JEE TRAINER

Preparing You For Both JEE MAIN and ADVANCED

INTEGRAL CALCULUS
By V Ramakrishna

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 Preface

I have been into teaching JEE -advanced Mathematics for more than 10 years. I have observed
that multi-conceptual questions asked are increasing drastically over the years. For ex: Maxima/
Minima problem combined with definite integrals, finding the roots of a solution for given DE etc.
So many multi-concept oriented questions have been incorporated in the book.

Attempt is made to present this book in such a manner that students/ teachers who follow the
book in proposed manner will be able to solve any kind of questions at both JEE-mains and advanced
level.

Students who refer this book are future IITians/ NITians who try to find solutions to real life
problems using their Mathematical skills. I have learnt from my students that, solving direct problems
(though very important at initial stage ) without understanding basic motto behind it will not help
in performing at IITs/ NITs and even beyond though they could do well in JEE-main level tests. The
proposed book is an attempt to bridge this gap by Make Concept Clear questions (MC2). Order of
MC2 problems is kept in a way to maximize the learning curve of the students.

Students are advised to go through illustration problems first to strengthen their basics and look
at the hint from solutions page only when they fail to solve practice session on their own.

Was it not for the advise, support and encouragement given by my colleagues, friends, students
and family , this book would not have been materialized. I am extremely indebted to their support
in all my endeavors.

Any suggestions to improve the book are welcome. Your suggestions will go a long way in making
this book perfect in subsequent editions.

I am very much thankful to Ativeer Publications for giving me an opportunity to share my knowledge
with wide student and teacher community.

V Ramakrishna
 Contents
Chapter 1 INDEFINITE INTEGRAL 1.1 – 1.139
1.1 Integration as Inverse Process of Differentiation 1.1
1.2 Antiderivative 1.1
1.3 Indefinite Integral 1.3
1.4 Indefinite Integral of Standard Functions 1.4
1.5 Methods of Integration 1.11
1.6 Substitution of Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Functions 1.17
1.7 Integration By Partial Fractions 1.30
1.8 Integration of Trigonometric Functions 1.34
1.9 Integration By Parts 1.45
1.10 Integration of Irrational Algebraic Functions 1.55
1.11 Integration by Method of Reduction 1.61
Appendix 1.69
Practice Session - 1 for JEE MAIN 1.71
Practice Session - 2 for JEE ADVANCED 1.76
Practice Session - 3 - CHALLENGERS 1.85
Flashback - Previous Year Questions 1.87
Answer Key 1.89
Explanat ions t o Mc2 1.91
Explanations to PS - 1 1.108
Explanations to PS - 2 1.115
Explanations to PS - 3 1.131
Explanations to Flashback 1.136

Chapter 2 DEFINITE INTEGRAL 2.1 – 2.188

2.1 Different forms of Definite Integral 2.1
2.2 Improper Integrals 2.4
2.3 Geometrical - Interpretation of Definite Integral 2.6
2.4 Methods of Evaluation of Definite Integrals 2.7
2.5 Properties of Definite Integral 2.17
2.6 Invariance Property of Definite Integral 2.24
2.7 Evaluation of Definite Integral when f(x) is
even or odd in [–a, a] 2.31
2.8 Evaluation of Definite Integral when f(x) is
discontinuous at a point 2.40
 2.9 Integral as Function of its Upper Limit 2.48
2.10 Evenness and Oddness of Definite Integral
whose one of the limits is x. 2.56
2.11 Evaluation of Definite Integral using Trigonometric Series 2.58
2.12 Definite Integral as the Limit of a Sum 2.63
2.13 Reduction Method of Integration 2.67
2.14 Estimation of Definite Integral and General Inequalities
in Integration 2.72
2.15 Evaluating Integrals that are Dependent On A Parameter 2.77
2.16 Miscellaneous Integrals 2.79
Practice Session - 1 for JEE MAIN 2.81
Practice Session - 2 for JEE ADVANCED 2.85
Practice Session - 3 - CHALLENGERS 2.100
Flashback - Previous Year Questions 2.104
Answer Key 2.111
Explanations to Mc2 2.113
Explanations to PS - 1 2.135
Explanations to PS - 2 2.140
Explanations to PS - 3 2.169
Explanations to Flashback 2.177

Chapter 3 AREA UNDER CURVE 3.1 – 3.92

3.1 Introduction to Area Under Curve 3.1
3.2 Determination of Areas For Different Cases 3.2
3.3 Area Enclosed Between Two or More Curves 3.8
3.4 Evaluating Area by Shifting the Origin 3.20
3.5 Determination of Parameters 3.21
3.6 Area Bounded by Inverse of a Function 3.23
3.7 Optimisation of Area for Greatest and Least Value 3.24
3.8 Determination of Function 3.26
Practice Session - 1 for JEE MAIN 3.27
Practice Session - 2 for JEE ADVANCED 3.29
Flashback - Previous Year Questions 3.39
Answer Key 3.42
Explanations to Mc2 3.43
Explanations to PS - 1 3.53
Explanations to PS - 2 3.57
Explanations to Flashback 3.86
Chapter 4 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION 4.1 – 4.88
4.1 Introduction 4.1
4.2 Formation and Solution of Differential Equation 4.3
4.3 Solving Differential Equation of First Order and First Degree 4.9
4.4 Differential Equations Reducible to Variables Separable Type 4.12
4.5 Homogeneous Differential Equations 4.19
4.6 Non Homogeneous Differential Equations 4.23
4.7 Linear Differential Equations 4.24
4.8 Geometrical Applications of Differential Equation 4.31
4.9 Orthogonal Trajectory 4.36
4.10 Applications of First - Order Differential Equations 4.37
Practice Session - 1 for JEE MAIN 4.41
Practice Session - 2 for JEE ADVANCED 4.44
Flashback - Previous Year Questions 4.53
Answer Key 4.55
Explanations to Mc2 4.56
Explanations to PS - 1 4.65
Explanations to PS - 2 4.68
Explanations to Flashback 4.84
NTEGRAL CALCULUS
Chapter 4

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Formation and Solution of Differential Equation
4.3 Solving Differential Equation of First Order and First Degree
4.4 Differential Equations Reducible to Variables Separable Type
4.5 Homogeneous Differential Equations
4.6 Non Homogeneous Differential Equations
4.7 Linear Differential Equations
4.8 Geometrical Applications of Differential Equation
4.9 Orthogonal Trajectory
4.10 Applications of First - Order Differential Equations
 DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATION
4.1 Introduction  dy 
2
dy
iii) dy= x+sinx  dx iv)   +3 +2=0
A differential equation (abbreviated as D.E)is a  dx  dx
mathematical equation for an unknown function of one or
several variables that relates the values of the function itself d4 y d2y u u
v) +t 2 +y=e t vi) x y  2u
and its derivatives of various orders. Differential equations dt 4 dt x y
play a prominent role in engineering, physics, economics,
and other disciplines,i.e the theory of Differential equations  2u  2 u  2 u
is a vastly developed subject and it has applications in various vii) + + =0 ( Laplace equation)
x 2 y 2 z 2
fields of science like Physics (Dynamics, Thermodynamics,
Heat, Fluid Mechanics, Electro Magnetism etc.,), Chemistry
u  2u
(rates of chemical reactions, Physical chemistry, radio active viii)   2 ( Heat equation)
decay, etc.,). Biology (Bacteria growth rate, growth rates of t x
plants and various organisms) and Economics (Economic are all differential equations.
growth rate, population growth rate, etc.,). In fact, almost
all the modern scientific investigations involve differential Note
equations.
Unless otherwise stated , y' or y1  , y" or y 2  ,...
Differential Equation
dy d 2 y d 3 y d ny
y
n
An equation involving one dependent variable, one or more or yn  will ,
denote 2
, 3 ,...,
dx dx dx dx n
independent variables and the derivatives (or differentials)of respectively, where we assume y is a function of x.
the dependent variable with respect to independent variables For instance,Example (iv) can be written as
is called a differential equation. 2 2
 y'   3 y'  2  0 or  y1   3 y1  2  0 .
Eg 1
Types of Differential Equations
ds d2s
i)  s6 ii) 2 =3s+4
dt dt 1) Ordinary differential equation (O.D.E)
An ordinary differential equation (ODE) is a differential
Integral Calculus

equation in which the unknown function (also known as the polynomial in derivatives after removing fractional
dependent variable) is a function of a single independent 1
variable. power .
3
In Eg -1, (i),(ii),(iii),(iv),(v) are all known as ordinary differential
Note
equations.
The above definition of degree does not require
2) Partial differential equation (P.D.E) variables y,x,t,u etc. to be free from radicals and
fractions.
A partial differential equation (PDE) is a differential equation
in which the unknown function is a function of multiple For example,the degree of the D.E
independent variables and the equation involves its partial 3 3
derivatives. d2y  dy 
+4   + y=x is clearly 1,though powers of x
4
dx 2  dx 
In the above Eg - 1: vi) and (vii) are partial differential
,y are not integers.
equations.
If it is possible to express a differential equation as a
In this chapter we study about ordinary differential equations
polynomial equation in the derivatives - an equation
only. Henceforth all the concepts, definitions and theoretical
such that the number of terms in it is finite and all the
developments pertain to ordinary differential equations.
derivatives involved in the equation have positive integral
Order and Degree of Differential Equation exponents - then the degree of the differential equation
exists and is defined to be the positive integral exponent
1. The order of the highest order derivative involved in a of the highest order derivative. Otherwise the degree of
differential equation is called order of the differential the differential equation is not defined.
equation
For example,the degree of the D.E
Eg 2 dy dy 

x =log  1+  is undefined,since we can not
dy dx  dx 
a) x  y 2  0 is a differential equation of the 1st order express it as a polynomial in derivatives.
dx

d 2y Note
b) xy  y 2 sin x  0 is a differential equation of the
dx 2 Every differential equation has a certain order but need
2nd order not have a degree.

d3y dy Very careful understanding is required to determine

c) 3
y  e 4 x  0 is a differential equation of the degree of a D.E.
dx dx
3rd order 3
 dy  4
2. The degree of a differential equation is the highest For example,look at the D.E.    x ,its degree is
 dx 
exponent of the highest order derivative appearing in it
4
after the equation has been expressed in the form free dy
1 but not 3,since D.E can be written as =x 3 ,
from radicals and any fractional power of the derivatives dx
or negative power as far as the derivatives are concerned  dy 
3
4
(i.e., when the equation is expressed as a polynomial ofcourse it can also be written as   =x , it can
 dx 
equation of the derivatives ,such as y ',y ", y "' etc. but not be factorised into several polynomials of derivatives.
not in x,y).
Consider one more example which will clear our
Degree of differential equation is positive integer. 2
 dy  3 2
4 2 misconceptions.Consider the D. E.   =x , its
 dy   d2y   dx 
For instance, the D.E of the form 1    3  2  degree is 2 but not 1,because the given can be written
 dx   dx 
is a polynomial in derivatives whose degree is 2 because 2
 dy  dy
2 as   =x 6 but not as =x 3 because the first
d y  dx  dx
its power of highest order derivative i.e is 2,where
dx 2
1
dy dy
 d2y  3 dy form leads to  -x 3  3
 +x =0 which gives two
as the D.E of the form x  2  +x +y=0 is not  dx  dx 
 dx  dx
differential equations of degree each is unity.
a polynomial in derivatives,but it can be converted into

4.2
 Differential Equation

Solved Examples
2
1. Find the order and degree of the following differential  dy  dy
equations 2. Find order and degree of    3 20
 dx  dx
5 6
(i)  y ''   2  y '   3x 2  y  0 Sol. Given D.E is of order 1 and degree 2.
3 3
(ii)  y "'   ln  y " xy '   0 d 2y  dy  2
3. Find order and degree of  21  
dx 2  dx 
(iii) y "  sin(y ')
Sol. The given equation can be expressed as
d 2y dy
(iv)  3 3  d2y 
2
dy 
3
dx 2 dx 
 2   4 1   . Its order is 2 and degree 2.
Sol. (i)Clearly, the order and degree of the given differential  dx   dx 
equation are 2 and 5 respectively. 1

(ii)Clearly, order of the given differential equation is 3  d 2y  3 dy

4. Find order and degree of x  2  +x +y=0
and degree is not defined as it can not be written as a  dx  dx
polynomial in derivatives. Sol. The given equation can be expressed as
(iii)Clearly, the order of the given differential equation 3
is 2 and degree is not defined as it can not be written
3  d 2y   dy 
x 2
 2  +  x +y  =0 , whose order is 2 and degree 1.
as a polynomial equation in derivatives.  dx   dx 
(iv) Clearly, order of the differential equation is 2 and
 dy 
for degree we rewrite the given differential equation as 5. Find order and degree of sin    x
 dx 
3
 d 2 y   dy 
2 Sol. The given equation can be expressed as
 2   3 .
 dx   dx  dy
 sin 1 x , which is a D.E of order 1 and degree 1.
Hence the degree of the given differential equation is 3. dx

Make Concepts Clear 4.1

1. The degree of the differential equation A) 3, 6 B) 3, 4 C) 3, 8 D) 3, 12
3 1 1 1
d 2y  dy  4. The degree of x 3 y  y 2  y 4 y is
 1     0 is 1 2 2
dx 2  dx 
A) 2 B) 8 C) 4 D) 12
A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 6 5. The degree of D.E. sin y2 = y1x is
2. The order and degree of the differential equation A) 1 B) 0 C) 2 D) undefined
1 6. The order and degree of the differential equation
1
d 2 y  dy  3 4
    x x  0 are respectively y  xy1  1  (y 1 )2 is
dx 2  dx 
A) 1, 2 B) 1 , 1 C) 1, 3 D) 1, 4
A) 2, 3 B) 3, 3 C) 2, 6 D) 2, 4
3. Order and degree of the differential equation  dy 
2
2
7. The degree of the differential equation 1     x
1 2
1 dx
 
  1

 1  y 2    y 3 y1  respectively are
3 3
is
 

Answers
1.B 2. A 3. A 4. A 5. D 6. A 7.2
Solutions Are On Page No. 4.56

equations of family of curves through some Examples and

4.2. Formation and Solution of proceed to the general case.
Differential Equation Family of curves
We now turn our attention towards formation of differential An n-parameter family of curves is a set of relations of the
4.3
Integral Calculus

is performed.
form  x, y  : f  x, y,c ,c
1 2 ,c 3 ,...,c n   0 where f is a real
3. Consider a two parameter family of curves
valued function of x, y, c1 ,c 2 ,c 3 ,...,c n and each ci ranges
over an interval of real values,in otherwords family of curves y  ae x  be  x .... (5)
is a set curves which posses a common property. where a and b are parameters.
Eg 3 Since there are two parameters we need two more equations
(in addition to equation (1)) for the elimination. These two
All straight lines with fixed slope is a family of lines given by
equations, obtained by differentiating (5) two times
y = mx + c where m is constant and c is an arbitrary
successively, are
constant.Therefore y = mx + c is called a single parameter
family of curves (straight lines). dy
 ae x  be x .... (6)
If the curves x 2  y 2  a 2 , y 2  4ax where a is parameter,, dx

are all represent single paramater family of circles and d 2y

 ae x  be x  y .... (7)
parabolas respectively. dx 2
Eg 4 d2y
we find the D.E of the family of curves (5) as  y ,which
The curves y  a sin x  b cos x , y  ae x  be 2x  ce 3x dx 2
where a,b,c are parameters,represent two and three parameter is of second order differential equation.
family of curves respectively. Formation of Differential Equation
Now we will find the differential equations of such family of Suppose we are given an n - parameter family of plane
curves by eliminating arbitrary constants. curves:
1. Consider a single parameter family of curves (straight lines) f  x, y,c1 ,c 2 ,....,c n   0 .... (1)
y  mx  4 .... (1)
where c1 ,c 2 ,.......,c n are n independent arbitrary constants
where m is a parameter. Differentiating (1) w.r.t x,
(or parameters). By eliminating these n parameters, using
dy differentiation, we can obtain the nth order differential equation
we get, m .... (2)
dx of the family (1). In order to eliminate the n parameters we
Eliminating m from (1) and (2) (by substituting the value of
require  n  1 equations (i.e., n more equations in addition
dy to equation (1)). The additional n equations are obtained by
m from (2) in (1)) we get y  x  4 (or)
dx differentiating (1) n times successively. These equations are
dy
x y4 0 .... (3)  dy 
dx f  x, y, ,c1 ,c 2 ,...,c n   0 .... (2)
 dx 
This is the required differential equation of first order of the
family of curves (1).  dy d 2 y 
f  x, y, , 2 ,c1 ,c 2 ,...,c n   0 .... (3)
It should be noted that both the equations (1) and (3) represent  dx dx 
the same family of curves but the equation (1) is devoid of .
derivatives and the equation (3) is devoid of arbitrary
constants. .
.
2. Consider family of concentric circles x 2  y 2  a 2
......(4)  dy dn y 
f  x, y, ,..., n ,c1 ,...,c n   0 ....(n+1)
where a is a parameter.  dx dx 
By eliminating parameter a, we can obtain the differential By eliminating the n arbitrary constants from the above
equation which satisfying (4)
 n  1 simultaneous equations, we get an equation of the
dy form
Differentiating (4) w.r.t x we get x  y  0 which is
dx
required differential equation of first order of (4).Here  dy d 2 y dn y 
F  x, y, , 2 ,......, n   0 .... (I)
parameter a is directly eliminated as soon as differentiation  dx dx dx 
4.4

or equivalently
F  x, y, y1 , y 2 ,......., y n   0 .... (II)
This equation, which is devoid of any of the n arbitrary
constants, is called the differential equation of the family of
curves (I) and it is a D.E of order n. The above process of
finding equation (II) from equation (1) is called the formation
of a differential equation.Since family of curves (1) satisfies
the nth order differential equation (II),therefore (1) is called
solution of (II)
Note
1. It should be observed that if the equation of family
of curves contains n independent arbitrary constants,
then their elimination leads to an nth order differential
equation.
2. The general form of an nth order differential equation
in x and y can be taken as
 dy d 2 y dny 
F x , y , , 2
,.......,  0
 dx dx dx n 
Independent Arbitrary Constants
In the equation of a given family of curves, if it is possible to
combine two or more arbitrary constants so that the resulting
combination can be considered as a single arbitrary constant
then the arbitrary constants of the combination are said to
be dependent, otherwise they are said to be independent. For
example, if c1 ,c 2 ,c 3 ,... are arbitrary constants then
(i). In each of the combinations c1  c 2  c 3 , 2c 1  c 2 c 3 ,
c1 cos  c 2  c 3  ,  c1  c 2  ec3 ,
 c  c3 
c1 log  2  etc., c1 ,c 2 ,c 3 are dependent, since
 c1 
each combination can be treated as a single arbitrary constant
(ii). In each of the combinations c1  c 2 e  x  c 3 cos x ,
c1 cos  x  c 2   ec3 x , c1 e 2x  c 2 e 2x  c 3 x 2 ,
c1 ,c 2 ,c 3 are independent since it is not possible to combine
any one of them with any of the others.
However, In the expression c1 cos  x  c 2  even through c1
and c2 can be combined, the resulting combinations give rise
to two independent arbitrary constants.
c1 cos  x  c 2   c1 cos x cos c 2  c 1 sin x sin c 2
  c1 cos c 2  cos x   c1 sin c 2  sin x
 A cos x  B sin x
Differential Equation
where A  c 1 cos c 2 , B  c1 sin c 2 are clearly two
independent arbitrary constants.
The number of independent arbitrary constants in the equation
of a family of curves decides the order of the differential
equation of that family of curves. Therefore, one should not
jump to the conclusion that the number of arbitrary constants
(by direct count) is equal to the order of the differential
equation. We have to first check whether all the arbitrary
constants of the given equation are independent.
For example, consider the family of curves
y   c1  c 2  sin  x  c 3   c 4 ex  c5 .... (1)
where c1 ,c 2 ,........c 5 are arbitrary constants. Since there are
5 arbitrary constants (by direct count), we should not conclude
that the order of the differential equation of this family is 5
as not all of them are independent. Rewriting the equation
(1) as
y   c1  c 2  sin  x  c 3   c 4 ex  c5 ....(2)
we observe that the combinations c1  c 2 , c 4 .e c5 can be
considered as single arbitrary constants say A and B
respectively. Then A, B and C3 are independent and the
equation (2) can, now be written as y  A sin  x  c 3   Bex .
Hence the order of the differential equation of the family of
curves (1) is only 3 and not 5.
Solution of a Differential Equation
A solution of differential equation is a relation between
dependent variable, independent variables and along with
some arbitarary constants satisfying the differential equation.
Eg 5
y  e x  e  x is a solution of the differential equation
d2y
y.
dx 2
Eg 6
y  a sin 2x  bcos 2x where a, b are arbitrary constants is
a solution of y 2  4y  0 .
General Solution
A solution of a differential equation in which the number of
arbitrary constants is equal to the order of the differential
equation is called general solution.
If the differential equation is of the form
 dy dny 
F  x, y, ,...., n   0 , then the process of finding the
 dx dx 
4.5
Integral Calculus

general solution of the form   x, y,c1 ,c 2 ,....,c n   0 where  dy dny 

c1 ,c 2 ,.......,c n are n arbitrary constants, through the process
of integration, is called solving a differential equation.
It is important to note that the number of arbitrary constants
in the general solution of a differential equation is equal to
the order of the differential equation.
Eg 7
differential equation F  x, y, ,.., n   0 then (x, y, k1,
 dx dx 
k2,..., kn)= 0 where k1 ,k 2 ,......., k n are fixed values given to
the arbitrary constants c1 ,c 2 ,......,c n , is a particular solutions
of the differential equation. Evidently there exist infinitely
many particular solution for a differential equation having
general solution.

x 2  4ay where a is arbitrary constant is the general solution Singular Solution

of y ' 2xy  0 . A solution of the differential equation is called a singular
solution if it does not involve any arbitrary constants and it
Eg 8
can not be obtained from the general solution of the equation
by giving any values to the arbitrary constants.
y   a  bx  ex where a,b are arbitrary constants in the
Eg 9
general solution of y 2  2y1  y  0 .
3 2
 dy   dy 
Particular Solution For the differential equation x    y    1 ,
 dx   dx 
A solution of a differential equation is called a particular
solution if it is obtained from the general solution of the 1
y  cx  where c is an arbitrary constant is the general
equation by giving particular values to the arbitrary constants. c2
3 27 2
If   x, y,c1 ,c 2 ,.....,c n   0 in the general solution of the solution and the relation y   x is the singular solution.
4
Solved Examples
6. Show that differential equation of
e x ex y
y  c 1 cos mx  c 2 sin mx x
e e x  y1  0
where c1 and c2 are arbitrary constants, is y 2  m 2 y  0 .  2e x 2ex y 2
Sol. y1  m  c1 sin mx  c 2 cos mx 
1 1 y
y 2  m 2  c1 cos mx  c 2 sin mx    m 2y  e x ex   y1  0
 The differential equation of the given family is  2 2 y2
2
y2  m y  0
 y 2       y1  2   2   y   2   2   0
7. Find differential equation y  A cos 2x  B sin 2x where
A and B are arbitrary constants .  y 2       y1  .y  0
Sol. The differential equation of y  A cos 2x  B sin 2x 9. Find the differential equation of y  Ae 2x  Be 3x where
where A and B are arbitrary constants is y 2  4y  0 . A and B are arbitrary constants
Sol. From Example-8,the differential equation of
8. Show that differential equation of y  c 1e x  c 2e x
y  Ae 2x  Be 3x is y 2  y1  6y  0 .
where c 1, c2 are arbitrary constants is
10. Show that the differential equation of the family of
y 2       y1   y  0
curves y   c1  c 2x  e x where c1 and c2 are arbitrary
Sol. The given family of curves is
y  c1e x  c 2ex ....(1) constants is y 2  2 y1   2 y  0 .

y1  c 1ex  c 2ex .... (2) Sol. The given family of curves is y   c1  c 2x  ex ... (1)
Differentiating (1) w.r.t x,
y 2  c1 2ex  c 2 2ex .... (3)
Eliminating c1, c2 from the equations (1), (2) and (3),we y1   c 1  c 2x  ex  c 2e x
get
 y1  y  c 2e x (using (1))

4.6
 Differential Equation

 y 1  y  c 2 e  x ... (2)  x 2 y 2  2xy1  2y  0

Differentiating (2) w.r.t x,  Required differential equation is
y 2  y 1  c 2  e x
   y1  y  (using (2)) 2
x y 2  2xy1  2y  0 .

 y 2  2y1   2 y  0
15. The Differential Equation of all Circles whose centres
on x – axis is
11. Find the differential equation of y   A  Bx  e 3x where A) yy1 = xy12 + xyy2 B) (x + yy1) (xy1 – y)= y1
C) (y – xy1)2=(1 + y12) D) yy2 + y12 + 1 = 0
A and B are arbitrary constants
Sol. (D) x2 + y2 + 2gx + c = 0, differentiating twice, we get
Sol. From the above Example the required differential
2x + 2yy1 + 2g = 0  1 + y12 + yy2 = 0
equation is y 2  6y1  9y  0 . 16. If the differential equation of the family of circles of
2 2
Note constant radius r given by  x  a    y  b   r 2 where
1. The differential equation of m

y  c1e x
 c2e x
 c3 e x
where c1, c2, c3 are arbitrary
2 k
a and b are parameters is r (y ")  1   y '  l
 where

constants is k, l, m  N then k + l + m equals

y 3         y 2         y1  .y  0 Sol. (7) The given family of circles is
2 2
2.The differential equation of x  a   y  b  r2 ... (1)
a,b are parameters and r is a fixed constant.
y  e  x c1 sin x  c 2 cos x  is
Differentiating (1) w.r.t x, we get

y 2  2 y1  2  2 y  0  dy
 x  a    y  b0 ... (2)
12. Find the differential equation of dx
Differentiating (2) w.r.t x
y  Aex  Be 2x  Ce 3x where A, B, C are arbitrary
2
constants  dy   d 2y 
Sol. From the above note required differential quation is
1     y  b  2   0
 dx   dx 
y 3  6y 2  11y1  6y  0 .
13. Form the differential equations corresponding to the   dy  2 
1    
family of curves y  cx  c  c 2 where c is a parameter..
  y  b     dx  
 d 2y  ... (3)
2
Sol. Given y  cx  c  c  2
 dx 
dy Eliminating a from (1) & (2) we have
c
dx
2  dy 2  2
dy dy  dy 
2  y  b    1  r ... (4)
y  x     dx  
dx dx  dx 
Eliminating b from (3) and (4) we get
2
 dy  dy 2 2 3
     x  1 y0 2 d 2 y    dy  
dx
  dx r  2   1      k  2, l  2,m  3
 dx    dx  
14. Form the differential equation from the relation
b  k  l  m 7
xy  ax 2  by eliminating the arbitary constants a, b.
x 17. If the differential equation of the family of parabolas
having their focus at the origin and the axis along the
2 b
Sol. Given xy  ax   1  x 2 y  ax 3  b x - axis is ay 12  bxy1  c  0 where a, c are functions
x
y and b  R then a + b + c equals.
 x 2 y 1  2xy  3ax 2  xy1  2y  3ax ......(2)
Sol. (2) Equation of parabola whose axis is along x–axis
 2  xy 2  3y 1  3a and focus at the origin is
y 2  4a  x  a   1  2yy1  4a  a  yy1 / 2
From(2); xy1  2y  x  xy 2  3y1 

 xy1  2y  x 2 y 2  3xy1 1  y 2  2yy1  x  yy1 / 2 

4.7
Integral Calculus

y 2  2xyy1  y 2 y12  yy12  2xy1  y  0 1

Substituting in (1), we get y  x.y1 
 a  y, b  2, c   y  a  b  c  2 2y1
18. i) Find the differential equation of the family of circles  2yy1  2x.y12  1  2xy 12  2yy1  1  0
of fixed radius r with centres on the X - axis.
2
ii) Form the differential equation representing all the  The required equation is 2xy1  2yy 1  1  0
tangents to the prabola y2 = 2x. 19. If the differential equation of the family of parabol as
Sol. i) Let (a,b) be the centre of a circle in the given family eac h of w hich has c onstant latus rectum 4a and
of circles. Since (a,b) lies on x–axis, b = 0.
2 2
whose axes are parallel to the X - axis, is 2ay k2  y 1l  0
2
Equation of the circle is  x  a    y  0   r ... (1)
where k, l  N then k + l equals.
dy dy Sol. (4) The given family of parabola is
 2  x  a   2y  0  x  a  y ... (2) 2
dx dx  y    4a  x    ... (1)
From (1) and (2);
where  &  are parameters
2
 dy    dy 2  Differentiating (1) w.r.t x, we get
y 2    y 2  r 2  y 2 1      r 2
 dx    dx   dy
 y    2a ... (2)
 The required differential equation is dx
Differentiating (2) w.r.t x, we get
  dy  2  2
y 2 1      r 2 d 2 y  dy 
  dx    y     0 ... (3)
dx 2  dx 
ii) Equation of any tangent to the parabola y 2  2x is Eliminating  from (2) & (3), we get
1  d 2 y   dy 
3
y  mx  ... (1) 2a  2      0  k  1, l =3, k+l =4
2m
 dx   dx 
Differentating w.r.to x, we get y1 = m

Make Concepts Clear 4.2

1. Find the Differential Equation of family of A) yy1 = xy12 + xyy2 B) (x + yy1) (xy1 – y)= y1
i) non - horizontal straight lines C) (y – xy1)2=(1 + y12) D) yy11 + y12 + x = 0
ii) non - vertical straight lines 7. The Differential Equation of all straight lines which are
iii) parabolas whose axis is parallel to y – axis at a constant distance ‘1’ unit from origin is
iv) parabolas whose axis is parallel to x – axis A) yy1 = xy12 + xyy2 B) (x + yy1) (xy1 – y)= y1
2. The Differential Equation of all parabolas whose vertex C) (y – xy1)2=(1 + y12) D) yy11 + y12 + x = 0
is at origin and axis is x – axis, is 8. The Differential Equation of all family of Circles whose
A) (y1)3 + 2y2 = 0 B) 2xy1 – y = 0 centres on y – axis is
C) yy12 + 2xy1 – y = 0 D) yy2 + y12 = 0 A) yy1 = xy12 + xyy2 B) (x + yy1) (xy1 – y)= y1
3. The Differential Equation of all parabolas whose axis is C) (y – xy1)2=(1 + y12) D) yy2 + y12 + x = 0
x – axis and vertex lies on x-axis is 9. Differential Equation of all circles touching y – axis at
A) (y1)3 + 2y2 = 0 B) 2xy1 – y = 0 origin is
C) yy12 + 2xy1 – y = 0 D) yy2 + y12 = 0 A) (x2 –y2) y1 – 2xy = 0 B) y1 (1 + (y1)2) = xy2
4. The Differential Equation of all parabolas each of which C) (y – xy1)2=(1 + y12) D) yy11 + y12 + x = 0
has latus rectum 4 and whose axis is parallel to the x – 10. Differential Equation of circles touching x – axis at
axis is origin is
A) (y1)3 + 2y2 = 0 B) 2xy1 – y = 0 A) (x2 – y2) y1 – 2xy = 0
C) yy12 + 2xy1 – y = 0 D) yy2 + y12 = 0 B) 2xyy1 + x2 – y2 = 0
5. The Differential Equation of all central conics whose C) (1 + y12)3 = (y2)2
axes are coordinate axes is D) (x – y)2 (1 + y12) = (x + yy1)2
A) yy1 = xy12 + xyy2 B) (x + yy1) (xy1 – y)= y1 11. Differential Equation of circles where radius is ‘1’ unit
C) (y – xy1)2=(1 + y12) D) yy11 + y12 + x = 0 is
6. The Differential Equation of all confocal conics A) (x2 – y2) y1 – 2xy = 0
B) 2xyy1 + x2 – y2 = 0
x2 y2
  1 is C) (1 + y12)3 = (y2)2
2 1 D) (x – y)2 (1 + y12) = (x + yy1)2
4.8
 Differential Equation

