APPENDIX G

ANSWERS TO DRILL PROBLEMS

CHAPTER 2
2.1: (a) 0.4 s; (b) 2 s; (c) 4 s; (d) 1/3 s; (e) 1/3 s; (f) 2 s.
2.2: (a) The amplitude spectrum has lines of height 5 at ±2.5 Hz; the phase spectrum is zero. (b) The amplitude spectrum
has lines of height 5 at ±2.5 Hz and lines of height 1 at ±3.5 Hz; the phase spectrum has a line of height 𝜋∕2 rad at
−3.5 Hz and a line of height −𝜋∕2 rad at 3.5 Hz. (c) The amplitude spectrum has lines of height 5 at ±2.5 Hz, lines of
height 1 at ±3.5 Hz, and lines of height 1.5 at ±3.25 Hz; the phase spectrum has a line of height 𝜋∕2 rad at −3.5 Hz
and a line of height −𝜋∕2 rad at 3.5 Hz. (d) The amplitude spectrum has a line of height 1 at 3 Hz; the phase spectrum
is zero. (e) The amplitude spectrum has lines of height 1 at ±3 Hz; the phase spectrum is zero. (f) The ampli-
tude spectrum has lines of height 1 at 3 Hz and 3.5 Hz; the phase spectrum is zero.
2.3: (a) The amplitude spectrum has a line of height 10 at 2.5 Hz; the phase spectrum is zero. (b) The amplitude spectrum
has lines of height 10 and 2 at 2.5 Hz and 3.5 Hz, respectively; the phase spectrum has a line of height −𝜋∕2 at
3.5 Hz. (c) The amplitude spectrum has lines of height 10, 2, and 3 at 2.5 Hz, 3.5 Hz, and 3.25 Hz, respectively;
the phase spectrum has a line of height −𝜋∕2 at 3.5 Hz. (d) The single- and double-sided spectra are identical. (e)
The amplitude spectrum has a line of height 2 at 3 Hz; the phase spectrum is zero. (f) The single- and double-sided
spectra are identical.
2.4: (a) 10; (b) 1; (c) 0; (d) 1; (e) 1; (f) 333.
2.5: (a) 𝑃 = 2 W, 𝐸 = ∞ J; (b) 𝑃 = 0 W, 𝐸 = 18 J; (c) 𝑃 = 0 W, 𝐸 = 16 J; (d) 𝑃 = 1∕2 W, 𝐸 = ∞ J; (e) 𝑃 = 1∕4
W, 𝐸 = ∞ J; (f) 𝑃 = 1 W, 𝐸 = ∞ J.
2.6: (a) Yes; (b) No; (c) Yes; (d) Yes [subtract 2𝜋 from the first angle and note that exp(𝑗2𝜋) = 1]; (e) Yes (subtract
2𝜋 from both angles).
2.7: (a) 𝑋0 = 1, 𝑋1 = 1∕2, 𝑋−1 = 1∕2; (b) 𝑋1 = −𝑗, 𝑋−1 = 𝑗; (c) 𝑋1 = 1 − 𝑗, 𝑋−1 = 1 + 𝑗; (d) 𝑋1 = 1, 𝑋−1 =
1, 𝑋2 = −𝑗, 𝑋−2 = 𝑗; (e) 𝑋1 = 1, 𝑋−1 = 1, 𝑋2 = −𝑗, 𝑋−2 = 𝑗, 𝑋3 = 3∕2, 𝑋−3 = 3∕2. All other Fourier coeffi-
cients are zero.
2.8: (a) True; (b) False; (c) False; (d) False; (e) False; (f) True.
( ) ( )
2.9: (a) 𝑋1 (𝑓 ) = 12 sinc 𝑓2 by scale change; (b) 𝑋2 (𝑓 ) = 14 Λ 𝑓4 by duality and scale change; (c) 𝑋3 (𝑓 ) =
( ) ( )
𝑓 −3 𝑓 +3
1
4
sinc 2
+ 1
4
sinc 2
by the pair developed in (a) and modulation; (d) 𝑋4 (𝑓 ) = 2sinc2 (2𝑓 ) exp(−𝑗6𝜋𝑓 )
by scale change and time delay; (e) 𝑋5 (𝑓 ) = 14 sinc2 (2𝑓 ) by part (a) and the convolution theorem; (f)
( )
𝑋6 (𝑓 ) = 12 sinc 𝑓 −2
2
by part (a) and frequency shift; (g) 𝑋7 (𝑓 ) = 2sinc(2𝑓 ) + sinc2 (𝑓 ) by part (a) and the
given transform pair and superposition; (h) 𝑋8 (𝑓 ) = 𝑗2𝜋𝑓 sinc2 (𝑓 ) by the given transform pair and the
( differen-
)
tiation theorem; (i) 𝑋9 (𝑓 ) = sinc2 (𝑓 ) by the given transform pair and noting that multiplication by Π 2𝑡 leaves
Λ (𝑡).
∑∞
2.10: Use (2.119) with 𝑓𝑠 = 1∕𝑇𝑠 = 1∕3 Hz and 𝑃 (𝑓 ) = sinc2 (𝑓 ) to get 𝑌 (𝑓 ) = 𝑛=−∞ (1∕3)sinc2 (𝑛∕3) 𝛿 (𝑓 − 𝑛∕3) .

