES” is the bonafide work of “ VASHITAA SETHI [Reg
No:RA1411004010641]” who carried out the project work under my supervision in Schneider
Electric, Gurgaon. Certified further, that to the best of my knowledge the work reported herein
does not form any other project report on the basis of which the non- disclosure agreement of
the company is violated by any means.

For, Schneider Electric India Private Ltd. 

GIRISH JAIN 

SR. MANAGER, GOVT & INFRA BUSINESS, +91‐9810397183, GIRISH.JAIN@SCHNEIDER‐ELECTRIC.COM 

Schneider Electric India Private Limited

Corporate Office : 9th  floor, DLF Building No. 10, Tower C, DLF Cyber City, Phase II, 
Gurgaon‐122002  ,  India.  Tel. : 91 124 3940400  Fax : 91 124 4222036, 4222037 

www.schneider‐electric.co.in 

Regd. Office : Plot No. B‐12. Ground Floor, Rewari  Line, Mayapuri Industrial Area, Phase – I 
New Delhi‐110064, India. Tel.: 91 11 30189530
 DECLARATION

I/We here by declare that the Major Project entitled “COMPUTER NETWORKING
AND ELECTRONIC SECURITY WITH RESPECT TO SMART CITIES/ UTIL-
ITIES ” to be submitted for the Degree of Bachelor of Technology is my original work
and the dissertation has not formed the basis for the award of any degree, diploma, as-
sociate ship or fellowship of similar other titles. It has not been submitted to any other
University or Institution for the award of any degree or diploma.

Place : VASHITAA SETHI

Date :

i
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my guide,Mrs. P. Radhika for her valu-
able guidance, consistent encouragement, personal caring, timely help and providing
me with an excellent atmosphere for doing research. All through the work, in spite of
her busy schedule, she has extended cheerful and cordial support to me for completing
this research work. I am profoundly grateful to Mr. Bashyam for his expert guidance
and continuous encouragement throughout to see that this project rights its target since
its commencement to its completion.At last I would like to express my sincere heartfelt
gratitude towards Mr. Girish Jain and Mr. Kamal Lohani of Schneider Electric who
helped me directly or indirectly during this course of work.

Author

ii
 PREFACE

The big boom in the bandwidth demand was caused by the exploding growth of the in-
ternet in the last decade. Originally (and still so today in many places), internet services
are brought to the homes via the twisted-pair telephony network (using digital subscriber
line techniques) or via the coaxial cable CATV network (using cable modems). How-
ever, it becomes ever harder to support the fast growing capacity demands of the users,
as these copper-based technologies are facing their fundamental bandwidth limitations.
The answer is, naturally, the optical fibre: fibre close to the final user, either fibre alone
avoiding any future bottleneck, or combined with a last, very short, wireless radio or
copper cable link. This vision has been assumed by several tele-com organizations and
companies around the globe in the last few years, and is nowadays seriously considered
by most of them.

Optical fibre access can provide an increase of many orders of magnitude of band-
width compared to the conventional media, thus the required massive investment in this
infrastructure will largely pay back as a very profitable social and economic matter. In
order to reduce its initial installation and deployment cost, many projects and initiatives
have been undertaken, with a key milestone being the recently launched G/EPON in-
ternational standards. This has impelled the deployment of fibre-to-the-home (FTTH)
widely spread around the world, with several millions of homes-passed in a short time
frame. However, the huge-bandwidth optical infrastructures installed today are not fully
used at all.

The unique new dimension which optical fibre possesses in comparison with its
copper cable counterparts is its huge bandwidth, spanning across many terahertz of
optical frequencies. This huge optical spectrum of the fibre can be exploited with
the technology of wavelength division multiplexing Wavelength division multiplex-
ing (WDM),opening up a sea of virtually unlimited capacity for the user. Many tech-
niques and architectures have been proposed for accessing this capacity. However, there
is no clear winner solution for the next-generation FTTH, also due to the cost sensitive-
ness of this segment.

iii
 This project aims at presenting different alternatives that can be applied in the next
generations of passive optical networks Gigabit passive optical networks (GEPONs).
The first chapter of this project report is devoted to the determination of the problem at
hand and then finding the apt solution to it. The second chapter extends to the different
kinds of network architectures, the third to electro-optical devices and techniques of de-
signing and implementing Fiber to the home (FTTH) and then summarizing the results
of the same, the fourth to the components and equipments that made this project a reality
and the fifth to the objectives achieved by undertaking this project. I trust that the au-
dience interested in the future broadband access communication technologies will gain
some highlight and ideas of the different covered areas when going through this project
report.

iv
 ABSTRACT

The entire project is a cumulation of four major phases. The project commences with
the inspection of the site and a detailed research on the bandwidth requirements of the
end users on the site respectively.For this , planning is carried out.

Once the planning phase is completed we move on to the solution designing of

FTTH. To make solution designing a reality Autocad is used. Solution designing in-
cludes the designing of the layout of FTTH and splitter configuration of several kinds of
buildings in the residential area which includes G+14,G+12,G+10 etc. While designing
several parameter are taken into careful consideration. [1] One needs to theoretically
calculate insetion losses, optical return loss, optical power link budget, attenuation ,
splitter losses, connector losses, back scatter coefficient etc.[2] If LED laser is used as
a source then the output power should fall in a range of -10 to -25 decibel per me-
ter (dbm) if 62.5/125 fiber optic cable is used. The loss budget is calculated on the basis
of the amount of attenuation that a fiber optic cable should have. After the design of
the layout of the network of FTTH is prepared successfully a series of tests are car-
ried out on the FTTH. The main purpose of these tests is to analyze whether the real
time implementation of FTTH is possible in a certain location or not. The results of
these tests are calibrated and tabulated for the implementation of the FTTH. Optical
time domain reflectometer (OTDR) testing is carried out to test various parameters on
the basis of which various components of FTTH are laid down. If any errors or major
unsuitable losses are identified at any point in the network in FTTH , the components
responsible for the errors can be replaced and the results are updated automatically in
the OTDR(Optical time domain reflectometer) . The reflectance levels and back scatter
coefficients are found to be constant.

After one round of testing is completed , the entire network is troubleshooted to

identify more errors . This is because a variation in the results is observed every time
the testing is carried out . Once the entire network is troubleshooted, one can be assured
that FTTHhas been implemented in the area successfully.

v
List of Figures

2.1 Block diagram of FTTH using GEPON . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

2.2 Point to point network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.3 Point to multi-point network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.4 Layout of FTTH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.5 Layout of FTTH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

3.1 Design flowchart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

3.2 Layout of NBCC IEKAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3.3 Schematic diagram for FTTH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3.4 Splitter layout for residential towers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3.5 Optical power meter and light source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3.6 Store reference and measure loss using Source and Power Meter
with Wave ID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3.7 OTDR trace display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3.8 Losses in splitters according to the splitter ratio . . . . . . . . . . . 20
3.9 1X2 Optical splitter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
3.10 1X2 Optical splitter test 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3.11 1X2 Optical splitter test 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3.12 Troubleshooting a live PON . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
3.13 Recieved power levels of each ONT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

