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Calculation of inductance and dynamic

simulation of air eccentricities of squirrel cage
induction motor

Conference Paper · September 2016

DOI: 10.1109/CMD.2016.7757765

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 Calculation of Inductance and Dynamic
Simulation of Air Eccentricities of Squirrel Cage
Induction Motor
Ariunbolor Purvee1*, Gautam Banerjee 2, Ts. Munkhjargal 3, Ch.Otgonchimeg 4, Z.Oyundelger5
1,3,4,5
School of Geology and Mining, 2Longwall Department
1,3,4,5
Mongolian University of Science and Technology, 2Central Institute of Mining and Fuel Research
1,3,4,5
Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, 2Dhanbad, India
*
ariunbolorp@must.edu.mn
Abstract— The paper presents a method for the dynamic
simulation of a motor running fault in the air eccentricities and
calculations of a static, a dynamic and a mixed inductance of a
squirrel cage induction motor. In simulation, a winding function
approach is applied to the model of squirrel cage induction motor
with various air eccentricities. To develope the model of dynamic
simulation for a squirrel cage induction motor, a total of 5252
inductances were calculated. 386 of total inductances were
calculated by equations and the remaining inductances were
calculated by using a Look Up table based on the 386
inductances. Fourier transform was used for analyzing spectrum
analysis. All models ere developed in MATLAB.
Keywords— frequency analysis; faults; spectrum; air gap;
Fourier transform
I. CALCULATIONS OF INDUCTANCE
Eccentricity faults constitute a significant portion of the
faults related to induction motors. Eccentricity of a motor is
the condition of an unequal air-gap that exists between the
stator and rotor. There are three types of air-gap eccentricity:
static, dynamic and mixed eccentricity that has a different
ratio of static and dynamic eccentricity. In the case of the
static eccentricity, the position of the minimal radial air-gap
length is fixed in space. If the rotor-shaft assembly is
sufficiently stiff, the level of static eccentricity does not
change. In the ssscase of dynamic eccentricity, the center of
the rotor is not at the center of the rotation and the position of
minimum air-gap rotates with the rotor [4] .
In this study, “Winding Function Approach (WFA)”
presented by Luo [1] and “Modified Winding Function
Approach (MWFA)” developed by Al-Nuaim [2] were used to
calculate mutual and the self-inductances of an induction
motor in healthy and air eccentricities conditions, respectively.
WFA and MWFA are used to calculate inductances of the
healthy motor and motor with air eccentricities, respectively.
According to the winding function theory, the mutual
inductances, Lij, between any two windings i and j in any
electric machine can be computed by the equations given by
[1] and [2]. Assuming infinitely permeable iron the air gap is
constant given by equations given by [4]. In the case of
ecentricity’s condition, the air gap, ge, depends on  and is
given by equations [2] used to calculate the inductances of the
simulated motor shown in Fig.8.
For the
healthy motor,
one self and
one mutual of
LRR, one self
and one
mutual of LSS
and one of
Fig.1. Inductances depend on a rotor position
LRR-inductances of rotor bars, LSR- mutual LSR, and total
inductance of rotor bars and stator phases, LSS-
inductances of stator phases
the basic 5
inductances
were calculated. All inductances except the LSR are
independent because of the round stator and rotor structure in
a healthy motor. Thus, LSR’s derivates were calculated only.
All inductances were calculated respectively, when a static, a
dynamic and a mixed eccentricity exist in a motor. In a static
air-eccentricity, the stator phase inductances are constant, but
the inductances of rotor loops are not constant and depend on
motor position. 784 (28x28) of LRR, 84 (3x28) of LSR, 2 of
LSS, and total 1735 including derivatives of inductances were
calculated because the induction motor with 11 kW has 28
rotor bars and 3 stator phases. Under a dynamic and mixed air-
eccentricity, inductances of the stator phase, the rotor loops
are not constant and totally depend upon the rotor position.
Thus, 784 (28x28) of LRR, 84 (3x28) of LSR, 9 (3x3) of LSS,
and total 1754 including derivatives of inductances were
calculated, respectively. A total 5252 inductances were
calculated based on the basic 386 inductances of the induction
motor with 11 kW given its parameters in Appendix (Fig.1).
The leakage inductances had been added to the diagonal
elements to get the stator inductance matrix and the
inductances of end rings of rotor bars had been added to the
the diagonal elements to get the stator inductance matrix The
resistances of stators and rotor bars (Rs and Rr) have not been
shown here.
Basic inductances were calculated first and rest
inductances were shifted by 2pi/3 and 2pi/28 using a Look-Up
table. Inductances of total 16 cases such as static eccentricities
of 5%-40%, dynamic eccentricities of 5%-25%, mixed
eccentricities that are two cases as static 10% and dynamic
5%, and static 5% and dynamic 10% and no eccentricities
were calculated during the research work. The rotor loops’
resistance matrix were calculated. Curves of inductances in is
static 10% and dynamic 5% are shown in Fig.2-7 only.
 a)
0.13402 LAA
b)
2.E-04 LAA
axis of rotation & the stator axis, 2 is the distance between the
0.134