1
2 Appendix G ∙ Answers to Drill Problems

2.11: (a) 𝑆1 (𝑓 ) = 3 × 2 sinc2 (2𝑓 ); integrates to 𝑅1 (0) = 3 W.

(b) 𝑆2 (𝑓 ) = 𝛿 {
(𝑓 − 2) + 𝛿 (𝑓 + 2); integrates to 𝑅2 }(0) = 2 W.
(c) 𝑆3 (𝑓 ) = 2 sinc2 [2 (𝑓 − 2)] + sinc2 [2 (𝑓 + 2)] ; integrates to 𝑅3 (0) = 2 W.
[ ]
(d) 𝑆4 (𝑓 ) = 4∕ 4 + (2𝜋𝑓 )2 ; integrates to 𝑅4 (0) = 1 W. (e) 𝑆5 (𝑓 ) = 𝛿 (𝑓 ) + 12 𝛿 (𝑓 − 1) + 12 𝛿 (𝑓 + 1); integrates
to 𝑅5 (0) = 2 W.
[ ]
2.12: ℎ (𝑡) = 2 exp(−3𝑡) + exp(−2𝑡) 𝑢 (𝑡);
√ √( )2 [ ( )]
|𝐻 (𝑓 )| = 49 + (6𝜋𝑓 )2 ∕ 6 − 4𝜋 2 𝑓 2 + 100𝜋 2 𝑓 2 ; ∕𝐻 (𝑓 )= tan−1 (6𝜋𝑓 ∕7) − tan−1 10𝜋𝑓 ∕ 6 − 4𝜋 2 𝑓 2 .
2.13: (a) Not stable and not causal; (b) Not stable and causal; (c) Stable and causal; (d) Stable but not causal; (e) Stable
and causal.
2.14: (a) 𝐻1 (𝑓 ) = 1∕ (2 + 𝑗2𝜋𝑓 ) so 𝜃1 (𝑓 ) = − tan−1 (𝜋𝑓 ); thus, 𝑇𝑝1 (𝑓 ) = tan−1 (𝜋𝑓 ) ∕ (2𝜋𝑓 ) and 𝑇𝑔1 (𝑓 ) =
𝑑 tan−1 (𝜋𝑓 )
= 12 1+𝜋12 𝑓 2 . (b) 𝜃2 (𝑓 ) = tan−1 (2𝜋𝑓 ); thus 𝑇𝑝2 (𝑓 ) = − tan−1 (2𝜋𝑓 ) ∕ (2𝜋𝑓 ) and 𝑇𝑔2 (𝑓 ) = − 𝑑 tan2𝜋𝑑𝑓(2𝜋𝑓 ) =
−1

2𝜋𝑑𝑓
− 1+4𝜋1 2 𝑓 2 . (c) 𝜃3 (𝑓 ) = − tan−1 (2𝜋𝑓 ); thus, 𝑇𝑝3 (𝑓 ) = tan−1 (2𝜋𝑓 ) ∕ (2𝜋𝑓 ) and 𝑇𝑔3 (𝑓 ) = 𝑑 tan2𝜋𝑑𝑓(2𝜋𝑓 ) = 1+4𝜋1 2 𝑓 2 .
−1