4.1 Optical line terminal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

4.2 Operation of time-division multiplexing process . . . . . . . . . . . 30
4.3 Optical network terminal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
4.4 Generic operation of an optical splitter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
4.5 PLC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
4.6 Pigtail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
4.7 WDM EDFA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
4.8 High density fiber optic cable internal structure . . . . . . . . . . . 35
4.9 High density fiber optic cable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
4.10 FDH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
4.11 SC connector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

vi
5.1 Screenshot of OTDR test results SLM icons for connector inspection 39
5.2 Screenshot of OTDR test results SLM icons for connector inspection
after the connector is replaced. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
5.3 Power and losses in the components. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
5.4 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
5.5 Optical return loss for different lengths of optical fiber cable and
different wavelengths of light. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
5.6 OTDR testing results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
5.7 Distance v.s reflection losses in FTTH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
5.8 OTDR testing screen shot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
5.9 Results of splitter testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
5.10 Graph between total optical budget and ports of the splitters . . . . 44
5.11 Total fibre loss for 1X64 splitter with distance . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

6.1 The CO room showing the OLT rack and the ODF . . . . . . . . . . 49
6.2 Level- 1 splitter inside the FDT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
6.3 FDT splicing brackets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
6.4 Splicing process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
6.5 Laser source/Power meter testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
6.6 Connector inspection screenshot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
6.7 Level- 2 splitter inside the FAT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

vii
 ABBREVIATIONS

ICT information and communication technologies

IPT information processing and technology

dbm decibel per meter

FTTH Fiber to the home

CAGR Compound annual growth rate

DSL Digital subscriber line

ADSL asymmetric digital subscriber line

CO Central Office

GEPON Gigabit passive optical network

PON Passive optical network

PSTN public switched telephone network

ODN optical distribution network

OLT Optical line terminal

ONT Optical network terminal

Gbps gigabit per second

FTTx Fiber to the x

EV environmentally controlled vault

EPON Ethernet passive optical network

FDH Fiber distribution hub

viii
AP Access point

MDU Multi-dwelling unit

FAT Factory acceptance test

FO Fiber optic

OSP other service provider

FDT Field device tool

WDM Wavelength division multiplexing

GEPONs Gigabit passive optical networks

PDH Plesiochronous digital hierarchy

SDH Synchronous digital hierarchy

ONU Optical network unit

LOC Latched optical unit

PLC Planar lightwave circuit

OTDR Optical time domain reflectometer

nm nano-meter

VFL Visual fault locator

SC standard connector

PLC Planar lightwave circuit

PC physical connector

APC angled physical contact

SLM Smart link mapper

PLC Planar lightwave circuit

Contents

DECLARATION i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ii

PREFACE iii

ABSTRACT v

ABBREVIATIONS viii

1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Motivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Problem statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.3 Literature survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

2 SYSTEM MODEL DESCRIPTON 4

2.1 Point to point configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.2 Point to multipoint configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

3 METHODOLOGY 9
3.1 Planning of an FTTH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
 3.2 Design of FTTH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.3 Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.3.1 Connector inspection test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.3.2 Insertion loss test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3.3.3 Optical return loss test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3.3.4 OTDR Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
3.3.5 Splitter tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3.4 Troubleshooting a live PON . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
3.4.1 Test Procedure when Troubleshooting an In-Service
(Live) PON . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

4 COMPONENT SPECIFICATIONS 27
4.1 Software Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
4.1.1 AutoCad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
4.1.2 DV-600S D-View 6.0 Network Management Software 27
4.2 Hardware Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
4.2.1 Optical line terminal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
4.2.2 Optical network terminal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
4.2.3 Splitters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
4.2.4 Pigtails . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
4.2.5 Central Office . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
4.2.6 WDM EDFA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
4.2.7 Drop Cable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
4.2.8 High density fiber optic cable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
4.2.9 Fiber Distribution Hub . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
 4.2.10 Connectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

5 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 38

5.1 Connector inspection results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
5.2 Insertion loss test results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
5.3 Optical return loss test results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
5.4 OTDR test results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
5.5 Splitter test results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

6 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE 45

REFERENCES 47

APPENDIX 49
Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

As the demand for the bandwidth by rapidly growing internet savy customers is increas-
ing, today’s broadband networks are working to keep up to the current demand.Even
the most basic internet applications such as peer to peer file sharing and email are de-
manding more bandwidth than the current broadband networks can provide.Moreover
this ever increasing demand of bandwidth is growing at a 6080 percent compound
annual growth rate Compound annual growth rate (CAGR). Broadband services like
asymmetric digital subscriber line (ADSL), cable modem etc. are limited to the to-
tal bandwidth they can provide.As the number of applications increases the amount of
data transfer to and from the user also increases.The limitation of the Digital subscriber
line (DSL) and the cable modem to the amount of bandwidth they can provide is be-
cause over the portions of the system the signal from the user has to be shared with
many different users.

Several fascinating discoveries and technological breakthroughs over the last few
years like the deployment of single mode fibers that allow transmission of massive
amount of information over long distances using light in the fiber optic communica-
tion purposes.FTTH is an attractive solution for providing high bandwidth from Central
Office (CO) to residences and to small medium sized businesses.This has led to the mass
deployment of FTTH around the world.

1.1 Motivation
The ever-increasing demand for the bandwidth and high speed with high ended applica-
tions at the users end is the motivation behind the introduction of FTTH everywhere.

1
1.2 Problem statement
FTTH(Fibre to the homes) uses a fibre optic cable that provides high bandwidth from
CO(central office) to residences and to small medium sized businesses.The Gigabit Pas-
sive Optical Network or more commonly referred to as Gigabit passive optical net-
work (GEPON) is currently the most economical technology for FTTH (Fiber to the
Home) deployment, capable of supporting up to 64 passive splits coupled with the capa-
bility of delivering 2.5 gigabit per second (Gbps) downstream and 1.25 Gbps upstream
bandwidth.At the CO (head end), the public switched telephone network (PSTN) and
internet services are interfaced with the optical distribution network optical distribution
network (ODN) via optical line terminal Optical line terminal (OLT).
The Optical network terminal (ONT)(optical network terminal) is required for each sub-
scriber and provides connection for different services (voice, data and video). Both sin-
gle splitter and multiple splitter architectures can be used for connecting subscribers to
the Passive optical network (PON)(passive optical network).

1.3 Literature survey

Mahmoud M. Al-Quzwini, Design and Implementation of a Fiber to the Home
FTTH Access Network based on GPON,International Journal of Computer Appli-
cations (09 75 8887) Volume 92 No.6, April 2014 (pp 31-36)

The research paper mentioned above helped me arrive to the most suitable design
for the FTTH. It also help me carry out the final design validation of FTTH by provid-
ing me with the suitable values of losses for different components. For instance, around
2.1 db/km is acceptable as an insertion loss for FO cable, 0.2 db for connectors and 8
db for level-1 splitter and 14 db for level 2 splitter. Moreover, it gave an insight to the
specifications of the components required for the real time implementation of FTTH .

Dheyaa Jasim Kadhim, Nahla Abdul-Rahman Hussain, Design and Implemen-

tation of a Practical FTTH Network,International Journal of Computer Applica-
tions (0975 8887) Volume 72 No.12, June 2013(pp 53).

The above mentioned paper helped me identify the technical specifications of OLT(optical
line terminal) and ONT(optical network terminal).

V. Khanaa, Krishna Mohanta and T. Saravanan,Performance Analysis of FTTH

using GEPON in Direct and External Modulation,Indian Journal of Science and
Technology,6:4848-4852, June 2013 pp 4850).

2
 The above mentioned paper helped me evaluate and analyze the procedure for sim-
ulating the results of the GPON architecture in a great depth.

