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Freud developed one of the earliest grand theories of personality that attempted to explain personality for all people. The psychodynamic perspective focuses on the importance of early childhood experiences and relationships with parents, as well as the powerful role of the unconscious mind and motives. Personality theories also include the humanistic-existential perspective, which views people as striving for meaning and growth, and the dispositional perspective, which sees individuals as predisposed to behave in unique ways. A useful personality theory generates testable hypotheses, organizes data into a meaningful structure, and guides research.
Freud developed one of the earliest grand theories of personality that attempted to explain personality for all people. The psychodynamic perspective focuses on the importance of early childhood experiences and relationships with parents, as well as the powerful role of the unconscious mind and motives. Personality theories also include the humanistic-existential perspective, which views people as striving for meaning and growth, and the dispositional perspective, which sees individuals as predisposed to behave in unique ways. A useful personality theory generates testable hypotheses, organizes data into a meaningful structure, and guides research.
Freud developed one of the earliest grand theories of personality that attempted to explain personality for all people. The psychodynamic perspective focuses on the importance of early childhood experiences and relationships with parents, as well as the powerful role of the unconscious mind and motives. Personality theories also include the humanistic-existential perspective, which views people as striving for meaning and growth, and the dispositional perspective, which sees individuals as predisposed to behave in unique ways. A useful personality theory generates testable hypotheses, organizes data into a meaningful structure, and guides research.
• Freud developed a “grand theory” Perspectives in TOP
o Attempted to explain all personality for all people • Psychodynamic o Importance of early childhood experience What is personality? o Relationship with parents • Originated from Latin “persona” o Unconscious mind and motives are powerful o Refers to a theatrical mask worn by Roman actors in • Humanistic-existential Greek dramas o People strive toward meaning, growth, well-being, o Project a role or false appearance happiness, and psychological health • Pattern of relatively permanent traits and unique o Positive emotion and happiness characteristics; give consistency and individuality to a o Personality is shaped by freedom of choice person’s behavior o Negative experiences can also foster growth • Traits: contribute to individual differences in behavior, its • Dispositional consistency, and stability across situations o Predisposed to behave in unique and particular ways o May be unique, common to a group, or shared by entire o 5 main trait dimensions species; but a pattern is different for each individual • Biological-evolutionary • Characteristics: unique qualities o Based on genotype and central nervous system o Temperament, physique, and intelligence o Shaped by forces of evolution o Interaction between nature and nurture What is a theory? • Learning – (social cognitive) • Set of related assumptions that allow scientists to use logical o Learning occurs through association and consequences deductive reasoning to formulate testable hypotheses of our behavior (reinforcement) • Tenets of theory must be stated with sufficient precision and o Personality is shaped by how we think and perceive the logical consistency world • General theory – (deductive reasoning) à particular hypothesis Theorist’s personalities and their theories Theory and its relatives • Psychology of science: looks at personal traits of scientists • Philosophy • Impact of individual’s psychological processes and personal o Theory is most closely related to epistemology, nature of characteristics on the development of his/her theories and knowledge research o Theory does not deal with “oughts” and “shoulds” • Personality differences influence one’s theoretical o Theories are built on scientific evidence orientation § Unbiased • Scientific process is influence by personal characteristics • Speculation • Usefulness of the product: evaluated independently of the o Speculation and empirical observation: cornerstones of process theory building • Hypothesis What makes a theory useful? o Educated guess/prediction Generates research o Hypotheses are more specific than theories • Mutual and dynamic interaction with research data o Deductive reasoning (general à specific) (generates research) § Theory à hypothesis o Theory generates hypotheses à research à data à o Inductive reasoning (specific à general) theory... § Alters theory to reflect results • Descriptive research: measurement, labelling, and • Taxonomy categorization of units employed in theory building o Classification of things according to natural relationships • Hypothesis testing: indirect verification of the usefulness of o Mere classification -/-> theory the theory o Taxonomies à theories Falsifiable o Taxonomies generate hypotheses and explain research • Ability to be confirmed or disconfirmed findings • Theory must be precise to suggest research that can support/fail to support it Why different theories? • Should not be vague • Objective observations; assumptions are subject to • A theory that can explain everything explains nothing individual interpretation Organizes data • Usefulness of theory depends on its ability to generate • Organizes data into a meaningful structure research and explain data o Provides explanation for results of scientific research • Shape information into a meaningful arrangement Guides action • Guide over the course of day-to-day problems • Stimulates thought and action in other disciplines Internally consistent • Logically compatible components • Limitations of scopes defined • Consistent language • Concepts and terms are clearly and operationally defined Parsimonious • Simple and straightforward
Dimensions for a concept of humanity
• Determinism vs. free choice • Pessimism vs. optimism o Determinism – pessimistic o Free choice – optimistic • Causality vs. teleology o Causality: behavior as function of past experiences o Teleology: future goals/plans • Conscious vs. unconscious determinants of behavior • Biological vs. social influences • Uniqueness vs. similarities
Research in personality theory
• Assessment techniques: personality inventories • Reliability: consistent results • Validity: instrument measures what it is supposed to measure o Construct validity: instrument measures some hypothetical construct à should relate to observable behavior § Convergent validity: scores on instrument correlate highly with scores on valid measures of the same construct § Divergent validity: low/insignificant correlations with inventories that do not measure the construct § Discriminant validity: discriminate between 2 groups of people o Predictive validity: predicts future behavior