Chapter 1

INTRODUCATION

1.1 Introduction
Practical training or Industrial training is a mandatory course for all degree students of
CECOS University Peshawar. It is a requirement to fulfill the course in order to complete
the degree as well as graduate from the university. The training refers to work experience
that is relevant to professional development prior to graduation. For CECOS University
students; a 12 Credit hour’s period is allocated for training at locations chosen by students
themselves. No restriction is imposed on them whether they want to work in government
agencies or private organizations.
For this semester, the trainee, NAVEED KHAN (CU-94-2014), has started working in the
TRIBAL GLOBAL CONSTRUCTION PVTLTD Peshawar from the March 2016 until the
January 2017.

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1.1 Objectives of Practical Training
The objectives of industrial training are as follow:

i. To fulfill the award of the degree of CECOS UNIVERSITY PESHAWAR

ii. Apply theories learnt in classroom in working environments

iii. Solidifies students’ confidence after graduation

iv. Improve both soft and hard skills

v. Improve communication and management skills

vi. Opportunities for real life work and apprenticeship

vii. Contact with professional realities that complement, enhance, confirm, and reshape
knowledge

viii. Chance for career choice through exposure to different work environments and
technologies

ix. Shortened access to productivity due to practical experience gained during mentored
training

x. Increased chances of finding work short time after graduation: employers are ready to
hire those who have acquired the practical flair during their Industrial internships.

Improve practical Engineering Works

1. During my practical works experience I have face

2. Building layout by using Total Station and tape.

3. Road Centre line layout by using total station.

4. Regular / irregular Plots area calculated by using different formula like triangles etc.

5. Layout of sewerage and sever line in townships and Housing schemes

6. Layout of Electric poll line townships by using Wapda drawing details.

7. Boundary line excavation by using contractor labours and the some purpose using
excavator.

8. Building foundation layout L section and X-section.

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 Chapter 2

Company/ Firm Background

2.1 Introduction

Fig 2.1 Global Tribal Construction

TRIBAL GLOBAL CONSTRUCTION

This is the well-known construction

Company in Khyber Pakhtoonkhwa

Established in 2005 for the purpose to

Develop the township program.

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2.2 History
TRIBAL GLOBAL CONSTRUCTION started their first project in 2005 which is known as
Muslim Town Phase 1 located opposite to City University, Dalazak road Peshawar. This
town consists of 95 kanal areas and this project is completed fully in one year.
Beside this project this company launch the second project in 2007 with the name of
Muslim City located on Tarnab farm main G.T Road Peshawar, about 400 kanal area
which is completed within 2 years.
In 2008 this company launches the huge project which is known as Muslim Education
City Azakhel Noshehra.

This area consists of 2500 kanals area. This project also launches the Muslim university
and this project is still in running.

After a big achievement they launch the Officer Housing Society Phase I located in
Duranpur Northern Bypass which consists of 500 kanal areas and this project completed
in two years.

After that this company takes another step for Muslim Town Phase II located opposite to
Peshawar institute of technology Dalazak road Peshawar.
This project covers the area of 70 kanal areas. This project completed in 18 months.

After a great success they launch the Officer Housing Society Phase II located in
Mulazai Warsak road Peshawar. This project covers the area of 400 kanals. This project is
still in running.

And similarly they launch the other project with the name of Muslim Villas located on
Rehman Abad, Dalazak road Peshawar. This area consists of 80 kanal areas.

2.3 Completed Project

I.Muslim Town Phase. I opposite to City University Dalazak Road Peshawer
II. Muslim City Tarnab Form Main G.T Road Peshawer
III.Muslim Town Phase. II Opposite to Peshawar Institute of Technology Dalazak Road
Peshawar.

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IV Officer Housing Society Phase. I Doran Poor near Northern Bypass Dalazak Road
Peshawar

2.3 RUNNING PROJECT

I Officer Housing Society Phase II near Police Choki Mulazai Warsak Road Peshawar
2 Muslim Villas Near Shah Poor Police Choki Rehman Abad Dalazak Road Peshawar
3 Muslim Education City Azakhel Main G.T Road Nowshera.
4 Muslim University Azakhel Main G.T Road Nowshera. 5 Muslim College Of Khyber
Campus Near Muslim Education Complex Dalazak Road Peshawar

2.4 TRIBAL GLOBAL CONSTRUCTION Head Office,

Plot# 9-A, Near Phase 1, Police Check Post Industrial Estate Hayatabad Peshawar
Contacts,

