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Electronics & Communication

Engineering
(Volume - I)
Network Theory, Signals and Systems, Control Systems,
Analog Electronic Circuits, Digital Electronic Circuits & Microprocessors
1116 Expected Questions with Solutions
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Foreword
GATE in Electronics & Communication Engineering
GATE PRACTICE BOOKLET (Bits & Bytes)
(VOLUME - I)
Dear Students,
Solutions of all previous GATE Questions are already available. Every year about
20% of questions will have repetitive nature. However, rest of the questions are from
untapped areas (never asked areas) and few from Previous Engineering Services & Civil
Services Questions. Keeping this in view, possible questions are prepared in various
subjects (chapter wise) along with their hints/solutions. The student is advised to
practice the questions systematically so that their chances of getting high score in GATE Exam will
increase.
The student is advised to solve the problems without referring to the solutions. The student has to
analyze the given question carefully, identify the concept on which the question is framed, recall the
relevant equations, find out the desired answer, verify the answer with the final key such as (a), (b), (c),
(d), then go through the hints to clarify his answer. This will help to face numerical answer questions
better. The student is advised to have a standard text book ready for reference to strengthen the related
concepts, if necessary. The student is advised not to write the solution steps in the space around the
question. By doing so, he loses an opportunity of effective revision.
As observed in the GATE Exam, number of sets may be possible, being online exams. Hence, don’t skip
any subject. All are equally important.
It is believed that this book is a Valuable aid to the students appearing for competitive exams like IES,
ISRO and Other PSU’s. This book can also be used by fresh Teachers in Engineering in improving their
Concepts.
With best wishes to all those who wish to go through the following pages.
Y.V. Gopala Krishna Murthy,

M Tech. MIE,
Chairman & Managing Director,
ACE Engineering Academy,
ACE Engineering Publications.
Electronics & Communication Engineering
GATE PRACTICE BOOKLET (Bits & Bytes)
(VOLUME - I )
MAIN INDEX
S.No. Name of the Subject Page No.
1 Network Theory 1 - 99
2 Signals & Systems 100 - 183
3 Control Systems 184 - 266
4 Analog Electronic Circuits 267 - 359
5 Digital Electronic Circuits 360 - 412
6 Microprocessors 413 - 434

Chapter 1
Volume ‐ I (1116 – Questions)
Basic Concepts
(a) P and Q (b) Q and R
(c) R and P (d) R only
01. Figure shows the current flowing through
04. The equivalent capacitance of the network
a capacitor. The charge acquired by the
shown in the figure, is
capacitor during the interval t = 0 to t = 2sec c
c
is i(t), Amps
c/2 c/2 c/2
2 –
2 t (sec)
0 1
c
–1 – (a) c/4 (b) c/3
(c) 5c/2 (d) 3c
(a) 0 C (b) 0.5 C
(c) 1 C (d) 1.5 C 05. Determine the input resistance Rin
02. Which of the statements given below is /are

1 1
correct? 1
P) All the Passive networks are always 1
1 1 10 stages
symmetrical 1
1
Q) All the active networks are always non- 1
1
reciprocal
R) All the linear networks are always Rin
reciprocal
(a) 0.2312 
(a) P and Q (b) Q and R
(b) 0.3413 
(c) R and P (d) Q only
(c) 0.4212 
03. Consider the following statements: (d) 0.5213 
P) The Kirchoff’s Laws are valid only for
the linear networks. 06.
1 2 2 2
Q) The Ohm’s Law is applicable only to
the lumped elements. 
2 2 2
R) The Ohm’s Law is valid only at a
constant temperature.
Rin
Which of the above statements is/are true.?
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: 4 : Network Theory
In the circuit shown in figure, the value of (a) (–2/5) A (b) (24/5) A
Rin is (c) (18/5) A (d) (2/5) A
(a) 3.236  (b) 2.236 
(c) 4.321  (d) 5.321  10. In the circuit of figure, the current I will be
I
07. The equivalent inductance across the 28
terminals A and B is
10A 4 5A 8
1H 1H
A B
1H
(a) 1A (b) 2A
2H 2H
(c) 4A (d) 8A
11. Consider the following circuit:

(a) 2.5 H (b) 3.5 H 3 3
4 6
(c) H (d) H I +
7 7
IS 3 VS
–
08. For the circuit shown in figure, the value of
Req is
300 
In the above circuit, when VS=3V, I = 4A,
500  what is the value of I when VS = 9V ?
Req  (a) 5 A (b) 10 A
500 
(c) 12 A (d) 15 A
300 
12. Consider the following circuit:
(a) 200  (b) 800  5 I
(c) 600  (d) 400 
2 4
09. In the circuit shown in the given figure, +
current I is 1A 2 5V
1 2 –
I What is the value of current I in the 5 

3 4 resistor?
(a) 0A (b) 2A
10V (c) 3A (d) 4A

: 5 : Basic Concepts

13. Consider the network shown in Fig. The node voltage V1 is
i 2 i1 4V (a) 13.5 V (b) 6.75 V

+ –
(c) 4.5 V (d) 0 V
+
24 V 6 8 3A
–
17. Consider the network shown in figure.
10  IL
Determine the currents i and i1
2 20 
(a) 6A, 4A (b) 4A, 6A 5A 2I
(c) 3A, 2A (d) 2A, 3A I
14. Consider the network shown in Fig.

The current IL is given by
2 4V
+ – (a) 50 A (b) 5 A
i3 31 11
+
(c) 5 A
24 V 6 8 3A
– (d) 0 A
i2 31
18. For the circuit shown in figure, the value of

Determine the currents i2 and i3
ix is 1 i 2
(a) 2A, 1A (b) 1A, 2A x
(c) -2A, 1A (d) 1A, -2A

12 V + Ammete
 2
15. The potential difference across the 3
resistor as shown in figure is
(a) 1 A (b) 2 A
2 4V 3V 1 (c) 3 A (d) 4 A
3
(a) Zero (b) 1 V 19. In the circuit shown, the current ‘I’ is
(c) 3.5 V (d) 7 V
I
2
16. Consider the network shown in figure. 1A 8V
3 V1 9 2V
9V 3A
(a)  2 A (b) 2 A
(c) 3 A (d) 4 A

20. Consider the following network 23. Consider the circuit shown in figure.
The value of Ix is The voltages VAB and Vy are respectively
VAB
3 Ix 5
2 A B 2
+ +
2 5  100 + 1
8V Vx 6 Vy
10 A V 2Vx
 
(a)  6V, 36 V (b) 6 V, 12 V

(a) 2 A (b) 2 A
(c)  30 V, 36 V (d) 6 V, 0 V
(c) 4 A (d)  4 A
21. The average value of the current waveform 24. The current waveform shown in fig. is
shown in fig., applied to an inductance of value 2 H. The
voltage across the inductor at t = 1 sec is
i(t)
10A i(t)
5A
0
10A 
 2 3
0 t
2 4
(a) 2.5A (sec)
(b) 5.0A
(a) 5V (b) –5V
(c) 7.5A
(c) 10 V (d) –10V
(d) 10.0A
25. Given I1 = 1A, V2 = 2V in the circuit shown

22. In the circuit shown in fig., the potential
in fig., the VS is given by
difference V2 – V1 is
1 2
3 V1 6
–
VS  R 1  V2
4V 5 4 +
6V 10V I1
V2
(a) 5.5V (a) 7V
(b) 0V (b) 5V
(c) 4.5V (c) –7V
(d) 6V (d) None


26. Consider the following network. 29. For the circuit shown below, different time
The value of V0 is constants are given:
4 V0 R1
 V0 +
 +
1 1k
10 V + 1k R2
+ 2A 2
0.5F
– 0.5F
6 7 1. 0.5  10-3 S
(a)  V (b)  V
7 6 2. 2  10-3 S
3 7 3. 0.25  10-3 S
(c)  V (d)  V
7 3 4. 10-3 S
What are the charging and discharging
27. Consider the following network.
times respectively?
2
i
(a) 1, 2 (b) 2, 3
1 1
(c) 1, 3 (d) 2, 4
1
 1 1
2 
2 1A + 2V 30. For the circuit shown in fig., the value of
2V +
‘Rin’ is
+24V
The value of current i is

1M
(a) 0.577 A (b) 0.677 A
10A
(c) 0.777 A (d) 0.877 A
1M Rin
28. Consider the following network.
2 –12V

i 1 1
(a) 1 k
1
 1 1 (b) 10 k
2 
2 1A + 2 (c) 100 k
2V + V
(d) 1 M
The power associated with 1A source is 31. In the circuit shown in fig., if the current
(a) 1.192 W (b) 2.192 W through the 110 V source is zero, then the
(c) 3.192 W (d) 4.192 W value of ‘R’ is