12. Differential Equation of circles which touch both the B) 2xyy1 + x2 – y2 = 0

axes is C) (1 + y12)3 = (y2)2
A) (x2 – y2) y1 – 2xy = 0 B) 2xyy1 + x2 – y2 = 0 D) (1 + y12) y3 – 3y1y22 = 0
C) (1 + y12)3 = (y2)2 15. The order of the differential equation whose general
D) (x – y)2 (1 + y12) = (x + yy1)2 solution is given by
13. Differential Equation of circles passing through the
y  c1 cos  2x  c 2    c 3  c 4  a x  c5  c sin  x  c 7  , is
points of intersection of unit circle with centre at the
origin and the line bisecting first quadrant is (where c i ' s i = 1 to 7 are arbitrary constants)
A) (x2 – y2) y1 – 2xy = 0 B) 2xyy1 + x2 – y2 = 0
A) 3 B) 4 C) 5 D) 2
C) (1 + y12)3 = (y2)2 16. The general solution of a differential equation is
D) (y1 – 1) (x2 + y2 – 1) + (x + yy1) = 0
14. Differential Equation of circles in a plane y  ae bx  c where a, b, c are arbitrary constants. The
A) (x2 – y2) y1 – 2xy = 0 order of the differential equation is

Answers
2. B 3. D 4. A 5. A 6. C 7. C 8. B
9.A 10.B 11. C 12. D 13. D 14. D 15.5
16. 2
Solutions Are On Page No. 4.56

point. Solving the differential equation given by (1) means

4.3. Solving Differential Equation finding those curves for the direction of the tangent at each
of First Order and First Degree point coincides with direction of the field.All the curves
represented by general solution when taken together will give
A first order first degree differential equation may or may not the locus of D.E.
have a solution. Not all the first order differential equations
are solvable. Based on the nature of the equations and the Variables Separable Type Dif ferential
method of solution, the first order first degree differential Equation
equations are classified mainly into the following five types.
dy
1. Variables Separable Type Differential Equations A first order first degree differential equation  f  x, y 
dx
2. Homogeneous Differential Equations ....... (2)

3. Non - homogeneous Differential Equations is said to be of variables separable type if f(x, y) can be
expressed as a product (or quotient) of two explicit functions
4. Linear Differential Equations g(x) and h(y) in the variables x and y respectively. i.e., if
The general form of a first order (and any degree) differential dy
equation (2) can be expressed as  g  x  h  y  or
dx
equation in x and y can be taken as F  x, y, dy   0 .
 dx  dy g  x  dy h  y 
 
dx h  y  or dx g  x  or g  x  dx  h  y  dy  0 .
The general form of a first order and first degree differential
dy To Find the General Solution of (1) :
equations in x and y can be taken as  f  x, y  ...(1)
dx Let us suppose that the equation (1) can be expressed as

Geometrical Interpretation of Differential dy g  x 

 . Separating the variables, we get
Equation of First Order and First Degree dx h  y 
We know that the tangent of the direction of a curve in g  x  dx  h  y  dy .
dy
cartesian rectangular coordinates at any point is by , so
dx Integrating both sides, we get  g  x  dx   h  y  dy .
the equation (1) can be thought as an equation which
establishes the relationship between the coordinates of a point In evaluating the integrals we get the general solution of (1)

dy in the form F1  x   F2  y   c ( c is an arbitrary constant)

and slope of the tangent i.e to the integral curve at that
dx
4.9
Integral Calculus

Solved Examples

dy  dy  1 1
20. Express the differential equation y  x  a  y2   Sol. Given D.E it can be written as dy  dx  0
dx  dx  1 y 2
1  x2
in the form of f(x)dx + g(y)dx = 0
1 1
2 dy On integration, we get 1 y dy   dx  c
Sol. Given D.E. can be written as y  ay   x  a  2
1  x2
dx

dy dx dx dy 1  x  y 
    0  tan1 y  tan1 x  c or tan  c
y 1  ay  x  a x  a y 1  ay   1  xy 

dy dy x xy
21. Solve i) x ii) dx  y or 1  xy  tan c  C
dx
Sol. i) Given D.E can be written as dy = xdx on integrating dy y 2  y  1
both sides,we get 25. Solve  0
dx x 2  x  1
x2
 dy   xdx  y  2
c
Sol.
dy (y 2  y  1)
 2
dx x  x 1
dy x
ii) dx  y  ydy  xdx . dy dx
  C
y2  y  1  x2  x  1
  ydy   xdx  c
dy dx
2 2
 2
 2
C
y x  1  3 
2

2
1  3 
   c  y 2  x 2  2c  c '
2 2  y       x    
 2   2   2   2 
 dy 
22. Solve ln    ax  by 2y  1 2x  1
 dx   Tan1  Tan 1 C
3 3
dy
Sol. Given D.E can be written as  e ax  by  eax e by dy
dx 26. Solve  1  ex  y
dx
 e  by dy  eax dx on integration we get
dy dt
Sol. Put x + y = t. Then 1   so that the given
 by ax e by eax dx dx
 e dy   e dx   b  a  C
dt dt
equation becomes  e t and hence

23. Solve y sinx = y ln y ,given that y    e dx  e   dx .
t

2
  e t  x  c
dy
Sol. Given D.E can be written as y ln y = cosecx dx  e   x  y   x  c (by substituting for t)
 
 x y
 e xc
dy
   cos ecx dx This is the required solution of the given equation.
ln y . y
dy 1  y2
 ln (lny) = ln (cosecx – cotx) + C 27. The differential equation  determines a
dx y

put x = family of circles with (IIT - 2007)
2
A) variable radii and a fixed centre at (0,1)
  B) variable radii and a fixed centre at (0, –1)
then ln (lne) = ln (cosec – cot ) + C C) fixed radius 1 and variable centres along the x-axis
2 2
D) fixed radius 1 and variable centres along the y axis
 C 0
Therefore,solution of the D.E is y = e cosecx – cotx ydy
Sol. (C)  dx  1  y 2  x  c
 1  y2 
24. Solve 1  x  dy  1  y  dx  0
2 2

 (x  c)2  y 2  1

4.10
 Differential Equation

1
dy 3x 2  4x  4
28. A function f (x) satisfying  f(tx) dt = n f (x), where 29. Solve the differentiable equation  ,
0
dx 2y  4
x > 0, is given that y(1)=3, and hence find the explicit solution.
1 n
Sol. Given differentiable equation can be written
n
A) f (x) = c · x n B) f (x) = c · as (2y  4)dy  (3x 2  4x  4)
x n 1
1
C) f (x) = c · D) f (x) = c · x(1 – n) on integration, we get, y 2  4y  x 3  2x 2  4x  c
xn
Given that y(1)  3, c  2
1
The implicit solution is then
Sol. (A)  f(tx)dt  n  f(x)
0
y 2  4y  (x 3  2x 2  4x  2)
1  (y  2)2  x 3  2x 2  4x  2
put t x = y  dt = dy
x
 y  2  x 3  2x 2  4x  2
x
1

x
 f(y)dy  nf(x)
0
Since y(1)=3, y  2  x 3  2x 2  4x  2

dy
x
30. Solve  e y  t (sec y)(1  t 2 ), y(0)  0
   f(y)dy  x  n  f(x) dt
0 Sol. Given D.E can be written as
Differentiating with respectively x on both sides we get
e  y cos y dy  e  t 1  t 2  dt
f (x) = n [ f (x) + x f '(x) ]
f (x) (1 – n) = n x f ' (x) on integration, we get
f (x) 1 n e y
(sin y  cos y)  e  t (t 2  2t  3)  C
 f(x) = n x 2
5
1  n  1 n y(0)  0  c 
Integrating ln f (x) =   ln c x = ln (cx) n ; 2
 n 
Therefore, the implicit solution is
1 n
 f (x) = c.x n
e  y (sin y  cos y)  2 e  t (t 2  2t  3)  5

Make Concepts Clear 4.3

dy x
1. The solution of the equation  ex  y  x 2e y is = x2y (x), (x >0) is
dx differential equation  t y(t)dt
0

y x3 x
A) e  e  c B) ey = ex + 2x + c 9
3 A) x2 + y2 = 13 B) y2 = x
2
C) ey = ex + x3 + c D) y = ex + c
2 x 2 y2
1
The solution of the equation dy  1  y 2  0 is C)  D) xy = 6
2. 8 18
dx 1 x
5. The differential equation (1 + y2)x dx = (1 + x2)y dy
A) x 1  y 2  y 1  x 2  c represents a family of
A) Ellipses of constant eccentricity
B) x 1  y 2  y 1  x 2  c
B) Ellipses of variable eccentricity
C) Hyperbolas of constant eccentricity
C) x 1  y 2  y 1  x 2  c
D) Hyperbolas of varaible eccentricity
D) None of these
3. The solution of edy/dx = (x + 1), y(0) = 3 is xy 3
6. Let y(x) be the solution of y '  , given that
A) y = x log x – x + 2 1  x2
B) y = (x + 1) log |x + 1| – x + 3 y(0)  1 . Then
C) y = (x + 1)log |x + 1| + x + 3
A) y(x) is even in its domain
D) y = x log x + x + 3
4. A curve passing through (2, 3) and satisfying the B) y(x)<0  x  domain of y(x)

4.11
Integral Calculus

C) y(x)>0  x  domain of y(x) dy

y = x – 1 satisfying y (1) = 1 then (y(2))2 equals
dx
 5 5 10. The value of Lt y  x  obtained from the differential
D) y(x) is defined for x    ,  x 
 2 2 
dy
equation  y  y 2 where y(0) = 2 is equal to
dy 1  y 2 dx
7. Solve of the differentiable equation 
dx 1  x 2 11. If y(x) is the equation of the curve whose slope at any
8. If y = f(x) is solution of 4x dy - y dx = x2 dy such that y
point (x, y) isand which satisfies the condition y
1
  x  R  (0,4)
x2
f(5) = 1,then 2
f  5  = 1 when x = 3 then lim 6 ln y equals.
9. If y(x) is the solution of the differential equation x 

Answers
1. A 2. B 3. B 4. D 5. D 6. A,B,D 8.3
9. 2 11. 2
Solutions Are On Page No. 4.57

4.4 Differential Equations dz

a
dz dy dy dx
Reducible to Variables Separable 
dx
ab
dx
or
dx

b
.

Type now equation (1) reduces to

Type - 1
dz
a
dx dz . . . (2)
dy  f(z)   bf(z)  a
A differential equation of the form  f  ax  by  c  b dx
dx
.... (1) In the differential equation (2), the variables x and z are
where f(ax + by + c) is some function of separted. Integrating (2, we get

‘ax + by + c’, and b  0 . (If b = 0 this is directly variable dz dz

separable)can be reduced to variables separable form by  bf(z)  a   dx  C   bf(z)  a  x  C,
introducing a new dependent variable and hence can be
solved. where z = ax + by + c

Let z = ax + by + c. This represents the general solution of the differential equation

(1).

Solved Examples
dy dy
31. Solve  3x  y  4 Sol. We have  sin(x  y)  cos(x  y) ...(i)
dx dx
Let z = x + y
dy du
Sol. Put 3x  y  4  u 2 So that  2u 3
dx dx dz dy dy dz
  1   1
dx dx dx dx
du
The given equation transforms to 2u 3u
dx dz
 (i)   1  sin z  cos z
dx
du 2u du
 2u  u3   dx
dx u 3  dz
  1.dx  C
sin z  cos z  1 
2(u – ln | u + 3 |) = x + c where u  3x  y  4
dz
32. Solve the differential equation    xC
z z z
2 sin cos  2cos 2
dy 2 2 2
 sin(x  y)  cos(x  y)
dx

4.12
 Differential Equation

1 z ua
sec 2 dz  2u  a log  2x  c
2 2  x C ua
  z
tan  1 This is the general solution of (2).
2
 The general solution of equation (1) is
xy xya
 log tan  1 = x + C. a log  2y  c
2 xya

2 dy dy
33. Solve  x  y   a2 . 34. Solve  (x  y)l n (x  y)  1, given that y(0) = – e.
dx dx
dy du Hence find y(1) + ee.
Sol. Put x  y  u then 1
dx dx dt dy
Sol. Let t = x – y then 1   t ln t
2 du  2 dx dx
 Equation (1) transform to u  1  a
 dx 
dt
du u  a 2 2

 t ln t   dx  ln(ln t )  x  C
  ... (2)
dx u2  ln (ln(x  y))  x  C
Separating the variables and integrating, we get
Since y(0) = – e,  C  0
u2  a2 
 u 2  a 2 du   dx  c    1  u 2  a 2  du  x  c  ln (ln (x – y)) = x  x  y  ee
x

1 ua y(1)  ee  1
 u  a2 log xc
2a ua

Type - 2 dt
take t = ax + by so that  a  by '
To solve the differential equation of the type dx
dt  ty 
dy ax  by  c1   ab  
 dx  kt  c 2 
dx k(ax  by  c 2 )
It can be solved using

Solved Examples

dy 2x  y  2 dy 2(2x  3y  4)  3
35. Solve the differential equation  Sol. The given D.E can be written as 
dx 2y  4x  1 dx 3y  2x  4

Sol. Given D.E. can be written as ... (1)

dy 1  du 
dy  2x  y   2 Put 2x  3y  4  u then    2
 dx 3  dx 
dx 2  2x  y   1
1  du  2u  3 du 8u  9
  2   
dz dy 3  dx  u dx u
Let z = 2x – y ;   2
dx dx
u
 du   dx  c  1  1  9  du  x  c
8 
dz z2 2z  1 8u  9  
 2 – dx  2z  1  5z dz  dx 8u  9 

Integrating both sides, we get 1 9 

 u  log  8u  9   x  c
 2z – log |z| = 5x + 5C 8  8 
 2(2x – y) – log |2x – y| = 5x + C1
where C1 = 5C  8u  9 log  8u  9   64x  c ...(2)
 x + 2y + log |2x – y| + C1 = 0 Put u  2x  3y  4 in (2) we get
dy 4x  6y  5
36. Solve  3
dx 3y  2x  4 log 16x  24y  23   2x  y  k
8

4.13
Integral Calculus

Type - 3  x2   y2 
 a1 d    b1 d  xy   b d
2  
The differential equation of the type  2   2
c1dx  c 2 dy  0
dy a x  b1 y c 1
 1 , where b1 + a2 = 0 can be solved
dx a 2 x  b2 y  c 2 On integration, we get the general solution is

by cross - multiplication and regrouping the terms, (1) can be  x2   y2 

written as a1    b1  xy   b2   c1 x  c 2 y  0
 2  2
a1 xdx  b1  ydx  xdy   b2 ydy  c1dx  c 2 dy  0 i.e., a1 x 2  2b1 xy  b 2 y 2  2c1 x  2c 2 y  2c

Solved Examples

dy x  y  2 dy 4x  3y
37. Solve  38. Solve 
dx x  y  1 dx 3x  2y
Sol. Given equation can be written as Sol. On cross multiplication both sides,we get 3xdy – 2ydy
= 4xdx – 3ydx or 3(xdy + ydx) – 2y dy – 4xdx = 0
 x  y  2  dx   x  y  1 dy  0 or 3 d(xy) – 2ydy – 4xdx = 0 ; Integration gives
 xdx   ydx  xdy   ydy  2dx  dy  0 3xy – y2 – 2x2 = c
dy x  2y  5
39. Solve 
 x2   y2  dx 2x  3y  1
 d    d  xy   d    2dx  dy  0
 2  2 Sol. Cross multiplying both sides,we get
2xdy + 3ydy – dy = xdx – 2ydx + 5dx
On integration we get the general solution
 2d(xy) +3ydy – dy – xdx – 5dx = 0
x2 y2 On integration,we get
 xy   2x  y  c1
2 2 3y 2 x2
2xy  y  5x  c
i.e., x 2  2xy  y 2  4x  2y  2c1 = c 2 2
or x 2  3y 2  4xy  2y  10x  c

Type - 4 1 y x 2 xdy  ydx

 d  2
d    d  2
Polar Coordinate Type y x x  y2 x2
1 2
x
Sometimes transformation to the polar coordinates
facilitates separation of variables. In this connection it is
convenient to remember the following differentials.
 xdy  ydx  r 2 d

1. If x = r cos  ; y = r sin  where r and  both are 2. If x = r sec  and y = r tan  then
variable.Now x2 – y2 = r2 and y/x = sintaking differential both sides,
we get
x 2  y 2  r 2  x dx + y dy = r dr ,also we have
x dx  y dy = r dr and
y  y
  Tan  d  d  Tan1 
1
x dy  y dx = r2 sec d.
x  x

Solved Examples
40. Solve xdx + ydy = x ( xdy – ydx ) 1 y

Sol. Since given D.E involves xdx+ydy and xdy-ydx, x2  y2 x 2  y2 = C
therefore we substitute;
y y  1  C x 2  y 2 (or) (y + 1)2= C2 (x2 + y2)
x = r cos ; y = r sin ; tan =
x
xdx  ydy 1  x 2  y2
x dx + y dy = r dr ; xdy – ydx = r2 d 41. Solve 
xdy  ydx x 2  y2
 given D.E reduces to rdr = r cos r2 d
Sol. Since given D.E involves the differentials : xdx-ydy
dr 1
 r 2   cos  d   r  sin   C or xdy-ydx and the x 2  y 2 ,therefore,we use the

4.14
 Differential Equation

substitutions x = r sec  and y = r tan  . Sol. Since given D.E involves xdx+ydy and
Now, the D.E reduces to xdy-ydx,therefore we substitute; x = r cos  ;
rdr 1  r2 dr y
2
    sec d y = r sin ; tan =
r sec d r2 1  r2 x
 x2 + y2 = r2  xdx + ydy = rdr
 ln|r  1  r 2 | ln|sec   tan  |  ln c
y xdy  ydx
2 & = tan = sec2 d
|r  1  r ||c  sec   tan   | x x2
xy Therefore,given D.E reduces to
| x 2  y 2  1  x 2  y 2 ||c |
x 2  y2 rdr 1  r2 dr
2
    d
r d r2 1  r2
dy
xy
dx  1  x 2  y2 y
42. Solve 1
x 2  y 2  Tan1
dy x 2  y2  sin1 r    c  sin c
x y x
dx

Type - 5
1 xdy  ydx 1
f) gives 
General Form Of Variable Sepration x x y 2 2
x2 y2
1
If we can write the differential equation in the form x2
f(f1(x, y)) d(f1(x, y)) +  (f2(x, y)) d(f2(x, y)) +...= 0, ...(1)
 y y2 
then each term can be easily integrated separately.  d  ln   1  2  
For intance consider the differential equation  x x  
  

xy  ydy  xdx   x 3 dy  y 3 dx  0 II. If the given D.E contains xdy + ydx as a term,then its
multiplication by
xdy  ydx ydx  xdy
it can be written as  0 a) 1 gives xdy + ydx = d(xy)
x2 y2
y x 1 ydx  xdy
d   d   0 . b) gives  d(log xy)
x y xy xy
To express given differential equation in the form (1), the
following results must be memorized. 1 xdy  ydx d  xy 
c) n  n  1 gives n
 n
I. If the given D.E contains xdy - ydx as a term,then its  xy   xy   xy 
multiplication by
III. If the given D.E contains xdx + ydy as a term,then its
1 xdy  ydx y multiplication by
a) 2 gives  d 
x x2 x
a) 2 gives 2  xdx  ydy   d  x 2  y 2 
1 ydx  xdy x
b) gives   d  
y2 y2 y 2  xdx  ydy 
b)
x  y2
2
gives 2 2
 x y 
2
2

  d ln  x  y 
2

1 xdy  ydx   y 
c) gives  d  ln   
xy xy   x 
 
xdx  ydy  d  x  y 
2 2
2 
c) n 
n  1 gives 2 
 x2  y2 n  n

d)
1 xdy  ydx   y 
 d  tan1     x 2  y2      x 2  y2 
2 2 gives 2 2
x y x y   x 
IV. Miscellenous
1 xdy  ydx   y 
e) gives  d  sin1     y 2  2xydy  y 2 dx  x 2  2xydx  x 2 dy
x x y2 2 2
x x y 2
  x  a) d    b) d   
 x  x2  y  y2

4.15
Integral Calculus

 e x  ye x dx  e x dy  ey  xe y dy  e y dx xdx  yd y
c) d    d) d   g)  d ln x 2  y 2 
 y  y2  x  x2 x 2  y2  

 y y
xdy  ydx dx  dy  1  x dy  y dx
e) d  e x   e x f) = d (ln (x + y)) h) d   
  x2 xy  xy x2 y2
 

Solved Examples
43. Solve x dy + ydx + 2x3 dx = 0 is
1 y y
Sol. Given Differential Equation can be written as  d  xy   cot   d  
d(xy) + 2x3 dx = 0 .on integration, we get xy x x

x4   y 
 xy  c  d log  xy   d log sin   
2   x 
a 2  xdy  ydx  y
44. Solve xdy  ydx  On integration,. we get log  xy   log sin    log c
x2  y2 x
Sol. x dy + y dx = a2
 xdy  ydx  y
 xy  c sin  
x 2  y2 x
47. The solution of the D.E.
2 xdy  ydx 1
 d (xy) = a 
y2 y
2
 1  e x y  dx  e x y  1  x  dy  0 is
1      
   y
x
y x
A) x  y e x  C B) x  y e y  C
  y  y
 d(xy)  a 2d  Tan 1     xy  a 2 Tan1    c
 x
  x x x
C) y  x e y  C D) x  y e y  C
45. Solve x dy – ydx – x 2  y 2 dx  0 Sol. (B) The given equation by inspection can be written as

Sol. We have x dy – ydx – x 2  y 2 dx  0 x

y  ydx  xdy  x
dx  e    e y dy  0
 y 
xdy  ydx
 dx
x 2  y2 x x x
 dx  ye y d    e y dy  0
y
xdy  ydx dx , on integra tion we get
  x x
x  dx  yd  e y   e y dy  0
2
2 y
x 1    
x
x

y  dx  d  y.e y   0 on integration, we get

1
sin    ln|Cx |  
x
x
y
46. The solution of the D.E. x  ye c
48. Solution of the differential equation
y y
x sec    ydx  xdy   y cos ec    xdy  ydx  is
x
  x dy
xy 2 2 2
dx  x cos (x  y )
y y dy y3 is
A) xy  c sin B) xy  c cos yx
x x dx
x x y2 xC
C) xy  c sin D) xy  c cos B) tan  x  y   y
2 2
A) tan  x  y  
2 2
y y C
x2
Sol. (A) The given equation by inspection can be written as
x2 x2
C) tan  x  y   D) cot  x  y  
2 2 2 2
C C
ydx  xdy  y   xdy  ydx  y2 y2
 cot  
xy x x2

4.16
 Differential Equation

Sol. (C) The given differential equation can be written as

dy dx
xdx  ydy x  2
 y 2 3 (cos 2 (x 2  y 2 ) or
dx dy y2 x
(ydx  xdy) / y 2 y   2
0
x y 1 1
  
1 x x y x
 sec2(x2 + y2) d(x 2  y 2 )  d  
2 y y
1 1
2
d  
1 1x c dx dy x y
 tan(x 2  y 2 )         0
2 2y 2 x y  1 1 2

x y
 
x2
 tan(x2 + y2) = c
y2 1
on integration we get ln x  ln y  c
1 1
49. The solution of the differential equation 
x y
x xy
1 y2   x2 1  ln  c
  2 
dx +  2
  dy = 0 is y x y
 x (x  y)   (x  y) y
50. If the solution of the D.E.
x xy y xy
A) ln  c B) ln  c y  sin x cos 2 (xy) x dy
y x y x x y 2
dx + cos 2 xy + sin y dy = 0 is
cos (xy)
x xy y xy tan (f(x, y)) = g(x, y) + c then
C) ln  c D) ln  c
y xy x xy A) f(x, y) = xy B) g(x, y) = cos x + cos y
C) f(x, y) = – xy D) g(x, y) = cos x – cos y
dx dy x 2 dy  y 2 dx x dy  y dx
Sol. (C)   0 or
x y (x  y)2 Sol. (A, B)
cos 2 xy
+ sin x dx + sin y dy = 0

dx dy x 2 dy  y 2 dx d(xy)
 cos  sin x dx   sin y dy  0
x

y
 2
0 2
xy 
2 21 1
x y    tan (x y) = cos x + cos y + C
y x

Make Concepts Clear 4.4

dy 1
1. The solution of the equation = cos (x – y) is xy xy
dx C) ye  cx D) ye  cx
4. General solution of differential equation
x y x  y
A) y + cot  C B) x + cot  C ydx – xdy + (1 + x2) dx + x2 siny dy = 0 is
 2   2  A) y – x2 + x cos y + cx = 0
B) y + 1 – x2 + x cos y + cx = 0
x y
C) x + tan  C D) none of these C) y + 1 + x2 + x cos y + c = 0
 2  D) None of these
5. Solution of differential equation of
dy
2. The solution of the D.I.  1  x tan  y  x  is
dx 1  x   
x 2  y 2 dx  1  x 2  y 2 ydy is
2 2
x x 2 2 3
A) ln |cos(y  x)| C B) ln|sin(y  x)| C A) 2x – y2 +  x  y2 2  c
2 2 3
3
x2 2 2
C) ln |sin(y  x)|   C D) None of these B) 2x  y 2 
3
 x  y2 2
2
3
3. Solution of differential equation 2 2
(1 + xy) xdy + (1 – xy) ydx = 0
C) 2x  y 2 
3
 x  y2 2  c

1 1 D) None of these
A) xy  ce xy B) cy  xe xy

4.17
Integral Calculus

6. Solution of differential equation of

  sin1 y  
x
 x
 C) x 2  y 2  a  tan     C)
ye dx   xe  y 2 sin y  dy is
y y   x 
 
 
 1 1 
x x D) y  x tan  C  sin x 2  y2 
A) e  cos y  c
y B) e  cos y  c
y  a 

x x dy
x y
C) e y cos y  c D) e y  sin y  c dx
11. The solution of  mx 2 is given by
2 2
7. Solution of Differential Equation of x y

y y mx 2 y mx 2
x cos    ydx  xdy  = y sin  xdy  ydx  is 1
A) sin y   Cx B) sin
1
 C
x x 2 x 2

y y y mx 2 x my 2
A) xy  c cos B) xy  c sec C)  C D) sin
1
 C
x x x 2 y 2
y y 12. The solution of the differential equation
C) xy  c tan D) xy  c cos ec
x x   1 
8. The G.S. of Differential Euations  y  1    cos y  dx  (x  log x  x sin y)dy  0 is
  x 
dy A) xy – y log x + x cos y = c
xy 2 2 2
dx  x sin (x  y ) is B) xy + y log x + x cos y = c
dy y 3
C) xy – y log x – x log y = c
yx
dx D) y log x + x cos y = c
A) y2 tan (x2 + y2) + x2 = c2y2 13. xdy  ydx  x 2  y 2 dx
B) y2 cot (x2 + y2) – x2 = c2y2
C) y2 cot (x2 + y2) + x2 = c2y2 A) y  x 2  y 2  Cx 2 B) y  x 2  y 2  Cy 2
D) x2 tan (x2 + y2) + y2 = c2x2
C) y  x 2  y 2  Cx 2 D) x2 + y2 = C
xdx  ydy ydx  xdy
9. The solution of the D.I. = is
x 2  y2 x2 5 dy
14. Let y(x) be the solution of y x  y  x  0 with
dx
y x
A) x 2  y2   C B) x2  y2  C
x y 1
y(1)  then
2
y x
C) x2  y2  C D) x 2  y2   C 5
x y 4
A) y (1) 
28
xdx  ydy a2  x 2  y2 B) y(x) has exactly one local extremum
10. The solution of  is
xdy  ydx x2  y2 C) y(x) has no local extremum
D) xlim

y(x)  0
2 2
  tan 1 y  
A) x  y  a  sin     C dx t  2 log t  1
  x  15. The solution of the D.E.  is
dt sin x  x cos x
  tan 1 y   A) x sin x = ln t + C B) x sin x = t2 ln t + C
B) x 2  y 2  a  cos     C 2
 x  C) x sinx = – t ln t + C D) x sin x = t ln t + C


Answers
1. B 2. B 3.B 4.B 5.A 6.B 7.B
8.C 9. C 10.D 11.B 12.B 13.C 14.A, B, C, D
15.B
Solutions Are On Page No. 4.58

4.18
 Differential Equation

4.5 Homogeneous Differential x

10. The function f  x, y   e x / y  1   , cos 2  y  ,


Equations  y x

xy 2xy y2  x x 2  y 2
Homogeneous Function 1  ex / y , , , ,
xy x  y2
2
xy
A function f(x, y) is called homogeneous function of degree
n in x and y if x 2  xy  y 2
are some homogeneous functions of degree
y2
f  x, y    n f(x, y) ,where   0
zero in x and y.
Eg 10
x 2  y2
1. f(x, y) = x2y2 – xy3 is a homogeneous function of degree Consider the function f  x, y   .Now it can
four, since x y

f(  x,  y) = (  2x2)(  2y2) – (  x)(  3y3) alse be written as

=  4(x2y2 – xy3) =  4 f(x, y). y2

3 1 3
f  x, y   x 2 x2  x 2g  y 
x3 y   (or)
2. f(x, y) = x2 ex/y + + y2 ln   is a homogeneous y x
y x 1
x
function of degree two, since
x2
3 1 3
 3x3  y  y2 x
   2 y 2  ln  f  x, y   y 2  y 2h 
f(  x,  y) = (  2x2) e  x/  y +  x y
y  x  1
y
 2 x / y x3  y 
2 2
=  2 x e  y  y ln  x    f(x, y) Thus, if f  x, y  be a homogenous function of degree n
  
in x,y,then it can be expressed as
3. g(x, y) = xy1/ 2  yx1 / 2 is a homogeneous function of y x
f  x, y   x n f   or f  x, y   y n f  
3 x y
degree
2
Homogeneous Differential Equation
2 2
x y dy
4. h(x, y)= is a homogeneous function of degree -1 A differential equation  f  x, y  is said to be a
x 3  y3 dx
5. f(x, y) = 1 + ex/y is a homogeneous function of x and y homogeneous differential equation if f  x, y  is a
of degree 0.
homogeneous function of degree zero in x and y .
2 2 2
6. f(x, y) = x x  y  y is a homogeneous function Eg 11
of degree 2 in x and y. The differential equations of the form
7. f(x, y) = x - y log y + y log x is a homogeneous function
of degree 1 in x and y. dy y y
i)  sin    cos  
dx x x
 xy 
8. f  x, y   sin 
 x  y  is not a homogenous function. ii)
dy x 2  y 2

 
dx x 2  y 2
1  y  y dy 2xy
9. g  x, y   sin  x   tan  x  is a homogeneous function iii)  2
dx x  y 2
   
are homogeneous differential equations because the function
of degree zero is x and y, since f  kx, ky   k 0 f  x, y 
f(x, y) on the R.H.S of each equation is a homogeneous
function of degree zero in x and y
4.19
Integral Calculus