Tel; ------------------------------------------------------------092-091-5891382,
Fax; ---------------------------------------------------------- 091-2049414
Cell; -------------------------------------------------- --- - - 03003509897
Email; ---------------------------------------------------- tgcwazir@gmail.com

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 Chapter 3

Tasks Assigned

Introduction

This consist s of panels fabricated out of thin steel plates stiffened along the edges by
small steel angles. The panel units can be held together through the use of suitable clamps
or bolts and nuts. The panels can be fabricated in large number in any desired modular
shape or size. Steel forms are largely used in large projects or in situation where large
number reuses of the shuttering is possible. This type of shuttering is considered most
suitable for circular curved structures.

3.1 Structure

The complete structure is of RCC frame structure in M-15 concrete.

Other Specifications

(a) Expansion &Contraction joint are provided.

(b) Bitumen treatment are provided at the roof.

(c) Water proofing is done by using chemical water proofing materials e.g. Penybar etc.

3.1.1 Estimated Cost

The estimate cost of above Building comes to 42 cores of basements & 10th floors

3.1.2 Plinth Area Rate

9630 per Sq. Ft

3.1.3 Selection of Plot and Study

Selection of plot is very important for buildings a house. Site should be in good place
where their community but service is convenient but not so closed that becomes a source
of inconvenience or noisy. The conventional transportation is important not only because
of present need but for retention of property value in future closely related to are
transportation, shopping, facilities also necessary. One should observe the road condition
whether there is indication of future development or not in case of un developed area.

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The factor to be considered while selecting the building site are as follows: -

Access to park & playground.

Agriculture polytonality of the land.
Availability of public utility services, especially water, electricity & sewage disposal.
Contour of land in relation the building cost. Cost of land.
Distance from places of work.
Ease of drainage.
Location with respect to school, collage & public buildings.
Nature of use of adjacent area.
Transport facilities.
Wind velocity and direction.

3.1.4 Survey of the Site for Proposed Building

Reconnaissance survey: the following has been observed during reconnaissance survey of
the site.
Site is located nearly
The site is very clear planned without ably dry grass and other throne plats over the entire
area.
No leveling is require since the land is must uniformly level
The ground is soft.
Labor available nearby the site.
Houses are located near by the site.
Detailed survey: the detailed survey has been done to determine the boundaries of the
required areas of the site with the help of Total station and G.P.S

3.2 Classification of Buildings Based on Occupancy

Group-A Residential Buildings

Group-B Educational Buildings

Group-C Institutional Buildings

Group-D Assembly Buildings

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Group-E Business Buildings

Group-F Mercantile Buildings

Group-G Industrial Buildings

Group-H Storage Buildings

Group-I Hazardous Buildings

3.2.1 Residential Buildings

These building include any building in which sleeping accommodation provide for
normal residential purposes, with or without cooking and dining facilities. It includes
single or multi-family dwellings, apartment houses, lodgings or rooming houses,
restaurants, hostels, dormitories and residential hostels

3.2.2 Educational Buildings

These include any building used for school, college or day-care purposes involving
assembly for instruction, education or recreation and which is not covered by assembly
buildings.

3.2.3 Institutional Buildings

These buildings are used for different purposes, such as medical or other treatment or care
of persons suffering from physical or mental illness, diseases or infirmity, care of infants,
convalescents or aged persons and for penal detention in which the liberty of the inmates
is restricted. Institutional buildings ordinarily provide sleeping accommodation for the
occupants.

3.2.4 Assembly Buildings

These are the buildings where groups of people meet or gather for amusement, recreation,
social, religious, assembly halls, city halls, marriage halls, exhibition halls, museums,
places of work ship, etc.

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3.2.5 Business Buildings
These buildings are used for transaction of business, for keeping of accounts and records and
for similar purposes, offices, banks, professional establishments, courts houses, libraries. The
principal function of these buildings is transaction of public business and keeping of books
and records.

3.2.6 Mercantile Buildings

These buildings are used as shops, stores, market, for display a sale of merchandise either
wholesale or retail, office, shops, storage service facilities incidental to the sale of
merchandise and located in the same building.

3.2.7 Industrial Buildings

These are buildings where products or materials of all kinds and properties are fabrication,
assembled, manufactured or processed, as assembly plant, laboratories, dry cleaning plants,
power plants, pumping stations, smoke houses, laundries etc.