34. The voltage across a 10 resistor is shown

R
in figure. Average power dissipated by the
110V resistor is
v(t)
10 V

1
100V  2  4 5 2 (t)
3 3 3 3
(a) 9  (b) 10 -10 V
(c) 11  (d) 12
(a) 5W (b) 10W
32. Match the following (c) 100W (d) 1000W
List – I
35. Consider the network shown in figure. The
P. KCL
current source shown in figure.
Q. KVL
R. Tellegen’s Theorem
1A 2 2V
List – II 6V
2
1. Conservation of mass. + 2
Vx
2. Conservation of energy.
3. Conservation of Charge. (a) Absorbs 6W
(a) P–1, Q–2, R–2 (b) Delivers 2W
(b) P–2, Q–2, R–2 (c) Absorbs 12W
(d) Delivers 12W
(c) P–3, Q–2, R–2
(d) P–3, Q–2, R–1
36. Consider the circuit shown in figure.
1 2
33. In the circuit shown, the value of ‘K’ for a
Vy = 0 is 2
5V   10V 5A
1 1 Vy 1
b
+
6V  VX 1  2A  KVX The 10V source shown in figure.
–
(a) Absorbs 50W
(b) Delivers 50W
(a) 2 (b) – 2 (c) Absorbs 100W
(c) 4 (d) – 4 (d) Delivers 100W


37. Consider the circuit shown in figure. 40. Consider the circuit shown in figure.
1 2 2
a
2 1
5V   10V 5A 8V 1A
2 1
b
The Thevenin’s equivalent across a, b is

The total power absorbed in the circuit is
(a) (10V, 1)
(a) 22W (b) 44W
(b) (20V, 1)
(c) 42W (d) 24W
(c) (0V, 1)
(d) (6V, 1)
41. An inductance of 2H is connected across
the terminals of a device whose
vi characteristics is shown in fig. The time
2
constant of the combination is
1 i
8V 1A
2 1 2A
v
The voltage source shown in figure 0 10V
(a) Delivers 20W
(a) 2.5 sec
(b) Absorbs 20W
(b) 0.4 sec
(c) Delivers 40W
(c) 0.8 sec
(d) Absorbs 40W
(d) 2 sec

2
1
8V 1A
2 1
The current source shown in figure

(a) Delivers 2W
(b) Absorbs 2W
(c) Delivers 4W
(d) Absorbs 4W
Chapter 1
Volume ‐ I (1116 – Solutions)
Basic Concepts
1 1 t2
t
1 1 t2 1 
  2t     2 t   2
C C 2 1
C C 2 2 
1 1  t  4 t 1  4 
2
01. Ans: (b)    

C C 2 
Sol: Method - I:
1  t  4 t  3 1  t 2  4 t  5
2
q|0-2 = Area of lr triangle + Area of lr  1    

C 2  C  2 
triangle
t 4t 5
2
1 1 
 (1)(2)  (1)(1) 2C
2 2
= 1 – 0.5 = 0.5C 4 8 5 1
v(2)  
2C 2C
Method - II:
 1 
Q  C V  C    0.5 Coulombs
0 < t < 1 : (0, 0) (1, 2)
 2C 
20
y0  ( x  0)
1 0 02. Ans: (d)
y = 2x Sol: 1. If a symmetrical network consists of
i=2t only Linear passive elements, then it
1
t
1
t
is also reciprocal if a symmetrical
v 
C  id t 

C 2t dt
 network consists of dependent
1 t 
2
 t2  t2 source along with passive elements then
   2      2 
C  2   2C  C it is a Non-reciprocal network.
1 2. All the active networks are always Non-
v(1) 
C reciprocal.
1 < t < 2 : (1, 1) (2, 0)
0 1 03. Ans: (d)
y 1  ( x 1)
2 1 Sol: Ohms law limitations
1. Applicable for both lumped and
y+1=x1
distributed elements
y=x2
2. The Ohm’s Law is valid only at a constant
i=t2
t t t
temperature.
1 1 1 1 1
v 
C 

id t 
C C 1
 id t 
C C 1
 ( t  2) d t  Kirchoffs laws are valid for linear as well
as non-linear networks