( ) [ ( )]
(d) 𝐻4 (𝑓 ) = 2∕ (3 + 𝑗2𝜋𝑓 )2 = 2∕ 9 − 4𝜋 2 𝑓 2 + 𝑗12𝜋𝑓 so 𝜃4 (𝑓 ) = − tan−1 12𝜋𝑓 ∕ 9 − 4𝜋 2 𝑓 2 and 𝑇𝑝4 (𝑓 ) =
[ ]
[ ( )] 1 12𝜋 (9−4𝜋 𝑓 )+12𝜋𝑓 (8𝜋 𝑓 )
2 2 2
1
tan−1 12𝜋𝑓 ∕ 9 − 4𝜋 2 𝑓 2 and 𝑇𝑔4 (𝑓 ) = 2𝜋 , which simplified is 𝑇𝑔4 (𝑓 ) =
2𝜋𝑓 (9−4𝜋 2 𝑓 2 )2 +144𝜋 2 𝑓 2
54+24𝜋 2 𝑓 2
81+72𝜋 2 𝑓 2 +16𝜋 4 𝑓 4
.
2.15: The critical frequencies are as follows: The amplitude response is flat at 2 up to 5 Hz and the phase response is
linear up to 7.5 Hz at which point it jumps to zero and stays there. The amplitude response jumps from 2 to 1
at 5 Hz and stays flat up to 15 Hz at which time it jumps to 0. So the answers are as follows: (a) No distortion;
(b) Amplitude distortion only; (c) Amplitude and phase distortion; (d) No distortion; (e) Phase distortion only; (f)
Amplitude distortion only.
2.16: Terms appear at the following frequencies: 0 (DC), 𝑓1 , 𝑓2 , 2𝑓1 , 2𝑓2 , 𝑓1 + 𝑓2 , ||𝑓1 − 𝑓2 ||. All frequencies except the
first two represent distortion terms (excluding 0).
2.17: Its frequency response function can be written as 𝐻 (𝑗2𝜋𝑓 ) = 2
(1+𝑗2𝜋𝑓 )2
so that the impulse response is ℎ (𝑡) =
𝑡
2𝑡 exp(−𝑡) 𝑢 (𝑡). The step response is the integral of this, or 2𝜆 exp(−𝜆) 𝑑𝜆 = exp (−𝜆) (−𝜆 − 1)|𝑡0 =
𝑦𝑠 (𝑡) = ∫0
1 − (𝑡 + 1) exp(−𝑡) , 𝑡 ≥ 0. A plot reveals that 𝑦𝑠 (𝑡) ≈ 0.1 at 𝑡 ≈ 0.5 and 𝑦𝑠 (𝑡) ≈ 0.9 at 𝑡 ≈ 3.9 so the rise time is
approximately 𝑇𝑅 = 3.4 s.
2.18: (a) 2 Hz; (b) 4 Hz; (c) 3 Hz; (d) 1 Hz; (e) 1 Hz; (f) 3 Hz.
2.19: (a) 𝑥
̂1 (𝑡) = cos (4𝜋𝑡 − 𝜋∕2) = sin (4𝜋𝑡); (b) 𝑥̂2 (𝑡) = sin (6𝜋𝑡 − 𝜋∕2) = − cos (6𝜋𝑡); (c) 𝑥 ̂3 (𝑡) = exp(𝑗5𝜋𝑡 − 𝑗𝜋∕2)
= −𝑗 exp (𝑗5𝜋𝑡); (d) 𝑥̂4 (𝑡) = exp(−𝑗8𝜋𝑡 + 𝑗𝜋∕2) = 𝑗 exp(−𝑗8𝜋𝑡); (e) 𝑥 ̂
̂5 (𝑡) = 1 + cos (8𝜋𝑡) = 1 + cos (8𝜋𝑡 − 𝜋∕2)
= 1 + sin (8𝜋𝑡); (f) 𝑥
̂6 (𝑡) = cos (2𝜋𝑡) sin (10𝜋𝑡); (g) 𝑥 ̂
̂7 (𝑡) = 2 sin (4𝜋𝑡) ̂
cos (4𝜋𝑡) = sin (8𝜋𝑡) = − cos (8𝜋𝑡).
2.20: 𝑥𝑝 (𝑡) = cos (10𝜋𝑡) + 𝑗 sin (10𝜋𝑡) = exp(𝑗10𝜋𝑡). 𝑥
̃ (𝑡) = exp(𝑗10𝜋𝑡) exp(−𝑗12𝜋𝑡) = exp (−𝑗2𝜋𝑡).