Telecommunication standardization sector of ITU, Characteristics of a single-

mode optical fibre and cable,International Telecommunication Union,published in
Geneva, Switzerland, Novemeber 2009 (pp 14,15,16,19).

The above mentioned paper help me conclude the attenuation and losses desirable
for different wavelengths of the optical fiber cable without connectors and splicers, by
comparing my readings with standard given by ITU-T G.652.

TIA/EIA Standard,Optical Fiber Cabling Components Standard TIA/EIA-568-

B.3, Telecmmunications Industry Association, April-2000(pp 15).

The above mentioned source specifies that the minimum connector loss for a con-
nector to function properly should be at least 55 db.

ITU-T G.957 Telecommunication standardisation sector of ITU, Optical inter-

faces for equipments and systems relating to the synchronous digital hierarchy,
International Telecommunication Union, 29 th March 2006(pp 6).

The above mentioned source defines the maximum reflectance levels desired for
FTTH after the OTDR testing is carried out.

3
Chapter 2

SYSTEM MODEL DESCRIPTON

FTTH technology involves the introduction of ber optic in global network, both the
backbone network operator as the last mile. In relation to the last mile, it includes the
ber from the central ofce to each household that requires services.The block diagram of
a basic FTTH is given below:

Figure 2.1: Block diagram of FTTH using GEPON

The interconnection between the end subscriber and the distribution node which is going
to provide the services can be done through various physical configurations, which are
detailed below.FTTH networks may be deployed using either point-to-point or point-to-
multipoint network architecture depending upon the design and layout of the residential
area.

4
2.1 Point to point configuration
Point to point configuration, in terms of optical fiber is specifically a link between the
central node and the end user.

Transmission point to point links are operated by companies that have access to
the fiber optic in the outside plant and need to connect remote locations with some ca-
pability of communication, which can vary from a voice or telephone link to a high
speed. data link. As far as the active part of the network is concerned, it is notewor-
thy that the equipment used for transmission of information in point to point links are
Plesiochronous digital hierarchy (PDH) or Synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH), be-
sides WDM. These links have a high capacity and are very useful in the business world
today. However, point to point networks do not comprise of benefits alone.In case of
use of this configuration for home users,there are a lot of disadvantages which include a
high cost of deployment, to which any operator, whether telecommunications or neutral,
is willing to address. In addition, it would break the pattern of global network configu-
ration, because tree or star configuration, it would be dismantled, increasing the cost of
network expansion as well as operation and maintenance.

The point-to-point architectures include active Ethernet, and offer a dedicated fiber
connection from the operators local exchange either a central office (CO) or pow-
ered, environmentally-controlled vault environmentally controlled vault (EV)to each
subscribers premise. A point-to-point architecture also requires electro-optics for each
subscriber at both CO or EV and the customer premise.(see figure given below)

Figure 2.2: Point to point network

5
2.2 Point to multipoint configuration
Point to multi point configurations, in terms of fiber optics, is concerned with those net-
works on which FTTH networks are based. Typically, this configuration is called PON
(Passive Optical Network). Architecture based on PON or passive optical networks is
defined as a global system devoid of active electronic elements in the last mile.

A passive optical network is a network which provides a variety of broadband ser-

vices to users through optical fiber access. PON allows removing all active components
between the server and client introducing optical passive components in place of it to
guide the traffic throughout the network. Its principal element is the optical splitter.

The usage of passive architectures can reduce the cost and are mainly used in FTTH
networks. The bandwidth is not dedicated, but rather multiplexed in a single fiber in the
network access points. In short, this is a point-to-multipoint configuration network.

Moving from the network to the user, it is clearly evident that PON architecture
consists of the following equipments: an Optical Line Terminal (OLT) at the service
providers central office and a number of Optical Network Units (ONUs) or Optical
Network Terminals (ONTs) close to end users.

Figure 2.3: Point to multi-point network

Gigabit-capable passive optical network (GPON) and Ethernet passive optical net-
work (EPON) are two PON technologies commonly deployed in point-to-multipoint
networks. In both GPON and EPON networks, active electronics are located only at the
end-points of the PON, reducing network cost and increasing network reliability. An
optical line terminal (OLT) residing in the carriers CO communicates across the passive
optical distribution network (ODN) to optical network terminals (ONTs) located at sub-
scribers premises.(see figure below)

6
 Figure 2.4: Layout of FTTH

In the ODN, a single feeder fiber connects the CO to a pedestal- or pole-mounted

fiber distribution hub (FDH). The FDH may be located in a neighborhood or the entry
level of a multi-dwelling unit (MDU).In single splitter PON architectures, a single 1x32,
1x64 or 1x128 splitter is installed at the FDH. A feeder fiber connects the central office
to the splitter at the FDH. This splitter separates the downstream signal into 32, 64, or
128 copies. Each of the many splitter ports are then connected through a distribution
fiber to a pedestal- or pole-mounted Access Point Access point (AP) terminal. A drop
fiber connects each AP terminal to an ONT installed at each subscribers premise. The
ONT may be installed either inside or outside the customer premise.

In a distributed PON, two lower split ratio splitters are installed, one at the Fiber
distribution hub (FDH) followed by a second splitter at the multi-port access terminal.
The effective split ratio in a distributed PON is the multiple of the distributed splitter
(e.g. 1x4 followed by 1x8 results in an effective split ratio of 1x32). This configuration
may be used in rural applications to save fiber, or in dense applications, such as MDUs
or apartment buildings. For example, drop fibers from a secondary splitter located in
the entry level of an Multi-dwelling unit (MDU) would connect to each subscribers
apartment.

7
Figure 2.5: Layout of FTTH

8
Chapter 3

METHODOLOGY

The entire project is implemented in four major stages. These stages are as follows:
• Planning

• Design

• Simulation

• Testing

• Troubleshooting a live PON

3.1 Planning of an FTTH

Network route planning which is part of the planning stage is the most essential step in
the implementation of FTTH in a smart city. This involves designing the network, and
making two dimension drawings. Surveying the work site during the implementation
and ensuring that the network implementation matches the routing plane is the next step.
The planning task is further divided into the following sub-categories:

• Strategic network planning

• High- level network planning

• Choosing the OLT

• Choosing the chambers

• Fiber optic cables installation method

• Selecting the fiber optic cables types

9
 • Selecting the equipment.

• Geo referenced data and routing planning.

3.2 Design of FTTH

The design of an FTTH access network is a challenging one; it needs to compromise
different factors including size, cost, and scalability. There is no standard FTTH access
network model as the viability of access networks strongly depends on the subscriber
density (subscribers per km2) and on settlement structures, thus the modeling has to rely
upon a concrete settlement structure, a given country, and the results derived depend on
that country solely.

Ground thermal line or freeze line should be considered to identify the point in the
underground where the temperature of the surrounding soil remains constant (not freez-
ing nor overheating) thus allowing for a constant temperature for the FO cable to lay in.
Another important factor that should be addressed is to decide the depth and the type of
the backfill material necessary to reduce the ground vibration effects.

In this section, the parameters and scenarios of simulation will be shown and de-
scribed. The main purpose is to show the behavior of the links of optical fiber when the
signal goes through all the elements such as optical fiber, splitters, multiplexers and the
goal is to find a good quality of signal in all the receivers.

The final goal is to evaluate and access the performance of the whole system.