04. Ans: (b) 06. Ans: (b)
Sol: Sol: 1 2
1 1 1 1
C C C
C
2 
2
C C C C 2
2 2
C
2 2
C
Rin Rin
C
1 1
C C
2
Rin
C C C C/3
2 2
C C
Rin
Rin = 1+ 2 ǁ (1 + Rin)
21  R in 
05. Ans: (b) =1+
3  R in
Sol: We can write
Rin (3+ Rin) = 5 + 3Rin
1 1 1
G in    ....  ohm = 2.929 ohm. Rin = 2.236 
1 2 10
07. Ans: (c)
 Rin = 0.3414 
Sol:
1H 1H
1H
Rin 1 2 …. 10 A B
2H 2H
1H 1H
n
Tn
[Note: 
K 1 n!
where 2H 2H B
Tn  n Tn 1  n  1!& T0  0 . A
This can also be used to find the sum 1H

4/3
1 1
1   ....  ]
2 10 B
A
1H

1 4 / 3 4 / 3 7 3 10
LAB =   4 / 7H 1 160
1 4 / 3 7 / 3 I3  3 4 0  A
50 50
4 0 0
08. Ans: (d)
(180  160)
Sol: I = I2  I3 = = 0.4 A
50
500  300  10. Ans: (b)

Req
Sol: Superposition theorem is easy to apply here.
300  500  4
I with only 10 A source acting = 10
40
=1A
Req = 800 || 800 8
I with only 5 A source acting = 5 =1A
800 40
=  400 
2 With both source acting, current I = 2A.
09. Ans: (d)

11. Ans: (a)
Sol: Using mesh analysis, and writing matrix
Sol:
equation by inspection 3 3
1 2
I
Is 3 +
 Vs
I2 I I3
3 4
I1 Vs acting alone,
10V 3 3
I2
3 +
 Vs
 7  3  4  I1  10
 3 4 0  I 2    0 

 4 0 6   I 3   0  I = I1 + I2
I1 because of Is
Determinant of matrix  = 50 I2 because of Vs
V
7 10  4 I2  s
1 180 6
I2  3 0 0  A
50 50 , Vs = 3  I 2 
3
 0.5 A
4 0 6
6


But I = I1 + I2 = 4 (given) V1  24 V1 V2
  3  0
4 = I1 + 0.5 2 6 8
 I1 = 3.5 A 12 V1  288  4 V1  3 V2  72
 0
9 24
When Vs = 9, I 2   1.5 A
6 16 V1 + 3 V2 = 216
 I = I1 + I2 = 3.5 + 1.5 = 5 A
But, V1  V2 = 4
12. Ans: (a) 16 V1  16 V2 = 64

Sol: 16 V1 + 3 V2 = 216
5 I
19 V2 = 152
2  V2 4  152
V1 V2  8
19
1A 2 +
 5V V1 = 4 + 8 = 12
24  12 12
i    6A
2 2
V1  V2 V1  5 i1 = 6  2 = 4 A
1    0
2 5
V2  V1 V2 V2  5
   0 14. Ans: (c)
2 2 4
Sol:
2  V1 4V
10 + 5 V1  5 V2 + 2 V1  10 = 0 +  V2
2 V2  2 V1 + 2 V2 + V2  5 = 0 i3
+
 24V 6 8
7 V1  5 V2 = 20
2 V1 + 5 V2 = 5 3A
i2
5 V1 = 25
V1 = 5 Volts V1  24 V1 V2
55   3  0
I   0A 2 6 8
5
12 V1  288  4 V1  3 V2  72
 0
13. Ans: (a) 24
Sol: 16 V1 + 3 V2 = 216
i 2  V1 i1 4 V
+  V2
But, V1  V2 = 4
16 V1  16 V2 = 64
+
 24V 6 8
3A 16 V1 + 3 V2 = 216
19 V2 = 152