CHAPTER 3
3.1: Upper sideband frequencies; 1020 Hz and 1032 Hz; lower sideband frequencies, 980 Hz and 968 Hz. Total
transmitted power = 23,200 W.
⟨ ⟩
3.2: min[𝑚 (𝑡)] = −9.950 so 𝑚𝑛 (𝑡) = 0.302 cos (40𝜋𝑡) + 0.704 sin (64𝜋𝑡) and 𝑚2𝑛 = 0.293 W. We need a particular
value of 𝑎 to go further. For 𝑎 = 1, 𝐸𝑓 𝑓 = 22.7%; for 𝑎 = 0.5, 𝐸𝑓 𝑓 = 6.8%; for 𝑎 = 0.25, 𝐸𝑓 𝑓 = 1.8%.
3.3: 𝐴 = 360; 𝐵 = 40.
3.4: Follows the development in the text.
 Appendix G ∙ Answers to Drill Problems 3

3.5: This follows the development for DSB; the only difference is the presence of the carrier component, which translates
to DC.
3.6: 𝑚̂ ̂ sin (600𝜋𝑡); 𝑥𝑐𝑈 (𝑡) is the same except
(𝑡) = 3 sin (40𝜋𝑡) − 7 cos (64𝜋𝑡) and 𝑥𝑐𝐿 (𝑡) = 20𝑚 (𝑡) cos (600𝜋𝑡) + 20𝑚(𝑡)
for a minus sign connecting the two terms.
3.7: The amplitude lines are even about 0 frequency and the phase lines are odd.
3.8: Low side: 𝑓LO = 𝑓𝑐 − 𝑓IF = 1020 − 455 = 565 kHz, 𝑓image = 𝑓𝑐 − 2𝑓IF = 1020 − 2 × 455 = 110 kHz; High side:
𝑓LO = 𝑓𝑐 + 𝑓IF = 1475 kHz, 𝑓image = 𝑓𝑐 + 2𝑓IF = 1930 kHz.
( )
3.9: 𝐴𝑐 ≪ 𝐴𝑖 so (3.92) holds and there are spectral components at frequencies 𝑓𝑖 Hz of amplitude 1 V and at 𝑓𝑖 ± 𝑓𝑚
Hz of amplitude 𝐴𝑚 ∕2 = 0.1 V.
3.10: 𝑇𝑠 = 0.2 ms so 𝜏 = 0.01 ms = 10 𝜇s. The equalizer’s amplitude response is proportional to 1∕ [sinc (𝑓 𝜏)].
3.11: The slope condition in this problem is no different than in (3.104) (sine and cosine have the same maximum slope),
so 𝛿0 ∕𝐴 ≥ 2𝜋𝑇𝑠 𝑓1 = 2𝜋 (20) ∕1000 = 0.1257.
3.12: The minimum bandwidth is given by (3.110), which evaluates to 𝐵 = 13,000 Hz. The minimum sampling rate is
2𝐵 = 26,000 samples per second.

CHAPTER 4
4.1: For PM, the instantaneous phase is 𝜃𝑖 (𝑡) = 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + 𝑘𝑝 𝑚 (𝑡) so just substitute the various message signals.
1 𝑑𝜃𝑖 (𝑡)
4.2: The instantaneous frequency is 𝑓𝑖 (𝑡) = 2𝜋 𝑑𝑡
so just substitute the instantaneous phases from DP4.1 and differ-
entiate. [ ] [ ]
4.3: 𝑥𝑐 (𝑡) = 𝐴𝑐 cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + 2𝜋 15(9)
40𝜋
cos (40𝜋𝑡) = 𝐴𝑐 cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + 6.75 cos (40𝜋𝑡) .
4.4: 𝜙 (𝑡) = 6.75 cos (40𝜋𝑡).
( )2 ( )2
𝐴2 𝐴 𝐴𝑓𝑑 𝐴𝑐 𝑃𝑆𝐵
4.5: 𝑃𝐶 = 2𝑐 and 𝑃𝑆𝐵 = 2𝑐 𝑓𝑚
= 2
𝛽 so 𝑃𝐶
= 𝛽 2 ∕2.
[ ]
4.6: 𝑃𝑐 ∼ (−0.178)2 ; 𝑃𝑆𝐵 ∼ 2 (−0.328)2 + (0.047)2 + (0.365)2 + (0.391)2 + (0.261)2 ; 𝑃𝑆𝐵 ∕𝑃𝐶 = 29.29.
( )
4.7: 𝐷1 = 𝑓𝑑1 ∕𝑊 = 40∕2000 = 0.2; 𝑛 = 𝐷2 ∕𝐷1 = 30; 𝑛𝑓0 = 1 MHz; 𝑓0 = 333, 333 Hz; 𝐵 = 2 𝐷1 + 1 = 2800 Hz.
4.8: Lock range = 𝐾𝑡 = 10 rad/s = 573 Hz.
√
𝐾𝑡 𝐾
4.9: 𝜁 = 12 𝑎
so 𝑎 = (2𝜁)𝑡 2 = (1.6)
10
2 = 3.91.

