INTRODUCTION

In this chapter, you will learn about the conditions

bacteria need to grow and multiply through the use of
Quantifiers to indicate the amount or quantity of Food,
Acidity, Temperature, Time, Oxygen and Moisture.
 OBJECTIVES

At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:

a.) Use Quantifiers to indicate the quantity of FATTOM;

b.) Know the different types of Quantifiers;
c.) Apply the learning’s about Quantifiers.

MAIN DISH!

Bacterial Growth Requirement

The conditions that favor the growth of bacteria, yeast and
molds can be easily remembered by the acronym FATTOM which
stands for Food, Acidity, Time, Temperature, Oxygen, and
Moisture.
Food
Microorganisms like all living things, need food to grow. The
presence of a suitable food supply is the most important condition
that affects bacterial growth. The food must contain the
appropriate nutrients needed for growth. Bacteria generally prefer
food that are high in protein like meat and dairy items.
Acidity
Disease-causing bacteria grow best at acidity levels
equivalent to pH 4.6 to 7.5. The term pH is used as a symbol to
designate the food’s degree of acidity. The scale for measuring pH
is from 0 to 14. A pH of 7.0 is neither acidic nor basic and is
considered neutral food. A pH less than 7.0 indicates that the food
is acidic. A pH range greater than 7.0 refers to basic food. The
acidity of foods helps determine the type of heat processing or
home canning required for safe preservation.
Temperature
Temperature is probably the most important factor that
affects the growth of bacteria in food. Most disease-causing
bacteria grow within a temperature range of 5 to 60 degrees C.
This is the range where microbial growth and reproduction are at
their peak. This is commonly referred to as the Temperature
Danger Zone.
Classification of Microorganisms according to Temperature
Requirements
1. Psychrophiles – These cold-temperature loving
microorganisms thrive in a temperature range of 0 to 21
degrees C. They are especially troublesome because they
are capable of multiplying at both refrigerated and room
temperatures. Most psychophysics bacteria are spoilage
organisms, but some can also cause diseases.
2. Mesophiles – These middle-range bacteria grow at
temperatures between 21 degrees C and 43 degrees C, with
the most rapid growth at human body temperature.
3. Thermophiles – Heat-loving microorganisms, they grow best
at temperatures above 43 degrees C. All thermophilic
bacteria are spoilage organisms.
Time
Because bacteria grow rapidly, it does not take long before
many cells are produced. A rule of thumb in the food industry is
that bacteria need about 4 hours, inclusive of the time food is
between 5 to 60 degrees C, to grow to numbers high enough to
cause illness. A single bacterial cell can produce over 1 million
cells in just five hours under ideal conditions. It is very important
not to give bacteria an opportunity to multiply. Proper storage and
handling of foods help prevent bacteria from multiplying.
Oxygen
Bacteria require different amounts of Oxygen to grow. Some
require a lot of Oxygen (aerobic), while others cannot tolerate
Oxygen (anaerobic) at all. Free Oxygen is toxic for this group of
microorganisms. Anaerobic bacteria grow well in vacuum
packaged foods or canned foods where Oxygen is not available.
 Anaerobic conditions also exist in the middle of cooked food
masses such as stock pots and baked potatoes, or in the middle
of a roast or ham.
Some bacteria only grow within a narrow Oxygen range
(microaerophilic), usually three to six percent Oxygen levels’,
while others can grow with or without Oxygen (facultative
anaerobes). Most foodborne-causing microorganisms are
facultative anaerobes.
Controlling Oxygen conditions may be an effective way to
prevent foodborne illnesses. However, even without any Oxygen,
some disease-causing bacteria can still find the conditions suitable
for growth.
Moisture
Just like most forms of life, moisture is an important factor
affecting bacterial growth, which is why humans have been
preserving food for thousands of years by drying them. Scientists
have determined that bacterial growth is greatly influenced by the
amount of available water which is designated with the symbol a.
 DINE IN!

What are Quantifiers?

A quantifier is a word or phrase which is used before a noun to

indicate the amount or quantity:
‘Some’, ‘many’, ‘a lot of’ and ‘a few’ are examples of quantifiers.

Quantifiers can be used with both countable and uncountable nouns.

Examples:

There are some books on the desk.

He got only a few dollars.
How much money have you got?
There is a large quantity of fish in this river.
He got more friends than his sister.

Examples of Quantifiers

With Uncountable Nouns

- much
- a little/little/very little *
- a bit (of)
- a great deal of
- a large amount of
- a large quantity of
With Both
- all
- enough
- more/most
- less/least
- no/none
- not any
- some
- any
- a lot of
- lots of
- plenty of

With Countable Nouns

- many
- a few/few/very few **
- a number (of)
- several
- a large number of
- a great number of
- a majority of

*NOTE

few, very few mean that there is not enough of something.

a few means that there is not a lot of something, but there is
enough.
little, very little mean that there is not enough of something.
a little means that there is not a lot of something, but there is
enough.
 READY TO SERVE

Directions: Choose the letter of the correct answer.

___ 1. There are ______ meat in the refrigerator.

a. a few
b. some
c. much
d. a little

___ 2. Anna bought _____ pork for us.

a. a bit of
b. a great deal of
c. few
d. enough

___ 3. How ______ money have you spent in baking cookies?

a. much
b. enough
c. some
d. more

___ 4. There is ______ of dry goods that my mother bought from

the market.
a. a lot of
b. a plenty of
c. not any
d. a large quantity of
___ 5. He got the ______ score than his classmate.
a. less
b. least
c. more
d. most

___ 6. There are too ______ ingredients used in baking the cake.
a. few
b. many
c. much
d. several

___ 7. Have you tasted ______ exotic food?

a. not any
b. lots of
c. any
d. plenty of

___ 8. I spend ______ of my time cooking adobo.

a. few
b. a lot
c. enough
d. some

___ 9. John put salt in the soup.

a. a bit of
b. a little
c. a large amount
d. lots of

___ 10. How ______ time do you need to buy the ingredients?
a. few c. much
b. enough d. less
 APPETIZER

Answer Key:
1. B. some
2. C. few
3. A. much
4. D. a large quantity of
5. C. more
6. B. many
7. C. any
8. B. a lot
9. A. a bit of
10. C. much

DESSERT

Directions: Choose the appropriate quantifier in the box

below. Write your answers on the space provided before each
number.

a lot plenty of
enough several
most few
lots of a great amount of
many some
______ 1. My mother bake brownies for me ___ of the time.

______ 2. ___ people say that cooking is very important in our

daily lives.

______ 3. There are so ___ process in preparing and making a

foreign dish.

______ 4. I have ___ time to finish decorating the cupcakes for my

sister’s birthday.

______ 5. Auntie brought ___ chocolates from the States.

______ 6. ___ students failed in making their own recipe.

______ 7. Because there are ___ foods left on the table, the maids
bring it to their family.

______ 8. Cutting ___ ingredients for your dish requires focus.

______ 9. I’ve got only a ___ rice for my breakfast.

______ 10. You need to have ___ water in washing all the kitchen
tools.
 ADD-ONS

Directions: Using the different quantifiers, write a paragraph

about your best experiences in life. The paragraph should
consists of 5-10 sentences.

_____________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
________________________.