Paper Subject

[saturation oil ,water and gas]

Name :

ID Number :

Teacher Name : Osama Ghaith El Sanossi

2018 – 2019

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 CONTENTS

Title Page

 Introduction 3

 1
. saturation 3
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 Critical oil saturation 4

 Residual oil saturation 4

 1
. Water saturation 5
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 3 Determination of the ratio of rock saturation with hydrocarbons 9

 CONCLUSION 8

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REFERENCES

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 1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 saturation
Saturation is defined as that fraction or percent of the pore volume occupied by a particular fluid

. in most oil formation it is believed that the formation was fully saturated with water prior to the

oil migration and trapping in the formation. The less dense hydrocarbons are considered to

migrate to positions of hydrostatic and dynamic equilibrium by displacing the initial water. The

oil will not displace all the water originally occupied these pores. Thus reservoir rocks normally

contain both hydrocarbon and water. All saturation are based on pore volume not gross volume

of the reservoir. The saturation of each individual phase ranges between zero to 100% percent

.By definition the sum of the saturation is 100% connate water saturation is important primarily

because the amount of space available between oil and gas. It is generally not uniformly

distributed throughout the reservoir but varies with permeability litho logy and height above the

free water table.

Fluid saturation = total volume of the fluid

Pore volume
1.2 Critical oil saturation
For the oil phase to flow the saturation of the oil must exceed a certain value which is termed

critical oil saturation . At this particular saturation the oil remains in the pores and for all

practical purposes will not flow.

1.3 Residual oil saturation

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During the displacing process of the crude oil system from the porous media by water or gas

injection .There will be some remaining oil left that is quantitatively characterized by a saturation

value that is large than the critical oil saturation . This saturation value is called the residual oil

saturation .The term residual saturation is usually associated with the non wetting phase when it

is being displaced by a wetting phase.

1.4 Movable oil saturation

Movable oil saturation is another saturation of interest and is defined as the fraction of pore

volume occupied by movable oil as expressed by following equation :

Som = 1 - Swc - Soc

Where

Swc= connate water saturation.

Soc = critical oil saturation.

1.5 Critical gas saturation

As the reservoir pressures decline below the bubble point pressure gas evolves from the oil

phase and consequently the saturation of the gas increases as the reservoir pressure decline . The

gas phase remains immobile until its saturation exceeds a certain saturation called critical gas

saturation above which gas begins to move .

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1.6 Critical water saturation

The critical water saturation connate water saturation and irreducible water saturation are

extensively used interchangeable to define the maximum water saturation at which the water

phases will remain immobile.

1.7 Water saturation

The rate of saturation is usually the ratio of water saturation or fungal, which is the rate at which

the water is not viable in the areas of porosity and once the proportion of water from this value

begins to flow.

1.8 average saturation

Proper averaging of saturation data requires that the saturation values be weighted by both the

interval thickness and interval porosity . The average saturation of each reservoir fluid.

1.9 Oil and gas saturation

Oil and water saturation ratios are determined by cylindrical samples taken during the drilling of

the wells and laboratory experiments are carried out. They retain their oil and water content.

When the temperature is high, the water evaporates and the hydrocarbons are re-condensed and

then the volume of these liquids is determined. Depending on the size of the samples, the ratio of

rock saturation to oil and water can be determined.

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1.10 Oil and water saturation

Requires oil reservoirs to contain pores of rocks on high ratios of hydrocarbons, whether oil or

natural gas or both together in comparison to water. These ratios are called the saturation of pores

where the rock reservoir is saturated with water before the hydrocarbons abandon it to replace

this water oil or gas or both. The hydrocarbons do not remove all of this water from the pores,

but they remain at a variable rate, which is minimal in water, which is impermeable or

impermeable, so that the pores in the oil reservoirs are saturated with oil and water. The pores in

the natural gas reservoirs are saturated with natural gas and water. In some oil reservoirs, pores

are saturated with oil, gas and water together.

3. Determination of the ratio of rock saturation with hydrocarbons

The ratio of saturation of rocks with hydrocarbons is determined by the wells' narratives where

they are dropped in the wells during the drilling operations and by measuring the electrical

resistance of the saturated fluids of the pores, the rock pores can be defined with hydrocarbons

and water.

As is known, the resistance of salt water to electricity is low while it is high in the case of oil and

water and on this basis can determine the ratio of saturation rocks.

o Equation of saturation of rock with water

Sw = Vw\ Vp

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 o Equation of saturation of rock with oil

So = Vo\ Vp

o Equation of saturation of rock with gas

Sg = Vg\ Vp

The equation can be written as follows :

Sw + So + Sg = 1

Pores in oil reservoirs are usually saturated with oil and water only.

Sw + So = 1

Pores in natural gas reservoirs are usually saturated with gas.

Sw + Sg = 1

4. The degree of saturation of oil

The volume of oil in the voids on total size of spaces

4. CONCLUSIONS

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It requires the development of oil reservoirs because they contain pores of their rocks at a high

percentage of hydrocarbons. The ratio of saturation of rock to oil is determined by means of the

wells. The oil reservoir is known as a geological structure and consists of porous and permeable

rocks that contain oil and natural gas.

Pores in oil reservoirs are usually saturated with oil and water only.

Pores in natural gas reservoirs are usually saturated with gas.

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