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Downstream
This Downstream module includes:
Introduction to Downstream
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What is Downstream?
Oil Refining
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What is Downstream?
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Petroleum Products
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Characteristics of Downstream
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Refining, A Margin Business
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Complex, Diverse Activities
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Oil Refining
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Refineries process crude into a variety of useful products
through a number of different processing units using heat
and pressure to separate the products.
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Petroleum Products
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Light Products
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Medium Products
Middle Distillates
Diesel fuel
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Heavy Products
Fuel oils
Lubricating oils
Paraffin wax
Petroleum coke
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Participants - Integrated
Integrated Refiners:
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Participants - Independent
Independent Refiners:
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Independents
Independent refiners will often have a chain of service stations to market their
products.
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What makes them an independent is the fact that they
have no E&P operations.
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Consumption
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The final link in the oil and gas value chain is CONSUMPTION.
It is the end users or customers of oil and gas products that give them their
ultimate value.
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Globally, the most widely known crude oil product is
GASOLINE.
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Other well-known crude oil products include:
● Residual fuel oil (heavy oils used as fuels in industry, marine transportation and electric
power generation)
Natural gas itself – used in electricity generation and as fuel for home heating and cooking.
Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) – a cooled, liquefied version of natural gas used to ease shipment and
storage.
Natural Gas Liquids (NGLs) – used as raw materials in oil refining and petrochemical manufacturing.
Compressed natural gas – used as fuel for buses and commercial vehicles.
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Marketing and Retail
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These customers possess either internal demand for refined fuels or
distribution networks for reaching retail customers.
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Direct consumers of energy products include:
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Other companies may possess distribution assets
or brands aimed at reaching retail end users.
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There’s More!
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Who are we?
EKT Interactive has been a leading oil and gas
training company since 1986.
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