152 Apply KVL in above circuit

V2  8
19 2I – 20 (5–3I) = 0
V1 = 4 + 8 = 12 2I – 100 + 60I = 0
12 62I = 100
i2    2 A, 100
6 I=
62
8
i3   1A 50
8 I=
31
2I 5
IL   A
15. Ans: (a) 20 31
Sol:
18. Ans: (c)
+ + Sol: Req = 1 + 2 || 2 = 2 
2 4V 3V 1
  12 6
I  6 A  I 2   3 A
3 2 2
i
No current flows in 3  resistor 19. Ans: (b)
Sol: By KCL   I  1 + 3 = 0  I = 2 A
16. Ans: (a)
Sol: Apply KCL at Node V1 20. Ans: (d)
V1  9 V Sol:
3 1  0 2 3 V 5
3 9
1 1
V1     6
3 9
V1 = –13.5V
+
20 V 5 +
– –
100 V
17. Ans: (c)

Sol:
10 0V
IL
– – V  20 V V  100
5A 2  2I 20 Nodal    0
+ +
5 5 5
I
 V = 40 V
5–I (5–I) –2I=5–3I Ix = –4A


21. Ans: (c) 2.56+4+(V2V1) = 0 (V2 V1) = 4.5 volts.
Sol: {Note: Placing the Polarity marking
i(t) A
for(V2V1) is our choice. If we choose to
10 mark negative at terminal V2 and positive at
5 terminal V1 ; we would get(V2V1)= 4.5 V)
0 /2  2 t(sec)
23. Ans: (c)
i(t) is periodic a period in t of  sec. Sol: 2
+ VAB – 2
 10t   + +
   5  0  t  2
  +
i( t )   8V 6V 6
2Vx = Vy 1
  10t  15    t   –
   2
– –

t
t 
1 2  10 t   10 t 
Iave =    5  dt      15  dt Vy = 3 (2Vx)
 t 0      
t
2 Vy = 6Vx = 6  6V

t t 
1  5t 2    5t 2 2  Vy = 36V
=   56    15t 
   t 0    t 
2 Vx – VAB – Vy = 0
= 7.5 A 6 – 36 = VAB
VAB = – 30V
22. Ans: (c)
Sol: In the figure, all resistances are in ohms and
all source values are in volts. The circuit is 24. Ans: (c)
effectively in 2 parts: currents and voltages di
Sol: V = L
dt i(t)
in different elements can be easily
i(t) = mt 10A
calculated, and are shown figure. The 6V
battery does not affect these in any way.
(V2-V1) with positive at terminal marked 0 2
V2.
10
Slope m = 5
4 2
 0.5 0.5H V1+ 6
8
(V2V1)
i(t) = 5t
3  
+ +  di( t )
4 5 50.5 6 4V 4 V=2 =25
+ 10 t 1 sec
 =2.5 + dt
 +
V2 V = 10V

25. Ans: (c) V2  V1 V2 V 2

Nodal   1 2 0
Sol: Assume I, I2 in source branch & in 1, 2 1 1 1
branch 2
1 2   V1 + 4 V2 = 3 …….. (2)
 V1 = 1.769 V & V2 = 1.192 V
+ –
V1  V2
Vs + 4 R 1 VL = 2V i=   0.577 A
– I1 = 1A 1
+ I2 = 2  2 A
– 1
28. Ans: (a)
I 1 V1  2 V1  V2 V 2
Sol: Nodal    1 0
Apply KCL at Node 1 1 1 2
I + I1 = I2 2
I + 1 = 2  I = 1A  3.5 V1  V2 = 5 ………. (1)
V  V1 V2 V 2
1 I 2 Nodal  2  1 2 0
1 1 1
– 1V + – + 2
–   V1 + 4 V2 = 3 …….. (2)
Vs + R 1 VL = 2V  V1 = 1.769 V & V2 = 1.192 V
–
+ I2 = 2  2 A V  V2
i= 1  0.577 A
1 1
P1A = V2 × 1 = 1.192 W
Apply KVL to above loop
Vs + 1 + 4+ 2 = 0 29. Ans: (c)
Vs = –7 Sol: Time constant while charging
= 1000  0.5  10 6 F  0.5  10 3 sec
Time constant while discharging: 0.5 F in
26. Ans: (a) series with 0.5 F gives 0.25 F.
V  10 V  4 V0 Corresponding time constant
Sol: Nodal  2  0
1 2 = 1000  0.25  10 6  0.25  10 3 sec
By KVL  10 + V0  V = 0
30. Ans: (c)
6 Sol: By applying Nodal at V
 V0 =  V
7 V  12 V  24
  10 A
1M 1M
V=1
27. Ans: (a) 1
R  100 k
V1  2 V1  V2 V 2 10 
Sol: Nodal    1 0
1 1 2
2 31. Ans: (c)
Sol: Voltage across R (with polarity as shown)
 3.5 V1  V2 = 5 ………. (1)
= 110 V