3.2.8 Storage Buildings

These buildings are used primarily for the storage or sheltering of goods, wares or
merchandise vehicles and animals, as warehouses, cold storage, garages, trucks.

3.2.9 Hazardous Buildings

These buildings are used for the storage, handling, manufacture or processing of highly
combustible or explosive materials or products which are liable to burn with extreme rapidly
and/or which may produce poisonous elements for storage handling, acids or other liquids or
chemicals producing flames, fumes and ex plosive, poisonous, irritant or corrosive gases
processing of any material producing explosive mixtures of dust which result in the division
of matter into fine particles subjected to spontaneous ignition.

3.3 Building material Details

Cement Bricks

Aggregates Tiles

Water Admixture

Steel

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3.3.1 Cement (Portland cement)
Portland cement is the most common type of cement in general use around the world,
used as a basic ingredient of concrete, mortar, stucco, and most non-specialty grout. It
was developed from other types of hydraulic lime in England in the mid-19th century and
usually originates from limestone. It is a fine powder produced by heating materials in a
kiln to form what is called clinker, grinding the clinker, and adding small amounts of
other materials. Several types of Portland cement are available with the most common
being called ordinary Portland cement (OPC) which is grey in color, but a white Portland
cement is also available.
We also used Portland cement in our project because of many good quality and also
availability everywhere. Also cheaply.

Figure 3.1Portland Cement

3.3.2 Aggregates

An aggregate is types of material used in construction, including sand, gravel, crushed

Stone etc.
Types of Aggregates
a) Fine Aggregates
b) Coarse Aggregate

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Fine Aggregates: -“Fine aggregates is defined as material that will passed sieve No 4
And will most part retained on sieve no 200.
Types of fine Aggregates
Sand: - The first types of fine aggregate are sand. Sand is little particle of silica.
 Surkhi
 Dust Stone
 Cinder

Figure 3.2 Aggregates

3.3.3 Coarse Aggregates

Coarse Aggregates is a basic material of concrete. Crushed stone or gravel are used in
concrete are called Coarse Aggregates.
Types of Coarse Aggregates

Stone Ballast

Clinker

Brick Ballast

Gravel

11
Figure3.3Coarse Aggregates

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3.3.4 Water
Portable water used in mixing of concrete. And also used for curing, but free from
alkaline, acidity, fat, and other injurious substances
The PH value shall not be less than 6.

Figure 3.4 Water

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3.3.5 Steel (60,000 psi Grades steel bars used in our project)
Reinforced concrete was designed on the principle that steel and concrete act together in
resisting force. Concrete is strong in compression but weak in tension. The tensile
strength is generally rated about 10 percent of the compression strength. For this reason,
concrete works well for columns and posts that are compression members in a structure.
But, when it is used for tension members, such as beams, girders, foundation walls, or
floors, concrete must be reinforced to attain the necessary tension strength.
Steel is the best material for reinforcing concrete because the properties of expansion for
both steel and concrete are considered to be approximate] y the same; that is, under
normal conditions, they will expand and contract at an almost equal rate.
NOTE: At very high temperatures, steel expands more rapidly than concrete and the two
materials will separate.

Figure 3.5 Steel

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3.3.6 Bricks
A brick is a block or a single unit of a kneaded clay-bearing soil, sand and lime, or
concrete material, fire-hardened or air-dried, used in masonry construction. Lightweight
bricks (also called "lightweight blocks") are made from expanded clay aggregate.

‎Brick (disambiguation) - ‎Fire brick - ‎Brickwork - ‎Fly ash brick

Figure 3.6Bricks

Figure 3.7 Bricks

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3.3.7 Reinforcement Cement Concrete (RCC1:2:4)
Reinforced concrete is one of the most widely used modern building materials. Concrete is
an “artificial stone” obtained by mixing cement, sand, and aggregates with water. Fresh
concrete can be molded into almost any shape, giving it an inherent advantage over other
materials. It became very popular after the invention of Portland cement in the 19th
century; however, its limited tension resistance initially prevented its wide use in building
construction. To overcome poor tensile strength, steel bars are embedded in concrete to
form a composite material called reinforced concrete (RCC).

