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A requirement in Science 8
March 2019
Proponents:
metaphyta”. This classification is based on their similarities and differences. I have learned that
they are multicellular and most of the plants can make their own food because they have
chlorophyll containing organisms. This kingdom is very important for they are the source of our
food for all living creatures present in this planet, which depends on plants in order to survive.
All members of this kingdom is composed of a true nucleus and an advanced membrane bound
organelles. These plants reproduce by both sexual and asexual. They develop a self defense
mechanism to protect them from being destroyed by animals, fungi or other plants. Plants consist
• Nonvascular Plants
These are generally small plants that are limited in terms of size by poor transport
methods for water, gases and other compounds. They are attached to the places where they live
by means of their root-like rhizoids that absorb water and nutrients instead of actual roots.
• Vascular Plants
Also known as tracheophytes, are plants that have specialized tissues for conducting
water, minerals, and photosynthetic products through the plants. Ferns, clubmosses, horsetails,
flowering plants, conifers and other gymnosperms are included in this group of plants. These
Kingdom Animalia
All animals are members of the family called kingdom animalia, also called as Metazoa.
All members are multicellular, and are hetrotrophs, they do not contain prokaryotes or protists.
Unlike plants, they do not hace a cell wall. Kingdom animalia consists of 9 subkingdoms:
Annelida, Phylum Arthropoda, Phylum Mollusca, Phylum Echinodermata and Phylum Chordata.
• Phylum Porifera
The phylum Porifera comprises of sponges. These are multicellular organinsms that have
bodies full of pores and channels allowing water to circulate through them.
• Phylum Nematoda
Nemathelminthes). They are a diverse animal phylum inhabiting a broad range of environments.
• Phylum Platyhelminthes
Literally means flatworms, the members of this phylum are soft, thin-bodied, ribbon-like
worms, including the planaria of ponds and streams, as well as the flukes and tapeworms
• Phylum Cnidaria
Containing over 11,000 species of animals found exclusively in aquatic (freshwater and
marine) environments: they are predominantly marine. This is also called as Coelentrata.
• Phylum Annelida
Also known as ringed worms or segmented worms, are a large phylum, with over 22,000
• Phylum Arthropoda
• Phylum Mollusca
This is the second largest phylum of invertebrate animals. The members are known as
mollusks with around 85,000 species that are recognized. Snails, octupuses, and squids all
• Phylum Echinodermata
Echinoderm is the common name given to any member of this phylum. The adults are
recognizable by their radial symmetry, and include such well-known animals such as sea urchins,
• Phylum Chordata
A chordate is an animal consisting the phylum Chordata. It consists of animals with a
FOOD PYRAMID
The Food Pyramid is designed to make healthy eating easier. Healthy eating is about getting the
correct amount of nutrients – protein, fat, carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals you need to
maintain good health. Foods that contain the same type of nutrients are grouped together on each
of the shelves of the Food Pyramid. This gives you a choice of different foods from which to
choose a healthy diet. Following the Food Pyramid as a guide will help you get the right balance
of nutritious foods within your calorie range. Studies show that we take in too many calories
from foods and drinks high in fat, sugar and salt, on the top shelf of the Food Pyramid. They
provide very little of the essential vitamins and minerals your body needs. Limiting these is
FOOD WEB
A food web (or food cycle) is a natural interconnection of food chains and a graphical
for food web is consumer-resource system. Ecologists can broadly lump all life forms into one of
two categories called trophic levels: 1) the autotrophs, and 2) the heterotrophs. To maintain their
matter from inorganic substances, including both minerals and gases such as carbon dioxide.
FOOD CHAIN
A food chain is a linear network of links in a food web starting from producer organisms
and ending at apex predator species, detritivores, or decomposer species. A food chain differs
from a food web, because the complex networks of different animals’ feeding relations are
aggregated and the chain only follows a direct, linear pathway of one animal at a time. Natural
interconnections between food chains make it a food web. In its simplest form, the length of a
chain is the number of links between a trophic consumer and the base of the web and the mean
chain length of an entire web is the arithmetic average of the lengths of all chains in a food web.
The Carbon Oxygen cycle refers to the perpetual recycling of carbon of oxygen through
three major processes and one minor process: photosynthesis, respiration, combustion, and
decomposition.
WATER CYCLE
The water cycle, also known as the hydrologic cycle or the hydrological cycle, describes
the continuous movement of water on, above and below the surface of the Earth.
NITROGEN CYCLE
The series of processes by which nitrogen and its compounds are interconverted in the
environment and in living organisms, including nitrogen fixation and decomposition. The
nitrogen cycle is the biogeochemical cycle by which nitrogen is converted into multiple chemical
forms as it circulates among atmosphere, terrestrial, and marine ecosystems. The conversion of
nitrogen can be carried out through both biological and physical processes.