0.13398
LBB
LCC 2.E-04
1.E-04
LBB
LCC axis of rotation and the rotor axis, rs is the radius of stator, rr is
the radius of rotor. g0=(rs-rr); a1=1/(rs-rr); a2=2/(rs-rr); gmin=(rs-
5.E-05
0.13396

L,H
0.E+00
L,H

0.13394 -5.E-05
0.13392

0.1339
-1.E-04
-2.E-04
-2.E-04
rr)–(1+2); gmax =(rs-rr)+(1+2) are substituted for a1 and a2 of
0.13388
0 1 2 3
rotor position, rad
4 5 6
0 1 2 3
rotor position, rad
4 5 6
the equations given in [4] and according to the equations of [4],
Fig.2. a) Self inductance and b) its derivatives of stator phase If a2=0, equation of airgap is for static eccentricity and if a1=0,
a) b) it is for pure dynamic eccentricity condition, if a2 and a1 are not
zeros, it is for pure mixed eccentricities. The dynamic
-0.056485 LAB 8.E-05 LAB
-0.05649 LAC LAC
6.E-05
LBC LBC
-0.056495 4.E-05
-0.0565
-0.056505
2.E-05
simulation induction motors with eccentricities is developed
L,H
0.E+00
L,H

-0.05651
-0.056515
-0.05652
-0.056525
-2.E-05
-4.E-05
-6.E-05
based on the equations (1-9).
-0.05653 -8.E-05

B. Model of Induction Motors

-0.056535 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 rotor position, rad
rotor position, rad

Fig.3. a) Mutual inductance and b) its derivatives of stator phase The mathematical model of a squirrel-cage induction motor
a) b)
LAA_rl1
LBB_rl1
2.E-03 A_phase
consisting of stator coils and rotor current loops with
inductances and resistances of the stator windings and the rotor
3.E-04 LCC_rl1 B_phase
2.E-04 1.E-03 C_phase
2.E-04

bars is shown in this section and developed based on the

1.E-04 5.E-04
5.E-05
L,H

0.E+00
L,H

0.E+00
-5.E-05 0
-1.E-04
-2.E-04
1 2 3 4 5 6
-5.E-04
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
mathematical model. The motor simulated has 3 phases and 28
rotor bars. Equations (1-6) are the basic equations for
-1.E-03
-2.E-04
-3.E-04 Rotor position, rad -2.E-03 Rotor position, rad

Fig.4. a) Mutual inductance and b) its between stator phase A and rotor simulating an induction motor .
loops
a) b) 𝑑∆𝑠
6.5E-06
[𝐕𝑠 ]3𝑥1 =[𝐑 𝑠 ]3𝑥3 [𝐈𝑠 ]3𝑥1 + [ ] (1)
6.3E-06
L11 L22 L33 L2828 L1414 2 .0 E-0 6 d L 2 2 /d  d L 1 1 /d  d L 1 5 1 5 /d  d L 2 8 2 8 /d  𝑑𝑡 3𝑥1
1 .5 E-0 6
6.1E-06
1 .0 E-0 6
5.9E-06