Figure 3.8 Reinforcement Cement Concrete

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3.4 Curing of concrete
Curing is one of the most important steps in concrete construction, because proper curing
greatly increases concrete strength and durability. Concrete hardened as a result of
hydration the chemical reaction between cement and water. However, hydration occurs
only if water is available and if the concrete temperature stays within a suitable range.
During the curing period from five to seven days after placement for conventional
concrete the concrete surface e needs to be kept moist to permit the hydration process.
New concrete can be wet with soaking hoses, sprinklers or covered with wet burlap,
or can be coated with commerce all available curing compounds, which seal in moisture.
After concrete is placed, a satisfactory moisture contents and temperature (between 50º F
and 75º F) must be maintained, process called curing. Adequate curing is vital to quality
concrete. Curing has a strong influence on the properties of hardened concrete such as
durability, strength, water tightness, abrasion resistance, volume, stability and resistance
to freezing and thawing and deicer salts. Exposed slab surfaces are especially sensitive
to curing. Surface strength development can be reduced significantly when curing is
defective. Curing the concrete aids, the chemical reaction called hydration. Most freshly
mixed concrete contains considerably more water than is required for complete hydration
of the cement; however, any appreciable loss of water by evaporation or by otherwise
will delay or prevent the hydration. If temperature is favorable, hydration is relatively
rapid the first few days after concrete I s placed; retaining water during this period
is important. Good curing means evaporation should be prevented or reduced.

3.5 Types of Mixes

3.5.1 Nominal Mixes

In the past the specifications for concrete prescribed the proportions of cement, fine and
coarse aggregates. These mixes of fixed cement-aggregate ratio which ensures adequate
strength are termed nominal mixes. These offer simplicities and under normal
circumstances, have a margin of strength above that specified. However, due to the
variability of mix ingredients the nominal concrete for a given workability varies widely
in strength.

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3.5.2 Standard mixes
The nominal mixes of fixed cement-aggregate ratio (by volume) vary widely in strength
and may result in under- or over-rich mixes. For this reason, the minimum compressive
strength has been included in many specifications. These mixes are termed standard
mixes.
IS 456-2000 has designated the concrete mixes into a number of grades as M10, M15,
M20, M25, M30, M35 and M40. In this designation the letter M refers to the mix and the
number to the specified 28-day cube strength of mix in N/mm2. The mixes of grades
M10, M15, M20 and M25 correspond approximately to the mix proportions (1:3:6),
(1:2:4), (1:1.5:3) and (1:1:2) respectively.

3.5.3 Designed Mixes

In these mixes the performance of the concrete is specified by the designer but the mix
proportions are determined by the producer of concrete, except that the minimum cement
content can be laid down. This is most rational approach to the selection of mix
proportions with specific materials in mind possessing more or less unique characteristics.
The approach results in the production of concrete with the appropriate properties most
economically. However, the designed mix does not serve as a guide since this does not
guarantee the correct mix proportions for the prescribed performance.
For the concrete with undemanding performance nominal or standard mixes (prescribed
in the codes by quantities of dry ingredients per cubic meter and by slump) may be used
only for very small jobs, when the 28-day strength of concrete does not exceed 30
N/mm2. No control testing is necessary reliance being placed on the masses of the
ingredients.

3.6 Factors Affecting the Choice of Mix Proportions

The various factors affecting the mix design are:

3.6.1 Compressive strength

It is one of the most important properties of concrete and influences many other
describable properties of the hardened concrete. The mean compressive strength required
at a specific age, usually 28 days, determines the nominal water-cement ratio of the mix.
The other factor affecting the strength of concrete at a given age and cured at a prescribed
temperature is the degree of compaction. According to Abraham’s law the strength of
fully compacted concrete is inversely proportional to the water-cement ratio.

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3.6.2 Workability
The degree of workability required depends on three factors. These are the size of the
section to be concreted, the amount of reinforcement, and the method of compaction to be
used. For the narrow and complicated section with numerous corners or inaccessible
parts, the concrete must have a high workability so that full compaction can be achieved
with a reasonable amount of effort. This also applies to the embedded steel sections. The
desired workability depends on the compacting equipment available at the site.

3.6.3 Durability
The durability of concrete is its resistance to the aggressive environmental conditions.
High strength concrete is generally more durable than low strength concrete. In the
situations when the high strength is not necessary but the conditions of exposure are such
that high durability is vital, the durability requirement will determine the water-cement
ratio to be used.