The following sections will describe the design of the smart city NBCC SLD, East
Kidwai Nagar,New Delhi, prepared on the Autocad displaying the various network sce-
narios and analyzing the most important parameters. For that, it will begin with a com-
prehensive description of the entire network, and as in previous sections, it will continue
with the detailed analysis of each of the different areas that compose the design. Finally
it will obtain the results of each ONU, which will mean that the network is viable and
therefore its practical implementation would work. The flowchart given below shows
the steps involved in designing the final layout of the FTTH network respectively.

10
Figure 3.1: Design flowchart

11
Figure 3.2: Layout of NBCC IEKAN

12
 On the left side of the design you can see a typical 4 to A core tower-T7 and two
duplexers- duplexer S1 and S2(corner and straight duplex) whereas on the right side of
the design you can see a typical 2 to A core tower-T6 respectively. The duplexers S5,
S6, S7 are installed in between the towers T6 and T7 respectively. The S5, S6, S7 are
L-type straight and corner duplex. Also, a duplexer S-8(corner duplex) is installed at
the right end of the design. Given below is a detailed schematic diagram of FTTH that
gives a description of the layout of all the components used to implement FTTH in the
smart city.

Figure 3.3: Schematic diagram for FTTH

Inside the LOC FTTH server room, an OLT(optical line terminal) box is installed which
transmits information to different users on different floors of the building and it will
receive information from the ONT’s. All this information will be transmitted and mul-
tiplexed at different wavelengths through a single optical fiber, and then de-multiplexed
to spread to different areas in downstream, and multiplexed from different areas in up-
stream.This task is performed by the PLC optical splitters inside the splitter box 2x64
port. These splitters connect the OLT with the ONT situated on the entrance of each
flat on each floor of the building. If one takes a close look at the entrance lobby on
the ground floor of the building , one will observe that to access various services like
telephone, Tv, live video streaming , internet, voice calls,land line etc. a CAT 6 cable
connects the splitters was used with the LOC shaft to provide all these services to the
end users. Thus, the need for several copper cables and electrical wiring for different
applications is eliminated altogether. Morever, sevices to other areas in the smart city
including the villas, school , hospital and townhouse are also provided by these splitters
connected to the same OLT box inside the server room.

The splitter allocation in each floor is designed considering the insertion losses,

13
power transmitted and received at OLT and ONT. The power and the losses are calcu-
lated using the power meter testing. The splitter allocation design is shown in figure
given below which is drawn using Autocad.This design is flexible to accommodate fu-
ture extensions to each floor. The design is made upto 14th floor. We have considered
one G+14 tower and designed the way the splitters are divided for different floors of the
building.

Figure 3.4: Splitter layout for residential towers

14
 The diagram given above indicates the splitter configuraton of a typical G+14 res-
idential tower. It can be observed that a 24 core fibre optic cable coming out from the
CO room is further spliced into 1X32 x2. This is further divided into 1X32 for four
floors each in the residential towers. In a similar manner the splicing is carried out for
the other towers as well.

3.3 Testing
Proper testing is a critical part of installing, activating and maintaining a PON. While
most components are tested during the manufacturing process, they are tested again af-
ter splicing and installation of splitters and access terminals. Field testing is required
to ensure that no excess loss or reflectance has been introduced due to micro-bends in
installed fiber, poor splices, macro-bends in splice closures or access terminals, or dirty,
damaged, or improperly seated connectors. If not detected and corrected, excess loss or
reflectance often results in poor network performance.

The performance may initially seem acceptable, but over a period of time, the trans-
mission errors may begin to increase long before the need for any maintenance activity
would normally be expected. Tests commonly used to verify optical links include the
following:

• Connector inspection

• Insertion loss test

• Optical return loss test

• Optical time domain reflectometry (OTDR) testing

• Splitter losses test

3.3.1 Connector inspection test

Connector inspection and cleaning during the installation and maintenance are among
the most effective methods for ensuring an optical network will deliver expected per-
formance. Connector inspection is typically performed using an optical microscope. To
prevent accidental eye damage when inspecting fibers potentially carrying live traffic, a
video microscope images the connector end-face and displays the magnified image on a
hand held display. Dirt, debris, or damage are easily detected. Images may be captured
before and after cleaning, then compared for any variation. Connector contamination

15
and damage are the most common causes of poor optical network performance, accord-
ing to a recent study by NTT-Advanced Technology.

3.3.2 Insertion loss test

An insertion loss test measures the end-to-end loss of the installed link by injecting
light with a known power level and wavelength at one end, and measuring the received
power level output from the other end. The measured difference between the transmit-
ted and received power levels indicates the optical loss through the network. Insertion
loss is considered acceptable when the measured loss level is lower than the budgeted
loss level.

Insertion loss tests are primarily used to test FTTH PONs during installation. In-
sertion loss testing may be performed on individual fiber segments as theyre installed
(e.g. test feeder fiber from CO to FDH, test distribution fiber from FDH to AP, or test
drop fiber from AP to subscribers premise). An end-to-end insertion loss test may also
be performed on the FTTH PON after it is partially or fully installed (from CO through
feeder fiber, splitter, distribution and drop fibers to the AP or customers premise).

A stable optical light source and an optical power meter are required to measure in-
sertion loss. Access to both ends of the fiber-under-test is required. Consequently, this
is typically an out-of-service test.The optical light source and optical power meter are
shown below:

Figure 3.5: Optical power meter and light source

To measure the loss, received power at the far end of the fiber-under-test must be com-
pared to transmit power injected into the fiber at the near end of the fiber under-test. To
simplify loss measurements, the power meter is initially connected to the source with a
short jumper cable and the source power level is measured and stored as the 0 dB ref-
erence level for that wavelength. Since the sources output power levels and the power

16
meters detector response are different at each wavelength, the power meter must be ref-
erenced to the source at each test wavelength.

Once the source and power meter have been referenced at each of the test wave-
lengths, the source with the reference jumper still attached is connected to one end of
the fiber under test.The power meter is connected to the other end of the fiber-under-test.
Received power level is measured and displayed. More conveniently, the power meter
can compare the received power level to the stored reference, directly displaying optical
loss in db.

Simple power meters measure power at only one wavelength at a time. To make
loss measurements at multiple wavelengths, the source must be configured for each
test wavelength in turn. At the same time, the power meter operator must select the
appropriate wavelength at the power meter so the correct detector calibration factor and
reference level are applied. This is both time-consuming and error prone, as it requires
coordination between the source operator on one end and the power meter user at the
other end of the fiber-under-test. To reduce test time and eliminate this potential for
errors, AFLs FLX380 Flex Tester includes Wave ID. A Wave ID source alternately
transmits light at each wavelength. A Wave ID power meter automatically synchronizes
to the received wavelengths, eliminating the need for source and power meter to be
manually switched between wavelengths (see Fig. below).

Figure 3.6: Store reference and measure loss using Source and Power Meter with
Wave ID

3.3.3 Optical return loss test

An optical return loss test injects light with known wavelength and power level into one
end and measures the power level returned to that same end. The difference between
the injected power level and the measured return level is the return loss. Return loss

17
is considered acceptable when it is higher than the budgeted return loss target. A low
return loss value (below 35 dB) is often an indication of one or more sources of excess
reflection in the network under test, typically due to dirty or damaged connectors or a
fiber break.

Consequently, insertion and return loss testing at 1310 nm, 1490 nm, and 1550 nm
may be required. In practice, testing is often performed only at 1310 nm and 1550 nm,
reasonably expecting loss and return loss at 1490 nm to be between the levels measured
at 1310 nm and 1550 nm.