2𝜋𝑓Δ
4.10: From Table 4.4, the ss phase error = 𝐾𝑡
= 4𝜋
15
= 0.838 rad.
4.11: Assume there is a guard band between 0 Hz and the first modulated signal spectrum. Assume the modulation is
DSB. Then, no. of channels = 100 kHz/5 kHz = 20.
( ) ( ) ( )
4.12: 𝑥𝑐 (𝑡) = 5𝐴𝑐 cos (8𝜋𝑡) cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + 8𝐴𝑐 sin (12𝜋𝑡) sin 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 . Multiply first by 2 cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + 𝜙0 , then by
( )
2 sin 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + 𝜙0 , and lowpass filter the products. The results for the demodulated signals are 𝑥𝑑1 (𝑡) =
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
5𝐴𝑐 cos (8𝜋𝑡) cos 𝜙0 − 8𝐴𝑐 sin (12𝜋𝑡) sin 𝜙0 and 𝑥𝑑2 (𝑡) = 5𝐴𝑐 cos (8𝜋𝑡) sin 𝜙0 + 8𝐴𝑐 sin (12𝜋𝑡) cos 𝜙0 .
( ) ( )
The terms −8𝐴𝑐 sin (12𝜋𝑡) sin 𝜙0 and 5𝐴𝑐 cos (8𝜋𝑡) sin 𝜙0 are adjacent channel interference terms. They are
( )
the two message signals multiplied by sin 𝜙0 = sin (10 deg) = 0.1736.

CHAPTER 5
5.1: (a) All except (iii); (b) only (vi); (c) only (iii); (d) (v) and (vi); (e) (i) and (ii).
5.2: (a) NRZ mark, polar RZ, bipolar RZ, and split phase; (b) Split phase; (c) Unipolar RZ; (d) Bipolar RZ; (e) Split
phase and bipolar RZ; (f) Unipolar RZ.
4 Appendix G ∙ Answers to Drill Problems

5.3: The filtering by the channel introduces intersymbol interference with the effect being greater the narrower the
channel bandwidth.
5.4: The pulse shape has a zero crossing at integer multiples of the pulse width. The superposition of the pulse spectrum
and its translates by integer multiples of the inverse pulse width must add to a constant.
5.5: (a) 𝑝1 (𝑡) = 1
𝑇
sinc(𝑡∕𝑇 ), which has zero crossings at integer multiples of 𝑇 , so it has the zero-ISI property. (b)
𝑝2 (𝑡) = 2
𝑇
sinc2 (2𝑡∕𝑇 ), which has zero crossings at 2𝑡∕𝑇 = 𝑛 (𝑛 an integer) or 𝑡 = 𝑛𝑇 ∕2 (i.e., 𝑇 ∕2, 𝑇 , 3𝑇 ∕2,
2𝑇 . ⋯), so it has the zero-ISI property. (c) 𝑝3 (𝑡) = 2𝑇1 sinc(𝑡∕2𝑇 ), which has zero crossings at 𝑡∕2𝑇 = 𝑛 (𝑛 an
interger) or 𝑡 = 2𝑛𝑇 (i.e., 2𝑇 , 4𝑇 ⋯), so it does not have the zero-ISI property. (d) No 𝑝4 (𝑡) does not [see part (c)].
5.6: False.
5.7: In general, 4𝑁 + 1 where 𝑁 is the number of zeros forced on each side of the center pulse: (a) 5; (b) 13; (c) 17;
(d) 29; (e) 33; (f) 41.
5.8: less.
5.9: more.
5.10: It depends on the delay used. If the delay is one-half a symbol period, the delay-and-multiply method wins. For
zero delay, the delay-and-multiply method degenerates to the squarer.
5.11: For a given data format, ASK and PSK have the most compact spectra. ASK has a spectral component at the
carrier frequency for generating a carrier reference at the receiver. ASK and FSK are the simplest to detect---the
former requires only an envelope detector and thresholder while the latter requires two parallel filters in cascade
with envelope detectors and an amplitude comparison device.