5.7E-06 5 .0 E-0 7
𝑑∆𝑟
[𝐕𝑟 ]28𝑥1 =[𝐑 𝑟 ]28𝑥28 [𝐈𝑟 ]28𝑥1 + [ ] (2)
L ,H
L,H

5.5E-06 0 .0 E+0 0

5.3E-06

5.1E-06
-5 .0 E-0 7

-1 .0 E-0 6
𝑑𝑡 28𝑥1
4.9E-06
-1 .5 E-0 6
4.7E-06
-2 .0 E-0 6

(3)
4.5E-06
0 1 2 3
rotor position, rad
4 5 6
0 1 2 3

ro to r p o sitio n , ra d
4 5 6
[∆𝑠 ]3𝑥1 = [𝐋𝑠𝑠 ]3𝑥3 [𝐈𝑠 ]3𝑥1 + [𝐋𝑠𝑟 ]3𝑥28 [𝐈𝑟 ]28𝑥1
Fig.5. a) Self inductance and b) its derivatives of rotor loops
[∆𝑟 ]28𝑥1 = [𝐋𝑟𝑠 ]28𝑥3 [𝐈𝑠 ]3𝑥1 + [𝐋𝑟𝑟 ]28𝑥28 [𝐈𝑟 ]28𝑥1 (4)
a) b)
-1 .2 E -0 7 L 115L 14 L 13 L 12 L 128 1 .0 E-0 7 d L 13 /d  d L 12 /d  d L 28 /d  d L 115 /d 
8 .0 E-0 8

𝑑𝐿𝑠𝑠 𝑑𝐿𝑠𝑟 𝑑𝐿𝑟𝑠 𝑑𝐿𝑟𝑟

-1 .4 E -0 7
6 .0 E-0 8

𝑇𝑒 = 0.5 [𝐼𝑠𝑇 𝐼 + 𝐼𝑠𝑇 𝐼 + 𝐼𝑟𝑇 𝐼 + 𝐼𝑟𝑇 (5)

-1 .6 E -0 7
4 .0 E-0 8
𝐼]
𝑑𝜃 𝑠 𝑑𝜃 𝑟 𝑑𝜃 𝑠 𝑑𝜃 𝑟
-1 .8 E -0 7
2 .0 E-0 8
L ,H

-2 .0 E -0 7 0 .0 E+0 0
L ,H

-2 .2 E -0 7 -2 .0 E-0 8
-4 .0 E-0 8
-2 .4 E -0 7
-6 .0 E-0 8

𝑑2𝜃 𝑑2𝜃
-2 .6 E -0 7
-8 .0 E-0 8
𝑑𝜃 1 𝑑𝜃
-2 .8 E -0 7
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
-1 .0 E-0 7
𝑇𝑒 = 𝐽 [ ] + 𝐵𝑚 + 𝑇𝐿 → [ ] = (𝑇𝑒 − 𝐵𝑚 − 𝑇𝐿 ) (6)
𝑑𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡 2
-1 .2 E-0 7
ro to r p o sitio n , ra d 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 𝑑𝑡 𝐽 𝑑𝑡
ro to r p o sitio n , ra d

Fig.6. a) Mutual inductance and b) its between 1st rotor loop and other loops
II.
Squirrel induction motors are used in industries mainly. It is
necessary to adequately know the electric, magnetic and
mechanical behaviors behavior of healthy motors for a reliable
diagnostic method for fault identification. Thus, the simulation
model of the squirrel induction motor with eccentricities has
Where: Vs,Vr-stator and rotor voltage vectors; Is, Ir -stator and rotor current
vectors; s,r-stator and rotor flux linkages; Rs-stator phase resistance matrix; Rr-rotor
loops’ resistance matrix; Lss, Lrr-stator and rotor inductances; Lrs- mutual inductance
DEVELOPMENT OF DYNAMIC SIMULATION matrix between the stator phase and the rotor loop; Lrs-transpose of Lrs; Te-
electromagnetic torque; 𝐵𝑚 -the friction coefficient and J -moment inertia; 𝜃 -angular
position of the rotor with respect to some stator reference.
For a healthy motor, (1-4) may be combined and expressed as
given in (7).
𝐕 𝑅𝑠
𝑑𝐿𝑠𝑟
𝐈 𝐿 𝐿𝑠𝑟
𝑑𝐼𝑠