If the loss and return loss measured at each wavelength are within the levels bud-
geted for the link, the optical network may be considered ready for activation. However,
in many cases, the network operator requires the network to be more fully documented
using an optical time domain reflectometer (OTDR).

3.3.4 OTDR Testing

An OTDR scans a fiber from one end to measure the length, loss and optical return loss
of an optical network. It also locates and measures reflective and non-reflective events
in the network due to splices, connectors, micro- or macro-bends, splitters or faults.

Operating like a radar, an OTDR injects narrow pulses of light into the fiber-under-
test. As each pulse travels down the fiber,imperfections in the fiber scatter some of the
light, with some of this Rayleigh-scattered light being guided back up the fiber.

Optical pulses and back scatter experience some loss as they traverse a mated con-
nector pair, mostly due to imperfect alignment between the two connectors. By mea-
suring the difference between back scatter levels before and after the connection, the
OTDR is able to measure the loss across each connection.

A Fresnel reflection is generated whenever the pulse encounters a mismatch in the

index-of-refraction, usually at a mated connector. An air gap at a poorly mated connec-
tor or an open connector end will generate a strong reflection. This reflected energy is
also guided back up the fiber.

The OTDR measures the level of returned backscatter and reflections vs. time. Since
the speed of light through the optical fiber is known, the OTDR is able to convert time-
of-flight into distance, creating a trace which plots changes in backscattered and re-
flected light levels vs. fiber length. Losses due to connectors or macro-bends appear as
abrupt changes in the backscatter signal level. Reflections due to connectors, air gaps

18
and open ends appear as spikes in the OTDR trace, as shown in figure below.

Figure 3.7: OTDR trace display

3.3.5 Splitter tests

Optical splitters, including PLC (Planar Lightwave Circuit) splitters, are common pas-
sive optical devices that split the fiber optic light into several parts by a certain ratio. For
example, a splitter with 1x2 certain ratio configuration means that it has one input and
two outputs. Likewise, there are 1x4 splitter, 1x8 splitter, 1x16 splitter, 1x32 splitter,
and so on. Optical splitters play an important role in FTTH (Fiber to the Home) net-
works by allowing a single PON network interface to be shared among many customers.
The following picture shows an optical splitter used in a PON system.

Insertion loss testing of optical splitters is very important to ensure compliance to

the optical parameters of the manufactured splitter in accordance to the GR-1209 CORE
specification. Here is a table of typical losses for splitters. Signal loss within a system
is expressed using the decibel (dB) which is a measure of signal power attenuation.

19
 Figure 3.8: Losses in splitters according to the splitter ratio

Points to be kept in mind while splitter testing

1. Excess loss is the ratio of the optical power launched at the input port of the splitter
to the total optical power measured from all output ports. It assures that the total output
is never as high as the input.

2. Insertion loss is the ratio of the optical power launched at the given input port of
the splitter to the optical power from any single output port. The insertion loss includes
the splitting loss and excess loss.

How to Test Optical Splitter Loss With Optical Power Meter Light Source?
Attenuation of signal through an optical splitter is symmetrical which means it is iden-
tical in both directions. Whether an optical splitter is combining signal in the upstream
direction or dividing signals in the downstream direction, it still introduces the same
attenuation to an optical input signal. Thus, the principle of optical splitter loss testing
is to follow the same directions for a double-ended loss test.

Figure 3.9: 1X2 Optical splitter

Now, we test the simplest 1x2 optical splitter. First, attach a launch reference cable to
the optical light source of the proper wavelength (some splitters are wavelength depen-
dent), and then calibrate the output of the launch reference cable with the optical power
meter to set the 0dB reference. Attach to the light source launch to the splitter and at-
tach a receive launch reference cable to the output and the optical power meter, and then

20
measure the loss. Similarly, to test the loss to the second portmove the receive launch
cable to the other port and read the loss from the meter. For the other direction from all
the output ports, we should reverse the direction of the test.

Figure 3.10: 1X2 Optical splitter test 1

Figure 3.11: 1X2 Optical splitter test 2

For other 1xN optical splitters, e.g. 1x32 splitter, this test method is used. The light
source is set up on the input and the power meter and reference cable is used to test each
output port in turn. But for upstream, we move the light source 32 times and record the
results on the meter.

21
3.4 Troubleshooting a live PON
Maintenance troubleshooting is performed when the service outages occur, and typically
requires rapid response to restore service as quickly as possible. This is done through
reroute restoration and/or fault location, repair, and verification before restoring active
service. Troubleshooting may also require non disruptive fiber identification to ensure
in-service fibers are not disconnected. Maintenance personnel may require a visual fault
locator (VFL) to precisely pinpoint the location of breaks or macro-bends in splice or
access enclosures.

Because of its point-to-multi-point architecture, it is possible for one or only a few

subscribers to lose service while other subscribers on the same PON continue to receive
service. There are several possible causes:

1. Equipment or connection problem inside the customers premise.

2. Failed ONT at the customers premise.

3. Fault in the distribution or drop fiber from the splitter to the subscriber.

4. Fault introduced at the splitter connection to the subscribers distribution or drop

fiber (e.g. macro-bend introduced while adding another subscriber, or inadver-
tently disconnecting the distribution or drop fiber to an active subscriber).

If some, but not all subscribers are affected in an FTTH PON built using distributed
splitter architecture, it is possible that all of the affected customers are served from a
single secondary splitter. In this case, likely causes include:

1. Fault in the distribution fiber serving the secondary splitter.

2. Fault in the secondary splitter itself.

In either case, a fault in the feeder fiber or a failure within the OLT is not likely,
since the feeder fiber and OLT are also shared by subscribers who are still receiv-
ing service.

Troubleshooting normally requires a visit to the subscribers premise. A recommended

troubleshooting process is illustrated in the figure below and described on further pages.

22
Figure 3.12: Troubleshooting a live PON

23
3.4.1 Test Procedure when Troubleshooting an In-Service (Live) PON
1. An Active ONT Identifier was used to determine if the ONT at the subscribers
premise was responding to the downstream signals from the OLT or not. The
Active ONT identifier clamped on to 900 m buffered fiber, or 2 or 3 mm jack-
eted fiber, sensed and reported the presence or absence of the 1310 nm upstream
response from an active ONT.

2. Once an active ONT was detected, the fault could be either an equipment or con-
nection problem inside the customers premise (most likely), or the ONT itself
(less likely). Optical tests at the ONT are unlikely to resolve the problem.

3. If an active ONT was not detected, the fault could have been a failed ONT or a
fault in the splitter, distribution or drop fiber connecting the feeder fiber to the
subscriber.

4. In this case, we disconnected the drop fiber from the ONT, inspected and cleaned
the optical connectors on the drop fiber and the ONT.A damaged optical connec-
tor was not found. However, if a damaged optical connector was found on the
drop fiber,we would have to replace, clean and inspect the new connector before
proceeding. If a damaged optical connector is found on the ONT, the ONT likely
would have to be swapped out.

5. The connectors were clean and undamaged, so we checked the downstream power
level at the ONT using a PON Power Meter. Some OTDRs include a PON Power
Meter integrated into their OTDR port, enabling immediate detection and mea-
surement of downstream power levels at both 1490 and 1550 nm.The downstream
power levels at ONT are tabulated below:

24
Figure 3.13: Recieved power levels of each ONT

25
 6. Since the measured downstream power levels were acceptable, the problem was
likely to be a failed ONT.We swapped out the ONT, cleaned and reconnected the
drop fiber, and verified that the ONT synchronized to the upstream OLT.