3.6.4 Maximum Nominal Size of Aggregate

In general, larger the maximum size of aggregate, smaller is the cement requirement for a
particular water-cement ratio, because the workability of concrete increases with increase
in maximum size of the aggregate. However, the compressive strength tends to increase
with the decrease in size of aggregate.
IS 456:2000 and IS 1343:1980 recommend that the nominal size of the aggregate should
be as large as possible.

3.6.5 Grading and Type of Aggregate

The grading of aggregate influences the mix proportions for a specified workability and
water-cement ratio. Coarser the grading leaner will be mix which can be used. Very lean
mix is not desirable since it does not contain enough finer material to make the concrete
cohesive.
The type of aggregate influences strongly the aggregate-cement ratio for the desired
workability and stipulated water cement ratio. An important feature of a satisfactory
aggregate is the uniformity of the grading which can be achieved by mixing different size
fractions.

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3.6.6 Quality Control
The degree of control can be estimated statistically by the variations in test results. The
variation in strength results from the variations in the properties of the mix ingredients
and lack of control of accuracy in batching, mixing, placing, curing and testing. The
lower the difference between the mean and minimum strengths of the mix lower will be
the cement-content required. The factor controlling this difference is termed as quality
control.

3.6.7 Formwork
Formwork is the term given to either temporary or permanent molds into
which concrete or similar materials are poured. In the context of concrete construction,
the false work supports the shuttering molds.
Types of Formwork

Timber Formwork

Plywood Formwork

Steel Formwork

3.6.8 Timber Formwork

Timber for formwork should satisfy the following requirement:

It should be

well-seasoned

light in weight

easily workable with nails without splitting

free from loose knots

Timber used for shuttering for exposed concrete work should have smooth and even
surface on all faces which come in contact with concrete.

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3.6.9 Plywood Formwork
Resin bonded plywood sheets are attached to timber frames to make up panels of required
sizes. The cost of plywood formwork compares favorably with that of timber shuttering
and it may even prove cheaper in certain cases in view of the following considerations:

It is possible to have smooth finish in which case on cost in surface finishing is there.

By use of large size panels, it is possible to effect saving in the labour cost of fixing and
dismantling.

Numbers of re-uses are more as compared with timber shuttering. For estimation purpose,
number of reuses can be taken as 20 to 25.

3.6.10 Steel Formwork

This consists of panels fabricated out of thin steel plates stiffened along the edges by
small steel angles. The panel units can be held together through the use of suitable clamps
or bolts and nuts. The panels can be fabricated in large number in any desired modular
shape or size. Steel forms are largely used in large projects or in situation where large
number reuses of the shuttering is possible. This type of shuttering is considered most
suitable for circular or curved structures.

3.7 Construction of formwork:

This normally involves the following operations:

Propping and centering

Shuttering

Provision of camber

Cleaning and surface treatment

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3.8 Order and method of removing formwork
The sequence of orders and method of removal of formwork are as follows:

Shuttering forming the vertical faces of walls beams and column sides should be removed
first as they bear no load but only retain the concrete.

Shuttering forming soffit of slabs should be removed next.

Shuttering forming soffit of beams, girders or other heavily loaded shuttering should be
removed in the end.

Rapid hardening cement, warm weather and light loading conditions allow early removal
of formwork. The formwork should under no circumstances be allowed to be removed
until all the concrete reaches strength of at least twice the stresses to which the concrete
may be subjected at the time of removal of formwork. All formworks should be eased
gradually and carefully in order to prevent the load being suddenly transferred to
concrete.

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3.9 Concrete Test
Slump Test

Compression Test

3.9.1 Slump Test

Slump test is used to determine the workability of fresh concrete. Slump test as per IS:
1199 – 1959 is followed. The apparatus used for doing slump test are Slump cone and
Tamping rod.

EQUIPMENT & APPARATUS

Slump cone (Height = 30 cm, Base Dia = 20 cm, Top Dia = 10 cm)
Tamping rod (Length = 60 cm, Dia = 16 mm)

Figure 3.9Slump Test

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3.9.2 Procedure to determine workability of fresh concrete by slump test
1. The internal surface of the mould is thoroughly cleaned and freed from superfluous
moisture before commencing the test. And if the cone is in completely dry condition
then dampen it using a damp cloth.
2. The mould is then placed on a smooth, horizontally leveled rigid and non-absorbent
surface such as a rigid plate. It is held firmly in place during filling by the operator
by standing on the two foot pieces provided in the slump cone.
3. The mould is filled by concrete in four layers, each approximately one-quarter of
height of the mould, and each layer is tamped down with 25 strokes of tamping rod
with pointed end in a uniform manner.
4. After tamping the top layer, the concrete is struck off level with a trowel and any
mortar leaked out between the mould and base plate is cleaned away.
5. The mould is then removed from the concrete immediately by raising it slowly and
carefully in a vertical direction.