Using KVL; 110 + I – 100 = 0 34. Ans: (b)
I = 10 A Sol: V(t)
R I 10V
 +
I t
/3 2/3 
 + 0A
0A 10V
110 V
I I 1
T
100 V Pavg  Pdt
+ I V +

1 1  2 / 3 2
10 dt    10 2 dt 

1
P= 
10   0 2 / 3 
110 100 1  2  
|V| = |IR|  R  = 11  P=  
10 10   3 3 
= 10 W
32. Ans: (c)
Sol: KCL  Conservation of charge 35. Ans: (b)
Sol:
Tellegen’s theorem
 Conservation of energy + +
1A V 2V
KVL  Conservation of energy  
 +
2
2 
33. Ans: (b) +
Sol:
1  Vx 1  Vy 1  Writing KVL
V–2 – 2 + 2 = 0
V=2
+
+ 1 +
P1A = 2  1
 Vx 2A  kVx = 2 W (delivered)
6V 
36. Ans: (d)
Sol:
Vx  6 Vx Vx  Vy 1 5 5 2 V=0
   0
1 1 1 +
i
Vx  6 + Vx + Vx  Vy = 0 + + v0C
5v 10 v 5A 2
3 Vx  6 = Vy  
Vy = 0  Vx = 2 
Vx  Vy k Vx  Vy V 10 V
2  0 5  0
1 1 2 2
2+2+2k=0 V  10 + 10 + V = 0
2V=0
k=2 V=0

 i = 5 + 5 = 10 V2 = 2
P10 V = 10  10 = 100 W (delivered) 82 6
i1    3
2 2
37. Ans: (c) 86 2
Sol: i2    2
1 2 1 1
i=3+2=5
2 P8V = 8  5 = 40 W (delivered)
Req
39. Ans: (c)
Sol: P1A = (6 – 2)  1 = 4 W (delivered)
Req = 2 || 2 = 1 
Apply superposition theorem
40. Ans: (b)
 Thevenin’s equivalent Vth = 0 V , Sol: Total power absorbed = Total power
Rth = 1  delivered = 40 + 4 = 44 W
38. Ans: (c) 41. Ans: (b)
Sol: Sol:
2 i
i1 2A
i2 V1 V2
1
+ i 1A
8V 0 10V V
2 1

V
 5
i
V1  8 V1 L 2
 1  0 Time constant =   0.4 sec
1 2 R 5
2 V1  16 + V1  2 = 0
3 V1 = 18
V1 = 6
V2  8 V
1 2  0
2 1
V2  8 + 2 + 2 V2 = 0
3 V2 = 6

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1116 Expected Questions with Solutions

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ACE Engineering Publications

Sree Sindhi Guru Sangat Sabha Association,

First Edition : 2011

Y.V. Gopala Krishna Murthy,

S.No. Name of the Subject Page No.

2 Signals & Systems 100 - 183

3 Control Systems 184 - 266

4 Analog Electronic Circuits 267 - 359

5 Digital Electronic Circuits 360 - 412

6 Microprocessors 413 - 434

02. Which of the statements given below is /are

11. Consider the following circuit:

I What is the value of current I in the 5 

i 2 i1 4V (a) 13.5 V (b) 6.75 V

14. Consider the network shown in Fig.

18. For the circuit shown in figure, the value of

(c) -2A, 1A (d) 1A, -2A

(a)  6V, 36 V (b) 6 V, 12 V

25. Given I1 = 1A, V2 = 2V in the circuit shown

The value of current i is

34. The voltage across a 10 resistor is shown

The Thevenin’s equivalent across a, b is

39. Consider the circuit shown in figure.

The current source shown in figure

01. Ans: (b)    

q|0-2 = Area of lr triangle + Area of lr  1    

This can also be used to find the sum 1H

500  300  10. Ans: (b)

09. Ans: (d)

12. Ans: (a) 16 V1  16 V2 = 64

152 Apply KVL in above circuit

17. Ans: (c)

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25. Ans: (c) V2  V1 V2 V 2

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