7. If the measured downstream power level(s) are not acceptable, the problem was
likely to be a fault in the distribution or drop fiber, or a fault introduced at the
splitter in the FDH. In this case,we would have to connect a live PON OTDR to
the drop fiber and initiate an upstream OTDR test using the out-of-band 1625 nm
wavelength. To prevent disrupting service on the live PON,we would select an
OTDR which prevented the user from initiating 1310, 1490, or 1550 nm OTDR
tests when live traffic was present.

8. Some OTDRs also allow the operator to test only the customer fiber (distribution
and drop), or to test through the splitter. Unless multiple customers are affected,
the problem is most likely in the distribution and drop fiber, so testing only the
distribution and drop fiber is a good bet.

9. Review the 1625 nm trace and event table to determine if there is a break or any
excess losses or reflections in the distribution and drop fibers. If so, locate the
problem location, repair the fault, then verify the fix by rescanning the fiber using
the same 1625 nm test. To precisely pinpoint macrobends or breaks within a
splice enclosure or access point, disconnect the OTDR and connect a Visual Fault
Locator (VFL, a visible red laser). Enable the VFL and look for the point where
the fault causes red light to escape from the fiber.

10. If no excess losses or reflections were identified in the OTDR trace, rescan the
FTTH PON from the same location at 1625 nm using the Test through Splitter
setup. This will provide a trace of the distribution and drop fibers with sufficient
dynamic range to see through the splitter and measure the splitter loss. Since other
probable causes have been eliminated, likely problems are a break or macrobend
at the splitter, or the splitter has been disconnected from the distribution fiber.
These will manifest themselves either as excess loss at the splitter, or as the fiber
end being detected at the splitter. Repair the fault, then verify the fix by rescanning
the fiber using the same setup.

11. Once fiber restoration is complete, verify the proper downstream power levels are
available at the end of the drop fiber, clean and reconnect the drop fiber to the
ONT, and verify the ONT synchronizes to the upstream OLT.

26
Chapter 4

COMPONENT SPECIFICATIONS

4.1 Software Description

4.1.1 AutoCad
ITS-Net Design feature of the Autocad was used for designing a rough sketch of the
layout of FTTH in the smart city. This helped determing the exact components and their
quantity required in the FTTH .The diagram of the layout of FTTH was obtained using
this software. It was then converted to a PDF file for future reference in the project.

4.1.2 DV-600S D-View 6.0 Network Management Software

The D-View 6.0 SNMP Network Management System is a software tool that facilitates
the central administration of a network with various SNMP-enabled devices. The D-
View 6.0 Standard version (DV-600S) is tailored for networks with up to 1000 nodes.
Beyond that, the D-View 6.0 Professional version (DV-600P) provides a server-based
architecture that simplifies the daily management of the network. Flexible and ver-
satile, D-View 6.0 provides network management to SNMP-based devices, including
third party devices. Administrators can create a topology diagram to graphically repre-
sent planned or existing networks with a simple click of a button. Through SNMP or
ICMP, a topology is automatically generated from your network devices. Traps can be
sent to remote network devices to obtain status information. D-View 6.0 can recognize
a devices standard (SNMP or non-SNMP), type (router or switch, wired or wireless)
and network domain. We imported a bitmap of the buildings blueprint and displayed
the networks topology on top of the blueprint to provide a realistic representation of the
network topology.

27
4.2 Hardware Description
4.2.1 Optical line terminal
The OLT is located in a central office and controls the bidirectional flow of information
across the ODN (Optical Distribution Network). An OLT is able to support transmis-
sion distances across the ODN of up to 20 km (currently could be more with EDFA).
In the downstream direction the function of an OLT is to take in voice, data, and video
traffic from a long-haul network and broadcast it to all the ONT modules on the ODN.
In the reverse direction (upstream), OLT accepts and distributes all the traffic from the
network users. Simultaneous transmission of separate service types on the same fiber in
the ODN is enabled by using different wavelengths for each direction. For downstream
transmissions, a PON uses a 1490 nm wavelength for combined voice and data traffic
and a 1550 nm wavelength for video distribution. Upstream voice and data traffic use
a 1310 nm wavelength. Each OLT is tasked to avoid interference between the contents
of downlink and uplink channel, using two different wavelengths superimposed. For
this, techniques for WDM (wavelength division multiplexing) are used, and are based
on the use of optical filters. An optical power measurement at the OLT is also required
to ensure that a sufficient power is delivered to the ONTs. This should be done during
the initial activation because it cannot be repeated without interrupting service for the
entire network once the network has been connected. Finally,the OLT does not emit the
same light output at all ONT fairly, but depends on the distance they are from the plant.
Therefore, a user close to the central need less power, while a remote user will need a
higher power. The most important functions of OLT are:

1. traffic scheduling

2. buffer control

3. bandwidth allocation

28
 Figure 4.1: Optical line terminal

4.2.2 Optical network terminal

An ONT is located directly at the customers premises. There, its purpose is to provide
an optical connection to the PON on the upstream side and to interface electrically to the
customer equipment on the other side. Depending on the communication requirements
of the customer or block of users, the ONT typically supports a mix of telecommunica-
tion services, including various Ethernet rates, T1 or E1 (1.544 or 2.048 Mbps) and DS3
or E3 (44.736 or 34.368 Mbps) telephone connections, ATM interfaces (155 Mbps), and
digital and analog video formats.

The size of an ONT can range from a simple box that may be attached to the out-
side of a house to a fairly sophisticated unit mounted in a standard indoor electronics
rack for use in large MDU or MTU applications, such as apartment complexes or office
buildings. At the high performance end, an ONT can aggregate, groom, and transport
various types of information traffic coming from the user site and send it upstream over
a single-fiber PON infrastructure. The term grooming means that the switching equip-
ment looks inside a time-division-multiplexed data stream, identifies the destinations of
the individual multiplexed channels, and then reorganizes the channels so that they can
be delivered efficiently to their destinations.

In summary,one can say that the ONT are elements capable of filtering the infor-
mation associated with a particular user from the OLT.They also have the function of
encapsulating a users information and send it toward the OLT header to redirect it to the
appropriate network. Each ONT receives all the signals sent by its corresponding header
ONT, like the rest of ONTs of the same stage. Information of the OLT is transmitted
by broadcast TDM, and reaches all ONT by alike. However, the ONT has the task of
filtering the information that only goes directed himself (at a given time interval). The
figure below shows graphically the operation of a time-division multiplexing process:

29
Figure 4.2: Operation of time-division multiplexing process

Figure 4.3: Optical network terminal

30
4.2.3 Splitters
The splitters are passive power dividers that allow communication between the OLT and
their respective ONT who serve. However, not only are they dedicated to multiplexing
or demultiplexing signals, but they also combine power: they are bidirectional optical
distribution devices with one input and multiple outputs:

• The signal which enters from input port (downlink), it proceeds from the OLT and
it is divided among multiple output ports.

• The signals which enter from the exits (uplink), they come from ONT and they
are combined at the entrance.