been elaborated in this section. [ 𝑠] = [𝑑𝐿 𝑑𝑡

] [ 𝑠] + [ 𝑠𝑠 ] [ 𝑑𝑡 ] (7)
𝐕𝑟 31𝑥1 𝑟𝑠
𝑅𝑟 𝐈𝑟 31𝑥1 𝐿𝑟𝑠 𝐿𝑟𝑟 31𝑥31 𝑑𝐼𝑟
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 31𝑥1
A. Eccentricity of induction motor 31𝑥31
𝑑𝐿𝑠𝑟
𝐕 𝑅𝑠 𝐈 𝐿 𝐿𝑠𝑟
In the presence of both static and dynamic eccentricity, the Suppose [𝐕𝑠 ] = [𝐕], [𝑑𝐿𝑟𝑠 𝑑𝑡
] = [𝐌], [ 𝑠 ] = [𝐈], [ 𝑠𝑠 ] = [𝐍]
𝐈𝑟 𝐿𝑟𝑠 𝐿𝑟𝑟
air gap between the rotor and the stator is not uniform and it 𝑟
𝑑𝑡
𝑅𝑟
can be mathematically given by the equations in [4] which are 𝑑𝐼𝑠
𝐝𝐈
used at this research. In Fig.7, 𝑑𝑡
and [𝑑𝐼 ] = [ ], the above equation (7) will be simplified as
𝑟 𝐝𝐭
the air gaps are bigger than real 𝑑𝑡
air gaps and different from each given in (8) and (9). The model of induction motors developed
other to make them clearer. based on (9) is shown Fig.8.
Under the mixed air gap
eccentricity condition, the stator 𝒅𝑰
[𝑽]31𝑥1 = [𝑴]31𝑥31 [𝑰]31𝑥1 +[𝑵]31𝑥31 [ ] (8)
axis, the rotor axis and the axis 𝒅𝒕 31𝑥1
of rotation do not coincide with 𝒅𝑰
each other as shown in Fig.7. Sc [ ] = ([𝑽]31𝑥1 − [𝑴]31𝑥31 [𝑰]31𝑥1 )[𝑵]−1
31𝑥31 (9)
is the stator axis, Rc is the rotor 𝒅𝒕 31𝑥1
Fig.7. Eccentricity of a axis, Cc is the axis of rotation,
squirrel-cage induction motor
1 is the distance between the

Fig.8. Simulation model of the motor with eccentricities
The model to calculate electromagnetic torque (Te) is shown
in Fig.9. The model of N matrix and M matrix is shown are
shown in Fig.10 and Fig.11, respectively.
Fig.9. Model of electromagnetic torque
Fig.10. Model of M matrix
Fig.11. Model of N matrix
The models of N and M matrices consist of blocks to
calculated inductances of rotors bars and stator phases, and
their mutual inductances. All blocks have built based on the
ph_shift block shown in Fig.12a. This block makes all
inductances rotate within 2𝜋. The ph_shift block’s structure is
shown in Fig.12b.
a) b)
Fig.12. a) ph_shift block, b) its structure
The LSS_model calculated of the inductance and the
differential inductance of stator’ phases is shown in Fig.13a
and in Fig.13b, respectively.
Fig.13. a)Block for inductances and block b) differential inductances of stator’
phases (LSS)
The LRR_model calculated the inductance of rotor bars are
shown in Fig.14. Each block of LRR model (Fig.14a) has the
block as a subsystem shown in Fig.14b that includes the block
shown in Fig15c if calculated LRR, or the block shown in
Fig.14d if calculated differential of LRR.
a) b)
c) d)
f)
Fig.14. Model of the inductance of rotor bars (LRR)
The block of the inductances between the stator phases and
rotor bars (LRS) is shown in Fig.15.
 b)
a)
c)
Fig.15. Block of the inductances between the stator phases and rotor bars
 The block shown in Fig.14a includes 28 blocks that are all frequencies of current of stator phase of motor with all types of
Look-Up tables. The terminal of the block is connected to the eccentricities are observed and the equations based on observed
block calculated inductances of stator phase shown in Fig.14b from the frequency domain are given in Table I.
if the model of N matrix, or to the block calculated differential
inductances of stator phase in Fig.14c, if the model M matrix. TABLE I. FAULT CHARACTERISTIC FREQUEBCIES