Note dv
x  g v  v ...(3)
dx
dy f  x , y 
A differentiable equation of the form dx  g x , y is This is a variables seperable equation in x and v. Separating
  the variables and integrating we get
said to a homogeneous differential equation in x and y 1 1
if f  x , y  and g  x , y  are homogeneous functions of  g  v   v dv   x dx  c ...(4)
the same degree in x and y. On evaluation of these integrals, we get the general solution
General Solution of Homogeneous of equation (4) in the form F  v   ln x  c .
Differential Equation
y
Substituting v  we get the general solution of equation
dy x
Let  f  x, y  ... (1)
dx y
(1) as F    ln x  c .
x
be a homogeneous differential equation. Then f  x, y  is a Remark
homogeneous function of degree zero and hence it can be If the given differential equation can be expressed as
y dx x x
written as g   . Now, the equation (1) is equivalent to  f   , it is convenient to substitute  v i.e.,
x dy y y

dy y dx dv
 g  x  vy so that  vy . This transforms the
...(2) dy dy
dx x
given equation into an equation of variables seperable
y type in  and y and hence can be solved.
To solve equation (2) put  v i.e., y  vx wheree v is the
x
Note
dy dv
new dependent variable. Then vx and the dy
dx dx If  f  x , y  be a homogenous differential equation,
dx
equation (2) transforms to
then its general solution is given by
dv
vx  g v dv y
dx  f 1 ,v  v  ln | x |  c where v
x

Solved Examples

51. i)Express x 
x 2  y 2  y 2 dx  xydy  0 in the form
y
2
y
2

   1  
dy y x x y
 g    g 
dx y x
x  
x
ii) Express the differential equation
xydx  x 2dy  y x 2  y 2 dy  0 in the form 2 2 2
ii) xydx  y x  y dy  x dy

dx x dx y x 2  y 2  x 2
 g   
dy y dy xy
Sol. i) From the given equation
2 2
x2 x x
y2 x x 2  y2 y2 2
 1  x2   1   
dy y 2  x x 2  y 2 2
 y y y x
  x x2    g 
xy xy x y
dx xy  
x2 y

4.20
 Differential Equation

52. Solve
dv 1
 x  y log y  y log x  dx  x  log y  log x  dy  0  1 v 2
  dx where y  vx
x
v
Sol. The given equation can be written as 2v

y 2v 1
y log    x  dv   dx  c
dy x 
dy y
 
1 ..... (1)
1 v 2
x

dx y dx x y
x log   log     log 1  v 2   log x  c
x x

This can be written as log x  log 1  v   log c

2
(1) is a homogeneous differential equation
dv
  ln x  c  x 1  v 2   c
1
v v
ln v y
Substituting v  , the general solution of (1)
x
2
 log vdv   ln x dx  C  v  ln v  1  log x  C is x 2  y 2  cx , where c is an arbitrary constant.
55. The solution of the differenties equation
y
Substituting v  , we get  dy  y
x x  y  tan1 = x given that y ( 1 ) = 0 is
 dx  x
y y 
ln    1  ln x  c  y ln y   x  y  ln x  y  cx
x   x  
y y y y
tan1 tan 1
A) x 2  y2  e x x B) x 2  y2  ex x

dy x  y 
y
tan1
y x
tan1
x
53. The solution of dx  x  y represents a family of C) x2  y2  e x x D) x2  y2  e y y

A) Circles B) Parabolas Sol. (A) Given D.E can be written as

C) Ellipses D) Hyperbolas  dy y  y
Sol. (D) Since given equation is homogenous differential x    . tan1  x
 dx x  x
,by direct formula we have
dv  dy y  1 y
    tan =1
 f 1, v   v  ln x  c where y = vx  dx x  x

dv dy y 1
  ln x  c   
1v dx x tan1 y
v x
1 v

1  v  dv dv
  ln x  c  ln|x | c
1  2v  v 2 1
v 1
v
tan v
1
 ln v 2  2v  1  ln xc 1
2   tan v dv  ln|x | c

 x 2  2xy  y 2  c , which represents a family of 1

v. tan–1v – ln(1+v2) = lnx + C
hyperbolas. 2
54. The solution of the differential equation
where x = 1 ; y =0  v = 0  C = 0
x 2
 y 2  dx  2xydy can represent a family of
y y y2
A) Circles B) Parabolas tan1  ln 1  2  ln x
x x x
C) Ellipses D) Hyperbolas
Sol. (D) The given equation can be written as y2
= ln x 1  = ln x2  y2
dy x  y 2 2
x2
 ... (1)
dx 2xy y y
tan 1
It is a homogenous differential equation.By short cut  x2  y2  e x x

formula,we have

4.21
Integral Calculus

56. If the solution of  x y  2xy  dx   x

2 2 3
 3x 2 y  dy is  1 3 1
   2   dv   dx
x
v v x
y k e y  Cx l where C is arbitrary constant and k, l  N
1
  3 log v  log x  log c (replace c with log |c|)
then k+l equals. v
dy x 2 y  2xy 2 1 x y3
Sol.  3 ... (1)   log v 3 xc   log 3  xc
dx x  3x 2 y v y x
it is a homogenous differential equation.
By direct formula ,we have x
y y 3c x
e   y 3e y
 C.x 2
dv 1 x2
 v  2v 2
  dx
x  k = 3, l  2 Hence k  l  5
v
1  3v

Make Concepts Clear 4.5

 1  y  y2  x2 
1. A curve passes through the point  1 ,  & its slope at A) 2 ln    ln cx
 4 x 
 

y y 1  y  y2  x 2 
any point is given by  cos2   . Then the curve B) 2 ln  x
  ln cx

x x  
has the equation 1
e
C)
2
 
ln y  y 2  x 2  ln cx
A) y=x tan–1(ln ) B) y=x tan–1(ln x + 2)
x
 2 2
D) ln y  y  x  lncx 
1 e 1 x 5. The solution of the D.E.
C) y = tan–1(ln ) D) y  x tan l n  
x x e
y
y dx  x log   dy  2xdy  0 is
y  y  x
2. Solution of x sin dy   y sin  x  dx is
x  x  y
A) log    1  cy B) log y – log x = 1 + cy
x
y y
A) cos    c B) cos    log x  c y  y 
x x C)  e1 cy D) log    cy
x  ex 
y x
C) cos  l og x  c D) log x  c  cos y 6. Let y(x) be the solution of y 2dx   x 2  xy  y 2  dy  0
x
3. The real value of m for which the substitution, 
If y(1) = 1 then ln|y(1)| equals
y = u m will transform the differential equation, 2
dy
2x4y + y4 = 4x6 into a homogeneous equation is : y
dx 7. Given the solution of x sin 2   dx  ydx  xdy which
x
A) m = 0 B) m = 1
C) m = 3/2 D) no value of m  y
passes through the point  1,  is cot  g(x) then
 4 x
dy
4. The solution of x  y  2 y 2  x 2 is g(e) = _____
dx

Answers
1.A 2.C 3.C 4.A 5.A,B,C,D 6. 0
Solutions Are On Page No. 4.60

4.22
 Differential Equation

4.6. Non Homogeneous Case - 3

Differential Equations a1 b1
Suppose   k, c1  c 2
A first order and first degree differential equation is of the a 2 b2
dy a1 x  b1 y  c 1 This case already discussed
form  where a1 , b1 ,c1 ,a 2 , b2 ,c 2 are real
dx a 2 x  b 2 y  c 2
Case - 4
constants such that  c1 ,c 2    0,0  , is called a non -
homogeneous differential equation in x and y. a1 b1
 i.e., a1 b2  a 2 b1  0 .
a 2 b2
dy x  y  1 dy 2x  3y
For example,  ;  ,
dx x  y  1 dx x  y  2 In this case the (1) can be transformed to a homogeneous
D.E by introducing new variables X and Y, as follows
 3x  4y  6  dx   3x  4y  5  dy  0 etc., are
non - homogeneous differential equations. x  X  h , y  Y  h where the constants
h and k are to be determined so that
General Solution of Non Homogeneous
a1h  b1 k  c1  0 ; a 2 h  b2 k  c 2  0
Differential Equation
dy a1 x  b1 y  c 1 dy dY dY a1 X  b1 Y
Consider the D.E  ...(1) Then  and the (1) transforms to dX  a X  b Y
dx a 2 x  b 2 y  c 2 dx dX 2 2

...(2)
Where  c1 ,c 2    0,0  the following cases will arise.
Which is a homogeneous D.E in X and Y.
Case - 1 Substituting Y  vX , (2) transforms to variables seperable
form and hence can be solved to get the general solution in
a1 b1 c 1
  , the form   X, v,c   0
a 2 b2 c 2
a1 b1 c1 dy
Let    k , then (1) reduces to  k and Y
a 2 b2 c 2 dx By replacing v with , we get the general solution of (2) of
X
its general solution is y  kx  c .
the form   X, Y,C   0 . Hence the general solution of (1),
Case - 2
in this case, is given by   x  h, y  k,c   0 .
b1  a 2 , This case already discussed

Solved Examples
dy 3y  7x  7
The equation (1) transformes to
57. Solve 
dx 3x  7y  3 dY 7X  3Y
 ...(2)
dX 3X  7Y
dy 7x  3y  7
Sol. The given D.E is  ...(1) This is a homogeneous D.E put Y  vX
dx 3x  7y  3
so that V  X dv  dY . Then
a b dX dX
Hence 1  1 and b1  a 2  0
a 2 b2
dv 7  3v
 Put x  X  h and y  Y  k where h and k are (2)  v  X 
dX 3  7v
constants to be obtained from
dv 7  v  1
2
7h  3k  7  0
X  ...(3)
3h  7k  3  0 dX 3  7v
Solving for h and k, we get h  1, k  0 Seperating the variables and integrating, we get

dy dY 3  7v 1
Then x  X  1, y  Y and  v 2
dv  7  dX  c
dx dX 1 X
4.23
Integral Calculus

1 7 2v Y
 3 2
dv   2  7 log X  log c This is the general solution of (3), putting v  ,
v 1 2 v 1 X
the general solution of (2) is
3  v 1 7
  log  v  1  7 log X  log c
2
 log 
2  v 1 2 4 10 1
 Y  X   Y  X  k 2 , where k 2 
 3  c
 v 1 1   log  cX 14 
 log 
 v  1   v 2  17  Substituting X  x  1, Y  y the general solution of (1)
  is given by
1
  c.X14 4 10
4
 v  1  v  1
10  y  x  1  y  x  1  k2

4 10 1 2
  y  x  1  y  x  1  k
5
  v  1  v  1 X14 
c

by multiplying both sides by a positive function v(x) that

4.7 Linear Differential Equations transforms the left-hand side into the derivative of the product
A differential equation is said to be linear if the dependent of v(x).y.We will show how to find v in a momment,but first
variable & all its differential coefficients occur in degree one we want to show how,once found,it provides the solution we
only and are never multiplied together. seek.

The nth order linear differential equation is of the form; Here is why multiplying by v(x) works:

dy
v x  v  x  P  x  y  Q  x  v(x)
dn y d n 1 y dx
a0 (x) + a1(x) + .... + an (x) . y =  (x) .
d xn d x n 1
d
Where a0(x) , a1(x) ..... an(x) are called the coefficients of

dx
 v  x  y   v x  Qx 
the differential equation .
d dy
Note that a linear differential equation is always of the where  vy   v  Pvy
dx dx
first degree but every differential equation of the first
degree need not be linear. e.g. the differential On integration,we get
3
d2 y dy v  x  y   v  x  Q  x dx ...(2)
equation    + y2 = 0 is not linear , though
d x2 dx 
its degree is 1. Equation (2) expresses the solution of equation (1) in terms
of the function v(x) and Q(x) .We call v(x) an integrating
1. Linear Differential Equation in y factor for equation(1) because its presence makes the
equation integrable.
Differential equation of the form dy  P  x  y  Q  x  where Why does’nt the formula for P(x) appear in the solution as
dx
well?.It does,but indirectly,in the construction of the positive
P and Q are constants or continous functions of x is called a function v(x),we have
linear differential equation in standard form in y.
d dy
Eg :  vy   v  Pvy
dx dx
dy 1 dy x 2
 y  sin x ,  y  x 3 e x are all linear dy dv dy
dx x dx 1  x 2 v y v  Pvy
dx dx dx
differential equations (L.D.E’s) of first order in y.
dv dv
General Solution of Linear Differential y  Pvy it will hold for any y if  Pv
dx dx
Equation
Consider a linear differential equation of first order in y. dv dv
  Pdx     Pdx
v v
dy
 P x  y  Q x  ... (1)
dx  ln v   Pdx ( since v >0 , do not need absolute
sign in lnv)

4.24
 Differential Equation

the integrating factor (usually written as I.F) of the

 v  e
Pdx
which is what we multiplied to the equation (1). differential equation (1).
P  x  dx  The I.F of the differential equation
Thus, Multiplying both sides of (1) with e  ,
dy
dy  P  x dx P  x  dx
 P  x  .y  Q  x  ...(1) is
 ye 
P  x dx
we get e .P  x   Q  x  e  dx
dx
I.F  e 
P  x  dx and the general solution of (1) can be
d   P x dx  P  x  dx
 ye  Q  x  e

dx  
 written as y.  I.F    Q  x  I.F  dx  C
Integrating both sides, we get
2. Linear Differential Equation in x
d  P x dx  P x dx
 dx  ye  dx   Q  x  e  dx  C dx
Equations of the form  Px  Q where P and Q are
P x  dx P  x dx
dy
 y.e    Q  x  e dx  C constants or functions of y is called a linear D.E. in x.
P(y)dy
This is the general solution of equation (1). I.F. = e  and the general solution is given by x(I.F.)
Integrating Factor =  Q(y)(I.F.)dy  C
P  x  dx
The factor e  , which on multiplication, makes the L.H.S dx 2
Eg. : dy  xy  y is a L.D.E. in x.
  P  x dx 
of (1) as the differential coefficient of  y.e  is called
 

Solved Examples
58. Put the following equation in standard form Given solution is

dy sec 2 x
y.sec x  sec 2 x tan x dx 
x
dx
 x 2  3y, x  0  2
C

dy dy 3y sec x
Sol. x  x 2  3y  x y  C cos x
dx dx x 2
ii) Given eqaution is not a linear equation in y because
dy 3y
   x which is in standard form of linear dy
dx x of the presence of y
3
. But it can be written as
dx
3
differential equation and notice that P(x) is .
x dx dx 2
y  2x  10y 3  0   x  10y 2 .
3 dy dy y
not
x This is clearly a linear equation in x.
59. Solve the following differential equations by transforming P  y  dy
2
 y dy  e 2log y  y 2
them into linear form.  I.F  e  e

dy   2 4 5
(i) cos x  y sin x  tan x , x   ,  Given solution is xy  10y dy  2y  C 
dx  2 2
dy
(ii)  2x  10y 3  dy  y  0 , y(x) > 0 60. Solve 2x = y + 6x5/2 – 2 x , x > 0.
dx dx
Sol. i) The given equation can be written in standard form Sol. The given equation can be written as

dy dy  1  1
as  tan x.y  tan x sec x  y    3x 3 / 2 
dx dx  2x  x
Here P  x   tan x, Q  x   sec x. tan x 1 1
 2x dx ln x 1
I.F. = e e2  .
P(x )dx tan xdx x
I.F = e  e log sec x
e  sec x

4.25
Integral Calculus

Hence, solution of the given differential equation is given x2 a 2

by A) y = 2 – (2 + a2)
e 2

1  1 3 B) y = 1 – (2 + a2)
x2 a 2
  3x   dx  x 2  ln x  C
x 
y. e 2
x 2
x2 a 2
C) y = 2 – (1 + a2)
3 5/2 e 2
y = x  x ln x  C x
2 x 2 a 2
2
D) y  c  2  (2  a )e 2

dy
61. Solve  x  y  1 1 Sol. (A) Differentiate both sides x y (x) = 2x + y' (x)
dx
Sol. The given equation is not a linear equation in y. It can dy dy
hence – xy = – 2x (y ' (x) = ; y (x) = y)
dx dx dx
be written as  x  y  1 which is L.I. in x.
dy  x2
  x dx  e
I.F = e 2

dx
  x  y 1 ...(1)  x2  x2
dy x2
ye 2
  2x e 2
dx ; e 2 = t
I.F  e 1dy  e y
x2
 The general solution of equation (1) is  –x
e

2 dx = dt; I =  2dt
x  I.F    Q  y  I.F  dy  c  x2  x2 x2

ye 2
 2e 2
 c  y = 2 + ce 2
 xe  y   e  y  y  1 dy  c
if x = a  a2 + y = 0   y = – a2
 xe y  e y  y  2  c (from the given equation)
a2 a2
 x  c.e y   y  2 hence – a2 = 2 + c e 2 ; c e 2 = – (2 + a2);
This is the required solution.
a2 x2 a 2
c = – (2 + a2)  y = 2 – (2 + a2)
62. Let x(t) be the solution of t (1+ t2) dx=(x+xt2–t2)dt ; e 2
e 2

 4 64. Let f(x) be differentiable on the interval (0, ) such that

Given that x (1)  
, t > 0 then lim x '(t) equals.
4  t 
t 2f(x)  x 2 f(t)
Sol. Given equation can be written as f(1) = 1, and lim  1 for each x > 0.
t x tx
dx x(1  t 2 )  t 2 x t
   Then f(x) is (IIT - 2007)
dt t(1  t 2 ) t 1  t2
1 2x 2 1 4x 2
dx 1 t A)  B)  
  x 3x 3 3x 3
dt t 1  t2
1 2 1

1
t 1
dt C)   D)
I.F.= e e   ln t
x x2 x
t
General solution is given by t 2f(x)  x 2 f(t)
Sol. (A) Given, lim 1
tx tx
x dt
   1 t = – tan–1t + c
t 2
 x 2f (x)  2xf(x)  1  0
 x = t (c – tan–1 t) x 2 f(x)  2xf(x) 1
   4 0
t= ;x=–  c = 0 hence x = – t tan–1t (x 2 )2 x
4
 t  d  f(x)  1
x '    tan 1 t    2  4
 1  t r  dx  x  x
 4 1
lim x '    lim x '(t)  2 2
t  2  t  On integrating both sides, we get f(x)  cx 
3x
x
2
63. If  t y(t)dt = x2 + y (x) then y as a function of x is Also f(1) = 1, c 
a 3
4.26
 Differential Equation

66. If y(x) is the solution of differential equation

2 2 1
Hence, f(x)  x 
3 3x dy y
= and y(0) = 1 then which of the
dx 2y ln y  y  x
65. Let y(x) be the solution of differential equation
following is/are true
dy
x  x  2  2  x  1 y  x 3  x  2  , given that y = 9
dx A) x = y ln y B) ylim
0 
x 0
when x = 3, x > 2. Then
A) y = (x – 2) has exactly one solution in (2,  ) 1 1
B) y = (x – 2) has exactly 2 solution in (2,  ) 1 1
C)  xdy  4
D)  xdy  4
C) y = x(x – 2)2 has exactly one solution in (2,  ) 0 0

D) y = x (x – 2]2 has exactly one solution in (2,  )

Sol. (A, C) The given equation can be written as dy y dx
Sol. (A, B, C) = it is linear in or we
dx 2y ln y  y  x dy
dy
2
 x  1 y  x 2
...(1) can use variable separable
dx x  x  2
dx 2y ln y  y  x
1 or 
 x 1 log
1 dy y
 2 x  x  2 dx  e x x  2

I.F.  e x  x  2 dx 1
or  x  (2 ln y  1)
dy y
y x2
 x x  2   x x  2 dx  C xy = y2 ln y + c, y(0) = 1  c  0
   
 x  y ln y
x  2 
 dx  C    1   dx  C
x2  x  2 67. The function y (x) satisfies the equation
x
 x  2 log  x  2   C y(u)
y (x) + 2x 1 u 2
du = 3x2 + 2x + 1. ...(1)
0
y
Therefore,  x  2log  x  2  C
x  x  2 x
y(u)
Let z (x) = 1 u 2
du ...(2)
0
9
Taking x = 3 and y = 9 in (2), we get  3  C so that Which of the following is / are correct.
3
A) on substituting (2) in (1), equation (1) converts into
C=0
linear differential equation
Hence y   x  x  2  x  2log  x  2  .
1
for y = x – 2  x – 2 = x(x – 2) (x + 2ln (x – 2) B) z(x) = x + 1 
1 x 2
1  x2
 ln(x  2)  2 2x
2x C) y(x)  1  x 
1 x2
y z(x)
y=ln(x-2) D) xlim 0
 y(x)
Sol. (A, B, C, D)
x’ x x
1 2 y(u)
-1 y (x) + 2x 1 u 2
du = 3x2 + 2x + 1 ....(1)
P 0

x
y(u)
y’ 1 - x2 Let z (x) = 1 u 2
du
y= 0
2x
y(x)
There is exactly one solution in  2,   z ' (x) =
1  x2
for y = x(x – 2)2, x – 2 = x + 2 ln (x – 2)
 y (x) = (1 + x2) z ' (x) ...(2)
1 substituting y (x) in equation (1)
 x 2
e (1 + x2) z ' (x) + 2x · z(x) = 3x2 + 2x + 1

4.27
Integral Calculus

1
dz 2x 3x 2  2x  1 1 
+ 2 z (x) = which is linear DE
dx 1 x 1  x2 
  f(x)dx   4
 0 
2x
 1 x 2 dx ln(1 x 2
)
I.F. = e = e = 1 + x2
69. Let y(x) be the solution of such that
2
Hence z (1 + x 2) =  (3x  2x  1)dx
1 dy 1 x ex e
z (1 + = x3 + x2 + x + C x 2)  yex  e  , y(1) = 0 then y(0)  equals.
x dx 2
but z = 0 when x = 0  C = 0
Sol. (0) The given equation can be written as
x3  x 2  x
Hence z (x) = ...(3) dy 1 x e x
1  x2   xe x  y  xe  ... (1)
dx
now y (x) = (1 + x2)·z ' (x) ...(4)
(1) is a linear differnetial equation in y
(from 2 )
x
xe dx
I.F  e
x
2
x(1  x )  x 2  e e  x 1
also z (x) =  The general solution of equation (1) is given by
1  x2
y  I.F    Q  x  I.F  dx  c
x2  1  1 1
= x+ = x +1–
1  x2 1  x2  y.e
e x  x 1
  xe
e x 1 x 
.e
e x  x 1 
dx  c
2 2
2x (1  x )  2x
 z ' (x) = 1 + (1  x 2 )2 = e x  x 1 e x  x 1 x2
(1  x 2 )2  y.e   x dx  c  y.e  c
2
(1  x 2 )2  2x 1 x2 1
y (x) = [ from eqn (4) ] y(0)  0  c    ye e
x (x 1)
 
(1  x 2 ) 2 2 2
68. If y(x) be the solution of the differential equation 1 e
Put x = 0, we get y(0)e 1    y(0)   0
2
1  x  dy
2

dx
 4xy 
1
1x 2
with y(0) = 0 then
2
70. Let the function ln (f (x)) is defined where f (x) exists for
1 x  2 and k is fixed (+)ve real number, prove that if
1 
 0 
 f(x)dx 

equals d
 x f(x)  – k f (x) then f (x)  A x –1+k where A
dx
Sol. (4) The given equation can be written as is independent of x.
dy 4x 1 Sol. x f ' (x) + f (x)  – k f (x)
 y 2
... (1)
dx 1  x 2
1  x 2   x f ' (x) + (k + 1) f (x)  0

(1) is a linear differential equation in y dy

 x + (k + 1)y  0
4x
dx
I.F = e P x dx  e  1 x 2
dx

2ln 1 x 2  2 2
e 1  x  dy k 1
 + y 0 ...(1)
 The general solution of (1) is given by dx x
k 1
y  I.F    Q  x  I.F  dx  c Pdx  dx
IF = e  e x
= e(k + 1) ln x = eln x k 1
2 1 2 2
= xk + 1
 y 1  x 2    1  x  dx  c
2 2 d[ x k 1 · f(x)]
1  x  (1)  0
dx
2
 y 1  x 2   x  c , Since y(0) = 0 c 0 Let F (x) = xk + 1 · f (x)
F (x) is decreasing x  2
x F (x)  F (2) for all x  2
Hence y  2 2 F (x)  A
1  x 
xk + 1 · f (x)  A
1 1 1
1 2x 1 1  1 f (x)  A x –1 + k
dx   
0
f(x)dx 

2 0 (1  x 2 )2

2  1  x 2  0 4

4.28
 Differential Equation

Differential Equations Reducible To Linear can be transformed into a linear differential equation by
Equations dy du
substituting f  y   u . Then f   y   and equation (4)
dx dx
1.Change Of Variable By A Suitable Substitution
A differential equation of the form du
reduces to  P  x  u  Q x 
dx
dy
f y   P x  f  y  Q x  ... (1) Which is a linear equation in u and hence can be solved.
dx

Solved Examples
Hence, the solution of the given differential equation is
dy
71. Solve y sinx = cos x (sin x – y2) given by
dx
ue–r = –  re  r dr  re  r   e  r dr  re  r  e  r  C
dy
Sol. y sinx = cos x (sin x – y2) put y2 = z  2y i.e. u = r – 1 + Cer
dx
i.e. cot  = r – 1 + Cer.
dy dz
=
dx dx dy
73. Solve  x sin 2y  x 3 cos 2 y
dz dx
sin x = 2 cos x (sin x – z) Sol. The given D.E can be written as
dx
dy
dz sec 2 y  2x tan y  x 3 ... (1)
= 2 cos x – 2 cot x z or dx
dx
dy du
Put tan y  u then sec 2 y 
dz dx dx
+ 2 cot x z = 2 cos x which is linear. (1) transforms to
dx
du
72. Solve sec2  d  + tan  (1 – r tan  )dr = 0,.  2xu  x 3 ... (2)
dx
Sol. The given equation can be written as (2) is a linear equation in u.
d tan  r tan2  2xdx
I.F  e
2
   ex
dr sec 2  sec 2  The general solution of (2) is

 sec 2   d 1 2 2 1
ue x   x 3 ex dx  c  te t dt  c where
i.e.  tan 2   dr  tan   r
  2

1 t
d t  x2  e  t  1  c where t  x 2
i.e. cosec2   cot  = r 2
dr
Using the transformation 1 x2 2
2
 uex  e  x  1  c
cot  = u, we get – cosec  d  du2 2
the equation reduces to  The general solution of (1) is
2 1 x2 2
du Tan y e x  e  x  1  c
 u  r 2
dr
whose I.F. = e 1dr  e r . 1 2 2
 Tan y 
2
 x  1  c.e  x

2. Bernoulli’s Differential Equation General Solution of Bernoulli’s Differential Equation

Consider a Bernoulli’s differential equation
dy
A differnetial equation of the form  P  x  y  Q  x  yn
dx dy
 P  x  y  Q  x  y n ,  n  1 ... (1)
where P  x  and Q  x  are functions of x only and n  R is dx
called a Bernoulli’s equation. This equation can be written as

4.29
Integral Calculus

1 du
1 dy 1  P  x u  Q x 
n
 P  x  n 1  Q  x  ... (2) 1  n dx
y dx y
du
   1  n  P  x  u  1  n  Q  x  ... (3)
1 1 dy du dx
Put  u then 1  n  
y n 1 y n dx dx This is a linear differential equation in u and hence can be
solved.
and the equation (2) transforms to
(If n=1 the equation (1) reduces to variables seperable type)

Solved Examples

dy y dy dz
74. Solve   x 2y6 . siny = z ; cosy =
dx x dx dx

dy  1  dt  dz 
Sol. The given equation is    y  x 2y6 ... (1) – z  + t = 0 or
dx  x  dx  dx 
This is a Bernoulli’s equation. This equation can be d
written as (t  z) + (t – z) = 0
dx
1 dy 1 1 Let t–z=u
 .  x2 ... (2)
y 6 dx x y 5 du
+ u = 0  lnu + x = C
dx
1 1 dy du
Put  u then 5 6   ln (t – z) + x = C
y5 y dx dx
ln (x siny + y cosy – siny) = C – x
Equation (2), now, reduces to
 x siny + y cosy – siny = C e–x
1 du 1 du  5  76. The solution of y1(x2y3 + xy) = 1 is
  u  x2     u  5x 2 ... (3)
5 dx x dx  x  1 2

A)  2  y 2  C e y / 2
5 x
  x dx 1
I.F  e  e 5 log x  B) the solution of an equation which is reducible to
x5
linear equation
 The general solution of (3) is
2
1 1  1  C)  1  y 2  e y / 2
 u 5   5x 2 5 dx  c  5  2 
c x
x x  2x 
2  1  2x 
1 5 D) e y /2
  y2   C
u 5  2 c  x 
x 2x
Sol. (A, B,D) Rewriting the given equation, we have
1
Substituting u  5 , the general solution of equation dx
y  x 2 y 3  xy
dy
1 5
(1) is  c dx
x 5 y 5 2x 2  x 2  x 1y  y 3 , which is reducible to linear form.
dy
75. Solve
(x cos y – y sin y) dy + (x sin y + y cos y) dx = 0 du
Putting x 1  u, we have  yu   y 3 .
Sol. Let x siny + y cosy = t dy
Differentiate with reference to x
The I.F. of this equation is ey 2 / 2. So the solution is
dy dy dy dt
x cosy + siny + cosy – y siny = ue y
2
/2
  y 3 ey
2
/2
dy  C
dx dx dx dx
2 2
dy dy dt  (y 2 ey /2
 2ey /2
) C
(x cosy – y siny) + siny +cosy =
dx dx dx 1 2
  (2  y 2 )  C e  y / 2 or
dt dy x
 – (siny + cosy )+t=0 2
dx dx (1  2x) / x  y 2  C e  y /2

4.30
 Differential Equation

Make Concepts Clear 4.7

y y
C) x  ye D) y  e x
dy
1. Let y = y(x) be the solution of x lnx + y = 2 lnx, 7. Let y = f(x) be the solution of the differential equation,
dx
x  1 then y(e) equals. dy 1 1
A) 1 B) – 1 C) 2 D–2 x2 .cos  y sin =  1, where y1 as x  
dx x x
dy 1
2. The solution of the D.E. = is 2
dx x cos y  sin 2y 1 1 
 f(x)  2
A) y = sin – cos B)    f(x) dx 
A) x  2(1  sin y)  ce sin y B) x  2(1  sin y)  ce sin y x x 0 x  

C) x   2(1  sin y)  cesin y D) None of these 2

1 1 
 f(x)  2
dy C) y = cos  sin D)    f(x) dx 
3. If y (t) is a solution of (1  t)  ty =1 and x x 0 x  
dt
8. A dx + Bx dy = C dy, have a solution if
  A) A is a const. function and B, C are functions
y(0) = – 1, then y   equals (IIT - 2003)
 2 of x
B) A is const. function and B, C are function of y
1 1 C) A, B and C are constants
A)  B) e 
2 2 D) A, B and C are function of x
1 9. Let y  f(x) be a curve such that x-intercept of tangent
C) e  D) 1/2
2 at any point P on the curve is equal to kth power of
4. A function y = f (x) satisfies the differential equation f abscissa of P where k > 1. Then
(x) · sin 2x – cos x + (1 + sin2x) f ' (x) = 0 with initial A) y=f(x) always passes through origin

condition y (0) = 0. The value of f   6  is equal to y

B) for k = 2 if y(2)=2 then x 
y 1
A) 1/5 B) 3/5 C) 4/5 D) 2/5
5. A function y = f (x) satisfies (x + 1) . f  (x) – 2 (x2 C) for k = 3 if y( 2)  2 then xlim y2  1

2
ex y2  2
+ x) f (x) = ,  x  1 D) for k = 3 if y( 2)  2 then xLt
(x  1) 

If f (0) = 5 , then f (x) is dy

10. Let y  y(x) be the solution of x (x 2 +1)
dx
 3x  5  x 2  6x  5  x 2 = y (1 – x2 ) + x2 lnx with y(e) = 0 then 2y(1) + 1
A)  . e B)   .e
 x 1   x 1  equals
dy
 6x  5  x 2  5  6x  x 2 11. If y(x) is the solution of x  x 2  3y, x  0 then
C)  2 
.e D)   .e dx
 (x  1)   x 1 
6. Solution of the differential equation y
lim equals
x 0  x2
dx x log x ey
  if y (1) = 0, is 12. Let y(x) be the solution 3xy'  y  ln x  1,x  0 and
dy 1  log x 1  log x

A) x x  eyey B) ey  x ey y(1)   2 then   2y(x)dx equals.

