1.What is base station?

Base station is nothing but which interconnects two or more telephone systems.

2.What is multiplexing?
multiplexing is the process of sending two or more signals through a single
communication channel.
There are two types of multiplexing:
* Frequency domain multiplexing.
* Time domain multiplexing.

3.Difference between CDMA & GSM?

The basic difference lies in the Multiplexing method used in the aerial communication i.e.
from Mobile Tower to your mobile and vice versa.
CDMA uses Code Division Multiple Access as the name itself indicates, for example you are in
a hall occupied with number of people speaking different language. You will find that the one
language you know will be heard by you and the others will be treated like noise. In the same
manner each CDMA mobile communication takes place with a "code" communicating between
them and the other end if one is knowing that code then only it can listen to the data being
transmitted i.e. the communication is in the coded form.
On the other hand GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) uses narrowband TDMA,
which allows eight simultaneous calls on the same radio frequency. TDMA works by dividing a
radio frequency into time slots and then allocating slots to multiple calls. In this way,
a single frequency can support multiple, simultaneous data channel.

GSM provide international roaming while CDMA does not.

GSM works on 900 and 1800 MHz while CDMA does only on 900 MHz.

4. What is Barkhausen criteria?

Barkhausen criteria, without which you will not know which conditions, are to be satisfied for
oscillations.
Oscillations will not be sustained if, at the oscillator frequency, the magnitude of the product of
the transfer gain of the amplifier and the magnitude of the feedback factor of the feedback
network ( the magnitude of the loop gain ) are less than unity?.
The condition of unity loop gain -Aβ = 1 is called the Barkhausen criterion. This condition
implies that
Aβ
= 1and that the phase of - Aβ is zero.

Barkhausen Criteria: For sustained oscillations

1. The total phase shift around a loop is precisely 0 degree or 360 degree.
2. The magnitude of the product of open loop gain of the amplifier and the magnitude of the
feedback factor is unity.
That is │Aβ│=1

5.How many satellites are required to cover the earth?

 3 satellites are required to cover the entire earth, which is placed at 120 degree to each
other. The life span of the satellite is about 15 years.

6.What is a transducer and transponder?

A transducer is a device, usually electrical, electronic, electro-mechanical,
electromagnetic, photonic, orphotovoltaic that converts one type of energy or physical
attribute to another for various purposes including measurement or information transfer.
In telecommunication, the term transponder (short-for Transmitter-responder and
sometimes abbreviated to XPDR, XPNDR, TPDR or TP) has the following meanings:
* An automatic device that receives, amplifies, and retransmits a signal on a different
frequency (see also broadcast translator).
* An automatic device that transmits a predetermined message in response to a predefined
received signal.
* A receiver-transmitter that will generate a reply signal upon proper electronic interrogation.
A communications satellite? channels are called transponders, because each is a separate
transceiver or repeater.

Transducer is a device which converts any physical quantity such as temperature,pressure

etc into equivalent electric signal.
transponder (short-for Transmitter-responder)is an automatic device that receives,
amplifies, and retransmits a signal on a different frequency.example
communication,broadcasting satellites.

7. What is crosstalk?

Crosstalk is a form of interference caused by signals in nearby conductors. The most

common example is hearing an unwanted conversation on the telephone. Crosstalk can
also occur in radios, televisions, networking equipment, and even electric guitars.
8.Explain Full duplex and half duplex.
Full duplex refers to the transmission of data in two directions simultaneously. For example,
a telephone is a full-duplex device because both parties can talk at once. In contrast, a
walkie-talkie is a half-duplex device because only one party can transmit at a time.
Most modems have a switch that lets you choose between full-duplex and half-duplex
modes. The choice depends on which communications program you are running.
In full-duplex mode, data you transmit does not appear on your screen until it has been
received and sent back by the other party. This enables you to validate that the data has
been accurately transmitted. If your display screen shows two of each character, it probably
means that your modem is set to half-duplex mode when it should be in full-duplex mode.

full duplex is nothing but device which allows us to transmit and receive simultaneously with
greater efficiency.
.
9. Difference between mobile and a cell phone.
 There is no difference, just language use, which differs from country to country, so in
Britain it is called a mobile, and in USA and South Africa and other places a cell phone.
Even in Europe the name differs. The Germans call it a "handy", which in English has
completely another meaning as an adjective, meaning useful. In Italy it is called a telofonino
or "little phone". This difference in British and American English is also evident in many
other things we use every day, like lifts and elevators, nappies and diapers, pickups and
trucks. The list goes on and on, any student of English has to decide which he or she will
use, as the default setting.

mobile is a technology and cell phone is sub technology in it to understand it clearly

consider a walkie talkie and cell phone. Both are different technologies but both are mobile.
The way they communicate is also different.