3.9.3 Calculation
The slump is measured immediately by determining the difference between the height of
the mould and that of the highest point of specimen.

3.9.4 Report
Report the slump in terms of millimeters to the nearest 5 mm of subsidence of the
specimen during the test.

3.9.5 Notes to Remember

 If concrete consists of aggregates of size larger than 38 mm, then that concrete
should be first sieved on a 38 mm sieve. Concrete passing the 38 mm sieve is then
tested for workability using the slump cone apparatus of above mentioned
dimension.
 If the slump test shows shearing of the concrete mass or become completely
collapsed, then the test results are invalid and the slump test is repeated. (see the
figure below)

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Figure 3.10 Types of Slump

 After completion of the slump test, to get an idea on cohesiveness of concrete, tap
slightly the outer perimeter of the slumped concrete. If it subsides further, then it is
an indication of good quality concrete having required cohesiveness. But if it gets
collapsed or shears away then the concrete lacks cohesiveness and this is an
indication of poor quality concrete.

3.10 Compressive Strength of Concrete Cubes

3.11 Compressive strength of concrete

Out of many test applied to the concrete, this is the utmost important which gives an idea
about all the characteristics of concrete. By this single test one judge that whether
Concreting has been done properly or not. For cube test two types of specimens either
cubes of 15 cm X 15 cm X 15 cm or 10cm X 10 cm x 10 cm depending upon the size of
aggregate are used. For most of the works cubical moulds of size 15 cm x 15cm x 15 cm
are commonly used.

This concrete is poured in the mould and tempered properly so as not to have any voids.
After 24 hours these moulds are removed and test specimens are put in water for curing.
The top surface of these specimens should be made even and smooth. This is done by
putting cement paste and spreading smoothly on whole area of specimen.

These specimens are tested by compression testing machine after 7 days curing or 28 days
curing. Load should be applied gradually at the rate of 140 kg/cm2 per minute till the
Specimens fails. Load at the failure divided by area of specimen gives the compressive
strength of concrete.

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3.12 Following are the Procedure for Compressive Strength Test of Concrete
Cubes

3.12.1 Apparatus
Compression testing machine

3.12.2 Preparation of Cube Specimens

The proportion and material for making these test specimens are from the same concrete
used in the field.

3.12.3 Specimen
6 cubes of 15 cm size Mix. M15 or above

3.12.4 Mixing
Mix the concrete either by hand or in a laboratory batch mixer

3.12.5 Hand Mixing

(i)Mix the cement and fine aggregate on a water tight none-absorbent platform until the
mixture is thoroughly blended and is of uniform color

(ii)Add the coarse aggregate and mix with cement and fine aggregate until the coarse
aggregate is uniformly distributed throughout the batch

(iii)Add water and mix it until the concrete appears to be homogeneous and of the desired
consistency

3.12.6 Sampling
(i) Clean the mounds and apply oil

(ii) Fill the concrete in the molds in layers approximately 5cm thick

(iii) Compact each layer with not less than 35strokes per layer using a tamping rod (steel
bar 16mm diameter and 60cm long, bullet pointed at lower end)

(iv) Level the top surface and smoothen it with a trowel

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3.12.7 Curing
The test specimens are stored in moist air for 24hours and after this period the specimens
are marked and removed from the molds and kept submerged in clear fresh water until
taken out prior to test.

3.12.8 Precautions
The water for curing should be tested every 7days and the temperature of water must be at
27+-2oC.

3.12.9 Procedure
(I) Remove the specimen from water after specified curing time and wipe out excess
water from the surface.

(II) Take the dimension of the specimen to the nearest 0.2m

(III) Clean the bearing surface of the testing machine

(IV) Place the specimen in the machine in such a manner that the load shall be applied to
the opposite sides of the cube cast.

(V) Align the specimen centrally on the base plate of the machine.

(VI) Rotate the movable portion gently by hand so that it touches the top surface of the
specimen.

(VII) Apply the load gradually without shock and continuously at the rate of
140kg/cm2/minute till the specimen fails

(VIII) Record the maximum load and note any unusual features in the type of failure.

