Support symbols

the first question to ask yourself is whether the system is determinant or indeterminate. If you are
looking at a truss, the first step is to count the number of unknown forces. This is the number of
members (a single axial force for each member) summed with the number of unknown reaction forces.
Second, count the available equations of equilibrium. This number is found by taking the number of
joints and multiplying by 2 (two equations of equilibrium per joint). Finally, subtract the number of
equilibrium equations from the unknown forces to find the degrees of indeterminacy.

STATIC

beams, r-2 (excluding horizontal)

frames, 3m+r-3j

truss, m+r-2j

m-number of members

r-no of reactions

j-number of joints

KINEMATIC

it is the number of displacement allowed at joints in a structure

for eg, take a fixed support, it restrains horizontal and vertical displacements and even the rotation .
therefore deg of Ki=0

Degree of freedom

Our heads are fixed to our neck, in such a way that, we can rotate our head sideways, upwards,
downwards, frontward and with bit of effort backwards :p

So, a human head has a degree of freedom of 6.

Similarly,

If you consider a beam supported by hinge, it can neither move up or down or sideways, but all it can
only rotate, so DOF will be 1.

For fixed beam, there's no possibility of movement, so DOF is zero.

Degrees of freedom(DoF) In two dimension space, single part of structure have 2 displacements and 1
rotation.

In three dimension space, single part of structure have 3 displacements and 3 rotations.
Structural Member Properties

Moment of Inertia (I)is a mathematical property of a cross section that gives important information
about how that cross-sectional area is distributed about a centroidal axis.In general, a higher moment of
inertia produces a greater resistance to deformation.

Calculating Moment of Inertia–RectanglesWhy did beam B have greater deformation than beam A?
Moment of Inertia PrinciplesDifference in moment of inertia due to the orientation of the
beamh3xxbhI=12b = base (in.)h = height (in.)

Compressive strength of concrete cube test provides an idea about all the characteristics of concrete. By
this single test one judge that whether Concreting has been done properly or not. Concrete compressive
strength for general construction varies from 15 MPa (2200 psi) to 30 MPa (4400 psi) and higher in
commercial and industrial structures.

Compressive strength of concrete depends on many factors such as water-cement ratio, cement
strength, quality of concrete material, quality control during production of concrete etc.

The yield strength of a bar of material is the maximum stress that can be applied along its axis before it
begins to change shape.

Poisson's ratio is the ratio of lateral strain to longitudinal strain in a material subjected to loading.
Poisson's ratio varies between 0.1 for high strength concrete and 0.2 for weak mixes. It is normally taken
as 0.15 for strength design and 0.2 for serviceability criteria.

Concrete expands slightly as temperature rises and contracts as temperature falls. Temperature changes
may be caused by environmental conditions or by cement hydration (the exothermic chemical process in
which the cement reacts with the water in a mixture of concrete to create the calcium silicate hydrate
binder and other compounds). An average value for the coefficient of thermal expansion of concrete is
about 10 millionths per degree Celsius (10x10-6/C), although values ranging from 7 to 12 millionths per
degree Celsius have been observed. This amounts to a length change of 1.7 centimeters for every 30.5
meters of concrete subjected to a rise or fall of 38 degrees Celsius.

shear modulus or modulus of rigidity, denoted by G, or sometimes S or μ, is defined as the ratio of shear
stress to the shear strain

The density of concrete is a measure of its unit weight. Concrete is a mixture of cement, fine and coarse
aggregates, water, and sometimes some supplementary materials like fly ash, slag, and various
admixtures.

A normal weight concrete weighs 2400 kg per cubic meter or 145 lbs per cubic foot (3915 lbs per cubic
yard).

The unit weight of concrete (density) varies depending on the amount and density of the aggregate, the
amount of entrained air (and entrapped air), and the water and cement content

.1feet-0.3048m

 1m-3.28f

 1sq.m-10.76sq.f

 1cu.m-35.28cu.f

 1acre-43560sq.f

 1cent-435.6sq.f

 1hectare-2.47acre

 1acre-100cent-4046.724sq.m
 1ground-2400sq.f

 1unit-100cu.f-2.83cu.m 1square-100sq.f5