The fact of being completely passive elements, it allows them to operate without ex-
ternal power, lowering their cost of deployment, operation and maintenance. They just
introduce optical power loss on communication signals, which are inherent in nature.
There is an inverse mathematical relationship between the losses introduced by the di-
visor and the number of outputs of the same, being this:
1
Attenuationsplitter = log (4.1)
N

Therefore, a splitter with two outputs, in the worst case, it loses 3 dB (half power) at
each exit.Graphically, it can be expressed the operation of a splitter with the following
figure:

Figure 4.4: Generic operation of an optical splitter

31
 There are various types of splitters, as not all are built from same technology. How-
ever, the common divisors are two types:
1. For devices with large number of outputs(32 outputs) splitters based on planar
technology are used.
2. For devices with fewer outputs (32 outputs) splitters based on fused bi-conical
couplers are used.

Figure 4.5: PLC

4.2.4 Pigtails
Pigtails are fiber ends with connectors factory attached for future splicing into a system
as shown in the figure given below. Typically , a pigtail starts as a manufactured patch
cord or jumper with a connector at each end.The jumper is then cut in half and two
pigtails are then ready to splice.

Figure 4.6: Pigtail

4.2.5 Central Office

The main function of the central office is to host the OLT and ODF and provide the
necessary powering. Sometimes it might even include some (or all) of the components

32
of the core network.

4.2.6 WDM EDFA

An Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier (EDFA) is a device that amplifies an optical fiber
signal (from CATV). An WDM EDFA is used to integrated 1550nm CATV (optical sig-
nal) and 1490nm /1310nm data stream from the PON into single fiber transmission.
Features:

• Multi-mode high power pump laser, output power optimized by software, excel-
lent system CNR.

• Built-in high-performance switching power supply, works at 85265VAC .DC48V

power supply optional (reservations required); Chassis cooling automatic temper-
ature control Mechanical cooler (Dual fans) on back panel.

• Microprocessor monitors the working state of the laser, and the panel LCD win-
dow displays the operating parameters.

• Network management monitoring.

Figure 4.7: WDM EDFA

4.2.7 Drop Cable

The drop cables are a LSZH(Low smoke zero halogen) sheet that provide a smaller bend
radius and are suitable for FTTH application.They are located on the subscriber end to
connect the terminal of a distribution cable to a subscribers premises. They are typicality
small diameter, low fiber count cables with limited unsupported span lengths, which can

33
be installed aerially, underground or buried. As it is used in outdoor, drop cable shall
have a minimum pull strength of 1335 Newtons according to the industry standard.They
are as per the Standard ITU-T G.657A, Bellcore GR20 / IEC 794-1. Their performance
is according to ANSI/TIA 568C, Single Mode OS2 Their Strength Member is FRP and
the minimum bend radius is 7 mm.The drop cables are available in many different types.
These types are given below:

• Flat Type Drop Cable

• Aerial Drop Cable

• Round Drop Cable

4.2.8 High density fiber optic cable

Optical fibers that meet the ITU G.652D and ITU G.657 recommendation are the most
appropriate for our design and are used in this project, since they eliminate the water
peak and therefore they can be used throughout the whole band from 1260 to 1625 nm
range. Therefore, ITU G.652D fibers will be used everywhere. This is because they
are compatible with ITU G.652D fibers and in the last part of the network, space re-
quirements and manipulation of the fiber are much more stringent and therefore these
last fibers (ITU G657A) are optimized for the curvatures and this way they offer fewer
losses. After selecting the optical fiber, the next step is to choose the type of cable that
will support these fibers. ESP-coated optical cables are used because they are designed
for underground installation of outside plant and are particularly suitable for direct in-
stallation and buried in trenches or micro-trenches. These cables are armed with steel
tape, giving them special characteristics of mechanical strength. The construction de-
tails for ESP cable are the following:

1. Dielectric Fiber-Glass Reinforced Plastic Central Reinforcement Element (CRE).

2. PBT Loose Tube Assets, containing optical fibers and passive tubes wired in S-Z
around the E.C.R. and coated with water-blocking material.

3. Copolymer corrugated steel as a reinforcement element for traction and rodent

protection.

4. Polyethylene coating

The features of this type of cable are as follows:

• Direct Burial Cable for Field Installation.

• 48 / 96/ 144 Fiber Core, Require Air blow method to save the time.

34
 Figure 4.8: High density fiber optic cable internal structure

• Double Armoured Layer for extra protection.

• Multi Tubes provides flexibility in installation

Figure 4.9: High density fiber optic cable

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4.2.9 Fiber Distribution Hub
A fiber distribution hub (FDH) is an enclosure that provides the connection between
fiber optic cables and passive optical splitters in the outside plant segment of the net-
work. It makes it easy and fast to service connections and re-configurations, and serves
as a testing point in the outside plant network. If a cabinet is equipped with factory-pre
connectorized feeder and distribution cable stubs, it helps ensure a quick, easy and reli-
able field installation. Fiber distribution hubs vary in size and shape depending on the
location in the network and the number of customers needing service.

FDHs are more space and cost conscious.The markets demand higher subscriber
counts, a smaller footprint and a solution for permit restrictions on above ground utility
equipment. An FDH capable of serving up to 72 subscribers. Recent innovations now
allow for 288 subscribers in the same footprint as the original 72-port model. When
above-ground cabinets are allowed, it has offerings from 48 to 864 ports.

FDHs come in different shapes and sizes depending on their placement in the net-
work. There are indoor and outdoor FDHs. In the outdoor environment, there are more
choices depending on application and number of customers requiring service. Often
times more than one design will meet the carriers requirements, so it important to work
with a trusted advisor to determine which is best for your specific application.

Figure 4.10: FDH

36
4.2.10 Connectors
Fiber optic connectors allow the alignment and joining of two optical fibers. A poor
union can be transformed into high losses, and therefore may cause that the actual net-
work application does not conform to previously design. The connectors allow joining
of the fibers with the other equipment on the network. standard connector (SC)(Standard
Connector) type connectors are used because its square profile allows the fibers to attach
more easily by a push-pull mechanism that protects the ceramic ferule.

The original fiber connector is based on physical contact (PC connector), through
which the two fibers are connected on a flat surface to avoid air between two flat sur-
faces. But nowadays the polishing angled physical contact (APC)(Angled Physical Con-
tact) is used, in which the end of the ferule is polished with an angle of 8 in the result
that much of the reflections that do not match the main mode will divert to the coating.
In this way it can get a return loss of -65 dB.

Therefore, in the design SC connectors with APC polish will be used because they
will allow greater ease of usage in case of changes or testing of the network. Once the
the type of connector and the polish which it will use is known, we can find out how
many connectors are required to be deployed in the network.

Figure 4.11: SC connector

37
Chapter 5

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This section describes the experimental results obtained from the testing and trou-
bleshooting of different areas of the network of FTTH respectively. These results in-
dicate that the FTTH is implemented effectively and is free of faults and errors.

5.1 Connector inspection results

As shown below in the upper right of the screen in the testing screen shot shown below,
toggling was carried out between the OTDR trace and Smart link mapper (SLM) views
to make the reading and interpretation of OTDR results easy. In addition, SLM was
customized to speak the network language. It featured individual variants that address
specific applications to make test and certification in those environments even easier.
The Fiber to the Home SLM (FTTH-SLM) reflects the relevant workflows, terminology,
and optical components found specifically in FTTH deployments. It also shows relevant
icons, labels, and descriptions to depict PON/FTTH network elements and not those for
Enterprise/Data Center or Fiber to the Antenna (FTTA) deployments.

38
 Figure 5.1: Screenshot of OTDR test results SLM icons for connector inspection

The tests given below indicate that the connectors installed in the network is bad or
dirty. In order to eliminate the issue , the connector is replaced with another one and the
test is repeated. The results of the test shown below indicate that the connector does not
have any fault and is in a good working condition.