10. Difference between electronic and electrical.

Electronics work on DC and with a voltage range of -48vDC to +48vDC. If the

electronic device is plugged into a standard wall outlet, there will be a transformer
inside which will convert the AC voltage you are supplying to the required DC
voltage needed by the device. Examples: Computer, radio, T.V, etc...
Electric devices use line voltage (120vAC, 240vAC, etc...). Electric devices can also
be designed to operate on DC sources, but will be at DC voltages above 48v.
Examples: are incandescent lights, heaters, fridge, stove, etc...

electrical engg. deals movement of electrons in conductors however electronics engg. deals
the movement of electrons in semiconductor vacuum or air.

ECE Questions

What is D-FF?
What is the basic difference between Latches and Flip flops?
What is a multiplexer?
How can you convert an SR Flip-flop to a JK Flip-flop?
How can you convert an JK Flip-flop to a D Flip-flop?
What is Race-around problem? How can you rectify it?
Which semiconductor device is used as a voltage regulator and why?
Explain an ideal voltage source?
Explain zener breakdown and avalanche breakdown?
What are the different types of filters?
What is the need of filtering ideal response of filters and actual response of filters?
What is sampling theorem?
What is impulse response?
Explain the advantages and disadvantages of FIR filters compared to IIR counterparts.
What is CMRR?
Explain half-duplex and full-duplex communication?
Which range of signals is used for terrestrial transmission?
Why is there need for modulation?
Which type of modulation is used in TV transmission?
Why we use vestigial side band (VSB-C3F) transmission for picture?
When transmitting digital signals is it necessary to transmit some harmonics in addition to fundamental frequency?
For asynchronous transmission, is it necessary to supply some synchronizing pulses additionally or to supply or to
supply start and stop bit?
BPFSK is more efficient than BFSK in presence of noise. Why?
What is meant by pre-emphasis and de-emphasis?
Explain 3 dB cutoff frequency? Why is it 3 dB, not 1 dB?
Explain ASCII, EBCDIC?
How to manufacture the CMOS inverter?
What are the advantages of using C band for satellite communication?
What frequency bands are used in Satellite Communication?
what is the difference between latch and flipflop ? what is the main difference between 8085 and 8086 processors?
What is the purpose of the package around a microprocessor silicon die?
How can we identify how many states the ripple counter is having by looking at the figure as it can also have some
invalid states?
Design gray to binary code converter?
What is a BCD? What are its advantages and disadvantages? Why is an excess-3 code is called an un weighted
code?

1. Write the truth table for full adder and implement it in NAND gate only.

2. What's the difference between looping 0s and 1s in K map?

3. Difference between microprocessor and micro controller

4. Microprocessors you are familiar with

5. How will you send and receive data to a micro-processor? (One method is I/O mapped I/O
which is the other one?)

6. Radar range equation?

7. Does the radar range depend upon the frequency of the signal transmitted?

8. What is Doppler shift? What is its importance?

1. I will make two fuzzy statements. Pencil is long. Table is long. What is the term long signify?

2. What is a membership function?

3. What are the design criteria for very low frequency amplifier?

4. Can you measure distance with the help of CW radar? If so how?

5. How will you design a stable oscillator? (Not with crystal oscillator because temperature affects it)

6. You have designed an amplifier. After few days it is found that its gain have changed. What might
be the reason?

1. A plane is moving in a circular path around the transmitter of the radar. Will there be Doppler shift
detected in the radar?

2. State Keplers laws

3. Why there is more geo synchronous satellite?

4. The angular difference between two satellites is 2 degree. What is the maximum number of
satellites needed to cover the whole earth?

5. What is the minimum number of satellites needed to cover the whole earth?

1. Which is the law of conservation involved in the second of Keplers?

2. Why do you explain elliptical orbit while stating Kepler's law? Why not circular orbit?

3. What are the advantages of optical communication?

4. What are the invasive and non-invasive methods of instrumentation?