Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
APL 102
Lecture 32
Recap
IIT Delhi
Dislocation Creep Creep Diffusional Creep
Coble creep → low T
GB diffusion
Nabarro-Herring creep
high T → lattice diffusion
Grain boundary sliding High temperature (Th > 0.4) applications: Turbine blades
IIT Delhi
Question for thought
Low-cycle fatigue
High-cycle fatigue
Acoustic vibration
Bridge
R value of -1 indicates
the mean stress is zero
Endurance limit, σe: stress amplitude below which fracture does not occur at all or only after a very
large number of cycles (>107)
Materials: engineering, science, processing and design, 2nd edition Copyright (c)2010 Michael Ashby, Hugh Shercliff, David Cebon
IIT Delhi
Stress Variation
alternating stress
Range of stress
mean stress
0
All we have to make sure that the size of these cracks is less than the
critical crack size to avoid any catastrophic failure
We need to determine the safe life of the structure i.e. how many
number of cycles structure can last prior to failure
Fatigue of cracked components
IIT Delhi
Paris
region
a0 and af is the initial and final
crack length. At af crack becomes
unstable Catastrophic failure
occurs when Kmax = Kc
We now have an expression for the Fatigue crack-growth rates for
fatigue life of a component precracked material
IIT Delhi
Fatigue Mechanism
• Paris Law: Crack grows incrementally
typically in the range 3 to 5 (for metals)
Uncracked component
LCF: Plastic strains > elastic strains
σapp > σY
“Striations” or
Beach marks
finish
Fatigue failure surface
IIT Delhi
Question for thought
1. Stress Level
Fatigue life is highly dependent on
2. Surface Effects
Surface finish is important because in fatigue, cracks usually start at the surface.
Design: Notches, discontinuities, grooves, holes, threads increase the stress concentration.
Therefore to design against fatigue, avoid irregularities
Surface treatment: Machining introduces scratches and grooves, therefore polishing a
machined surface will increase fatigue life.
3. Environment
Thermal fatigue: Fluctuating temperatures can cause thermal stresses.
Corrosion fatigue: If the component is exposed to a corrosive environment, pits caused
by corrosion can act as initiation sites and corrosion can also increase
the crack growth rate.
IIT Delhi
Question for thought
Fracture
IIT Delhi
Why did the Titanic sink so easily?
IIT Delhi
What went wrong with the liberty ships?
IIT Delhi
Silent puncture
Two ways for the tire/tube to fail
Noisy burst
IIT Delhi
What happens
when you
poke it with a
sharp object?
IIT Delhi
Question for thought
Lab marks & Minor 1, Quiz marks: Will upload today. Last date for
informing any discrepancies is 28th Oct.
E-mail with a picture of the mark (subject: Re: APL 102…)