After running the simulation model of the motor with № Types Equations observed
eccentricities, the time domains of the stator phases’ current 𝑓𝑠𝑒 = 𝑓𝑟𝑠 + 𝑓𝑠 + 𝑓𝑟 + 𝑓𝑠𝑚
1 Static
converted to the frequency domain to analyze spectrum. The  = 1,2, . . ;  = −1,0,1;  = −1,0,1;  = −1,0,1.
spectrum of the current is useful for better prediction of faults 𝑓𝑑𝑒 = 2𝑓𝑟 + 𝑓𝑠 − 𝑓𝑠𝑚
2 Dynamic
 = 1,2,3 …
under all eccentricities. 𝑓𝑚𝑒 = 𝑓𝑟𝑠 + 𝑓𝑠 + 𝑓𝑟 + 𝑓𝑠𝑚
3 Mixed  = 0,1,2. . ;  = −1,0,1;  = −1,0,1;  = −1,0,1.
III. RESULTS
In this paper, the time domain and power spectral analysis Where:𝑓𝑚𝑒 −characteristic frequency of the motor with mixed eccentricity,
of the stator A phase’s current of the simulated motor with the 𝑓𝑟𝑠 = 𝑓𝑟 ∙ 𝑛𝑟𝑏 −frequency of the rotor slots, 𝑓 −𝑟 the rotational speed of motor,
mixed eccentricities of static 10% and dynamic 5% is shown in 𝑛𝑟𝑏 −number of rotor bars, 𝑓𝑠 −supply frequency, 𝑓𝑠𝑚 = 𝑝(𝑓𝑠𝑦𝑛 − 𝑓𝑟 ) − slip
frequency, 𝑓𝑠𝑦𝑛 − synchronous rotational per speed of motor.
Fig.16 and Fig.17, respectively.
Three load The results of tests of the simulated motor were carried
conditions were out at the full load with different ratio of static and dynamic
tested for validation eccentricities. These results of tests were matched with the
of the motor with air tests presented by Dorrell [5].
eccentricities. But
there was not much CONCLUSIONS
differences in the The developed dynamic simulation model of squirrel cage
time domain (Fig.16). induction motor with airgap eccentricities can be used for
Therefore, the studying all capacities and different structures of squirrel cage
Fig.16. A phase stator current of simulation
model under three load conditions NL(no- magnitude of faulty induction motors for frequency analysis to determine fault
load), HF (half-load) and FL (full load) frequencies were the characteristic frequencies. Futuremore, the field experimental
same. test can be done.
In the research study, fault characteristic frequencies of all ACKNOWLEDGMENT
types of eccentricities such as pure dynamic of 4%-25%, pure
static of 10%-50%, mixed (different ratio of static and dynamic This research work was supported by the Asia
eccentricity that are static of 4%-10% and dynamic of 4%- Development Bank and hosted by the Ministry of Education,
10%) are studied and found based on the spectrum of the Science, Culture of Mongolia in 2015.
current of dynamic simulation. When the motor with static APPENDIX
eccentricity of static 10% and dynamic 5% was running with
24.23Hz of revolution per second in full load condition at the Parameters on nameplate: Power=11kW, 1450rpm,
steady state and 50Hz of the supply frequency, the rotor slot efficiency= 88, delta connection, Current=20.8A. Calculated
frequency frs= 678.43Hz and the slip modulation frequency parameters: Rsa=2.42; Rb=4.82E-05; Rer=1.61E-06;
fsm=3.08Hz, the fault characteristic frequencies were observed Lls=1.36E-02; Llb=7.01E-07; Ller=3.90E-07. Parameters
in Fig. 17. in lab: Length of rotor = 0.150m; Radius of rotor= 0.078m; g0
= 0.0006m. Number of stator slots=36, Number of rotor
40
fs bars=28, Turns of stator windings=22.
fs-fr
.

fs+fr
fs-fr-fsm fs-fr+fsm fs-fsm fs+fr-fsm
psd, dB

REFERENCES
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-60
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Coupled Circuit Modeling of Induction Machines,” vol. 31, no. 2, 1995.
frequency, hz [2] N. A. Al-Nuaim and H. Toliyat, “A novel method for modeling dynamic
frs-fs
air-gap eccentricity in synchronous machines based on modified winding
frs-fs-fr frs-fs+fr function theory,” IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 156–
-fsm -+fsm -+fsm +fsm
162, 1998.
.

[3] M. D. Ðurovic, J. Penman, N. Arthur, and G. M. Joksimovic, “Dynamic

psd, dB

Simulation of Dynamic Eccentricity in Induction Machines — Winding

580 590 600 610 620
frequency, 630
hz 640 650 660 Function Approach,” vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 143–148, 2000.
[4] H. A. Subhasis Nandi, Raj Mohan Bharadwaj, Toliyat, “Mixed
Fig.17. Power spectrum of the current of mixed eccentricities with static 10%
and dynamic 5% Eccentricity in Three Phase Induction Machines: Analysis, Simulation
and Experiments,” 37th IAS Annu. Meet. Conf. Rec. Ind. Appl. Conf., no.
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dynamic eccentricity has the same fault frequency, although all [5] D. G. Dorrell, W. T. Thomson, S. Member, and S. Roach, “Ananlysis of
airflux, current, and vibration signals as a function of the combunation of
inductances exbited a different shape of each ratio for static static and dynaic airgap eccentricity in 3 phase induction motors,” vol. 33,
and dynamic eccentricity not shown in this paper were all no. 1, pp. 24–34, 1997.
inductances of mixed eccentricity. Fault characteristic
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