Figure 5.2: Screenshot of OTDR test results SLM icons for connector inspection
after the connector is replaced.

39
5.2 Insertion loss test results
The table given below tabulates the insertion losses of various components in the net-
work of FTTH.

Figure 5.3: Power and losses in the components.

Figure 5.4: Results

5.3 Optical return loss test results

The results tabulated below show that there are no damaged or dirty connectors installed
in the network. [!htb] Since optical network loss is wavelength-dependent, insertion and
return loss testing is typically performed using wavelengths at or near those which will
be used during network operation. In the case of FTTx PONs, downstream wavelengths
of 1490 nm and 1550 nm may be used, while 1310 nm is used in the upstream direction.

40
Figure 5.5: Optical return loss for different lengths of optical fiber cable and differ-
ent wavelengths of light.

5.4 OTDR test results

An end-to-end loss is measured by comparing the back scatter level at the beginning of
the fiber to back scatter level at the end of the fiber. Reflectance levels are determined
by comparing the backscatter level just before a connector to its reflective spike level.
Optical return loss can be computed by summing end-to-end backscatter and reflection
levels and comparing them to the transmitted pulse power level.

For more accurate connector or end-to-end loss measurements, OTDR traces from
opposite ends of a point-to-point network are often averaged using PC-based trace anal-
ysis software. Note: Insertion and return loss tests each provide a single numeric value
which can be compared to network-specific limits to determine if the optical plant is
within acceptable performance values. However, when unacceptable or marginal values
are found, insertion or return loss tests cannot locate the source of the problem. An
OTDR also measures loss and return loss, but can additionally locate the sources of ex-
cess loss and reflections, reporting the distance to high loss or highly reflective events.

41
 Figure 5.6: OTDR testing results

Figure 5.7: Distance v.s reflection losses in FTTH

42
 Figure 5.8: OTDR testing screen shot

5.5 Splitter test results

The results of testing different types of splicer configuration and its graph is given be-
low:

Figure 5.9: Results of splitter testing

From the graph one can conclude that the minimum and maximum loss in the splitters
gradually increase with the change in configuration of the splitters respectively. The
loss of the splitters due to the split ratio, excess loss from the manufacturing process
used to make the splitter and the input and output connectors is measured respectively.

43
Figure 5.10: Graph between total optical budget and ports of the splitters

Figure 5.11: Total fibre loss for 1X64 splitter with distance

44
Chapter 6

CONCLUSION AND FUTURE

SCOPE

The proposed model of FTTH access network based on GPON! (GPON!) architecture
is implemented on the basis of the parameters calculated in the project which correspond
to the theoretical values of the losses of various components in the FTTH network.This
is clearly evident from the OTDR testing results where in the attenuation (db/km) is
around 0.275 (db/km) which corresponds to the attenuation specified in [4] for a wave-
length of range 1530 nm - 1565 nm and the [10] maximum reflectance level is -27
db. From the OTDR testing, the reflectance levels in the range of -18 to -19 db are
obtained which do not exceed the maximum value of -27db given by the international
standard G.957 respectively. Moreover, the backscatter coefficient obtained after OTDR
testing corresponds to the [17] backscatter coefficient defined by the international stan-
dards i.e 81 db.It was found that the [5] minimum single mode optical return loss value
for a connector should be 55 db on the basis of the results obtained in the connector
inspection tests. This is the pre-requisite for the connector to function properly. In addi-
tion, an FTTH solution based on Wavelength Division Multiplexing WDM, or a - based
structure, allows for additional flexibility and adaptability to support future services.
Moreover, it satisfies the attenuation levels and optical power link budgets desired for
FTTH(as calculated above).This is clearly shown by the OTDR testing reports obtained
during the course of the project. The main motivation for the distribution architecture
is to minimize the amount of optical cable that is needed for the distribution and drop
fibers, which provides a low initial cost of the outside cable plant when implementing a
FTTH network.

The desire for a two-way, video based services such as interactive television ,dis-
tance learning, motion picture-quality videoconferencing and videophones is expected
to increase continuously. Due to this, the demand for fiber technologies like FTTH is
on the rise.

45
 REFERENCES

[1] Mahmoud M. Al-Quzwini , Design and Implementation a Fiber to the Home FTTH
Access Network based on GPON,International Journal of Computer Applications (09
75 8887) Volume 92, issue no.6, April 2014.

[2] Dheyaa Jasim Kadhim, Nahla Abdul-Rahman Hussain,Design and Implementation

of a Practical FTTH Network,International Journal of Computer Applications (0975
8887),June 2013.

[3] Martnez Herrero, R; Mejas Arias, P (1999). ptica geomtrica. Ed. Sntesis.

[4]Telecommunication standardisation sector of ITU, Characteristics of a single-mode

optical fibre and cable,International Telecommunication Union,published in Geneva,
Switzerland, Novemeber 2009.

[5]TIA/EIA Standard,Optical Fiber Cabling Components Standard TIA/EIA-568-B.3,

Telecmmunications Industry Association, April-2000

[6]Keiser, Gerd (1991). Optical Fiber Communications. New York: McGraw-Hill.

[7]Encyclopedia of Laser Physics and Technology. Optical Fiber Communications. [cit.

01/02/2011] http://www.rp-photonics.com/opticalfibercommunications.html.

[8]Femey Rose , Dr. Sunil Jacob, Renjith R, Design and implementation of FTTH net-
work based on GPON technology, International Journal of Innovations in Scientific and
Engineering Research ,November 2017.

[9] White Paper (2008). AON vs. PON A comparison of two optical access network
technologies and the different impact on operations. KEYMILE International GmbH.

47
[10] ITU-T G.957 Telecommunication standardisation sector of ITU, Optical interfaces
for equipments and systems relating to the synchronous digital hierarchy, International
Telecommunication Union, 29 th March 2006.

[11] International Telecommunication Union (2001). ATM-PON requirements and man-

aged entities for the network view. ITU-T Recommendation Q.834.2.

[12] International Telecommunication Union (2001). Broadband optical access systems

based on Passive Optical Networks (PON). ITU-T Recommendation G.983.1.

[13] International Telecommunication Union (2001). ONT management and control in-
terface specification for B-PON. ITU-T Recommendation G.983.2.Sameer Ashfaq Ma-
lik (2008). 10G EPON- Unleashing the Bandwidth Potential. ZTE White Papers.

[14] The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (2004). 1000Base-LX. IEEE
802.3 Recommendation.

[15] The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (2004).10G base-LX.IEEE

802.3 Recommendation.

[16] Telecom and networking communications today.OF Cable: Fiber on a rollout.

[cit. 09/04/2011] http://www.communicationstoday.co.in/oct2007/ofcablefiber- on-a-
rollout-3159-154.html/

[17] Dr. Russell Ellis,Explanation of Reflection Features in Optical Fiber as Some-

times Observed in OTDR Measurement Traces, www.corning.com, ISO 9001 Regis-
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48
 APPENDIX

Figure 6.1: The CO room showing the OLT rack and the ODF

49
Figure 6.2: Level- 1 splitter inside the FDT

Figure 6.3: FDT splicing brackets

50
 Figure 6.4: Splicing process

Figure 6.5: Laser source/Power meter testing

51
Figure 6.6: Connector inspection screenshot

Figure 6.7: Level- 2 splitter inside the FAT

52