Answers
1. A 2. C 3.A 4.D 5. B 6.A 7.A, B
8. B,C 9. A,B,C,D 10. 0 11. 1 12. 3
Solutions Are On Page No. 4.61

4.8 Geometrical Applications of and normal at P(x, y) to the curve meets x–axis and y–axis
at T and N respectively.
Differential Equation
Let P(x, y) be any point on the curve y = f(x). Let the tangent Slope of tangent at P  m  dy
dx

4.31
Integral Calculus

y dy
Yy  (X  x) ...(i)
dx
T’
P(x,y) on putting y = 0 and x = 0 in (i)

y=f(x)  dx   dy 
We get T   x  y ,0  and OT '   0, y  x 
N’  dy   dx 
N -90o 
x’ x
O M T dx
i.e., x – intercept OT  x  y and y – intercept
dy

y’ dy
OT '  y  x
i) Length of Sub–tangent dx

vi) Intercepts made by the normal on the coordinate

dx dx
MT  |OT  OM|  x  y x = y axes :
dy dy
The equation of normal at P(x, y) to curve y = f(x) is
ii) Length of Sub–normal
1
Yy   (X  x) ...(ii)
dy  dy 
MN |OM  ON| y  
dx  dx 
dy On putting Y = 0 & X = 0 we get
 Length of sub–normal = y dx
iii) Length of Tangent dy  dx 
ON = X   x  y , 0  and ON '   0, y  x 
 dx   dy 
2
 dx  2
PT   y  y vii) The intercept of tangent on y- axis is called initial ordinate.
 dy 
viii) Area of triangle formed by tangent,normal .and x-axis
is given by
  dx  2 
y 1     1
= (length of tangent )(length of normal)
  dy   2

iv) Length of normal

2 2
2
1 y  dy   dy 
 dy  2
1    .y 1   
PN   y  y = 2  dy   dx   dx 
 dx   
 dx 
2
 dy 
 y (1  tan 2   y 1    2
 dx  1 y2   dy  
 1    
= 2  dy    dx  
v) Intercepts made by the tangent on the coordinate  
 dx 
axes
ix) The distance of P from origin i.e OP is called length
The equation of tangent at P(x, y) to a curve y = f(x) is radius vector

Solved Examples
77. Find the equation of the curve for which the Cartesian
1 dx k
subtangent varies as the reciprocal of the square of the question (subtangent )  or y 
x2 dy x 2
abscissa.
Sol. Let P(x, y) be any point on the curve, according to the Where k is constant of proportionality

4.32
 Differential Equation

kdy 1
or  x 2dx  d  x 2  y2 
y 2

x3 xdy  ydx 1 1 y x 2  y2
Integrating, we get k n y   n c 
x2  y2

2
d  x 2
 y 2
  Tan
x

2
C
3

 yk  x 3 y dx
iv) x   y2  x  y  y 2  xdy  ydx  y 2dy
or n   
3
 y k  ce(x / 3) m dy
c
  3
78. Find the curve for which the length of normal is equal ydx  xdy x x
   dy  d     dy     y  C
to the radius vector. y2 y y
Sol. Here radius vector = OP and length of normal
 x   y 2  cy, y(1)  1  c  2  x   y 2  2y
= PN, according to question PN = OP
80. The curve such that the angle, formed with the x-axis
  dy  2  by the tangent to the curve at any of its points, is twice
2 2
 y 1      (x  y ) the angle formed by the polar radius of the point of
  dx   tangency with the x-axis. Interpret the curve is
2
A) a circle passing through origin
2  dy  2 dy B) a circle centre lives on y – axis
 y    x  y x
 dx  dx C) a parabola D) an ellipse
or x dx  y dy  0 or 2x dx  2y dy  0
Integrating, we get x 2  y 2  c 2
This equation represents a circle or rectangle hyperbola P
according as + ve or – ve sign.
Sol.
79. Let y = f(x) be a curve such that x – intercept of tangent
at any point P on y = f(x) is equal to
i) twice the ordinate of P where y > 0. Find x(e) if
x(1) = 1.
dy y
x y 1 Given tan2  = where tan  =
ii) product of coordinates of P. Find y e if y(1) =1 dx x

iii) y – intercept of normal at P. Find the curve y

2 tan  dy dy 2
iv) square of ordinate of P. Find the curve given that
 or = x  2xy
y(1) = 1 1  tan2  dx dx y2 x 2  y2
1 2
y dx x 1
1 x
   2 , I.F.  e  y 
 dy
Sol. i) x   2y 
m dy y y
1  v2 1  v 2  2v 2
lncx =  2
dv   dv
1 2 x v(1  v ) v(1  v 2 )
solution is x.
y

  y dy  y   ln y  C
1 2v 
Given that x(1) = 1  C  1 , =   v  1  v
2 
dv  ln v  ln 1  v 2

 curve is x = y (1 – ln y)  x (e)  0
v xy
ln cx  ln  cx   x 2  y 2  cy  0
y dx dx 1 y  1  v2 x 2  y2
ii) x   xy  x(1  y)  y.
m dy

 x
 

 y 
 dy
81. Find the curve for which the sum of the normal and
 ln x  C  ln y  y , since y(1) = 1, we get C = –1 subnormal is proportional to the abscissa, the
proportionality constant being k.
y y
 curve is ln x – 1 = ln y – y  ln  y  1  e y 1 Sol. From figure, we have m 2 y 2  y 2  my  kx
x x
x y 1  |y | 1  m 2  kx – | my |
 e 1
y
squaring y2 (1+m2) = k2x2 + m2 y2 – 2kx my
y x
iii) x   y   xdy  ydx  ydy  xdx dy k 2x 2  y 2
m m  2kx | my | = k2 x2 – y2  
dx 2kxy

4.33
Integral Calculus

82. Find the differential equation of the curve for which  y2 = x (x + | my | )  y2 – x2 = x |my|
the intercept cut off by any tangent on y–axis is
dy y 2  x2
proportional to the square of the ordinate of the point  =±
of tangency. dx xy
Sol. Let P(x, y) be any point on the curve By substituting y = vx and on integration we get

dy dx dv dx dv
 Length of intercept on y–axis = y  x
dx
intercept
  x v 2
1
v
or  x   1 v 2

v
v v
dy 1 vdv
on y–axis  y 2  y  x  ky 2
dx 
 ln x  C   vdv or ln x  ln C 
4 1  2v 2 
where k is constant of proportionality
v2 1 1 2
y dy ky 2
1 dy 1 k  ln x  C   or ln x  ln C  ln (1  2v )
or       2 4 4
x dx x y 2 dx xy x
 2x 2 ln x  y 2  Cx 2 or 2y 2  x 2  Cx 4
dy dv
Put y–1 = v ; then y 2 
dx dx  dv
 v 2  1  v2
dv v k   v   vdv
    
dx x x  v   2
ln cx     vdv 
 dv  1
 ln 1  2v 2
 I.F  e 1 / x dx  en x  x  1  v 2  1  2v 2  4
 v
 v
k
 The solution is v.x   x dx  c
x 85. If y(x) is the equation of the curve intersecting with the
x-axis at the point x = 1 and possesses the property
x
 vx = kx + c   kx  c that the length of the subnormal at any point of the
y
curve is equal to the A.M. of the co-ordinates of this
point then 8y3(0) equals
c1 c 2  1
 x  y  1  v  y  Sol. (4) Sub Normal = A.M of x,y
 
dy x  y dy x  y
y   
 c 1  dx 2 dx 2y
 where   c1 and  c 2 
 k k  which is homogenous differential equation,therefore by
83. Find the curve such. that the ratio of the subnormal at shortcut formula ,we have
any point to the sum of its abscissa and ordinates is dv dv
equal to the ratio of the ordinate of this point to its ln cx    where y = vx
f 1, v   v 1  v
abscissa. If the curve passes through (1, 0) find all v
2v
possible equations in the form y = f (x).
A) y = x ln | cx | B) x2 + 2xy = c 2vdv 2vdv
C) y =– x ln | cx | D) x2–2xy = c ln cx    
1  v  2v 2 1  2v  v  1
1
Sol. (B) Equation of normal :Y – y =  ( X – x)
m 2  1 1 
  dv
3    v  1  2v  1 
By hypothesis ,we have 
|my| y dy xy
 
x  y x  dx x 2 1 
with +ve sign solution is y = x ln | cx |    ln v  1  ln 2v  1 
3 2 
with –ve sign solution is x2 + 2xy = c
2
84. Find the curve such that the ordinate of any of its points
 c3x3
 x  y   2y  x   1
is the proportional mean between the abscissa and the x3
sum of the abscissa and subnormal at the point. 2
 c 3  x  y   2y  x   1
2
A) 2y  x  Cx2 4
B) y2 + 2x2 lnx = cx2
For x = 1,y = 0, we get c = 1
2
C) 2y  x  Cx 2 4
D) y2 - 2x2 lnx = cx2  The required curve is (x – y)2 (2y + 1) = 1 put
x = 0, we get 2y3(0) = 1
Sol. (A, B) According to the condition , y  x  x  my   8y 3 (0)  4

4.34
 Differential Equation

86. Let y = f(x) be the curve with y(0) = 0 such that by these lines and co-ordinate axes in the ratio m : n,
sub - normal at any point P on the curve is equal to find the curve.
OP2 then e2 – 2y2 (1) equals y
dy
Sol. (5) The sub - normal  y. and OP2 = x2 + y2 .
dx B
P(x,y)
dy
Given that y  (x 2  y 2 )
dx Sol.

dy x
or, 2y  2y 2  2x 2 ...(1)
dx O A
Area of OBPO : area of OPAO = m : n
dy dt  dt  2t  2x 2
Let y2 = t  2y 
dx dx dx x
xy   ydx
 2dx m
I.F. = e   e2x
0
 x

n
 ydx
Solution is given by t.e–2x =  2x 2e2x dx  C 0

e 2x x
 y 2e2x   x 2e 2x  xe 2x  C
2  nxy = (m + n)  ydx
0
1
 y 2  ce 2x  x 2  x  Differentiating w.r.t x, we get
2
1 e2 5  dy 
y(0) = 0  C   y 2 (1)    e 2  2y 2 (1)  5 n x  y   (m  n)y
2 2 2  dx 
87. A curve y = f(x) passes through the origin. Through
any point (x, y) on the cuve, lines are drawn parallel to dy m dx dy m/n
 nx  my    y = cx .
the co-ordinate axes. If the curve divides the area formed dx n x y

Make Concepts Clear 4.8

1. A curve ‘C’ has the property that if the tangent at any that at each point (x, y) on it the normal line at that
point ‘P’ on ‘C’ meets the coordinate axis at A and B, point passes through (1, 0). The equation of a common
then P is the mid point of AB. If the curve passes tangent to the curve C and the parabola y2 = 4x is
through the point (1, 1), then the equation of curve is A) x = 0 B) y = 0
A) xy = 2 B) xy = 3 C) xy = 1 D) none C) y = x + 1 D) x + y + 1 = 0
2. A curve is such that the area of the region bounded by 6. If the length of the portion of the normal intercepted
the co-ordinate axes, the curve & the ordinate of any between a curve and the axis varies as the square of the
point on it is equal to the cube of that ordinate. The ordinate, then the curve is given by
curve represents
A) a pair of straight lines B) a circle A) kx  1  k 2x 2  ce ky B) ky  k 2 y 2  1  ce kx

C) a parabola D) an ellipse C) kx  k 2 x 2  1  ce xy D) ky  k 2 y 2  1  ce xy
3. The equation of the curve which passes through the
point (2a, a) and for which the sum of the cartesian dy
7. Let y = y(x) be the solution of  2xy  x 3 with y(0)
sub tangent and the abscissa is equal to the constant a, dx
is 1
= then
A) y  x  a   a 2
B) y  x  a   a 2 2
A) y(x) has local maximum at x = 0
C) x  y  a   a 2 D) x  y  a   a 2 B) y(x) has local minimum at x = 0
C) y(x)=0 has exactly 1 root in R
4. The x-intercept of the tangent to a curve is equal to the
D) y(x)=0 has no real root in R
ordinate of the point of contact. The equation of the
8. Let y = f(x) be a curve such that y – intercept of tangent
curve through the point (1, 1) is at any point P on the curve is equal to slope of line OP,
x x y y
y y 1
A) y e  e B) x e  e C) x e x  e D) y e x  e where O being origin. If y(1) = e then xlim 
 0 y
5. A curve C passes through origin and has the property
(assume curve lies in first quadrant)
4.35
Integral Calculus

Answers
1. C 2. C 3.A 4.A 5.A 6.B 7. B, D
8. 0
Solutions Are On Page No. 4.63

the origin, y = mx, is an orthogonal trajectory of the family

4.9 Orthogonal Trajectory of the circles x2 + y2 = a2
Suppose we are given the family of plane curves.F(x,y,a)=0
Finding Orthogonal Trajectory of a Given
depending on a single parameter a.
Family of Curves
A curve making at each of its points a fixed angle  with the
(i) Let f(x, y, c) = 0 be the equation, where c is an orbitary
curve of the family passing through that point is called an
parameter, of given family.
isogonal trajectory of that family; if in particular
(ii) Differentiate the given equation with respect to x and

 = , then it is called an orthogonal trajectoryy.On the then eliminate c.
2
other hand. dy dx
(iii) Replace by - in the equation obtained in (ii)
Any curve which cuts every member of a given family of dx dy
curves at right angle, is called an orthogonal trajectory of
the family. For example, each straight line passing through (iv) Solve the differential equation in (iii)

Solved Examples
88. Find the orthogonal trajectories of the family of curves 89. The orthogonal trajectories of the family of curves
x2 + y2 = c 2 . y = cx2 is
Sol. The family F(x, y, c) = x2 + y2 – c2, consists of circles
x2 y2
with centers at the origin and radii c. Implicitly A)  y2  c B) x  c
differentiating the given equation with respect to x, we 2 2
obtain x2 y2
C)  y2  c 2
D) x   c
2 2
dy x
2x  2yy  0 or  Sol. (A) The family, which is given by F(x, y, c) = y – cx2,
dx y
consists of parabola symmetric about the y–axis with
dy y vertices at the origin. Differentiating the given equation
so that  is D.E. of orthogonal trajectory
dx x
dy
This equation is linear ( and, in differential form, with respect to x, we obtain  2cx .
separable); its solution is y = kx dx
which represents the orthogonal trajectories. dy x
Here f(x, y) =  or x dx + 2y dy = 0
In figure some members of the family of circles are dx 2y
shown in solid lines and some members of the family 1 2 2
(i), which are straight lines through the origin, are shown The solution of this separable equation is x  y  c .
2
in dashed lines. Observe that each straight line intersects y

each circle at right angles.

y
y = 2x2
y = -x y = 2x 2
y=x
1 2
y=x y= x
2 2 1 x=2
2
y=
2
x22 + y22 = 1
1 2
x +y =2 2
y= x=1
2
2 2
x +y =4 x’ x
x’ x
1 2 1
1 2 y2  x 
y= x 2 2
2
2
y=–x
2
y = -2x

y’ y’
4.36
 Differential Equation

These orthogonal trajectories are ellipses. Some  yy1 

members of this family, along with some members of y2 = 2 y y1  x  
 2 
the original family of parabolas. y = 2x y y1 + y · y12
2 2
Note that each ellipse intersects each parabola at right
2
angles.  dy   dy 
90. The orthogonal trajectories of x y = c is y2   + 2xy   – y2 = 0
dx
   dx 
A) x 2  y 2  k B) x 2  y 2  k  D.E. of orthogonal trajectory is
2
C) y 2  kx D) x 2  ky  dx   dx 
y   – 2x  dy  – y = 0
dy
   
dy
Sol. (B) Differentiating w.r.t x, we get x + y = 0.
dx dx 2x  4x 2  4y 2 x  x2  y2
= =
dy dx dx dy 2y y
Replace by – to get x – y = 0.
dx dy dy
dx dv
 x dx – y dy = 0 Let x = v y  dy = v + y
dx
 x2 – y2 = k
This is the family of required orthogonal trajectories. dv dv dy
91. The orthogonal trajectories of y2 = 4a (x + a) is v+y
dy
=v± 1  v2   2
=±  y
1 v
A) y  x 2  y 2  cx 2 B) x  x 2  y 2  cy 2
 ln (v + 1  v 2 ) = ± ln (c y)
C) x  x 2  y 2  cy 2 D) y  x 2  y 2  cx 2
x  x2  y2
Sol. (B) 2 y y1 = 4a ...(1) = cy  x + x 2  y 2 = cy2
y

4.10 Applications of First–Order is proportional to the amount of substance present, then

dN/dt = kN, or
Differential Equations
dN
 kN  0 ...(a)
Growth And Decay dt
Let N(t) denote the amount of substance (or population) Where k is the constant of proportionality. We are assuming
that is either growing or decaying. If we assume that that N(t) is a differentiable, hence continuous, function of
dN/dt, the time rate of change of this amount of substance, time.

Solved Examples
92. The population of a certain country is known to increase Substituting this value into (i) gives
at a rate proportional to the number of people presently N = N0et/2 ln 2 ...(iii)
living in the country. If after two years the population At t = 3, N = 20,000. Substituting these values into
has doubled, and after three years the population is (iii), we obtain 20, 000 = N0e3/2 ln 2
20,000, estimate the number of people initially living  N0 = 20,000 / 2 2  7071
in the country.  2  1.4142  93. A certain radioactive material is known to decay at a
rate proportional to the amount present. If initially there
Sol. Let N denote the number of people living in the country
is 50 Kg. of the material present and after two hours it
at any time t, and let N0 denote the number of people
is observed that the material has lost 10 percent of its
initially living in the country. Then, from equation (a)
original mass, find (a) and expression for the mass of
dN the material remaining at any time t, (b) the mass of
 kN  0 which has the solution
dt the material after four hours, and (c) the time at which
N = cekt ...(i) the material has decayed to one half of its initial mass.
At t = 0, N = N0; hence, it follows from (i) that N0 = Sol. (a) Let N denote the amount of material present at
cek(0), or that c = N0. Thus, dN
N = N0ekt ...(ii) time t. Then, from equation (a)  kN  0
dt
At t = 2, N = 2N0. Substituting these values into (ii),
This differential equation is separable and linear, its
1 solution is N = cekt ...(i)
we have 2N0 = N0e2k from which k  n 2
2
4.37
Integral Calculus

At t = 0, we are given that N = 50. Therefore, from where k is a constant of proportionality.

(i), 50 = cek(0) , or c = 50.
dN
Thus, N = 50 ekt ...(ii)  kdt  0
N(500  N)
At t = 2, 10 percent of the original mass of 50mg. or
5mg, has decayed. Hence , at t = 2,
1 1 1 
N = 50 – 5 = 45. Substituting these values into (ii) Its solution is    dN   k dt  c
500  N 500  N 
1 45
and solving for k, we have 45 = 50e2k or k  n . which may be rewritten as
2 50
Substituting this value into (ii), we obtain the amount N
 n  500(c  kt)
of mass present at any time t as 500  N
N = 50e–1/2 ln . 9 t ...(iii)
where t is measured in hours. N
 e500(c  kt) ...(ii)
(b) We require N at t = 4. Substituting t = 4 into (iii) 500  N
and then solving for N, we find N = 50e– 2 ln . 9 But e500(c + kt) = e500ekt. Setting c1 = e500c, we can write
(c) We require t when N = 50/2 = 25. Substituting N (iii) as
= 25 into (iii) and solving for t, we find
N
25 = 50e– 1/2 ln . 9 t  t = ln 1/2 / (–1/2 ln . 9). hr..  c1e 500kt ...(iii)
500  N
94. Five mice in a stable population of 500 are intentionally At t = 0, N = 5.
infected with a contagious disease to test a theory of
epidemic spread that postulates the rate of change in 5
  c 1e500k(0)  c 1
the infected population is proportional to the product 495
of the number of mice who have the disease with the So c1 = 1/99 and (iii) becomes
number that are disease free. Assuming the theory is
N 1 500kt
correct, how long will it take half the population to  e ...(iv)
500  N 99
contract the disease ?
Sol. Let N(t) denote the number of mice with the disease at 1 500kt
we obtain 1  e  n99  500kt
time t. We are given that N(0) = 5, and it follows that 99
500 – N(t) is the number of mice without the disease or t = 0.0091/k time units. Without additional
at time t. The theory predicts that information, we cannot obtain a numerical value for
dN the constant of proportionality k or be more definitive
 kN(500  N) ...(i) about t.
dt

Newton’s Cooling Law

Newton’s law of cooling, which is equally applicable to dT dT
= – k( T – Tm), or as  kT  kTm ....(a)
heating, states that the time rate of change of the temperature dt dt
of a body is proportional to the temperature difference where k is a positive constant of proportionality. Once k is
between the body and its surrounding medium. Let T denote chosen positive, the minus sign is required in Newton’s law
the temperature of the body and let T m denote the
temperature of the surrounding medium. Then the time rate dT
to make negative in a cooling process, when T is greater
dT dt
of change temperature of the body is , and than Tm, and positive in a heating process, when T is less
dt
than Tm.
Newton’s law of cooling can be formulated as

Solved Examples
95. A metal bar at a temperature of 1000 F is placed in a dT
room at a constant temperature of 00 F. If after 20   kT  0  Tm  0  T = ce–kt ...(i)
dt
minutes the temperature of the bar is 500 F, find (a) the
Since T = 100 at t = 0
time it will take the bar to reach a temperature of 250
 100 = ce–k(0) or 100 = c.
F and (b) the temperature of the bar after 10 minutes.
Substituting this value into (i), we obtain
dT T=100 e–kt ...(ii)
Sol. Newton’s law of cooling is   K(T  Tm )
dt At t = 20, we are given that T=50; hence, from(2),

4.38
 Differential Equation

1 50 Substituting this value into (ii), we obtain the

50 = 100e–20k from which k   n temperature of the body at any time t as
20 100
Substituting this value into (ii), we obtain the T = – 50e1/5 ln 4/5 t + 100 ...(iii)
temperature of the bar at any time t as (a)We require t when T = 75. Substituting T = 75 into
T = 100e ln 1/2 t ...(iii) (iii), we have
(a) When T = 25 75 = – 50e1/5 ln 4/5 t + 100
25 = 100e1/20 ln 1/2 t (b)We require T when t = 20. Substituting t = 20 into
(iii) and then solving for T, we find
 t = 39.6 min.
T = –50e1/5 ln 4/5 (20) + 100
(b)We Substituting t = 10 into (iii) we find that
97. A body at an unknown temperature is placed in a room
T = 100e1/20 ln 1/2 . 10 0 F
It should be noted that since Newton’s law is valid only which is held at a constant temperature of 300 F. If
for small temperature differences, the above after 10 minutes the temperature of the body is 00 F
calculations represent only a first approximation to the and after 20 minutes the temperature of the body is
150 F, find the unknown initial temperature.
physical situation.
96. A body at a temperature of 500 F is placed outdoors dT
Sol. From equation (a)  kT  30 k
where the temperature is 1000 F. If after 5 minutes the dt
temperature of the body is 600 F, find (a) how long it Solving, we obtain T = ce–kt + 30 ...(i)
will take the body to reach a temperature of 750 F and At t = 10, we are given that T = 0.
(b) the temperature of the body after 20 minutes. Hence, form (i)
0 = ce–10 k + 30 or ce–100 = – 30 ...(ii)
Sol. Using (a) with Tm = 100 (the surrounding medium is
At t = 20, we are given that T = 15. Hence, from (i)
dT again,
the outside air), we have  kT  100 k
dt 15 = ce–20 k + 30 or ce–20 = – 15 ...(iii)
This differential equation is linear Solving (ii) and (iii) for k and c,
T = ce–kt + 100 ...(i) 1
Since T = 50 when t = 0, it follows from (i) that 50 = we find k  n2
10
ce–k(0) + 100, or c = – 50. Substituting this value into and c = – 30 e10 k = – 30(2) = – 60
(i), we obtain T = – 50e–kt + 100 ...(ii) Substituting these values into (i), we have for the
At t = 5, we are given that T = 60 ; hence, from (ii), temperature of the body at any time t
60 = –50e–5k + 100. Solving for k, we obtain T = –60e–1/2 ln 2 t + 30 ...(iv)
1 40 Since we require T at the initial time t = 0, it follows
– 40 = – 50e–5k or k   n from (iv) that
5 50
T0 = –60e(–1/2 ln 2 (0)) + 30 = –60 + 30 = –300 F

Dilution Problems et minus the volume of brine removed ft. Thus, the volume
of brine at any time is
Consider a tank which initially holds V0 lit. of brine that
contains a lb of salt. Another brine solution, containing b lb V0 + et – ft ...(a)
of salt per liter, is poured into the tank at the rate of e lit/min The concentration of salt in the tank at any time is
while, simultaneously, the well–stirred solution leaves the tank Q/(V0 + et – ft), from which it follows that salt leaves the
at the rate of f lit/min. The problem is to find the amount of
salt in the tank at any time t.  Q 
tank at the rate of f   lb / min
Let Q denote the amount of salt in the tank at any time.  V0  et  ft 
The time rate of change of Q, dQ/dt, equals the rate at
dQ  Q 
which salt enters the tank minus the rate at which salt leaves Thus,  be  f   or
the tank. Salt enters the tank at the rate of be lb/min. To dt  V0  et  ft 
determine the rate at which salt leaves the tank, we first
dQ f
calculate the volume of brine in the tank at any time t,  Q  be ...(b)
which is the initial volume V0 plus the volume of brine added dt V0  (e  f)t

Solved Examples
98. A tank initially holds 100 lit. of a brine solution amount of salt in the tank at any time t.
containing 20 lb of salt. At t = 0, fresh water is poured Sol. Here, V0 = 100, a = 20, b = 0, and e = f = 5,
into the tank at the rate of 5 lit./min, while the well– dQ 1
stirred mixture leaves the tank at the same rate. Find Equation (b)  Q0
dt 20
4.39
Integral Calculus

The solution of this linear equation is Q = ce–t/20 From which

...(i)
1 98
At t = 0, we are given that Q = a = 20. Substituting t = n min
these values into (i), we find that c = 20, so that (i) 0.03 99
can be rewritten as Q = 20e – t/20 . Note that as 100. A 50–lit. tank initially contains 10 lit. of fresh water.
t  , Q  0 as it should, since only fresh water is At t = 0, a brine solution containing 1 lb of salt per
being added. gallon is poured into the tank at the rate of
4 lit./min, while the well–stirred mixture leaves the tank
99. A tank initially holds 100 lit. of a brine solution at the rate of 2 lit./min. Find (a) the amount of time
containing 1 lb of salt. At t = 0 another brine solution required for overflow to occur and
containing 1 lb of salt per liter is poured into the tank (b) the amount of salt in the tank at the moment of
at the rate of 3 lit./min, while the well – stirred mixture overflow.
leaves the tank at the same rate. Find (a) the amount Sol. (a) Here a = 0, b = 1, e = 4, f = 2, and V0 = 10. The
of salt in the tank at any time t and (b) the time at
volume of brine in the tank at any time t is given in
which the mixture in the tank contains 2 lb of salt.
equation (a) as V0 + et – ft = 10 + 2t. We require t
Sol. (a)Here V0 = 100, a = 1, b = 1, and e = f = 3 ; when 10 + 2t = 50, hence, t = 20 min.
dQ dQ 2
hence equation (b)  0.03Q  3 (b) For the equation  Q4
dt dt 10  2t
The solution to this linear differential equation is This is a linear equation ; its solution is
Q = ce–0.03t + 100 ...(i)
At t = 0, Q = a = 1. Substituting these values into (i), 40t  4t 2  c
Q ...(i)
we find 1 = ce0 + 100, or c = –99. 10  2t
Then (i) can be rewritten asQ = – 99e–0.03t + 100 At t = 0, Q = a = 0. Substituting these values into (i),
...(ii) we find that c = 0. We require Q at the moment of
(b) We require t when Q = 2. Substituting Q = 2 into overflow, which from part (a) is t = 20. Thus
((ii), we obtain
40(20)  4(40)2
98 Q  48 lb
2 = – 99e–0.03t + 100 or e–0.03t = 10  2(20)
99

4.40
Practice Session-1
for
Single Choice
JEE MAIN
1. The general solution of the differential equation dy 3x 2 y 4  2xy
6. The solution of the D.E.  2 is
 1 y  2
2y dx x  2x 3 y 3
 2  4  dx  3 dy  0 , is
x x  x y2 x2
A)  x 3y 2  c B)  x3y2  c
2 2 3 x y
A) x 3  y 3  cx 2 B) x  y  cx
2 3
C) x  y  cx
3
D) x 3  y 2  cx 2 x2 x2
C)  x3y3  c D)  2x 3 y 2  c
y2 3y
dy 1 1
2. Solution of the equation  tan y  2 tan y sin y is
dx x x dy
xy 4
dx  x 2  2y 2  y is
A) 2x  sin y 1  2cx 
2
7. Solution for
dy x2
yx
B) 2x  sin y 1  2cx 
2
dx

C) 2x  sin y 1  cx   0
2 y 1 y 1
A) x  x 2  y 2  c B) x  x 2  y 2  c
D) x  2 sin y 1  2cx   0
2

x 1 x 1
(where c is arbitrary constant) C) y  x 2  y 2  c D) y  x 2  y 2  c
3. The differential equation of family of curves whose
8. The solution of the equation

tangent form an angle of with the hyperbola xy  c 2 x x
4 x y(t)dt  (x  1) ty(t)dt,x  0 is
is 
0

0

2 2 2 2
dy x  c dy x  c c x3
A)  B)  A) y = e 3 x
B) y = cx e
3

dx x 2  c 2 dx x 2  c 2 x3
dy c 2 dy c 2 c -x c 1
C)  2 D)  C) y  e D) y  3 e x
dx x dx x 2 x 3
x
dy  2 dy 
9. If the population of a country doubles in 50 years, the
4. Solution of y  x dx  3 1  x dx  number of years it triples under the assumption that
 
the rate of increase of population is proportional to the
A)  y  3 1  3x   cx B)  y  3 1  3x   cx  8
number of inhabitants, is  use ln 2 3   .
C)  y  3 1  3x   cx D)  y  3 1  3x   cx  5
5. A particular solution of the differential equation A) 50 years B) 60 years C) 80 years D) 90 years
dy x
 x  1  2e y  1 , given that y  0 and x  0 is 10. If y = ln|c x | (where c is an arbitrary constant) is the
dx
x 1 x 1 dy y
A)  C B)  C general solution of the differential equation  = 
2  ey 2  ey 2  e y 2  ey dx x
x 1 y x x
C)  C D) xC +   y  then the function   y  is :
2  ey 2  ex 2  ex    
Integral Calculus

16. The differential equation corresponding to the family of

x2 x2 y2 y2
A) 2 B) – 2 C) 2 D) – 2 curves y = ex (ax + b) where a, b are parameters, is
y y x x
d 2y dy
11. Which one of the following curves represents the solution A) 2 y = 0
of the initial value problem dx 2 dx
Dy = 100 – y, where y (0) = 50 d 2y dy
B) 2 y = 0
y y dx 2 dx