3.12.10 Note
Minimum three specimens should be tested at each selected age. If strength of any
specimen varies by more than 15 per cent of average strength, results of such specimen
should be rejected. Average of their specimens gives the crushing strength of concrete.
The strength requirements of concrete.

27
3.12.11 Calculations
Size of the cube =15cm x15cm x15cm

Area of the specimen (calculated from the mean size of the specimen) =225cm2

Characteristic compressive strength (f c) at 7 days =2100 Psi

Range to be selected is ………………….

Similar calculation should be done for 28-day compressive strength

Maximum load applied =…465…KN = 210 Kg/cm^2

Compressive strength = (Load in K N/ Area x 101.971)

=………………………. Kg/cm2

3.12.12 Report
a) Identification mark

b) Date of test

c) Age of specimen

d) Curing conditions, including date of manufacture of specimen

f) Appearance of fractured faces of concrete and the type of fracture if they are unusual

3.12.13 Result
Average compressive strength of the concrete cube = 2100 Psi (at 7 days)

Average compressive strength of the concrete cube = 3000 Psi (at 28 days)

3.13 Percentage Strength of Concrete at Various Ages

The strength of concrete increases with age. Table shows the strength of concrete at
different ages in comparison with the strength at 28 days after casting.

28
Table 3.1 Compressive strength of different grades of concrete at 7 and 28 days

Age Strength per cent

1 day 16%
3 days 40%
7 days 65%
14 days 90%
28 days 99%

Table 3.2 Minimum compressive strength

Grade of Minimum compressive Specified characteristic compressive
Concrete strength N/mm2 at 7 days strength (N/mm2) at 28 days
M15 10 15
M20 13.5 20
M25 17 25
M30 20 30
M35 23.5 35

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3.14 Foundation
The Lowest artificially build part of structure which transmits load to the underneath
ground is called foundation.
There are many Types of Foundation.

Raft Foundation

Caisson foundation

Grillage Foundation

Pile Foundation

Footing.

Raft foundation: - Here is Raft Foundation is used in Al-Falah Tower, Kohat road
Peshawar.
Depth up to: 38 inch.
Steel Bar No# 7 is used for Distribution & Main Bar and also top &Bottom Layer.

Figure 3.11 Raft Foundation

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 Chapter 4

Comments, Issus and Recommendations

4.1 Introduction
Alhamdulillah I don’t face any kind of issues during my internship but only one thing I
noted that all the equipment’s are old in site and some of them are useless therefore, I
recommend that the university should be upgrade the internship programs and make a link
with government department just like COMUNICATION AND WORKS DEPARTMENT,
P.W.D, WAPDA, PDA, MES etc.

That the student achieves their main goal in field work.

Concrete is not according to ACI stander.

Curing is not place properly.

Contractor always tries to earn more profit which affects the quality of work.

Some of contractor does not have a site engineer.

Concrete mixer does not mix concrete properly.

Ratio of concrete and motor was not according to specifications.

Steel fixer do not provide shear strips hook at 135 degrees.

Some reinforcement details and other architecture details are missing in drawing.

Sometime reinforcement is not provided according to drawing.

Soil is not compacted properly under floor.

Quality of bricks is not so good.

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 Chapter 5

Conclusions

5.1 Conclusions
My internship conclusion is that, that the field site work is easy than theoretical. But theory
helps us to correct the practical work by easy way. Theory is the way that I know about
practical. I achieve coordination with people. I familiar with marketing strategy. How to buy
products?

My internship report is totally based on construction buildings especially on practical side.

These guidelines provide practical skill to know about site work

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 References

1) The Roman Pantheon: The Triumph of Concrete. Romanconcrete.com. Retrieved on

2013-02-19.

2) Zongjin Li; Advanced concrete technology; 2011

3) Moore, David (1999). "The Pantheon". Romanconcrete.com. Retrieved 26 September

2011.

4)"concretus". Latin Lookup. Retrieved 1 October 2012.

5)"The History of Concrete". Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering, University of

Illinois, Urbana-Champaign. Retrieved 8 January 2013.

6) From The History of Concrete - InterNACHIhttp://www.nachi.org/history-of-

concrete.htm#ixzz31V47Zuuj

7) Brief history of concrete. Djc.com. Retrieved on 2013-02-19.

http://www.pnas.org/content/111/52/18484.full

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