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APL 102
Lecture 11
Recap Solid Solution
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Hume Rothery Rules Ordered/Disordered Solutions
Strengthening
(Substitutional solid solution)
1. Structure factor
2. Size factor
3. Electronegativity factor
4. Valency factor Ordered Solid Random/disordered
Complete solubility systems Solution (Low T) Solid Solution (High T)
Ag-Au, Cu-Ni, Ge-Si
Exceptions! Ionic solids
Ag-Cu Bonds formed b/w oppositely charged ions
Cu-Zn – different crystal structure – unequal sharing of e- Usually (anion) R R (cation)
(Zn in Cu had higher solubility
due to its higher valence)
Ligancy: number of anions touching the cations
Hume Rothery rules are
guiding principles
Ligancy as a Function of Radius Ratio
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Rc Rc
0.155 Ligancy 2 0.155 Ligancy 3
Ra Ra
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RNa
0.54
RCl
0.414 0.54 0.732
Ligancy 6
Charge neutrality and packing
Octahedral Coordination
2 RNa 2 RCl a
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Example 2 : CsCl Structure
RCs
0.91
RCl
0.732 0.91 1
Ligancy 8
Cubic coordination of Cl- around Cs+
Some examples:
Mixed nature of bonding
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Example 3: ZnS (Zinc blende or sphalerite) Cubic form
RZn 2
0.48
RS 2
0.414 0.48 0.732
Ligancy 6
Octahedral Coordination
Note that only half of the available tetrahedral voids are occupied
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13
theoasisxpress.com
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Question for thought?
What is common to
1. glass of the window
2. sand of the beach, and
3. quartz of the watch?
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Structure of SiO2
Bond is 50% ionic and 50% covalent
RSi 4
0.29
RO 2
0.225 0.29 .414
Tetrahedral coordination of O2─ around Si4+
Silicate tetrahedron
Structure of Silica
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4─
2─
4+
2─
2─
2─
Hexagonal crystal of
quartz
Typically network formers are M3+ or M4+ cations as M1+ or M2+ cations cannot form
a stable random continuous structure and are called as network modifiers.
Network
Modifiers
Na
+ Na2O =
Na
Addition of soda lowers the softening temperature of glass by breaking some strong bonds
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Impurity Bond breakage Viscocity
• Pyrex
• 80% SiO2, 14% B2O3, 4% Na2O
• Bottle Glass
• 73% SiO2, 1.5% Al2O3, 5% CaO, 4%MgO, 1.5% Na2O
• Soda Borosilicate chemical ware
• 80.8% SiO2, 2.2% Al2O3, 4% Na2O, 13% B2O3
• Fused Silica
• 99.8% SiO2
Vycor
Pyrex
Window
glass
Announcement
IIT Delhi
Date: 31-Aug-17
Venue: LH 121 & LH 308
Time: 2:30 to 3:30 pm
Minor I Syllabus: Topics covered till wednesday (23rd Aug 17) lecture