100 100 d 2y dy
C) 2 y =0
50 50 dx 2 dx
A) x’ x B) x’ x
O O d 2y dy
D) 2 y = 0
y’ y’ dx 2 dx
17. If   x  is a differentiable function, then the solution of
y y
the differential equation
100 100 dy  y  '  x     x   '  x  dx  0
50 50
C) x’ x D) x’ x A) y    x   1  ce   x 
O O
2
y’ y’ B) y   x     x   c

12. The solution of the equation C) ye x     x  e  x   c

 y D) y     x   1  ce x 
 f  
x
xdy   y  x    dx is 18. The solution of the differential equation,
  y
 f   
 x  dy 
2x 2 y  tan(x 2 y 2 )  2xy 2 given y(1)  , is
dx 2
x y
A) f    Cy B) f    Cx A) sin x 2 y 2  e x 1 B) sin(x 2 y 2 )  x
y x
C) cos x 2 y 2  x  0 D) sin(x 2 y 2 )  e.e x
y y 2 19. The equation of a curve passing through the point (0,
C) f    Cxy D) f    Cx
x x 0) and whose differential equation is
y = ex sin x is
dy x  y
13. The solution of  is A) 2y – 1 = ex(sin x – cos x)
dx x B) 2y + 1 = ex sin x
A) y = log |x| + C B) y = x log |x| + Cx C) 2y + 1 = ex cos x
C) y = log x + Cx D) y = x log x + Cy D) 2y + 3 = ex tan x
14. The equation of all ‘Simple Harmonic Motion’ of given 20. The tangent at any point P (x, y) of the curve meets
2 the axis of x at T. The curve for which OP = PT, where
period is O is the origin is
n
A) cirlce B) parabola
d 2x d 2x C) ellipse D) hyperbola
A)  nx  0 B)  n 2x  0 21. Equation of the curve in which the subnormal is twice
dt 2 dt 2
the square of the ordinate is given by
d 2x d 2x 1 A) y = cex B) y  ce 2x
C)  n 2x  0 D)  x0
dt 2 dt 2 n2
C) y = ce–x D) y = ce–2x
2
dy 1  y 22. Solution of 1  xy  x y  dx  x dy is
2 2 2
15. The Solution of xy 
dx 1  x 2
1  x  x 2  is
2 tan1 x 2 tan1 x
A) log x  tan1 xy  c B) log xy  tan1 xy  c
A) 1  y  cxe B) 1  y  cxe
1
C) log y  tan1 xy  c D) log x  tan 1 xy  c
C) 1  y 2  ce tan x
D) 1  y 2  cx

4.42
 Differential Equation
23. A function y = f (x) satisfies the differential equation A) Both S1 and S2 are true
B) Both S1 and S2 are false
dy
– y = cos x – sin x, with initial condition that y is C) S1 is true and S2 is false
dx D) S1 is false and S2 is true
bounded when x  . The area enclosed by
26. S1 : The differential equation y 3 dy  (x  y)2 dx  0
y = f (x), y = cos x and the y-axis in the 1st quadrant
becomes homogeneous if we put y2 = t
1 S2 : All differential equation of first order and first degree
A) 2  1 B) 2 C) 1 D)
2 become homogeneous if we put y = tx.
24. A wet porous substance in the open air loses its moisture A) Both S1 and S2 are true
at a rate proportional to the moisture content. If a sheet B) Both S1 and S2 are false
hung in the wind loses half its moisture during the first C) S1 is true and S2 is false
hour, then the time when it would have lost 99.9 % of D) S1 is false and S2 is true
its moisture is : (weather conditions remaining same) 27. S1 : The differential equation
A) more than 100 hours x(x2 + y2 + 1)dx + y (x2 - y2 +1 )dy = 0
B) more than 10 hours becomes homogeneous by putting x2 = u, y2 = v.
C) approximately 10 hours dv u  v  1
D) approximately 9 hours. S 2 : The differential equation  is
du u  v  1
25. A curve C has the property that its initial ordinate of
any tangent drawn is less than the abscissa of the point reducible to homogeneous differential equation.
of tangency by unity. A) Both S1 and S2 are true
S1 : Differential equation satisfying the curve is linear. B) Both S1 and S2 are false
S2 : Degree of differential equation is one C) S1 is true and S2 is false
D) S1 is false and S2 is true

4.43
Integral Calculus

Practice Session-2
for
JEE ADVANCED
Single Choice
dy 3 dy
1. The solution of  1  x  y  x   x 3  y  x  is 5. The general solution of the differential equation =
dx dx
2
A)  y  x   x 2  1  cx 2   1 1 x
is a family of curves which looks most like which
y
2
2

B)  y  x  x  1  ce
x 2

 1 of the following?
2
C)  y  x   x 2  1  cx 2   1
2 2

D)  y  x   x  1  ce
x 2

 1 A) B)
dy 2
2. The solution of 2ycos y2 – siny2 =(x+1)3 is
dx x +1
2 2 2
A) siny = (x +1) (x +1) + C 
2
2 2  (x +1) 
B) siny = (x +1)  + C
 2  C) D)
3
2 2  (x +1) 
C) siny = (x +1)  + C
 3 
6. The substitution y = z transforms the differential
4
2 2  (x +1)  equation (x 2 y 2 – 1)dy + 2xy 3 dx = 0 into a
D) siny = (x +1)  + C
 4  homogeneous differential equation for
A)  = – 1 B) 0
3. A solution of the differential equation
C)  = 1 D) no value of .
dy 1
 (C is arbitrary constant) 7. Number of values of m  N for which y = emx is a
dx xy  x 2 sin y 2  1 solution of the differential equation
y3 – 3y2 – 4y1 + 12y = 0, is
2
 2 2
A) x cos y  sin y  2ce
y 2

2 A) 0 B) 1
C) 2 D) more than 2
B) y  cos x 2
2
2 2
 sin y 2  2ce  y 8. Which of the following is false
2 3
C) y  cos y 4
2
2 2
 sin y 2  e y dy 1  dy  1  dy 
A)For y 1        ....... the
dx 2!  dx  3!  dx 
D) y  cos y 2
2 2 2 y2
 sin x  e order is 1 and degree is 1
4. The curve satisfy the differential equation 2
 d3y  3
dy
1  x  y  xy  ax
2
are B)  3    2 , order of the differential equation
 dx  dx
A) ellipse and hyperbola
is 3 and degree 2.
B) ellipse and parabola
C) ellipse and straight line D) cirlce and ellipse

4.44
 Differential Equation

d 2y  dy   x  x2 x2
C) The order the differential equation  x ln   C) log  y   4y 2  2y 2 log y  log c  0
dx 2  dx   
is 2, but degree is not defined.
D) The order of the differential equation of the family  x  x2
D) log  y   4y 2  log c  0
of curves  
y  c 1 sin 1 x  c 2 cos 1 x  c 3 tan 1 x  c 4 cot 1 x 15. Normal is drawn at a point P(x, y) to a curve, which
meets x-axis at Q such that PQ = K. The equation of
( where c1, c2. c3 and c4 are arbitary constants) is 4
the curve through the point (0, k) is
9. A function y = f (x) satisfies the condition
f '(x) sin x + f (x) cos x = 1, f (x) being bounded when A) x 2  y 2  k 2 B) xy  k 2
 2
C) x 2  y 2  k 2 D) y 2  kx
x  0. If I =  f (x)dx then
0
16. Soluti on of the di ffere nti a l eq ua ti on
2
 2  2 d 2 y  dy 
A) <I< B) <I< x 2y  x  y   0 will be
2 4 4 2 dx 2  dx 
 A) y = x(c 2 x  2c 1 ) B) y = x(c 1  2c 2 x)
C) 1 < I < D) 0 < I < 1
2
c2
10. The value of the constant 'm' and 'c' for which C) y =  x(c 2x  2c1 ) D) y = x(  2c1 )
x
y = mx + c is a solution of the differential equation
D2y – 3Dy – 4y = – 4x. 17. A particle of mass m is moving in a straight line is
A) is m = – 1; c = 3/4 mk 2a 2
B) is m = 1; c = – 3/4 acted on by an attractive force for x  a and
x2
C) no such real m, c
D) is m = 1; c = 3/4 2mk 2x
11. A solution of differential equation for x < a. If the particle starts from res at the
a
2
 dy  dy point x = 2a , then it will reach the point x = 0 with a
x    (y  x)  y  0 is speed
 dx  dx
A) (x – y + C) (xy – C) = 0 1
A) k a B) k 2a C) k 3a a D)
B) (x + y + C) (xy – C) = 0 k
C) (x – y + C) (2xy – C) = 0 18. A particle falls in a medium whose resistance is
D) (y – x + C) (3xy – C) = 0 proportional to the square of the velocity of the
12. A curve f(x) passes through the point P(1,1). The normal particle. If the differential equation of the free fall is
to the curve at point P is a (y – 1) + (x–1)= 0 If the
slope of the tangent at any point on the curve is dv
 g  kv 2 (k is constant )then
proportional to the ordinate at that point, then the dt
equation of the curve is
g e 2t g/K
1
ax
A) y  e  a B) y  1  e ax A) v = 2
k e 2t g /K
1
C) y  ea(x 1) D) y  a  eax
g e 2t gK
1
dy ax  3 B) v =
k e 2t gK
1
13. If the solution of the differential equation dx  2y  f
C) v  0 as t  
represents a circle, then the value of 'a' is
A) 2 B) – 2 C) 3 D) – 4 g
14. The solution of the differential equation D) v  as t  
k
x   x  19. A curve passing through the point (1,1) has the property
xy log   dx   y 2  x 2 log    dy  0 is that the perpendicular disatance of the orgin from the
y
    y 
normal at any point P is equal to the distance of ‘P’
x2  x  x2 from the X-axis. Then equation of the curve is:
A) 2y 2 log  y   4y 2   log y  log c A) x 2  y 2  x B) x 2  y 2  2x
 
C) x 2  y 2  2y D) x 2  y 2  2x
x2  x  x2
B) 2y 2 log   2
 log y  log c
 4y  4y

4.45
Integral Calculus
20. A tangent and a normal to a curve at any point P meet 22. Water is drained from a vertical cylindrical tank by
the x and y axes at A, B and C, D respectively. If the opening a valve at the base of the tank. It is known that
centre of circle through O,C,P and B lies on the line the rate at which the water level drops is proportional
y = x (O is the origin) then the differential equation of to the square root of water depth y, where the constant
all such curves. of proportionality k > 0 depends on the acceleration
due to gravity and the geometry of the hole. If t is
dy y  x dy y 2  x 2
A)  B)  1
dx y  x dx y 2  x 2 measured in minutes and k  then the time to drain
15
the tank if the water is 4 meter deep to start with is
dy x  y dy xy
C)  D)  A) 30 min B) 45 min C) 60 min D) 80 min
dx xy dx x  y
23. S1 : Integral curves denoted by the first order linear
21. Spherical rain drop evaporates at a rate proportional to dy 1
its surface area. The differential equation corresponding differential equation  y  x are family of
dx x
to the rate of change of the radius of the rain drop if the parabolas passing through the origin.
constant of proportionality is K > 0, is S2 : Every differential equation geometrically represents
dr dr a family of curve having some common property.
A) K = 0 B) K = 0 A) Both S1 and S2 are true
dt dt
B) Both S1 and S2 are false
dr dr K C) S1 is true and S2 is false
C)  Kr D)  D) S1 is false and S2 is true
dt dt r

Multiple Choice
24. The differential equation for the family of curves d 2y dy
y = c sin x can be given by 27. If solution of x 2 2
 9x  21y  0 is of the from
2 dx dx
 dx  2 2
A)    y cot x y  c1x m  c 2 x n ( c 1 ,c 2 are
 dx 
 dy  
2
dy 
2 arbitrary constants, m, n  N ) then values of m,n
2
B)     sec x   y  0 can be
 dx   dx 
2
A) m = 3, n = 0 B) m = 3, n = 7
 dy  2 dy C) m = 7, n = 3 D) m = 0, n = 7
C)    tan x D)  y cot x
 dx  dx
25. Solution of the differential equation dy 4
28. A solution of y  x  is
dx dy
 3 tan x  4 cot y  7  sin2 ydx  dx
is
 4 tan x  7 cot y  5  cos 2 xdy  0
A) y  x  4 B) y 2  16x
3 2 7 2
A) cot x  7cot x  tan y  5 tan y  4 cot x.tan y  c C) y  4x  1 D) y  3x  2
2 2
3 7 29. A curve y = f (x) has the property that the perpendicular
2 2
B) tan x  7 tan x  cot y  5cot y  4 tan x cot y  c distance of the origin from the normal at any point P of
2 2
the curve is equal to the distance of the point P from
C) 3 tan  y  14 cot x. tan 2 y  7 cot 2 x  the x-axis. Then the differential equation of the curve
10 tan y cot 2 x  8 cot x.tan y  2cot 2 x tan 2 y  0 A) is homogeneous.
B) can be converted into linear differential equation
3cot 2 y  14 cot x.cot 2 y  7 cot 2 x 
D) with some suitable substitution.
10 cot y tan 2 x  8 tan x.cot y  0 C) is the family of circles touching the x-axis at the
26. Let f :R   R be a differentiable function where origin.
D) the family of circles touching the y-axis at the origin.
x
dy 3

f(x)  e  (x  1)(ln x  2)  f(x)dx Then 30. The differential equation, x + = y2 is
dx dy
1
dx
A) f(e)  1  ee A) of order 1 B) of degree 2
C) a linear D) a non linear
B) f increases on R  exactly one has real 31. The function f(x) satisfying the equation,
C) f(x) = 0 has exactly one real root in (0,  ) f 2(x) + 4 f  (x) . f(x) + [f  (x)]2 = 0 .
D) f decreases on R+

4.46
 Differential Equation

A) f(x) = c . e 2 - 3  x B) f(x) = c . e2+ 3  x D) y  tan1 x

 3  2 x
D) f(x) = c . e 
 2+ 3  x
C) f(x) = c . e dy y
37. The solution of D.E. x  y  x sin    0 is
32. A function y = f(x) satisfying the differential equation dx x
dy sin 2 x y y
. sin x  y cos x + = 0 is such that, y  0 
dx x2 A) x  1  cos   C sin
 x x
as x  then the statement which is correct is
y  y
A) Limit f(x) = 1 B) x sin   1  cos 
x0 x  x
/ 2
  y x
B)  f(x) dx is less than
2 C) x  1  cos   c sin
0  x  y
/ 2
 x
C)  f(x) dx is greater than unity D) y  1  cos y   c sin(xy)
0  
D) f(x) is an odd function 38. The solution to the differential equation
33. A differentiable function satisfies
 dy  dy  dy 
x sin  x  cos y   sin y cos  x  is
f (x) =   f(t)cos t  cos(t  x) dt . Which of the following  dx  dx  dx 
0
A) y  0
hold good?
A) f (x) has a minimum value 1 – e. B) cx 2  y  sin1 x
B) f (x) has a maximum value 1 – e–1. C) cx  y  sin1 c
 
C) f ''   = e x2  1
 2 D) y  x 2  1  sin1
x
D) f ' (0) = 1
39. The curve for which the area of the triangle formed by
dy the x-axis, the tangent line at any point P and line OP
34. Let  y  f(x) where y is a continuous function of x
dx is equal to a2 is
with y (0) = 1 and a2
A) x  cy  B) y  x  cx 2
 e x if 0  x  2 y
f (x) =  2 .
e if x  2
a2
a2
Which of the following hold(s) good? C) y  cx  D) x  cy 
x y
A) y(1) = 2e–1 B) y' (1) = – e–1
C) y (3) = – 2e –3 D) y ' (3) = – 2e–3 40. The curve C passes through (1, 1) in which the portion
of tangent included between the coordinate axes is
2
 dy  dy bisected at point of contact
35. The solution of    2y cot x  y 2 is
 dx  dx A) The equation of curve C is xy = 1
B) The equation of curve C is x2y = 1
c c
A) x  2 sin
1
B) x  2 cos
1
 1
2y 2y C) The curve C passes through  2, 
 2
c c
C) y  D) y  0  1
1  cos x 1  cos x D) The curve C passes through  2, 
 4
36. Solution of the differential equation
dy ax  h
1  y  dx   tan
2 1
y  x  dy is 41. The solution of  where h 2 + k 2  0
dx by  k
1 1
A) x e
tan y
 1  tan 1 y  e tan y
c represents
1 1
A) a parabola if a = 0, b  0
B) x e tan y
 1  tan 1 y  e tan y
c B) a parabola if b = 0, b  0
1
C) a straight line a = 0, b = 0
C) x  tan1 y  1  c e  tan y
D) a circle if ba < 0

4.47
Integral Calculus
42. The solution of the differential equation A) f(x)  0x  R B) f '(x)  0x  R
2 3 3 2 4
(y dx  2xy dy)  x y dy  x y dx is C) f ''(x)  1 D) f(x)  lx  R
2

 x  (xy)2 cx
(xy)
dy x 2  y 2  1
A) log  2   c B) e 2
49. Let y(x) be the solution of  satisfying
y  2 y2 dx 2xy
y(1) = 1 then
 x  x 2(xy)
C)  2   2log (xy)  c D) 2  e c

y  y 1 5   1 5 
A) y(x) is defined for x  ,     , 

43. The general solution of the differential equation,  2   2 
B) y2 = x (x – 1) + 1
 dy  y
x   = y . ln   is : C) y2 = x (1 + x) – 1
 dx  x D) y(x) is symmetric about x – axis
A) y = xe 1 - cx B) y = xe 1 + cx 50. If the length of subnormal is equal to the length of
C) y = ex . e cx D) y = xe cx subtangent at a point (3, 4) on the curve y = f(x) and
44. Solution of the differential equation the tangent at (3 , 4) to y = f(x) meets the coordinate
2 axes at A and B, then the area of the triangle OAB,
 dy  dy x
  
dx
  dx
 e  e  x   1  0 are given by where O is origin.
25 49 1 9
A) y + e–x = c B) y – e–x = c A) B) C) D)
2 2 2 2
C) y + ex = c D) y – ex = c
45. The curve y = f(x) is such that the area of the trapezium 51. The tangent at any point P (x, y) where x > 0 on
formed by the coordinate axes ordinate of an arbitary y = f(x) meets x-axis and y-axis at A and B respectively.
point and the tangent at this point equals half the square If PA : PB = 2 : 1, then
A) The curve is xy2 = c
of its abscissa. If y '(0)  0 then
B) The curve is x2y = c
y C) lim y2  0
A) y(0) = 0 B) lim
x 0 x
1 x 

D) lim y(x)  0
y x 

C) If y '(0)  0 then lim

x 0 x
 1
dy  d 2 y  2 dy
52. The first integral of  x y  xy 2 will be
y dx  dx 2  dx
D) lim
x 0 x
 1
dy dy
A)  c  x 2y 2 B)  c  x 2y 2
46. The solution of x 2 y12  xyy 1  6y 2  0 is dx dx
A) y = cx2 dy dy
C)   c  x 2y 2 D)   c  x 2y 2
B) 3 logex + logey = constant dx dx
1 53. A curve y  f(x) passes through (2,0) and slope of
C) log e y  constant + log x
2 tangent at any point P(x, y) on the curve is
3
D) x y  c. (x  1)2  y  3
, then
dy x 1
47. The solution of  x  xe(n 1)y is
dx A) Area bounded between y  f(x) , x-axis and x  3 is

1  e(n 1)y  1  x 2 62
A) log  (n 1)y   C 3
n 1  e  2
x2 / 2
B) Area bounded between y  f(x) , x-axis and x  3 is
(n 1)y
B) e  Ce(n 1)y (n 1) 1
32
 e(n 1)y  1  3
C) log  (n 1)y 
 x2  C
 (n  1)e 
C) The number of points at which y  x f(x) is not
2
(n 1)y
D) e  Ce(n 1)x / 2  x  1 differentiable is 1
48. Let f(x) be a non-zero function, whose all successive D) The number of points at which y  x f(x) is not
derivatives exist and are non-zero. If f(x), f’(x),f”(x) are
in G.P. and f(0) = f’(0) =1 differentiable is 2

4.48
 Differential Equation

1 x y y  x
54. If the solution of the D.E.  sin  cos  1  dx + D) xlim 0
y y x2 x 
 y2
59. Let y = f(x) be the solution of the differential equation
1 y x x 1
 cos  2 sin  2  dy = 0 is f(x, y) + g(x) + 2y 2  x
 x x y y y  y'  which satisfies the initial condition
h(y) = C then 3y 2  5
y x x y f(0) = 0.
A) f(x, y)  sin x  cos y B) f(x, y)  cos y  sin x Which of the following is/are true
A) f '(x)  0  x  0
x y
C) g(x) h(y)   D) g(x) h(y)   2 10
y x B) f '(x)   x
3 3
55. Let y = f(x) be solution of the differential equation
y 2
3
(xy 2  e1 / x )dx  x 2 y dy , where y is finite as x   C) xlim
 x

3
y2 1 3 1 y 2 1 1 / x3 1 2x 20 10
A)  e1 / x  B)  e  D) f(x)   for  x 
2x 2
3 3 2x 2 3 3 3 9 3
C) The number of real solutions satisfying
dy
f(x) = x2 + x is 1 60. Let y = f(x) be solution of the differential equation
dx
D) xlim y 2 (x)   + y tan x = x tan x + 1. Given that y(0) =1. Then
 0

56. Let y = f(x) be the solution of the differential equation A) Area bounded by y = f(x) and its inverse between

dy  5
 x (x  y)  2x 3 (x  y)3  1, y(0)  1 then x and x  is 4.
dx 2 2
A) y = 1 – x intersects the solution curve at one point f '(x)
only lim 0
B) x
 cos x f(x)
B) y = 1 – x intersects the solution curve at 3 distinct 2

point C) Tangents to all the integral curves at their point of

1 2
intersection with y-axis are parallel.
C)  2  2x 2  e x
(x  y)2   
D) The number of solutions in   ,  satisfying
 2 2
1 2

D)  2  2x 2  e x
(x  y) 2 f(x)  x 2 is 2
61. Given a function f which satisfies the relations
57. Given a function ‘g’ which has a derivative g  (x) for
every real ‘x’ and which satisfy g  (0) = 2 and g(x + 1
2f '(x)  f   , x  0, f(1) = 2. Suppose y = f(x) satisfies
y) = ey . g(x) + ex . g(y) for all x & y. x

 2  a differential equation of the form x 2 y "  axy '  by  0

A) The range of the function g(x) is   ,   where a, b are constants.
 e 
Which of the following is/are correct.
2  1 1
B) The range of the function g(x) is  ,   A) a  b  B) b  a 
e  4 4
C) The area bounded by g (x) and the x axis is 2 sq.units
f(x)  x  1 1 f(x)  x  1 1
D) The area bounded by g (x) and the x axis is 1 sq.units C) lim  D) lim 
58. Let y = f(x) be the solution of the differential equation
x 1 (x  1)2 4 x 1 (x  1)2 4
62. Let y = f(x) be the equation of the curve satisfying the
2y 2  x
y'  which satisfies the initial condition differential equation y 2 (x 2  1)  2xy1 passing through
3y 2  5
f(0) = 0. the point (0, 1) and having slope of tangent at x = 0 as
Which of the following is/are true 3 then
A) y '(0)  0 A) If  is a root of f(x) = 0 then
B) f has relative maximum at x = 0 1  1   
C) f has relative minimum at x = 0 Tan 1   Tan 1     , where [.] denotes
 1   2  2

4.49
Integral Calculus

G.I.F. C) Q  y 2 ln y D) Q   y 2 ln y
B) Area bounded by y = f–1 (x) between x = – 3, 64. Let y= y(x) be the solution of
x = 5 and x – axis is 9/2 dy y 1 1
 2 tan  x cos ,x  0 .
C) y  x 3  3x  1 D) f is increasing on R dx x x x
63. If the D.E. of family of curves ln y  a sec x  b tan x Also given that lim y(x)  0 . Then
x 0

where a, b are parameters is yy "  Py '  sec 2 x Q(y)  0 A) y(x) is continuous at x = 0

B) y(x) is differentiable at x = 0
where P involves x, y, y ' then which of the following C) y '(x) is continuous at x = 0
is/are true.
D) lim y '(x) does not exist
A) P   (y tanx  y') B) P  y tan x  y ' x 0

Single
IntegerChoice
Type
65. Let y(x) be the general solution of
d  dy   dy 
dy is of the form 1  2x    ly   k   ly   0
x  x  1
2
 y  x 2  x  1 . Then 4y  2   y  1 dx  dx   dx 
dx
then l2 + m2 equals
equals. 73. The equation of a curve whose slope at any point is
y1(x)  y 2 thrice its abscissa and which passes through (–1,–3) is
66. Let y '  where (x)  0 is differentiable on 2y =  (x2 – 3), then the value of  must be
(x)
74. The curves which intersect the hyperbola xy = 4 at an
y(4)  x3 c
R. If (1)  1, (4)  1296 and y(1) = 1 then angleis y   then k = ……
3 3k 4
2
equals. 75. Number of straight lines which satisfy the differential
67. If a curve y = y(x) satisfying xy' 4y  x 2 y  0 passes 2
dy  dy 
equation +x    y = 0 is:
y(2) dx  dx 

through 1,  ln 4 
2
 then (ln 32)2 equals. 76. If the function y = e 4x + 2e –x is a solution of the

68. The function f : R  R is twice differentiable. Also d 3y dy

3
 13
differential equation dx dx  k then the value of
 2 f(x)  2f '(x)  f "(x)  0 gives two equal values of  2y
for every x  R . If f(0) = 1 and f '(0)  2 then f '(ln 2) k is
equals. 77. Let y = f(x) be a curve passing through (e, ee), which
69. Let y = y(x) be the solution of satisfy the differential equation (2ny + xy logex) dx – x

 logex dy = 0, x > 0, y > 0. If g(x) = nlim


f(x) then
y '  sin y  x cos y  x  0 , whe re y(0)  then
2 e

2y 2
 g(x)dx
1/ e
equals to
x cos  sin y equals
2
dy
70. Let y = f(x) be a continuous function which takes 78. If the solution of  sin y  sin x  sin(cos y  cos x) is
dx
positive values for x  0 and satisfy..
 
x ln|f(x, y)| x  c then f  ,  equals
1
   2 2
f(t)dt  x f(x) with f(1)  then 8f 2  1 equals.
 2
0
79. If 9  f  x   f  x   x 2  f 2  x  be the differentiable
71. If the D.E. of family of curves ln y  ax 2  bx  c , where equation of a curve and let P be the point of minima
a, b, c are arbitrary constants is then the number of tangents which can be drawn from
2 3
y y "'  kyy ' y "'  m(y ')  0 then m – k equals P to the circle x 2  y 2  8 is.

72. If the differential equation of the family of curve given 80. If y(x) is the solution of the D.E.
4
by y = Ax + Be2x where A and B are arbitrary constant ydx  xdy  4x 3 y 2e x dx  0 with y(0) = 1 then

4.50
 Differential Equation

maximum integer m such that lim x m 1y  0 is equal to 2

x  sinm x cos n x
81. If the solution of the differential equation
4, 5, 6, 7} such that  ef(x)  1 dx  0 is K then
2 

x dx  y dy y3 1 K – 3 equals
 3 is ln f(x,y)  g(x,y)  C then f(1,
xdx  y dy x 2 84. If f:R  1  R and f is differentiable function satisfies
1) + g(1, 0) equals. " f  x  f  y   xf  y  
82. If the solution of the differential equation
2
 y  f  x   yf  x   x, y  R  1 then find the value of
dy x  y m k(y  2)  2
( y  2)
2010 [1 + f(2009)]
is (x  2)  1  x  2   Ce
x 2

dx  x  2 y  2  
dy y
where m, k  N and C is arbitrary constant then 85. Solution of the differential equation   x 2 is
dx x
m + k equals
83. Let y = f(x) be a curve passing through (1, 2) and x4 c
xy   then k is
satisfies the differential equation y (1+ xy)dx–x dy=0. k 4
If the number of ordered pairs (m, n), m, n  {1,2, 3,

Comprehension Linked Passages

Passage 1 Passage 2
A and B are two separate reservoirs of water. The graph of a differentiable function f passes through
Capacity A is double the capacity of reservoir B. the points A(0,1) and B(1,0) . For every point P(x, y)
Both reservoirs are filled completely with water, their on the graph the part of the curve between the points
inlets are closed then water is released simultaneously
A and P lies above the chord AP and the area S(x) of
from both the reservoirs. The rate of flow of water
out of each reservoir at any instant is proportional the region between the curve and the chord AP is equal
to the quantity of water in reservoir at that time. to x 3 .
After one hour the quantity of water in reservoir A is 89. Maximum value of f(x) is
3
times the quantity of water in reservoir B. Answer 25 49 37 24
2 A) B) C) D)
13 24 12 5
the following questions:
90. The abscissa of one of the points at which the function
86. If the proportionality constants for reservoirs A and
B are K1 and K2 . v be the instantaneous volume of y  f(x) is not differentiable is
reservoir A and v0 be the initial volume of reservoir A) 2 B) –2/3 C) –1/6 D) –7/4
B then 91. The area enclosed by y  f(x) and the chord AB is
v 0  k1t A) 1 B) 5/3 C) 8/5 D) 9/4
A) v  v 0e  k1 t B) v  e
2 Passage 3
Let y = f (x) satisfies the equation
C) v  2v 0e  k1t D) v  v 0e k1 t
x
87. The value of K2 – K1 must be f (x) = (e–x + ex)cos x – 2x –  (x  t)f '(t)dt
0
1 3
A) log B) log 92. The value of f ' (0) + f '' (0) equals
4 4
A) – 1 B) 2 C) 1 D) 0
2 93. f (x) equals
C) log D) log 1
3 2 ex 2
88. If T be the time after which quantity of water A) e–x(cos x– sin x)+ (3 cos x+ sin x)+ e–x
5 5
becomes same in both reservoir then T must be
log 2 ex 2
log 3 B) e–x(cos x+ sin x) + (3 cos x– sin x)– e–x
A) B) 5 5
log 4  log 3 log 4  log 3
ex 2
log 4 log 2 C) e–x(cos x– sin x)+ (3 cos x– sin x)+ e–x
C) D) 5 5
log 4  log 3 log 4  log 3
ex 2
D) e–x(cos x+ sin x)+ (3 cos x – sin x)– e–x
5 5

4.51
Integral Calculus
Passage 4 A) The tangent drawn at points with equal abscissa
A curve y = f (x) satisfies the differential equation intersect in y –axis
B) the normal drawn at points with equal x-coordinates
dy
(1+ x2) + 2yx = 4x2 and passes through the origin. intersect on x –axis
dx
C) one curve y = g1(x) passes through (1, 1) and the
94. The function y = f (x) other y = g2 (x) passes through (2, 3) .
A) is strictly increasing  x  R . 96. Which of the following is true
B) is such that it has a minima but no maxima. A) g1' (1)  g 2 ' (2)  3 B) g 1' (1)  g 2' (2)   1
C) is such that it has a maxima but no minima.
D) has no inflection point. ' ' 5
C) g 1 (1)  g 2 (2)   D) g 1' (1)  g 2' (2)  6
95. The area enclosed by y = f –1(x), the x-axis and the 2
ordinate at x = 2/3 is 97. If both curves satisfy Ist condition, then which of the
following is true
4
A) 2 ln 2 B) ln 2 A) g 1 (x)  g 2 (x)  x  g '1 (x)  g ' 2 (x) 
3
2 1 B) g 1 (x)  g 2 (x)  x  g 1 '(x)  g 2 '(x)
C) ln 2 D) ln 2
3 3 C) g 1 (x) .g 1 '(x)  g 2 (x)g 2 '(x)
Passage 5
A pair of curves y = g1(x) and y = g2 (x) are such that D) g 12 (x)  g 22 (x)  constant

Matrix Type
Single
Match
Choice
The Following
98. Matching
Column I Column II
A) y dx  2x dy  0 P) straight line
 dy 
2
dy
B) x     y  x   y  0 Q) circle
 dx  dx
C) orthogonal trajectory of hyperbolas xy = c R) parabola
dy y 2  x 2
D)  S) hyperbola
dx 2xy
99. Column I Column II
Differential Equation Solution
dy
xy 4
dx  x 2  2y 2  y
A) dy x2 P) x 2  2xy  c
yx
dx
dy 1
B)  e x  y  x 2e  y Q) y  log 1  x 2   c
dx 2
2y 1
C) xdy   x  y  dx  0 R)  c
x x2  y2
dy x y x x3
D)  S) e  e  c
dx 1  x 2 3
100. Column I Column II
Differential Equation Solution
ydx  xdy
A) x 2  y 2  0 P) log  x 2  y 2   c

xdx  ydy x
B) 0 Q) c
x2  y2 y
ydx  xdy 1 x
C) 0 R) tan c
xy y
x x2 x2
D) dx  dy  0 S) 2  c
y y2 y

4.52
 Differential Equation

Flashback Previous Year Questions

Single Choice
1. The order of the differential equation Then, the equation of the curve is (2013 Adv.)
x  C5
y   C1  C 2  cos  x  C3   C 4e where Ci’s, i = 1 y 1 y
A) sin    log x  B) cosec    log x  2
to 5 are arbitrary constants is (IIT - 1998) x 2 x
A) 5 B) 4 C) 3 D) 2
2. A solution of the differential equation  2y   2y  1
C) sec    log x  2 D) cos    log x 
2  x  x
  2
 dy  dy
  x  y  0 is : (IIT 1999) 7. The function y = f(x) is the solution of the differential
 dx  dx
dy xy x 4  2x
A) y = 2 B) y = 2x equation  2  in (– 1, 1) satisfying
C) y = 2x – 4 D) y = 2x2 – 4 dx x  1 1  x2
2  sin x dy 3
3. Let y = y(x) and .  cos x  0 , such that 2
y  1 dx
 f(x)dx
f(0) = 0. Then, is (2014 Adv.)
3

 2
y(0) = 1 then y   equals (IIT – 2004)
 2
 3  3
A)  B) 
1 2 1 3 2 3 4
A) B) C)  D) 1
3 3 3
 3  3
4. If xdy  y  dx  ydy  , y  0 and y 1  1, then y  3  C)  D) 
6 4 6 2
is equal to (IIT - 2005) 8. Let y(x) be the solution of the differential equation
A) 3 B) 2 C) 1 D) 0 dy
(x log x)  y  2x log x, (x  1). Then, y(e) is equal to
5. Let a solution y = y(x) of the differential equation dx
2 (2015 Main)
x x 2  1 dy  y y 2  1 dx  0 satisfy y(2)  A) e B) 0 C) 2 D) 2e
3
9. The solution of the differential equation ydx –(x + 2y2)
  dy = 0 is x= f(y). If f(– 1) =1 then f(1) is equal to
1
S1 : y(x)  sec  sec x   (JEE Main online 2015)
 6
A) 4 B) 3 C) 2 D) 1
1 2 3 1 dy
S2 : y(x) is given by   1  2 (IIT - 2008) 10. If  y tan x  sin x and y (0) = 1, then y() is equal
y x x dx
A) Both S1 and S2 are true to (JEE Main online 2015)
A) 1 B) – 1 C) – 4 D) 2
B) Both S1 and S2 are false
11. If y (x) is the solution of the differential equation
C) S1 is true and S2 is false
D) S1 is false and S2 is true dy
(x + 2)  x 2  4x  9, x   2 and y(0) = 0, then
  dx
6. A curve passes through the point  1,  . Let the slope y (– 4) is equal to (JEE Main 2015 online)
 6
A) 0 B) 1 C) – 1 D) 2
y y
of the curve at each point (x, y) be  sec   ,x  0.
x x

4.53
Integral Calculus

12. Let f : (0, )  R be a differentiable function such that

1 1
A) xlim f    1 B) xlim x f   2
f(x)  0  x   0 x
f(x)  2  for all x  (0, ) and f(1)  1. Then
x
C) xlim x 2 f(x)  0 D) |f(x)| 2 for all x  (0, 2)
(JEE Adv.2016) 0 

Multiple Choice
13. The differential equation representing the family of curves 1
C) curve is passing through  , 2 
y 2  2c(x  c ) , where c is positive parameter, is of 8 
A) order 1 B) order 2 (IIT - 1999) D) normal at (1,1) is x + 3y = 4
C) degree 3 D) degree 4 15. A solution curve of the differential equation (x2 + xy +
14. Tangent is drawn at any point P of a curve which passes
dy
through (1, 1) cutting x-axis and y-axis at A and B 4x + 2y + 4)  y 2  0,x  0, passes through the
respectively. If AP : BP = 3 : 1, then (IIT - 2006) dx
point (1, 3). Then, the solution curve (JEE Adv.2016)
dy A) intersects y = x + 2 exactly at one point
A) differential equaiton of the curve is 3x y0
dx B) intersects y = x + 2 exactly at two points
dy C) intersects y = (x +2)2
B) differential equation of the curve is 3x y0 D) does not intersect y = (x + 3)2
dx

Single
IntegerChoice
Type
16. Let f be a real–valued differentiable function on R (the 17. Let f : 1,     2,   be a differentiable function such
set of all real numbers) such that f(1) = 1. If the
x
y–intercept of the tangent at any point P(x, y) on the that f(1)  2 . If 6 f(t)dt  3xf(x)  x 3  5 for all x  1,
curve y = f(x) is equal to the cube of the abscissa of P,

1

then the value of f(–3) is equal to (IIT 2010) then the value of f(2) is __________ (IIT 2011)

Single
Subjective
Choice
18. Let y = f(x) be a curve passing through (1,1) such that equations y = u (x) and y = v (x). (IIT - 1997)
the triangle formed by the coordinate axis and the 21. A spherical rain drop evaporates at a rate proportional
to its surface area at any instant t. The differential
tangent at any point of the curve lies in the first quadrant equation giving the rate of change of the rains of the
and has area 2 units. Form the differential equation rain drop is ..... (IIT 1997)
and determine all such possible curves. (IIT - 1995) 22. A curve passing through the point (1,1) has the property

19. Determine the equation of the curve passing through that the perpendicular distance of the origin from the

the origin in the form y = f(x), which satisfies the normal at any point P of the curve is equal to the distance
of P from the x-axis. Determine the equation of the
dy curve. (IIT - 1999)
differential equation  sin 10x  6y  (IIT - 1996)
dx
23. A right circular cone with radius R and height H contains
20. Let u(x) and v (x) satisfy the differential equations
a liquid which evaporates at a rate proportional to its
du dv surface area in contact with air (proportionality constant
 p(x)u  f(x) and  p(x)v  g(x) , where p (x),
dx dx
= k > 0). Find the time after which the cone is empty.
f(x) and g(x) are continuous funtions. If u(x1 )  v(x1 )
(IIT - 2003)

for some x1 and f(x)  g(x) for all x > x1, prove that dP(x)
24. If P(1) = 0 and  P(x),  x  1, then prove that
dx
anypoint (x,y) where x  x1 does not satisfy the P(x) > 0,  x > 1. (IIT 2003)

4.54
ANSWER KEY TO PS - 1
1. B 2. B 3. B 4. B 5. A 6. B 7. A 8. D 9. C 10.D 11. B

12. B 13. B 14. B 15. A 16. B 17. A 18. A 19. A 20. D 21. B 22. D

23. A 24. C 25. B 26. C 27. D

ANSWER KEY TO PS - 2
1. D 2. B 3. A 4. A 5.B 6. A 7.C 8. D

9. A 10. B 11. A 12. C 13. B 14. A 15. C 16. C

17. C 18. B 19. B 20. A 21. A 22. C 23. D 24. A, B

25. B, C 26. A, B, C 27. B,C 28. A,B,C 29. A,B,D 30. A,B,D 31. C,D 32. A,B,C

33. A,B,C 34. A,B,D 35. A,B,C,D 36. B,C 37. A 38. A,C,D 39.A,D 40. A,C

41.A,B,C,D 42.A,B 43. B,C 44. A,B 45. A, B, C 46. B,C,D,A 47. A,B 48. A,B

49. A,C, D 50. B,C 51. A, C, D 52. B,C 53. A, C 54. A, C 55. B, C, D 56. D, A

57. A, C 58. A, C, D 59. A,B,C,D 60. A,B,C,D 61. A, B, C 62. A,B,C,D 63. A, D 64. D

65. 6 66.6 67.4 68.4 69.1 70. 2 71.5 72.8

73.3 74.4 75. 2 76.6 77.0 78. 0 79.2 80. 4

81.2 82. 6 83.9 84. 1 85.4 86.C 87.B 88.A

89.B 90.C 91.A 92.D 93.C 94.A 95.C 96.C

97.A 98. A - R, B - P, S, C - S, D - Q 99. A - R, B - S, C - P, D - Q

100.A - R, B - P, C - Q, D - S

ANSWER KEY TO FLASH BACK

1. C 2.C 3. A 4. A 5. C 6. A 7. B 8. C

9. B 10. C 11. A 12.A 13. A,C 14. A,C 15.A,D 16.9

e4 x  1  dr  H
17.6 19. tan(5x  3y)  21.     2 2
22. x  y  2x 23.
5  e4x  dt  k
Integral Calculus

Explanations
to
Make Concepts Clear 4.1 6. Given D.E can be written as
3
(y – xy1)2 = 1 + y12  y2 – 2xyy1 + x2y12 = 1 + y12
d 2y  dy 
1. 2
  1  
dx  dx  Make Concepts Clear 4.2
1. i) Let the straight line be ax + by = 1, a  0
2 3
 d 2y  dy
On squaring, we get  2   1    dx d 2x
 dx   dx   a. b0  0
dy dy 2
Obviously the degree is 2.
ii) ax + by = 1, b  0
2 1/ 3
d y  dy  dy d 2y
2. Given    x1 / 3  0  a b 0  0
dx 2  dx  dx dx 2
3 iii) y = ax2 + bx + c ,differentiating w.r.t x,succecively
dy  d 2 y   3 times,we get
    2   x 1 / 4 
dx  dx    y1  2ax  b  y 2  2a  y 3  0
Order of highest derivative = 2 iv) x = ay2 + by + c,differentiating w.r.t y,succecively 3
Degree of highest derivative = 3. times,we get

1 2
1  x1  2ay  b  x 2  2a  x 3  0
  1
3. Given equation is  1  y 2 3    y 3 y1  3
  yy1
  2. y2 = 4ax  2yy1 = 4a  a 
2
raising power 6 both sides of the equation,we get
yy1
 1

3  y 2  4. .x  2xy1  y  0
  1  y 2 3   y 3 2 y1 2 2
  3. y2 = 4a (x – h)  yy1 = 4a  (y1)2 + yy2 = 0
4. (y – k)2 = 4(x – h)
1 1
  differentiating w.r.t x we get 2 (y – k) y1 = 4
 1  y 2  3y 2 3  1  y 2 3   y 3 2y12
  2
 k  y .Again differentiating with respect to x,
3
y1
1
  3
 3 3 y 2  1  y 2 3    y 3 2 y12  1  y 2  2y 2 3
  we get 0  y1  2
 2y 2   y1   0
 y1 
3
3 y 2 . y 3 y1   y 3 y1  1  y 2 
3 2 2 2 2
5. The conic can be taken as ax2 + by2 = 1
Now differentialting with reference to x, we get
degree = 6, order = 3
4. Given D.E can be written as yy1 a
ax  byy1  0    . Again differentialting with
2 x b
 1 1

y 2 2   y 3 y 2  x 3 y1 
  respect to x,we get x  yy 2  (y 1 )2   yy1  0
6. Differentiate once and find  value and then substitute
1 2 1 1
2
 y 2 y  x y1  2y1y 2 y x
2 3 2 4 3 in the given equation
7. x cos  + y sin  = 1 _____ (1)
degree = 2. differentialting with referece to x we get

4.56
 Differential Equation

cos  + y1 sin  = 0 _____ (2) dy 1  y2 dy dx

Eliminating sin , cos  we get (y – xy1)2=(1 + y12) 2.  0    
dx 1  x2 1y 2
1  x2
8. x2 + y2 + 2fy + c = 0
x  yy1  sin1 y   sin1 x  sin1 c
 2x + 2yy1 + 2fy1 = 0  – f = y1
 sin1  x 1  y 2  y 1  x 2   sin1 c
again differentiating with referece to x, we get  
y1 (1  yy 2  y12 )  (x  yy1)(y 2)  x 1  y2  y 1  x 2  c
0  y1 (1  y12 )  xy 2
(y1 )2
dy
9. x2 + y2 + 2gx = 0  2x + 2yy1 + 2g = 0 3.  log(x  1)  dy  log(x  1)dx
dx
 g = – (x + yy1) Substitute in given equation.
10. x2 + y2 + 2fy = 0 .do same as in 15 x
11. (x – h)2 + (y – k)2 = 1  (x – h) + xy1 (y – k) = 0 y   log(x  1)dx  x log(x  1)   dx
x 1
 1 + y2(y – k) + y12 = 0
 1 
 1  y12   1  y12   x.log(x  1)    1   dx
 y k    and x  h   y1  y   x 1
 y2   2 
 x.log(x  1)  x  log(x  1)  c
Substituting in the equation of circle ,we get
(1 + y12)3 = (y2)2  (x  1)log(x  1)  x  c
12. (x  h)2 + (y  h)2 = h2 x = 0 at y = 3
Differentiating w.r.t x and eliminating h ,we get 3  (1)log(1)  0  c  3  0  c  c  3
(x – y)2 (1 + y12) = (x + yy1)2
13. x2 + y2 – 1 +  (x – y) = 0  y  (x  1)log|x  1| x  3.
4. On differentiation, we get x y (x) = x2 y' (x) + 2x y (x)
2  x  yy ' 
 2x  2yy '   (1  y ')  0    or x y (x) + x2 y ' (x) = 0
y'1
dy
substituting in the first equation ,we get x +y=0
(y1 – 1) (x2 + y2 – 1) + (x + yy1) = 0 dx
14. x2 + y2 – 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 ln y + ln x = ln c  xy = c, put x = 2, y = 3 we get c
 x  yy '  g  fy '  0 = 6  xy  6
5. (1 + y2) x dx = (1 + x2) ydy
 1  yy "  y12  fy "  0
2x dx 2y dy
1  yy "  y12 1 x 2 =  1  y2
 f  Again differentiating with respect
y"
n(1  x 2 ) = n(1  y )  n c ; c > 0
2
to x ,we get
(1 + y12) y3 – 3y1y22 = 0 (1 + x2) = c(1 + y2)  x2 – cy2 = c – 1
15. We have It is a family hyperbola of variable eccentricity.
6. First seperate and then integrate both sides
y  c1 cos  2x  c 2    c 3  c 4  a x  c5  c 6 sin  x  c 7 
1

 c 1 cos  2x  c 2   c 8 .a c5 .a x  c 6 sin  x  c 7  y 3dy  x 1  x 2  2 dx
1
where c 3  c 4  c 8 . 3 2


Since the above relation contains five arbitrary constants,

 y dy   x(1  x ) 2 dx
so the order of the differential equation satisfying it, is 1
  1  x 2  C , using y(0)  1, we get
5. 2y 2

Make Concepts Clear 4.3 3

C
2
dy
1.  ex  y  x 2e  y  e y (e x  x 2 )
dx 1 3
The implicit solution is then   1  x2 
y 2 x 2y 2 2
 e dy  (x  e )dx
1
y x3 y  
Now integrating, we get e   ex  c
3 3  2 1  x2

4.57
Integral Calculus

1
Since y(0)=–1, y(x)    2 
3  2 1  x2  c   log 2  y   2  ex 
 
2 2 5
It is defined if 3  2 1  x  0  x  0  Lt y(x)  1
4 x 

5 5 dy y
 x 11. Given that  .... (1)
2 2 dx x 2
clearly y(x)<0 and y(x) is even dy 1 1
    2 dx  c  log y    c
dy 1  y 2
dy dx y x x
7.   
dx 1  x 2 1  y2 1  x2
1
Now on integrating both sides, we get Where x  3,y  1  c 
3
1 1 y 1 1 x 1 1 1  lim 6 ln y  2
ln  ln  lnC  log y  
2 1 y 2 1x 2 3 x
x 

1 y  1 x 
 C  Make Concepts Clear 4.4
1 y 1 x 
du dy
8. Given equation is 4xdy  ydx  x 2 dy 1. Put u = x – y, then 1
dx dx
dy dx du
  4x  x 2  dy  ydx    1 – cos u =
y 4x  x 2 dx

dy 1  1 1  du

y
    dx
4 x 4x
  1  cos u   dx
1  x  1 1 u
 cos ec 2   du   dx
 ln|y | ln    lnc
4 x4 4 2  2

x cx u
 ln  4 lncy   y4  x + cot   = constant
x4 x4  2

1 x x y
f (5 ) = 1, we get c = ,  y4 ,  x + cot  C
5 5(x  4)  2 

1 1 dy dt
4
put x = – 5, we get y (5)   2 3 2. Put y – x = t so that 1 
9 y (5) dx dx
Therefore, the given equation becomes
dy
9. Given D.E is y =x–1 dt dt
dx 1  x tan t  1 (or)  x tan t
dx dx
y2 x2 Therefore cot t dt = xdx so that
 ydy = (x – 1) dx   x c
2 2

1 1
 cot t dt   x dx
for x = 1, y = 1    1  C  C=1
2 2 x2
Hence, ln sin t  c
2
y2 x2
Thus,   x 1  y2 = x2 – 2x + 2
2 2 x2
i.e., ln sin  y  x  c
Put x = 2, y2(2) = 2 2
dy dy which is the required solution.
10.   y  y  1    dx 3. Re-arrangement of given equation is given by
dx y(y  1)
xdy + ydx + xy (xdy – ydx) = 0
 y 1 d(xy) xdy  ydx
and log     x  c , y(0) = 2    0.
 y  (xy)2 xy

4.58
 Differential Equation
On integration, we get 2
x x x
1 1  2 d 
y y =

 cot x 2  y 2     C 
 
1 y
 ln  c 
cy 
 e xy  e xy 
cx y
xy x x y 2
x
4. Given Differential Equation can be written as  cot  x 2  y 2      C
y
ydx  xdy  1 
2
  2  1 dx  sin y dy  0 d(x 2  y 2 )
x
x x  9.  d 
2 x y2
y
2

y  1 
  d    d    x   d   cos y   0 y
x  x   x2  y2   C
x
On integration, we get
10. Taking, x  r cos  and y  r sin  so that x2 + y2 = r2
y 1
   x  cos y  c  0
x x y
and  tan , we have xdx + ydy = r dr
x
 y  1  x 2  x cos y  cx  0
5. Given Differential Equation can be written as and xdy  ydx  x 2 sec 2 d  r 2d. The given equation
can be transformed into
1 2 2
dx – ydy + x  y d (x 2  y 2 )  0
2 rdr a2  r2 dr
2
 2
  a2  r 2
y2 2 1 3 r d r d
x  . x2  y2 2  c
2 3 2 r y
6. Given Differential Equation can be written as  C  sin1    tan1
a x
x x

ye y dx  xe y dy  y 2 sin y dy  1 2 
 y  x tan  C  sin 1 x  y 2  or
 a 
x

ey
 ydx  xdy   sin y dy
y2  y
x 2  y 2  a sin  const  tan 1 
 x
x
x  xy 
 e y d    sin y dy  d  e   sin y dy dy
y   x y
11. We have dx  mx 2
2 2
x x y
y
On integration, we get e   cos y  c
7. Given Differential Equation can be written as dy xdy  ydx
x y
 dx  mx 2  x2  mxdx
y y
d(xy)  tan  xdy  ydx  y
2
y
2
x x x 1  1 
x x
d(xy) y  xy ' y  ydx 
  tan  
xy x  x2  d y / x  y mx 2
  mxdx  sin 1  C
d(xy) y
2
x 2
y y 1 
  tan   d  
xy x x x

 y   1 
On integration, we get ln|xy|  ln  c sec  12.  y  1    cos y  dx  (x  log x  x sin y)dy  0
 x   x 
 
8. Given Differential Equation can be written as The given differential equation can be written as
2 2
d (x  y ) 2x y
  ydx  xdy  ydx  xdy  dx  log x dy  cos y dx  x sin y dy  0
sin 2 (x 2  y 2 ) y 3 x

x x  d (xy)  {y d (log x)  log x d y} 

 2   d     cos ec 2 (x 2  y 2 )d(x 2  y 2 )
y y (cos y dx  x d(cos y)}  0

4.59
Integral Calculus

 d(xy)  d (y log x)  d(x cos y)  0 y

tan v + ln x = C   tan + ln x = C
as the required solution xy  y log x  x cos y  c x

13. x dy  ydx  x 2  y 2 dx 
if x = 1, y =  C=1
4
xdy  y dx dx
  y e  e
x x 2  y2 x tan = 1 – ln x = ln   y = x tan–1  ln 
x x  x

1 y  dx y
   y sin  x
y
y x x dy
2
2. put  v then  x
1   x dx y
x x sin  
x
y y2 
on integration we get ln   1  2   ln x  ln C  v sin v  1 dx
x x  v  x.   –  sin vdv  
 dx sin v x
 y
y  x2  y2  cos    log x  c .
 ln  Cx x
x
dy dy
3. y = um  = m um  1 . Hence
 y  x 2  y 2  Cx 2 dx dx

14. y 5 xdx  ydx  xdy  0 du

2 x4 . um . m um  1 . + u4m = 4 x6 .
dx
x 3  ydx  xdy 
x 4 dx   0
y3  y2  du 4 x 6  u4m 3
=  4m=6  m= and
dx 2 m x 4 u 2m  1 2
3
x x
x 4 dx    d    0 3
y y 2m – 1 = 2  m =
2
x5 x4 dy dv
on integrating, we get  4 C 4. Putting y = vx and vx
5 4y dx dx
1 dv
Put x = 1, y = , We get C  6 We get xv  x
2
 vx  2x v 2  1
2 5 dx

5x 4 dv dx
 y4    , integrating, we get
4(6  x 5 ) 2 v 1 2 x

15.  sin x  x cos x  dx   2t ln t  t  dt 1


2
 
ln v  v 2  1  ln cx
 d  x sin x   d  t ln t 
2

1  y  y2  x2 
  d  x sin x   d  t 2 ln t   ln    ln cx
2  x 

 x sin x  t 2 ln t  c
dy y y
5.  
Make Concepts Clear 4.5 dx  y   y
x  log  2  x  2  log 
 x   x 
dy y y
1.   cos 2
dx x x dy dv
Put y = vx is vx
dv dx dx
y = vx   + x = v – cos2v
dx
dv vx v
vx   
dv dx dx  vx  2  log v
 cos 2 v +  x =C x  2  log 
 x 

4.60
 Differential Equation

2  log v dx dv
 v(1  log v) dv  x  v sin 2
 ln x  c
vv
2  log v dx 1
 v(log v  1) dv   x
C    cos ec 2 vdv   dx  c
x
1 y
  log v   v(log v  1) dv  log x  log C  cot v  log x  c  cot    ln x  c .... (2)
x
1
Put log v – 1 = t, dv  dt  
v The curve (2) passes through  1, 
 4
dt
  log v    log x  log C 
t  cot    0  c  c  1
4
  log (log v – 1) = log v + log x + log C
y
y  The required solution of (1) is cot    1  ln x
Put v  x
x

y  g(e)  2
 log  1  Cy
x
Make Concepts Clear 4.7
6. y 2dx    x 2  xy  y 2  dy
dy
1. x ln x  y  2 ln x
dx
dy y2
  2
dx x  xy  y 2 dy 1 2
 y
dx x ln x x
it is a homogenous differential equation.
By direct formula ,we have 1
 x ln x dx
I.F= e  eln (ln x)  ln x
dv 1
   dx where y  vx
v2 x ln x
 2
v  y lnx = 2  dx  c = (ln x)2 + c
1v  v x
Put x = 1, we get c = 0
 1  v2 v  1
    dv   dx  y  ln x
 v 1  v  v 1  v  
2 2
x
 
y(e)  1
1 1  1 2. Given D.E. can be written as
   2 
dv   dx
 v 1 v  x dx
– (cos y) x = sin 2y
dy
 log v  Tan1  v    log x  C
 cos ydy
y I.F.= e  e  sin y
1
 log vx  Tan C
x  xe
 sin y
  e  sin y 2 sin y cos y dy
y 
 log y  Tan1  C , Since y(1) = 1, C   2   sin y e  sin y  e  sin y   c
x 4
 x   2(1  sin y)  c e sin y
  
log e|y(1)|   
4 2 2 dy  t  1
3. Given,  y  and y  0   1
7. The D.E of a family of curves is dt  1  t  (1  t)
y Which represents lienar differential equation of first order.
x sin 2   dx  ydx  xdy
x  t 
   1 t dt
Therefore, IF  e  e  t  log(1 t)  e  t .(1  t)
dy y y Required solution is
   sin2   .... (1)
dx x x
(1) is a homogeneous D.E.

4.61
Integral Calculus

1   x12 tan 1
dx 1
ye  t 1  t    .e  t 1  t  dt  c   e  t dt  c IF = e x
= sec
x
1 t

 ye t 1  t   e t  c 1 1 1 1

 y . sec =   sec 2   2 dx = tan +c
x x x x
Since, y  0   1
if x  then y  1  c=1
  1.e 0 (1  0)  e0  c  c  0
1 1
1 1  y = sin  cos
Therefore, y  y(1)   x x
(1  t) 2
2 2
 
dy f(x) 1 1 1
4. y sin 2x – cos x + (1 + sin2x)
dx
=0 
1
x 0
x  x 
dx  x. 2  sin  cos  dx
x
where y = f (x)
2
2

dy  sin 2x  cos x  1 1   1 1
+ 2 y =
dx  1  sin x  1  sin 2 x
 x  sin  cos    sin  cos  dx
 x x 0 0  x x  
sin 2x dt
2
 dx  2
I.F. = e 1 sin x = e t = eln(1 sin x)
2

2
= 1 + sin2x (by putting 1 + sin2x = t)  0 
  f( x)dx

General solution is y(1 + sin 2 x) =  cos x dx 8. Adx + Bx dy = C dy on simplification

y(1 + sin2x) = sin x + C ; (y(0) = 0) C=0 dx
A  Bx  C which is linear form so. B, C should be
sin x   2 dy
hence, y = ; y  
1  sin 2 x 6 5 function of 'y' and A may be constant or A,B,C may be
constant.
x2
2x(x  1) e dx dx
5. f '(x)  f(x) = 9. Given that x  y   xk  y  x  xk
x 1 (x  1)2 dy dy

I. F. = e  2x dx  e  x x k  2dx
2
dy dx
   k    k 1 k 1
y x x x (x  1)
x2 dx
 f (x). e 
(x  1)2 y 1 dt 1 t 1
 ln    ln
c k  1 t(t  1) k 1 t
2 1
 f(x). e  x   C 1
x 1  t 
 ln   where t  x k 1
at x = 0 , f (0) = 5  C = 6 k 1  t 1
It alway passes through (0, 0)
 6x  5  x 2
 f (x) =   .e cx
 x 1  for k=2, y  ;y(2)  2,c  1
x 1
dx x y
6. (1  log x)  x log x  e y
dy Hence y  x
x 1 y 1
Put x log x = t  (1  log x)dx  dt
2 c 2x 2
for k=3, y  , y( 2)  2,c 2  2
dt x2  1
  t  e y  te  y   e  y e y dy  C
dy
2x 2
 Lt y 2  Lt 2
x  x  x 2  1
 t  Ce y  ye y  x log x  (C  y)e y
Since, y(1)  0 i.e., C = 0 dy y(1  x 2 ) x ln x dy (1  x 2 )y x ln x
10.  2
 2   
y dx x(1  x ) 1  x dx x(1  x 2 ) 1  x 2
 yey  x log x  x x  e ye

dy y 1 1 1
7.  2 tan =  sec . 2
dx x x x x

4.62
 Differential Equation

1
Make Concepts Clear 4.8
1

x2 1. Equation of tangent at P (x, y) is
x 2 1 1  1
 x(x 2 1) dx x ln  x  
 x
1
I.F.= e = e x
= e = x dy
x Y–y= (X – x)
dx
 x2  1  x ln x x 2  1 It meets the co-ordinate axis in A and B
 y .  x    x 2  1 . x dx
   dx  dy 

 A =  x  y , 0  and B =  0, y  x 
2
 x 1  dy   dx 
   y   ln x dx + c = x ln x – x + c ( P is the mid point of AB)
 x 
y(e) = 0  c = 0 dx dy
2x = x – y and 2y = y – x
dy dx
(x 2  1)
 y  x ln x  x, put x  1
x dy dx
  0
1 y x
y(1)    2y(1)  1  0
2  ln y + ln x = ln c  ln (xy) = ln c
 xy = c
dy 3y As curve passes through (1, 1), c = 1
11. Given equation can be written as  x
dx x So equation of curve is xy = 1

Here P(x)   3 , Q(x)  x

x

x 2.  f(x)dx = y3
0

Pdx 1
I.F  e  e 3ln x  dy
x3 Differentiating f (x) = 3y2.
dx
1 x
G.S. is y.  dx
x3  x 3 y = 3y2
dy
 y = 0 (rejected)
dx
y 1 y
    C  lim 2  lim (1  Cx)   1
x3 x x0 x x 0 3y 2
or 3y dy = dx  On Integration we get =x+c
2
y
 lim 1 3. We have
x 0 x2
sub tangent + abscissa = constant
y ln x  1 y dx dy dx
12. Given D.E. can be written as y '     x  ay x a 
3x 3x dy / dx dy y ax
dx 1
  3x  ln x 1 Integrating, we get
I.F.  e e 3
3
x log y  log  x  a   log c  y  x  a   c
1 (ln x  1) 1  As the curve passes through the point (2a, a), we
 G.S. is y. 3   . 3 dx
x 3x x have c = a2
1 4  The required curve is y(x – a) = a2
1
 
 x 3y   (ln x  1)x 3 dx 4. Equation of tangent at any point P is
3 Y – y = m(X – x)
Using IBP, we get
1 1 1
y
   for X-intercept, Y = 0, we get X = x –
x y   x (ln x  1)  3x
3 3 3
C m
When x = 1, y = – 2 C 2 y dy y
hence x – = y or = xy
1 m dx
Hence the solution is y  2x  ln x  4 3

 xdy  ydy  ydx

1 4 1
3 
Now  2  ydx  (2)  x  (x ln x  x)  4x  3 ydx  xdy dy
2   on integration
0  0 y 2
y
3 
  2  1  4   3 .
 2 

4.63
Integral Calculus

x x 2
3 x 2
we get
y
  ln y  c G.S. is ye  x e dx 
Put x = y = 1 we get c = 1 1
t et dt where t = – x2
x e x

2 
  ln  ye y  e
y y 1 t t

2
 te  e   C
y 1 x
5. Slope of the normal =  dy = 1 2
x 1 dx y y   x 2  1  cex
2
y2 x2
=x– +C ...(2) 1 1 1 2  x2  1
2 2 y(0)  ,     C  C  1  y  ex   
2 2 2  2 
(2) passes through (0, 0) hence C = 0
x2 + y2 – 2x = 0 Clearly y is an even function.
2 2
y '  2x ex  x  (2ex  1) x
1
now tangent to y2 = 4x is y = mx + ...(3) 2
m We have 2ex  1  0  x  R
if it touches the circle x2 + y2 – 2x = 0
y '  0 for x < 0 and y '  0 for x > 0
m  (1 m)  y has local minimum at x = 0.
then =1 and as x   , y  
1  m2
 y(x) = 0 has no real root in R.
 1 + m2 = m2  m
hence tangent is y axis i.e. x = 0 dy y
8. Give that y  x 
dx x
2
 dy  dy
6. y 1     ky 2   k 2y 2  1 where K is  1 dy 1 1  dy
 dx  dx  y 1    x
 x  dx
   2  dx 
 x x  y  
constant 1 1
1 Cy
 ln x   ln y  lnC   e x  Cy  xe x
dy  1  x x
  dx  log  y  y 2  2   kx 
2
k y 12  k  1

Since y(1) = e, y  xe x
const.  ky  k 2 y 2  1  ce kx
1 1
   2
7. I.F.  e 
 2x dx 2 1 1  x x 1
 ex lim  lim 1  lim 1  lim 1  0
x 0  y x 0 x 0 x 0  1  
xe x ex ex   2 
 x 

4.64
 Differential Equation

Explanations
to
Single Choice

1. Given D.E. can be written as

x 2
 3y 2  dx

2y dy 4. Given D.E. can be written as y  3  (x  3x 2 )
dy
x 4
x3 dx
dx dy  x 
x 2  3y 2 dy

2xy

dx
 x 2dx  2xydy  3y 2dx

 x(1  3x)   y  3  ln  1  3x   ln C  ln(y  3)
 Cx  (1  3x)(y  3)
dx 2xydy  3y 2dx dx x 3d(y 2 )  y 2d(x 3 )
 2
 4
 2  dx x 1 dx x 1
x x x x6 5.  ;  
dy 2e  y  1 dy 2e  y  1 2e  y  1
dx  y2  1 y2
  d 3    c 3 1  ey

I.F = e   e  2e  e  2 e
2 pdy dy dy
x x  x x y
1 y

 x 2  y 2  cx 3 
 log 2 e y  1
e 
2  ey
dy 1 1
2.  tan y  2 tan y sin y 1 1 1
dx x x G.S is x
2  ey

 2  e . 2e y y
1
dy
dy 1 1 e y dy 1
 cot y cosec y  cosec y.  2 ...(1)
dx x x 
 2  e  y 2

2  ey
C

dy dv
Putting cosec y  v then  cosec y .cot y  6. x 2dy  2x 3 y 3 dy  3x 2 y 4 dx  2xy.dx
dx dx
2xydx  x 2dy  3x 2 y 4 dx  2x 3 y 3 dy  0
dv v 1
 (1)    2
dx x x y.2x  x 2dy
 3x 2 y 2dx  2x 3 y  0
dx
1 y2
I.F. = e

x  e ln x 
x  x2 
 d    d  x3y2   0 on integra tion we get
1  1   1  1  y 
x  x  x  
 G.S. is v     2    dx  2  C
2x
x2
1 1   x3y2  C
   C  2x  sin y 1  2cx 2  y
x sin y 2x 2
7. Given equation can be written as
or 2x  sin y 1  cx 2
 xdx  ydy ydx  xdy y 2
 . 2
2 2
x 2
y  y2 x
dy
3. Let m  be the slope of tangent of hyperbola
dx
d x 2  y2  1 x
.d    y  1
c2
m 2
c
dy x 2  c 2
2
 x 2
y 2 2


x 2
 y x x 2  y2
c
m 2   2 ;tan 45  x  2
2   y 
x mc dx x 2  c 2
1 2
x x x
y  t  dt   x  1
8. x
0  ty  t  dt Diff w.r.t x
0

4.65
Integral Calculus

x x
xy  x   y  t  dt   x  1 xy  x   1 ty  t  dt

0  0
y
 f  v   Cx  f    Cx
x
1  3x dy
again differentiating we get dx 
x2 y dy x  y y
13.   1   xdy  y dx  x dx
c 1 dx x x
y e x

x3 xdy  ydx dx
9. Let ‘x’ be the population at a time ‘t’ (in years) then  
x2 x
dx dx Integrating, we get
x  kx , on integration we get x  ce kt ...(1)
dt dt
y
Let x o be the population at time t = 0.   log|x | C or y = x log |x| + Cx
x
Then x o  ceo  c  x o  solution is x  x oe kt 14. Differential equation of S.H.M is
now at t = 50, x = 2xo
d 2x 2 2
 w 2x  0   wn
1 dt 2
w n
Hence, 2x 0  x 0e50k  k  log 2 ,
50
d 2x
For x  3x 0 we have 3x o  x o e kt  ln 3  kt  Differntial equation is  n 2x  0
dt 2
50 ln 3
t  80 years dy  x 
ln 2 15. xy  1  y 2   1  
dx  1  x2 
x
10. ln c + ln |x| = y y dy 1 1
 1  y 2 dx  x  1  x 2
1 y  x y1
Differentiate w.r.t. x, =
x y2 1
ln 1  y 2   ln x  tan1 x  ln c
2
y2 dy
yx 1

x dx  1  y 2  cxe tan x

dy y y2 x y2 17. We have, dy  y '  x     x   '  x  dx  0

=  2   y  = – 2
dx x x   x dy
   '  x  .y    x   '  x 
dy dx
11.  100  y   dx  '  x  dx
I.F.  e 
 x 
e
– ln (100 – y) = x + C  ln (100 – y) = – x + C
General solution is
x = 0, y = 50 hence C = ln 50
x = ln 50 – ln(100 – y)] ye   x      x   '  x  e  x  dx
50 50
ln 100  y = x  = ex  ye  x    e  x   x   '  x  dx
100  y
  100 – y = 50e–x  y = 100 – 50e–x  ye  x     x  e  x     '  x  e  x  dx

y dy dv  ye
 x
  x  e
 x
e
 x 
c
12. Put  v vx
x dx dx
  x 
 y    x   1  ce
 dv  f v
x  v  x   vx  x.
 dx  f v  dy
18. Given, x 2 .2y  y 2 .2x  tan(x 2 y 2 )
dx
dv f v
vx v d 2 2
dx f  v  (x y )  tan(x 2y 2) , put x 2 y 2  z
dx
dv f  v  f  v  dx
 x dx  f v  f v dv  x dz
    Now given expression transforms to = tan z
dx
 ln f  v   log x  log C   dx   cot z dz  x = ln (sin z) + C

4.66
 Differential Equation

 4
 
When x  1, y 
2
 z  C1
2
Area =  (cos x  sin x)dx
0
 2 1

 x  ln sin(x 2 y 2 )  1  sin(x 2 y 2 )  ex 1 . dM
24. =  KM  M = c e  k t
dy dt
19.  e x sin x  dy = ex sin x dx
dx when t = 0; M = M0  c = M0  M = M0ek t
Integrating, we get M0
when t = 1, M =  k = ln 2,
 dy   e
x
sin xdx 2
Integrating by parts taking ex as the first function hence M = M0e t ln 2

 e x cos x   e x cos xdx M0

when M = then t = log2 1000
1000
Again integrating by parts taking ex as first function
25. Equation of tangent
ex Y – y = m(X – x) put X = 0, Y = y – mx
 y [ cos x  sin x)  C
2
hence initial ordinate is
1 y – mx = x – 1  mx – y = 1 – x
Put x = 0, y = 0 ,we get C = .
2
dy 1 1 x
20. Let the slope of the tangent be tan  then slope of – y = which is a linear differential
dx x x
y equation
OP   tan 180   
x Hence statement-1 is correct and its degree is 1
 statement-2 is also correct. Since every 1st degree
y dy differential equation need not be linear hence.
  On sererating the variables and integrating
x dx
dy x  y 2
we get, xy  C . 26. Statement 2 is false since  cannot be made
dx y  x 2
22. Bring xy dx to right side t o get
homogeneous by putting y = tx.
1  x y  dx  x  y dx  x dy 
2 2 But if we put y2 = t in the differential equation in
dy dt
Divide equation by x 1  x 2 y 2  to get assertion A then 2y  .
dx dx

dx d  xy  dy And differential equation becomes t. 1 dt  (x  t)dx  0

 
x 1   xy 2 1  y 2 2

Hence solution is log x – tan-1 xy = c dx t

or  which is homogeneous
dt 2(x  t)
23. I.F. = e–x
 ye–x = x 27. By putting x 2  u, y 2  v , we get
e (cos x  sin x)dx put – x = t
(u  v  1)du  (u  v  1)dv  0 or
t
=–  e (cos t  sin t)dt = – et sin t + c dv u v 1
y e–x = e–x sin x + c  which is not homogeneous but is
du u  v 1
since y is bounded when x    c = 0
reducible to homogeneous by change of origin (Put
y = sin x
u  U  , v  V   and choose  and  such that
y     1  0,     1  0) , Thus A is false, R is true.

x’ x
O
y’

4.67
Integral Calculus

Explanations
to
Single Choice
dy dz y 2
y 2 y 2 2
put y  x  z  1 
1.
dx dx
I.F = e ; G.S is = ue  2y sin y e dy  C 
dz
 e t sin t dt  C , where y2 = t
G.E becomes
dx
 zx  x 3 z 3 
1 dz x 2 1 y2
   x 3 y
 ue  e  sin y 2  cos y 2   C
z 3 dx z 2 2
dz dv dv
put z 2  v  2z 3 
dx dx

dx
 2xv  2x 3 
 2  x 2  sin y 2  cos y 2  2ce  y
2


4. The given equation is linear in y can be written as
I.F = e
 2x dx 2
 e x ; dy x ax
 y
x2 3  x2 dx 1  x 2 1  x2
G.S is ve 
 2x e dx ; put  x  t 2

x 1
 2
dx 
 log 1 x 2  1
2
 te tdt  te t  e t  C ; ve  x    x 2  1 e  x  C
2
I.F = e 1 x e 2
 if  1  x  1 and
 1  x2
2 2
 v  x 2  1  ce x  1   y  x   x  1  ce
x 2
 2

 I.F 
1
if x 2  1
x2 1
dy dt
2. Let sin y 2  t  2y cos y 2 
dx dx  1  ax a
dt 2t 3
 y
 1 x
2 
  1  x  2 3/ 2
dx 
1  x2
C
    x  1
dx (x  1)
2
 y  a  c 1  x 2   y  a   c 2x 2  c 2
2 1
I.F.  e

x 1
dx
= 2
ellipse if –1 < x < 1
 1
x  2
If x 2  1 above solution becomes y  a  c 2 x 2  c 2
t represents hyperbola
Hence G.S. is (x  1)2  (x  1)dx 
5.  ydy =  (1  x)dx
(x  1)2
 C y2 x2
2 =x– + C  x2 + y2 – 2x = C
2 2
 (x  1)2 
 sin y 2  (x  1)2   C (x – 1)2 + y2 = C + 1 = C
 2 
6. (x2z2 – 1)  z – 1 dz + 2x z3 dx = 0

3.
dx
 xy  x 2 sin y 2  1 or  (x2 z3 – 1 – z – 1)dz + 2x z3 dx = 0
dy for homogeneous every term must be of the same degree,
3 + 1 =  – 1   = – 1
1 dx 1
  y  y sin y 2 7. We have y = e mx,differentiating w.r.t x three times
x 3 dy x 2 succevely,we get y1 =m emx,y2 =m2 emx,y3 =m3 emx
substituting in given differential equation ,we get
1 du
put  u   2uy  2y sin y 2 m3 – 3m2 – 4m + 12 = 0  m = ± 2, 3;
x2 dy

4.68
 Differential Equation
since m  N , hence m  {2, 3} 12. Given, equation of normal at P(1, 1) is
8. 1 1 1 1 ay + x = a + 1
y  C1 sin x  C 2 cos x  C 3 tan x  C 4 cot x
 dy 
 y  (C1  C 2 ) sin 1 x  (C 3  C 4 ) tan 1 x    Solpe of tangent at P  a    a
 dx (1,1)
 there are two independent arbitary constants
 order of the differentail equation is 2. dy dy  dy 
Given y  ky     k  a
dy dx dx  dx (1,1)
9. sin x + y cos x = 1
dx
dy dy
dy  ay   adx (variable being separated)
+ y cot x = cosec x dx y
dx
 ln y = ax + c
I.F. = e cot x dx = eln (sin x) = sin x It is passing through (1 , 1) then
c   a  equation of the curve is y = ea( x - 1)
y sin x =  cosec x ·sin x dx dy ax  3
13. We have, 
y sin x = x + C dx 2y  f
if x = 0, y is finite  C=0
  ax  3  dx   2y  f  dy
x
y = x (cosec x) = x2
sin x  3x  y 2  fy  c
On integrating, we obtain a
2
y
a
/2   x 2  y 2  3x  fy  c  0
2
1
This will represent a circle, if
a
x’ x   1  Coeff.of x 2  Coeff. of y 2 
O /2 2
y’
9 2
and  f  c  0  U sin g g 2  f 2  c  0
2  4
Now I < and I >
4 2  a   2 and 9  4f 2  4c  0

 2
Hence <I< x
2 4 x 2 log    y 2
dx y
14.  which is a homogeneous
dy d 2y dy x
10. y = mx + c; =m; =0 xy log  
dx dx 2 y

d 2y dy differential equation
substituting in 2
3  4y  4x
dx dx dx dv
Put x  vy and vy
0 – 3m – 4(mx + c) = – 4x dy dy
– 3m – 4c – 4mx = – 4x
– (3m + 4c) = 4x(m – 1) ....(1) dv 1
vy v
(1) is true for all real x if dy v log v
m = + 1 and c = – 3/4
dy
dy (y  x)  (y  x)2  4xy  v log v dv  
11.  y
dx 2x
On integration, we get
dy (x  y)  (x  y)
 x2  x  x2
dx 2x 2
log    2   log y  log c
2y  y  4y
dy x  y  x  y x  y  x  y
 , 15. Length of normal y 1  m2  k
dx 2x 2x

dy dy  y dy k2  y2 ydy
Then  1 OR   y  x  c or xy  c  2
   dx   k 2  y 2  x  c
dx dx x dx y k2  y2

4.69
Integral Calculus

it passes through (0, k), c  0 dv 1 dv

18. g  kv 2  dt    dt  A
 curve is x 2  y 2  k 2 k g  v2 
16. Given differential equation can be written as k

 d 2 y  dy 2   dy  1 1 g/k v
x 2 y 2       2xy  y2   0  log tA
 dx  dx    dx  k 2 g/k g/k v
At t  0, v  0  A  0
dy 2
 d 2 y  dy   2xy dx  y2

  2  0 1 g/K  
  log
 dx  dx   x2 2 gK g / K 

d  dy  d  y 2  g/K  
y  0  e 2t gK
  
dx  dx  dx  x  g / K 

dy y 2 g  e 2t gK
 1
on integration, we get y   c1  v  
dx x K  e 2t gK
 1 
dy dv
Put y 2  v and 2y   19. Equation of the normal at  x 1 , y 1  is
dx dx

dv 2 1
We get,  v  2C1 y  y1  (x  x 1 )
dx x  dy 
 
2
 dx (x1 ,y1 )
  x dx 1
I.F.  e 
x2  dy   dy 
y   x  x1  y1  
v 1  dx (x1 ,y1 )  dx (x1 ,y1 )
Complete solution is 2
 2C1  2 dx  C 2
x x

y2 2C  dy 
x 1  y1  
  1  C 2  y 2  x(C 2 x  2C1 )  dx (x1 ,y1 )
x2 x  |y 1 |
 dy 
 y   x(C 2x  2C1 ) 1  
 dx (x1 ,y1 )
17. For the path BA, the equation of the motin of the
dv mk 2a 2  dy 
particle is mv  x 12  2(x 1 y1 )    y1 2
dx x2  dx (x1 ,y1 )
v a
dx dy y 2  x 2
  vdv   k 2a 2  vk a 
x2 Differential equation is
0 2a dx 2xy
For the path AO, The equation of motion of the particle
is  dy 
20. Let P be (x, y). C is  x  y ,0  and B is
V 0  dx 
dv 2mk 2x 2k 2
mv    vdx  xdx , Where V is
dx a v
a a  dy 
 0, y  x  . Centre of the circle through O, C, P and
velocity at x = 0  dx 
A B B has its centre at the midpoint of BC. Let it be. (, )
O x
x=a x = 2a ten
V2  v2 dy dy
  k 2a  V 2  2k 2a  k 2a  3k 2a 2  x  y and 2  y  x
2 dx dx

[ v  k a] Now, (, ) lies on y =x

dy dy dy y  x
 V  k 3a so, y  x xy  
dx dx dx x  y

4.70
 Differential Equation

dV 0 t t
21. = – K  4r2 ....(1) 2 y = – kt = – ;0 – 4 = –
dt 4 15 15
4 3 dV dr  t = 60 minutes
but V = r  = 4r2 ....(2)
3 dt dt 1 x
hence
dr
=–K
23. Solution of given D.E. is y 
x 
  dx  C
x
dt
 y = cx – x2
dy The DE does not represent all the parabolas passing
22. = – k y ; when t = 0; y = 4
dt through origin but it represents all parabolas through
0
dy t origin with axis of symmetry parallel to y-axis and
 = – k  dt ; coefficient of x2 as – 1, hence statement-1 is false.
4 y 0
Statement-2 is universally true.

Multiple Choice
24. y  c sin x ...(1) Put x = 1 in (1), we get f(1) = e

dy c  1  f(x)  e x  ln x
  c cos x ...(2)
dx A) f(e)  1  ee
2
 dy  y2
 2 2 2 2 2
  c cos x  2 cos x  y cot x x 1
 dx  sin x B) f '(x)  e   0
x
2
 dy  C) f(0  )   , f()  
 y 2  tan 2 x    0
 dx 
 f(x)  0 has exactly one root in (0, )
2 2
 dy   dy 
 2
   sec x   y  0 27. y  c1x m  c 2x n or y1  mc1x m 1  nc 2 x n 1 ,
 dx   dx 
y 2  m(m  1)c1x m  2  n(n  1)c 2 x n  2
25. Dividing throughout by cos 2 x sin2 y , then given
substituting gives
differential equatin becomes
m2  10m  21  0, n 2  10n  21  0
 3 tan x  4 cot y  7  sec 2 xdx 
 m  3 or 7 and n  3 or 7
 4 tan x  7 cot y  5  cosec 2ydy  0
dy 4
 3 tan xd  tan x   7d  tan x   7cot yd  cot y   28. Let  m then y  mx  ...(1)
dx m
5d  cot y   4d  tan x cot y   0 for m = 1, 4, A, C are true and (1) is tangent to
On integrating, we obtain y2 = 4.4x = 16x
3 7 29. Equation of normal
tan 2 x  7 tan x  cot 2 y  5 cot y  4 tanx cot y  C
2 2 1
Y–y=– (X – x)
x
m
X + mY – (x + my) = 0
26. f(x)  e  (x  1)(ln x  1)  f(x)dx

1
...(1)
x  my
perpendicular from (0, 0) = = |y|
(x  1) 1  m2
 f '(x)    (lnx  1)  f(x)
x
y
1
 f '(x)  f(x)   ln x
x

I.F.  e 
(  1)dx
 ex P(x,y)

1  x’
 f(x) e  x  e x   ln x   e x ln x  C
 x   O
x

y’
 f(x)  ln x  ce x ...(2)

4.71
Integral Calculus
x2 + 2xym = y2  yex = x + C
x = 0, y(0) = 1, C = 1
dy y 2  x2
=  yex = x + 1 ....(1)
dx 2xy
x 1 2
dy y= ; y(1) =
Also x · 2y · – x2 = y2 put y2 = t; ex e
dx
e x  (x  1)e x
dy dt dt y' =
2y = ; x· + x2 = t e 2x
dx dx dx
e  2e e 1
dt 1 y'(1) = = 2 =–
– t = – x which is linear differential equation e2 e e
dx x
x2
if x > 2, yex = e dx
dy
31. Given D.E. can be written as
dx
=  2  3  y . yex = ex – 2 + C  y = e–2 + Ce–x
as y is continuous
Now integrate .
x 1
x

33. f (x) =  f(t)cos t  cos(t  x) dx

 Lim
x 2 ex
= Lim
x 2
 e2  Ce x 
0
3e–2 = e–2 + Ce–2  C = 2
x x  for x > 2
=  f(t)cos t dt   cos( t)dt y = e–2 + 2e–x hence
0 0
y (3) = 2e–3 + e–2 = e–2(2e–1 + 1)
y' = – 2e–x
a a

  f(x)dx   f(a  x)dx  y ' (3) = – 2e–3
0 0 
dy 2y cot x  4y 2 cot 2 x  4y 2
x 35. 
dx 2
f(x) =  f(t)cos t dt – sin x differentiate both sides
0  y   cot x  cos ecx 
f'(x) = f(x) cos x – cos x
dy
dy     cot x  cos ecx  dx
let f(x) = y; f'(x) = y
dx
x
dy  log y   log sin x  log tan    log c
– y cos x = – cos x (L.D.E.)  2
dx

I.F. = e  cos x dx = e– sin x, y · e– sin x = –  e  sin x cos x dx c tan  x / 2  c c

y  2
 .... (1)
sin x 2 cos  x / 2  1  cos x
y · e– sin x = C + e– sin x
y = C esin x + 1 dy
if x = 0 ; y = 0 (from the given relation) solving y    cot x  cos ecx  dx
 C = – 1 hence f (x) = 1 – esin x
now minimum value = 1 – e (w h e n
c c
x = /2) we get y   x  2 sin 1
1  cos x 2y
maximum value = 1 – e–1 (when x = – /2)
f ' (x) = – esin x cos x hence f ' (0) = – 1
f '' (x) = – [cos2x esin x – esin x · sin x] c
also from (1) x  2 cos 1
2y
 
f ''   = e
 2 y
y  x sin
dy x
dy 37. 
34.  y  f(x) dx x
dx
I.F. = ex dy dv dv
Put y = vx, vx  x   sin v
x
dx dx dx
yex = e f(x)dx + C
1 dx
x x or  sin v dx   
now if 0  x  2 then yex =  e e dx  C x

4.72
 Differential Equation

log |cosec v – cot v| =  log x + log C It represents a parabola, if one of the two terms x2 or y2
  x(1 – cos v) = C sin v
is zero. Therefore, either a = 0, b  0 or a  0, b=0.
y 2dx  2xy dy x 3 y 3dy  x 2y 4dx
 y y 42. 
  x  1  cos   C sin y4 y4
 x x
 x  x 2 y 3 (xdy  ydx)
 dy  dy  d 2  
38. Given equation is sin  x  y  y  y4
 dx  dx

dy  x  x2
 dy   d 2   d (xy)
yx  sin1   y  y
dx  dx 
Again differentiating we get  x   x 
 d  2    2   xy d (xy)
dy dy d y 2
1 d y 2 y  y 
 x 2  2
dx dx dx  dy  dx2

1   x 
 dx  d 2 
  y   xy d (xy)
(x / y 2 )
d2y 1
  0 or x 
dx  dy 
2
 x  (xy)2
1   log  2   c
 dx  y  2

2
44. Given diff. equation can be written as
dy  dy  1
  c or    1 2  dy  dy 
dx  dx  x   e  x   ex   0
 dx  dx 
dy 1
Using  c in  i  we get y  cx  sin c . dy
dx dy  e x  0
  ex  0 or
dx dx
Also for particular value of c  0, y  0 is also a solution.
2  y  e  x  c or y  e x  c
 dy  1
Finally using    1  2 in  i  we get 45. Let P (x, y) be any point on the curve. Length of intercept
dx
  x
on y-axis by any tangent at
 x2  1  dy
i.e., y  x 2  1  sin1   P(x, y)  OT  y  x
 x  dx
 
dy y
40. (Y  y)  (X  x)
dx
T
 y 
A  x,0   xdy 
dy
  and B  0, dx  y  P(x,y)
 dx 
Mid point of AB is (x, y)
y x dy x’ x
  x  2x   y  O L
dy / dx dx
y’
dx  dy  Area of trapezium OLPTO
  log xy = c  xy  c
x y  1 1 dy 
 (PL  OT)OL   y  y  x x
 curve passes through (1, 1) hence C = 1 2 2 dx 
Hence equation of curve is xy = 1
1 dy 
dy ax  h
 (by  k) dy  (ax  h)dx  0
  2y  x x
41.  2 dx 
dx by  k
1 2
by 2 a Area of trapezium OLPTO = x
  ky  x 2  hx  C  0 2
2 2

4.73
Integral Calculus
Integrating we get;
1 dy  1 2 dy ln|f(x)|  ln A  ln|f '(x)||f '(x)| A|f(x)|
i.e.,  2y  x  x   x  2y  x  x or
2 dx  2 dx  f '(0)  f(0)  1  A  1 , so f '(x)   f(x)
dy 2y Intergrating again we get |f(x)| ke  x
  1
dx x
 f(0)  1  k  1 , So f(x)   ex
2 ln x 1
I.F. = e  Now f(0)  1  f(x)  e x or e  x , but f(x)  e  x
x2
( f '(0)   1)
y 1 1
 The solution is 2    2 dx  c    c  f(x)  ex  f(x)  f '(x)  f "(x)  .....  e x
x x x
49. Rewritting, the given equation as
 y  x  cx 2 or y  cx 2  x ,
2yxdy  y 2dx  (1  x 2 )dx
Clearly y(0) = 0 now y '(x)  2cx  1
2xydy  y 2dx  1 
y   2  1 dx
 y '(0)  0 ,  y(x)  cx  x and lim
2 1 x2  x 
x 0 x

y  y2   1 
 d     2  1  dx on integration we get
if y '(0)  0 then y(x)  cx  x ,  lim
2 1 x
   x 
x 0 x
46. x 2 y12  xyy 1  6y 2  0 y2 1
 xC
x x
 xy1  3y  xy 1  2y   0
y(1)  1  C  1 hence y 2  x(1  x)  1 which
 xy1  3y  0 or xy1  2y  0
represents a hyperbola
dy dy 50. Length of substangent = Length of subnormal
x  3y or x  2y
dx dx dy
  1
dy dx dy 2dx dx
  3 or 
y x y x dy
If  1 , then equation of tangent is
 log e y=  3log e x+k or log e y  2log e x  k dx

 3 log e x  log e y  k or log e y  2log e x  k 1 1

y 4  x 3 y x 1  ar(AOB)  11 
2 2
dy
47. Rewriting the given equation, we get  x(e(n 1)y  1) dy
dx If  1 , then eqn of tangent is
dx
dy
  xdx y  4  (x  3)  x  y  7
e(n 1)y  1
1 49
1 (n  1)e(n 1)y x2  ar(AOB)  77 
 dy  C 2 2
n  1  (e(n 1)y  1)e(n 1)y 2 51. The equation of tangent at (x, y) is
1 du x2 dy
  C Yy (X  x)
n  1  u(u  1) 2
(Where u = e(n-1)y) dx
Points A and B are respectively
1 u  1 x2
 log  C  dx   dy 
n 1 u 2  x  y , 0  and  0, y  x
dy 
   dx 
1  e(n 1)y  1  x 2
 log  (n 1)y   C
n 1  e  2  dx  dy  
 x y 2 y  x 
dy dx  
2
 e(n 1)y  Ce(n 1)y  (n 1)x / 2  1 p(x, y)   , 
 3 3 
48. By hypothesis, we have  
 
f '(x) f "(x)
{f '(x)}2  f(x)f "(x)  
f(x) f '(x)

4.74
 Differential Equation

dx x y 1
 PA:PB  2:1  3x  x  y  cos  sin + x – =C
dy y x y

dy y y x 1
   2ln|y|  ln| x|  lnC Here f(x, y)  sin  cos , g(x) = x, h(y)  
dx 2x x y y
 y2 | x | = C  xy 2  C  x  0  3
55. (xy 2  e1 / x )dx = x2y dy
52. Re-writing the given differential equation as 3
xy(y dx  x dy) e1 / x dx
2
dy d y  2 dy   4 =
2 .  2x y  2xy 2   0 x x4
dx dx 2  dx 
3
y  ydx  x dy  e1 / x dx
d  dy 
2
d 2 2   x  x 2  = 
 x4
   (x y )  0
dx  dx  dx
y y 1 1/ x 3  1 
 dy 
2   x d  x  =
3
e d 3 
x 
on Integration we get    x 2 y 2  c
 dx 
2
y
dy   1 1/ x 3
   c  x 2y 2  x = e  c , as x   , y is finite
dx 3
2
dy y 3
53. Given   x 1 1
dx x  1 x 1 c  , therefore solution curve is
3
 1   3 
 y    1   dx  1 
 x  1   (x  1)2  1
2  ex  1 
3
2x 2  x3 
y 2  lim 
 y2   e  1  , xlim 
x 0 3
 12 

 y  (x  1)(x  c)  3 But (2,0) lies on this curve 3  0

 x 

 c=-3 .Hence curve is y  x 2  2x, a parabola Area

 x13 3  1
bounded by e  4
2  3
x 2e x
lim    lim  2..  
y  x 2  2x , x  axis , x  3 is x 0 3  2  x 0  x
  x3 
 
0 2 3
2 2 2
 (x  2x)dx   (2x  x )dx   (x  2x)dx .
3 0 2 2
1
2x 2  x 3 
For y = x2 + x, we have  x 2  x    e  1 
3  
62

3 1
3 3
 (x  1)2  e x  1  x  0 
x y 2
54. Isolating sin & cos , we get
y x 3 y
y = (x + 1)2
2
 dx x dy  x 1
  2  sin + 3
y = ex - 1
 y y  y

 dy y dx  y dy x’ x
  2  cos  dx  2 = 0 -1 O
 x x  x y
y=-1
ydx  xdy x xdy  ydx y
.sin + .cos +
y2 y x2 x
y’
dy From graph we see that there is one solution only.
dx + 2 = 0
y 56. Put x  y  Y then given equation becomes

x x y y dy dY 1 dY x
sin .d   + cos . d   + dx + 2 = 0  xY  2x 3 Y 3 .  3   2x 3 ...(1)
y y x x y dx Y dx Y 2

4.75
Integral Calculus

1 dz 0
putting z  then(s) becomes  2xz  4x 3 x x
 e x ]0   2
Y 2
dx
Area =  2xe dx  2[xe


 x2  x2 3  x2
I.F. = e1 2x dx  e ; G.S. is ze 
 4x e dx
58. y '(0) 
2y 2 (0)  0
0
2
3y 2 (0)  5
 z  2  2x 2  ce x
(3y 2  5)(1  4yy ')  (2y 2  x)6yy '
1 2 y" 
 2
 2  2x 2  ce x (3y 2  5)2
(x  y)

putting x  0, y  1gives c  1 , (3y 2  5)2yy '(10  3x)


(3y 2  5)2
1 2
  2  2x 2  e x 5 1
(x  y)2 y "(0)    0  y(x) has local minimum at
25 5
2
If x + y = 1 then 1  2  2x 2  e x x = 0.
2 since y '(x)  0 for x > 0
 1  2x 2  e x  0  x  0 is the only solution
 y(x) is increasing in (0, )
57. Put x = 0, y = 0 in g(x + y) = ey . g(x) + ex . g(y)
we get g(0) = 2 g (0) g (0) = 0 i.e., y(x) as x 
g (h) x 1 1
and given that g  (0) = lim = 2 lim  lim  lim
h 0 h x  y 2 x  2yy ' x  2
2y.
3
g (x  h)  g (x)
Now g  (x) = lim
h 0 h  2
 as y  , y '  
 3
e h . g (x)  ex . g (h)  g (x)
= lim
h 0
h 3
= lim
x  4y
0
 eh  1  g (h)
= g (x) lim   + ex lim 2
h h 59. y '  2y  x  0 x  0
h 0 h 0
 
3y 2  5
or g  (x) = g (x) + 2 ex  g '(x)  g(x)  2e x
 2 3x 
I.F.  e  x 3y  5   5
2 2 2 3x  10 
y'   2   1  
3 3y  5  3  2(3y 2  5) 
g(x)e  x  2dx  2x  C
  
g(0)  0  C  0
2 1  3x  10 
   
 g(x)  2xe x
3 3  (3y 2  5) 
g '(x)  0  x   1 2 10  10 
y'  for 3x  10  0 i.e., x  and y    0
 g(x) has minima at x =  1 3 3  3 
 2 
range of g(x) is   ,   y
 e 
y
2
3
x’ x
O 10
x 3
g(x)=2xe

–1 y’
x’ x

– –2e 2  10  10
 y 0  x   x
3  3  3
y’

4.76
 Differential Equation

2x 20 10 f(x)  x  1  0 
 y  x now lim  
3 9 3 x 1 (x  1)2  0 
tan x dx
60. I.F. = e  eln sec x dx = sec x ; f '(x)  1  0 
 lim    2f '(1)  f(1) f '(1)  1
x 1 2(x  1)  0 
y · sec x =  (x tan x  1) sec x dx
f "(x)
 lim
=  (x sec x tan x  sec x)dx = x sec x + c x 1 2

 y = x + c cos x,  y(0)  1,  c  1 1  f(x) 

  f "(x)   2 
 y  x  cos x 4  4x 
62. The given differential equation can be written as
A) y '  1  sin x, y "   cos x
y" 2x y" 2x
     3 
y "  0 for x   ,  , y "  0 for x   , 
 2
y' x  1

 y ' dx   x 2
1
dx

 2 2  2 2 
 log y1  log(x 2  1)  C ...(1)
f '(x) 1  sin x
B) lim
x

f(x)cos x
 lim
x  (x  cos x)cos x
Now log y1 (0)  log 1  C, i.e., C = log 3.
2 2
Therefore, log y1  log(x 2  1)  log 3
cos x
 lim  y1  3(x 2  1) on integration, we get
x
2
(1  sin x)(x  cos x)
y  x 3  3x  A ...(2)
D) x  cos x  x 2  cos x  x 2  x
1  y(0)  0  0  A, i.e., A  1.
3
2 3 (2)  y  x 3  3x  1.
A  2.2
  x   x  cos x  dx   4  sin x 


2
2
8
Clearly y(0) = 1, y (–1) = – 3 and y '  0
2
 y(x)  0 has only one root in (–1, 0) i.e., – 1<<0

1 
y(x)  Tan1   Tan1 
y  2

2 2 1 
now     1   ,   1   (0, 1)
-1
f (x) 1  2
 63. Given family can be written as cos x ln y=a + b sinx
2 x differentiating with respect to x
x’
 3
2 2 cos xy '
 (sin x)ln y   b cos x
y

y'
  tan x ln y  b
y’ y
again differentiating with respect to x we get

1  y '  y.y "  (y ')2

61. Given relation is 2f '(x)  f   ...(1)   sec 2 x ln y   tan x    0
x  y y2

1  yy "  y '(y  tan x  y ')  y 2 sec 2 x ln y  0

 2f '    f(x) ...(2)
x
 P   (y tan x  y') and Q   y 2 ln y
differentiating (1) with respect to x, we get
 1  1  f(x) dy 1 1 1
2f "(x)  f '    2    2 (from (2)) 64.  2 tan y  x cos , x  0
x
  x  2x dx x x x
1
f(x) 1
1 1 ln sec 1
I.F.  e  x
 tan dx
2
 x f "(x)   0  a  0, b 
2 x e x
 sec
4 4 x

4.77
Integral Calculus

There is no information about y(0), hence no disscussion

1 x2
y.sec
x 
 x dx   C
2
regarding continuity and differentiability of y(x) at x =
0.
Since lim
x 0
y(x)  0  0  0 C  C 0 1 1 1
lim y '(x)  lim cos  sin
x 0 x0 x 2 x
1
x 2 cos
y  x 1
= does not exist as sin oscillating function
2 x

Single
IntegerChoice
Type

dx x dt 2t x 1
x
65. I.F  e 

x(x 1)
ln
Equation (1) reduces to   ; I.F.  2
e x 1
 dx x 2 x
x 1
t 1 1 y 1
x
 x 2dx 
x3 
x2

2xdx  ln x  C ; 2  ln x  C
2 x 2
 G.S. is y.
x 1 3
C
 Put x = 1, y = (ln 4)2 , we get C = ln 4

xy x3 Put x = 2 then y(2)  2ln 2  4 ln 4

 Solution is  C
x 1 3
y(2)
 4
Put x = 2, – 1 and then subtract we get (ln 32)2

y(1) 8 1 68. Discriminant = 0

2y(2)     4y(2)  y(1)  6
2 3 3  4(f '(x))2  4f(x)f "(x)  0
66. Given D.E. can be written as f' f"
1 1  '(x) 1

 f dx   f ' dx
2
y' .  ...(1)
y y (x) (x)  lncf  lnf '  cf(x)  f '(x)

1 1 dy dt Put x = 0 we get c = 2
Let t  then 2 
y y dx dx f'

 2dx   f dx
dt  '(x) 1
Equation (1) reduces to dx  t. (x)  (x)  2x  d  lnf(x)

'
Put x = 0, we get d = 0  f(x)  e 2x
I.F.  e 
dx
 p(x) f(ln 2) = 4
y' sin y
G.S. is t(x)  dx  x  C  69. Given D.E. can be written as 
1  cos y 1  cos y
x

(x) 1 y y
 xC  sec 2 y '  tan   x ...(1)
y 2 2 2

(1) y dt  1 y
Put x = 1,  1 C  C  0 Let t  tan    sec 2  y '
y(1) 2 dx  2 2

(x) 1296 y(4) dt

y(x)   y(4)   324  6 Equation (1) reduces to t  x
x 4 3 dx

 t.e x   x e x dx
67. Given D.E. can be written as
1
y
y' 
4 y
x
 x ...(1) I.F.  e x 
 y
dt y'   tan  ex   e x (x  1)  C
Let t  y then 2   2
dx y

4.78
 Differential Equation

 d  dy   dy 
Put x = 0, y  we get c = 0 1  2x    2y   2   2y   0
2 dx  dx   dx 

y y hence k = 2 and l = – 2
cos  sin
y
 tan  1  x  x  2 2  ordered pair (k, l)  (2, – 2)
2 y
cos 74. Let m1 is the sloe of y  f  x  and m2 is the slope of
2
xy  4 m1m2  1
y
 x 2 cos 2  sin y  1
2 4 dy 2
 .  1  4dy = x dx then integrating both
70. Differentiating given equation with respect to x we get x 2 dx
xf '(x) x3 c
f(x)  f(x)  side y  
2 f(x) 12 4
dy
dy x dx dy 75. y = kx + b ; =k  kx + b  k + xk2
 y y  .
2 y dx

 x

 2(y  y) y
dx
 k = k2 & b = k   k = 0 or k = 1
2t dt 76. Since, y  e 4 x  2e x
 ln x  ln c 
 2(t2
 t) t
where t2 = y
 y1  4e4 x  2e  x  y 2  16e 4 x  2e  x
t 1
 ln cx  ln  y 3  64e 4 x  2e  x
t
Now,
1 1
 cx  1  put x = 1, y = y 3  13y 1   64e 4 x  2e  x   13  4e 4 x  2e  x 
y(x) 2
12e4 x  24e x  12(e 4 x  2e  x )  12y
 c  1 2
y 3  13y1
  12 .
1 y
 x  
2  1  1
y(x)
77. (2ny  xy log e x)dx  x log e xdy
1
Put x  2  1 , we get 1  1  dy  2n 
y( 2  1)    1  dx
y  x log e x 
 8y( 2  1)  2  log(y)  2n log |log x | x  c and c = 0
2n
y' yy "  (y ')2  y  e x  log(log x)  ex (log x)2n  f(x)  e x (log x)2n
71.  2ax  b   2a
y y2
 1
  if x
y 2  y ' y "  yy "'  2y ' y "    yy "  (y ')2  2yy ' e
 0 
y4  1
Now,g(x)  lim f(x)   0 if x e
2 3
n
 e
 y y "'  3yy ' y "  2(y ')  0  mk 5  if x e

72. y · e–2x = Ax e–2x + B 

e–2x · y1 – 2y e–2x = A(e–2x – 2x e–2x)
Cancelling e–2x throughout
e
y1 – 2y = A(1 – 2x) ....(1)
differentiating again
  g(x)dx  0
1/e

2y1  y 2
y2 – 2y1 = – 2A    A = dt dy
2 78. Let t = cosy – cos x the   sin y  sin x  sin t
dx dx
hence substituting A in (1)
2(y1 – 2y) = (2y1 – y2)(1 – 2x) dt t

 sin t   dx  ln tan 2  x  c
4.79
Integral Calculus
82. On putting X = x + 2 and Y = y – 2 , the given
t  cos y  cos x  differential eqution reduces to
 f(x, y)  tan  tan  
2  2  2
dY  X  2  Y  2  X  Y 
 
  dX XY XY
f , 0
 2 2
dY dV
put Y = VX  =V+ X
79. At the point of minima f   x   0, f   x   0 dX dX
 f  x   9  x 2  f 2  x   0  x 2  y 2  9  0 dV
2
1  V   V dV  dX ,
V+ X =
dX V 2V  1 X
 P  x,f  x   lies outside x 2  y 2  8 .
80. The given differential equation can be written as  1  2dX
1   dV 
ydx  xdy 4  1  2V  X
2
 4x 3 ex dx  0
y
 1  2dX
integrating,   1  1  2V  dV   X
x 4
 d    d ex  0
y
 
1
V – ln (1 + 2V) = 2 ln X + C
On integration, we get 2
x x
 d  y    d  e c 2Y 
x4 4

  ex  c X4  1 
  = K.e
2Y / X
y  X 

xm mx m1 where X = x + 2, and Y = y – 2 and m = 4, k =2

now lim x m 1y  lim  lim  0 , If m  4.
x 
e  1 x  e .4x 3
x  x4 x4 mk  6
 maximum integer m is 4. 83. y dx  x dy   xy 2dx

xdx  y dy y3 x  x 2  x x 2
81. We have,  3 d   d    c; c  1 ,
x dx  ydy x  y 2
y  2 

d  x 3 / 2   d  y3 / 2  y3 / 2 2x
  y  = f(x)
d x 3/2
  dy 3/ 2
 x3/ 2 2  x2
2
du  dv v sinm x cos n x dx
  , where u  x 3 / 2 and v  y 3 / 2 I 
du  dv u 2 
e f(x)  1

 u du  u dv  v du  v dv Assume m is even then

2
u du  v dv v du  u dv I m
x cos n x dx
   sin
u2  v 2 u2  v 2 0

I = 0 if m is odd and n is even there are 6 pairs. Also

d  u2  v 2    v  if m is even and n is odd then
  2d  tan1     c
u2  v 2   u  
I  2 sin m x cos n x dx  0
On integrating, we get
0

v There are 6 pairs  total = 12

ln  u 2  v 2   2 tan  1    c
u 84. f  x  f  y   xf  y    y  f  x   yf  x  ....  i 

1 y
3/ 2
c Diff. w.r.t x as y is constant
 ln  x 3  y 3   tan  1   
2 x 2 f '  x  f  y   xf  y   1  f  y  
3  f '  x   yf '  x  ....  ii 
1  y 
2
Here f(x, y) = x + y , g(x, y)  tan  
3 3
from (i) again diff. w.r.t y as x is constant
x
f '  x  f  y   xf  y   1  x  f '  y   1  f  x  ......  iii 
 f(1, 1)  g(1,0)  2
from (ii) & (iii)

4.80
 Differential Equation

1  f y
from (i) put x = y = 0 f  f  0    f  0 

1  y  f '  x 
1  x  f '  y  1  f x  from (iv), f(0) = c – 1. Hence f(c–1) = c – 1
 c = 0, 1 (taking +ve sign
1  y  f '  y   1  f  x    Hence f(x) = –1 and f(x) = (1 + x) –1
1  f y 1  x  f '  x 
1 x
= x and c = 1 f  x   1  x   1 
1 x
1  f y 1  f x
f '  y    & f ' x  
1 y  1  x  1 1
 1  f x  1  f  2009  
1 x 2010
1 f ' x  1
     1  1020  [1  f(2009)]  1
 1  f x  1 x
log x
1
85. I.F  e x
integrating both the side f  x   c 1  x   1
x4 c
____ (iv)  y.x   x.x 2dx  
4 4

Comprehension Linked Passages

86. Let the initial amount of water in resrvoir B and A
1 tf ' (t)
dv f(t)  (f(t)  1)   1  3t 2
be v0 and 2v0 respectively for A,   K 1v 2 2
dt
 2f(t)  (f(t)  1)  tf ' (t)  2  6t 2
 x log   K 1 t  c at t  0, v  2v 0
dy dy y 6t 2  1
 v  2v 0 e  k1 t t  y  6t 2  1   
dt dt t t
87. For reservoir B, v  v 0e  K 2 (t)  ln t 1 y 6t 2  1
I.F. = e  therefore   dt
Now at t = 1,ratio of volumes = 3/2 t t t
2v 0 e K1 3 y 1
    6t   c  y(1)  0  c  5
v 0 e K 2 2 t t
88. If after time T, the volumes becomes same then  y  6t 2  5t  1  f(t) or
 K1T  K1 T
2v 0 e  v 0e
 y  6x 2  5x  1  f(x)
1 l n 2
 e(K 2  K1 ) t  t 4ac  b 2 49
2 log 3  log 4 y max  
4a 24
(89 - 91)
Let the function be y  f(x) and let 1
y  f(x) is not differentiable at x  1, 
6
P  (t, f(t))
Equation of AB is x  y  1  y  1  x
 f(t)  1 
Equation of line AP is y 1   x 1
 t  Area =  (6x
2
 5x  1)  (1  x) dx
0

 f(t)  1 
y x 1 1 1
 t   x2 x3 
 6  (x  x 2 )dx  6     1
It is given that area bounded by curve y = f(x) and line 0 2 3 0
AP is t3. (92 - 93)
t f (0) = 2
  f(t)  1 
  f(x)    x  1   dx  t 3 f (x) = (ex + e–x) cos x – 2x –
0
t 
 x x

t
f(t)  1 t 2  x  f '(t)dt   t f
'(t)dt 
0 f(x)dx    t  t3  0 0 I II 
t 2
f (x) = (ex + e–x) cos x – 2x –
Differentiating both sides wrt t, we get

4.81
Integral Calculus

x
 x = 0 is the point of inflection
  x  y = f (x) is increasing for all x  R
 x  f(x)  f(0)   t · f(t) 0   f(t)dt 
  0  x ; y ; x  – ; y  – 
Area enclosed by y = f –1(x), x-axis and ordinate at
f (x) = (ex + e–x) cos x – 2x – x f (x) + 2x +
x
2 2 4
1
x3
  x= .A=   dx
 x f(x)   f(t)dt  3 3 3 0 1  x2
 0 
y
x

f (x) = (ex + e–x) cos x –  f(t)dt

0
....(1)

differentiating equation (1) 2/3

f ' (x) + f (x) = cos x (ex – e–x) – (ex + e–x) sin x x’ x
.....(2) O

dy
hence + y = ex(cos x – sin x)–e–x(cos x+sin x)
dx
Ans.(i) y’
(ii) f ' (0) + f " (0) = 0 – 2 · 0 = 0 Ans.(ii) put 1 + x2 = t  2x dx = dt
(iii) I.F. of DE (1) is ex 2 2
2 2 (t  1) 2 2  1
y · ex = 2x
 e (cos x  sin x)dx   (cos x  sin x)dx A = 3  3  t dt = 3  3   1  t  dt
1 1 
2x
y · ex = e (cos x  sin x)dx – (sin x – cos x) + C 2 2 2 2 2
=   t  ln t  1 =  (2  ln 2)  1
2x 3 3 3 3
Let I = e (cos x  sin x)dx = e2x(A cos x+Bsin x)
solving A = 3/5 and B = – 1/5 and C = 2/5 2 2 2
=  1  ln 2) = ln 2
3 3 3
3 1  (96 - 97)
 y = ex  cos x  sin x 
 5 5  The equation of tangents with equal abscissa x, are
2 –x Y  g1  x   g1 '  x  X  x  and
– (sin x – cos x)e–x + e
5 Y  g 2  x   g 2 '  x  X  x  these intersect at
(94 - 95)
y – axis,
dy  2x  4x 2   x g1 '  x   g1  x   x g 2 '  x   g 2  x 
  y 
dx  1  x 2  1  x
g 1  x   g 2  x   x  g1 '  x   g 2 '  x  
2x
 1 x 2 dx
I.F. = e
2
 e ln(1 x )  (1  x 2 ) Integrating
 log g1  x   g 2  x   log x  c ....  i 
4x 3 2
 y(1 + x2)
=  4x dx = C Equation of normals with equal abscissa x, are
3
passing through (0, 0) C=0 1
Y  g1  x     X  x  and
g1 '  x 
4x 3
y=
3(1  x 2 ) 1
Y  g2  x    X  x
g2 ' x 
dy 4  (1  x 2 )3x 2  x 3 · 2x 
  
dx 3  (1  x 2 )2 
Intersect on x – axis
 . x  g1  x  g1 '  x   x  g 2  x  g 2 '  x 
4  3x 2  x 4  4x 2 (3  x 2 )
=  2 2  =  g1  x  g1 '  x   g 2  x  g 2 '  x 
3  (1  x )  3(1  x 2 )2
Integrating g12  x   g 22  x   c
dy
hence > 0  x  0;
dx c c 2
 g1  x   g 2  x     2x  
= 0 at x = 0 and it does not change sign g1  x   g 2  x  c1 x ..(ii)
( using (i))
4.82
 Differential Equation

From  i  and  ii  , weget . 2 2

2
(t  1) 2 2
2
 1
A=   dt =    1  t  dt
3 3 1
t 3 3
    1
2g1x    2  c1x  , 2g 2  x     2  c 1x 
 x   x  2 2 2 2 2
=   t  ln t  1 =  (2  ln 2)  1
We have g 1 1  1 , g 2  2   3 3 3 3 3

2 2 2
2 2 =  1  ln 2) = ln 2
 g1  x    x and g 2  x    x 3 3 3
x x

Matrix Type
Single
Match
Choice
The Following
100.
3
  e y dy    e x  x 2 dx  e y  e x  x  c
dy 2
3
xy 4 x2  y2  
(A) dx  x 2  2y 2  y 
dy x2 x2 (C) x.dy   x  y  dx  0
yx
dx
  x.dy  ydx   xdx  0

x x2
d   d  xy   xdx  0  xy   c  2xy  x 2  c
ydx  xdy  d  x  y 
2 2
y 2

xdx  ydy
 2
 2  2
x 2
y 2 2
 x2  x2  y2  x
  dy x
y (D) 
dx 1  x 2
integrating, we get
1 2x
1 2 2y 1  dy  dx.
 2  c c  2 2 1  x2
2
x y x/y x x  y2 1 2xdx 1
  dy    log 1  x 2   c
dy 2 1  x2 2
(B)  e y  ex  x 2 
dx
1
 e y dy   e x  x 2  dx y log 1  x 2   c
2

4.83
Integral Calculus

Explanations
to Flashback
Single Choice
1. We take C1 + C2 as one parameter and C 4 eC5 as one x
  y  k. Given when x = 1, y = 1
parameter y
 Therefore there are 3 arbitrary constant, hence order
=3 x
 k = –2  y  y  2 ...(1)
2
 dy  dy
2. Given differential equation is    x y0
Put x  3 in (1) we get y 2  2y  3  0
 dx  dx
….(1)  y=-1,3  y  3 as y  0 (given)
dy
A) y =2   0 Putting in (1) 0 2  x  0   y  0 dy y y 2  1 dy dx
dx 5. Given,  y 
2
 y = 0 which is not satisfied. dx x x 2  1 y 1 x x2  1

dy  sec 1 y  sec 1 x  c
B) y = 2x   2 Putting in (1)
dx
2
2 
 2  x  2  y  0  4  2x  y  0 At x  2, y  ;  c
3 6
 y = 2x – 4 which is not satisfied
C) From (B), y  2x  4 is the one of the solutions of  1 
Now, y  sec  sec x  
given D.E  6
dy
D) y  2x 2  4  4x putting in(1) 1  1 3
dx  cos cos 1  cos 1 
y  x 2 
2
 dy   dy  2
   x    y  0   4x   x  4x  y  0 
dx
  dx
   3 1 3 
 cos cos 1   1  2 1   
 y = 0 which is not satisfied   2x x 4  
dy cos x
3.  y  1   2  sin x dx 
1

3 1

1
1 2
y 2x 2 x
 y  1 2  sin x   4 6. Here, slope of the curve at (x, y) is
  4  1 dy y y
 f  1   f     sec  
 2 3  2 3 dx x x
Put y  vx
4. xdy  ydx  y 2dy
dy dv dv
ydx  xdy  vx  v  sec v  v  x
   dy dx dx dx
y2
dv
 x  sec(v)
x dx
 d    dy on integration we get
y

4.84
 Differential Equation

1
dx dx
  cos v dv    sin v  ln x  ln c  IF = e  x log x  e log(log x)  log x
x
Now, the solution of given differential equation is given
y by
 sin  ln x  ln c
x
y.log x   log x. 2dx
y
 sin    log(cx)  y.log x  2[x log x  x]  c
x
At x=1  C=2
    y.log x  2[x log x  x]  2
As it passes through  1,   sin    log c
 6  6 At x = e, y = 2 (e – e) + 2
 y=2
1 9. Given differential equation can be written as
 log c 
2
y dx  x dy
 2dy  0
y 1 y2
 sin    log x 
x 2
x
7. Given differential equation  d    2dy  0 on integration, we get
y
dy x x 4  2x
 2 y x
dx x  1 1  x2  2y  C
y
...(1)
This is a linear differential equation.
x 1
put y = – 1, x = 1 in (1)
IF  e
 x 2 1 dx
e 2
ln|x 2 1|
 1 x 2 ( 1  x  1) we get c = 1
x
2 x(x 3  2) equation (1) gives y  2y  1
 Solution is y 1  x   . 1  x 2 dx
1  x2
put y = 1, we get x = 3
2 x5 4
or y 1  x   (x  2x)dx   x2  c 10. I.F = e tan x dx  sec x General solution is
5
x5 y (sec x) =  2 sin x dx   2cos x  C
f(0) = 0  c = 0  f(x) 1  x 2   x2
5 put x = 0, y = 1, we get c = 3
now put x =  then y (– 1)= 2 + 3  y = –5
3 3
2 2
x5 x2 x 2  4x  9
Now, f(x)dx  1 dx 11. dy  dx
  5 1  x2 1  x2
x2
3 3
 
2 2
(x  2)2  13
  dy   dx
3 x2
2
x2
 2 dx ( 1st integrand is odd) x2
1 x 2 y  2x  13 ln|x  2|  C ...(1)
0
2
 Put x = 0, y = 0 in (1), we get C = 13 ln 2
3
sin 2  then y ( – 4) = – 13 ln 2 + 13 ln 2 = 0
 2 cos  d [taking x = sin ]
0 cos  f(x) dy y
12. A) f(x)  2  or  2
x dx x
 
1
Integrating Factor, IF  e  x
3 3 dx
2
 2 sin  d   (1  cos 2)d  elog x  x
0 0
y. (IF)   Q(IF)dx  C
 2
sin  xy   2x dx  C  yx  x 2  C
 sin 2  3  3  3
     
 2 0 3 2 3 4 C
8. Given differential equation is  yx [ C  0,as f(1)  1]
x
dy dy y 1
(x log x)  y  2x log x   2 A) xlim f    lim(1  Cx 2 )  1
dx dx x log x 0   x  x 0 

 Option (A) is correct.

4.85
Integral Calculus

1 C
B) xlim f    lim(1  Cx 2 )  1 D) f(x)  x  ,C  0
0   x  x 0  x
 Option (B) is incorrect. For C > 0, lim f(x)  
x0
2 2
C) xlim
0 
x f(x)  lim(x
x  0
 C)   C  0
 Function is not bouded in (0, 2).
 Option (C) is incorrect.  Option (D) is incorrect.

Multiple Choice
Put x + 2 = X and y = Y, then
2
13. Given, y  2c x  c  
dY
On differentiating w.r.t.x, we get (X 2  XY)  Y2  0
dX
dy dy
2y  2c  c  y  X 2dY  XYdY  Y 2dX  0
dx dx
On putting this value of c in Equation (1) we get  X 2dY  Y(XdY  YdX)  0

dy  dy  dY XdY  YdX
y 2  2y   
x  y  Y X2
dx  dx 
Y
3/ 2   d(log |Y|)  d  
dy  dy  X
 y  2 .x  2y 1 / 2  
dx  dx  On integrating both sides, we get

dy 
2 3 Y
  dy   log| Y|  C, where x + 2 = X and y = Y
  y  2x   4y   X
 dx   dx 
Therefore, order of this differential equation is 1 and y
  log |y| C ...(1)
degree is 3. x2
14. Since, AP : BP = 3 : 1. Then equation of tangent is Since, it passes through the point (1, 3).
Y  y  f (x)(X  x)  – log 3 = 1 + C
The intercept on the coordinate axes are  C = – 1 – log 3 = – (log e + log 3) = – log 3e
 Eq. (i) becomes
 y 
Ax  , 0  and B  0,y  xf(x) y
 f(x)  log | y|   log(3e)  0
x2
y
 y  |y| y  1
1 x    3 0  log    0  y  3e x  2 ...(2)
 f (x)  dy y  3e  x  2
 x  
1 3 dx 3x
A) For y  x  2,(x)  x  2  3  x  1 and y = 3
dy 1  x = 1 only one solution.
  dx Thus, (A) is the correct answer.
y 3x
 x 1 3
On integrating both sides, we get xy 3  c C) for y = (x + 2)2 (2)  y  3e  for x > 0
e
Since, curve passes through (1,1) then c = 1
and y  (x  2)2  4
Therefore, xy 3  1
3
1 since 4
 At x  y2 e
8
 curves y  (x  2)2 and y  3e  x 1 do not intersect
dy
15. (A, D) Given, (x2 + y2 + 4x + 2y + 4)  y2  0 D) since (x  2)2  (x  3)2 for x > 0
dx
dy  y  (x  3)2
 [(x 2  4x  4)  y(x  2)]  y2  0 do not intersect (2)
dx
dy
 [(x  2)2  y(x  2)]  y2  0
dx

4.86
 Differential Equation

Single
IntegerChoice
Type
16. Equation of tangent at P(x, y) 3
f(1)  1  C  3x  x 3
, hence f(x)  y   f(3)  9
2 2
dy
Yy (X  x)
dx 17. Differentiating given equation with respect to x, we get
6f(x)  3f(x)  3x f '(x)  3x 2
y – intercept = x3
f(x)
dy 3 dy y  f '(x)  x
 y x x     x2 x
dx dx x
1 y
I.F. = e

1
 x dx 
1
I.F. 
x
solution is
x
 dx  x  C

x
y(1) = 2  C  1
1 1 y x2  y(2)  6
The solution is y   x 2  dx     C  y(x)  x 2  x
x x x 2

Single
Subjective
Choice
18. Given that, area of OPQ  2 du
1  dx   dy 
 5u  64  1  x  C
2

 . x  y  y  x   2
2  dy   dx  1 5 tan(5x  3y)  1
 ln xC
4 tan(5x  3y)  1
 1 dy
  x  y   y  xp   4, where p  Put x = 0, y = 0 we get c = 0
 p dx
5 tan(5x  3y)  1
2 2 2
  e4 x
 p x  2pxy  4p  y  0 ...(1) tan(5x  3y)  1
It will have singular solutions only one solution is
e4 x  1
obtained by discriminant = 0  tan(5x  3y) 
5  e4 x
 4(2  xy)2  4x 2 y 2  0
20. We have to show that y = 4(x) and y = v(x) does not
 xy  1 ext intersect for x > x1.
2 on subtraction of given equations we have
Now (1) can be written as  y  px    4p
d(u  v)
 (u  v)p(x)  f  g ...(1)
 y  px  2 p ...(2) dx

 y  cx  2 c is the solution of (2) put x = 1, y = 1 Let q(x)  e 

pdx
 0 . Now multiplying (1) by q(x), we get
we get c = – 1
d (u  v)q(x)  (f  g)q(x)dx
y x2  x y2
x x
dy
19. Given :
dx
 sin 10x  6y  
x1

d((u  v)q(t))  (f  g)q(t)dt
x1

Let 10x + 6y = t .... (1)

 [u(x)  v(x)]q(x)  [u(x1 )  v(x1 )]q(x 1 )
dt dt
  6 sin t  10   dx x
dx 6 sin t  10
On integrating both the sides 
 (f(t)  g(t)q(t)dt
x1

1 dt

2 3sin t  5
xc ... (2)  (u(x)  v(x))q(x)
x
t
and put tan  u
2
in LHS of (2) we get 
 q(x 1 )(u(x 1 )  v(x 1 ))  (f(t)  g(t))q(t)dt
x1

RHS > 0, (since q(x) > 0, u(x1)–v(x1)>0, f(x)–g(x)>0

4.87
Integral Calculus
for x > x1)
 u(x) – v(x) > 0  u(x) > v(x) and surface area  r 2
Hence curves do not intersect for x > x1.
21. Since, rate of change of volume  surface area 1 2
or V  r h and S  r 2 ...(ii)
dV dr 3
  SA  4 r 2 .   4 r 2
dt dt
R r
dr where tan   and  tan  ...(iii)
  is required differential equation. H h
dt
22. Equation of normal at point (x,y) is From Eqs. (ii) and (iii), we get
dx
Yy   (X  x) ... (1) 1 3
dy V r cot  and S  r 2 ...(iv)
3
Form hypothesis

dx On substituting Eq. (iv) in Eq. (i) we get

y .x
dy
 2
| y| 1 dr
 dx  cot .3r 2   kr 2
1  3 dt
 dy 

2
 dx  2
2 dx 2
  dx  2  R
 y    .x  2xy  y 1    
 dy  dy   dy  
r
dx  dx  2 
  x  y   2xy   0
2
  H
dy  dy     
h
dx dy y 2  x 2
  0 or 
dy dx 2xy

dx
But  0  x  c, where c is a constant . 0 T
dy  cot
 dr   k 
R 0
dt  cot (0  R)   k (T  0)
Since, curve passes through (1,1) we get the equation
of the curve as x = 1.  R cot   kT
2 2
dy y  x
The equation  is a homogeneous equation. H
dx 2xy  H  kT  T 
k
Put y  vx 1 on solving we get log |x |(v 2  1)  c1
H
 y2  Required time after which the cone is empty, T 
 |x |  2  1   e c1 k
x 
 x 2  y 2   ec1 x or x 2  y 2   ec x is passing through dP(x)
24. Given, P(1) = 0 and  P(x)  0,  x  1 ....(i)
(1,1) dx
On mulltiplying Eq. (i) by e–x, we get
Hence, required curve is x 2  y 2  2x
e  x p '(x)  e  x p(x)  0
23. Given, liquid evaporates at a rate proportional to its d

dx
 P(x).ex   0
surface area.
 P(x) . e–x is an increasing function.
dV  P(x). e–x > P(1). e–1,  x  1
 S ...(i)
dt  P(x)  0,  x  1
[ P(1) = 0 and e–x >0]
1 2
We know, volume of cone = r h
3

4.88