CHAPTER 6
6.1: (a) 1/12; (b) 1/6; (c) 1/6; (d) 1/3; (e) 1/3; (f) 0.
6.2: (a) 1∕2; (b) 2∕3; (c) 1; (d) 1∕6; (e) (1∕6) ÷ (2∕3) = 1∕4; (f) (1∕6) ÷ (1∕2) = 1∕3.
6.3: (a) 1∕3; (b) 1∕2; (c) 1∕2; (d) 2∕3; (e) 5∕6; (f) 5∕6; (g) 1∕6; (h) 0; (i) 1∕6; (j) 0; (k) 1.
6.4: (a) (1∕6) ÷ (4∕6) = 1∕4; (b) (1∕6) ÷ (3∕6) = 1∕3.
6.5: (a) (1∕6) ÷ (1∕2) = 1∕3; (b) (1∕6) ÷ (1∕3) = 1∕2; (c) (0) ÷ (1∕2) = 0; (d) 0; (e) (1∕6) ÷ (1∕2) = 1∕3; (f) (1∕6) ÷
(1∕2) = 1∕3.
6.6: (a) 1∕13; (b) 1∕52; (c) 1∕26.
[ ]
6.7: (a) 𝐴 = 𝛼 exp(𝛼); (b) 𝐹𝑋 (𝑥) = 1 − exp(−𝛼 (𝑥 − 1)) 𝑢 (𝑥 − 1); (c) exp(−𝛼) − exp(−3𝛼); (d) 𝐸 [𝑋] = 1∕𝛼 + 1; (e)
[ 2] [ ]
𝐸 𝑋 = 2∕𝛼 2 + 2∕𝛼 + 1; (f) var(𝑋) = 𝐸 𝑋 2 − 𝐸 2 [𝑋] = 1∕𝛼 2 .
6.8: (a) 𝑓𝑋 (𝑥) = 𝑢 (𝑥) − 𝑢 (𝑥 − 1); (b) 𝑓𝑌 (𝑦) = 𝑢 (𝑦) − 𝑢 (𝑦 − 1); (c) 1∕2, 1∕2, 1∕3, 1∕3, 1∕12, 1∕12; (d) 1∕4; (e) 0.
6.9: (a) Pr(0 heads) = 1∕1024, Pr(1 head) = 10∕1024, Pr(2 heads) = 45∕1024, so Pr (2 or less heads) = 56∕1024 =
7∕128; (b) 36 × 7∕1024 = 63∕256.
6.10: Since 𝑋 and 𝑌 are Gaussian, so is 𝑍. All we need are its mean and variance
[( to write down
[( its pdf. It follows
)2 ] )2 ]
that 𝐸 [𝑍] = 𝐸 [𝑋] + 𝐸 [𝑌 ] = 2 − 3 = −1. Its variance is var[𝑍] = 𝐸 𝑍 − 𝑍 =𝐸 𝑋−𝑋+𝑌 −𝑌
[( )2 ] [( )( )] [( )2 ]
or var[𝑍] = 𝐸 𝑋 − 𝑋 − 2𝐸 𝑋 − 𝑋 𝑌 − 𝑌 + 𝐸 𝑌 − 𝑌 . This is var[𝑍] = var[𝑋] + var[𝑌 ] −
[ ]
exp −(𝑧+1)2 ∕14
2𝜎𝑋 𝜎𝑌 𝜇𝑋𝑌 . Putting in numbers, we get var[𝑍] = 4 + 9 − 2 (6) (0.5) = 7. The desired pdf is 𝑓𝑍 (𝑧) = √ .
14𝜋
[ ]
√ exp −(𝑧−12)2 ∕2×137
6.11: (a) 𝐸 [𝑍] = 12; (b) var[𝑍] = 4 × 4 + 16 × 7 + 9 × 1 = 137; (c) 137; (d) 𝑓𝑍 (𝑧) = √ .
274𝜋
𝜕𝑀𝑋 (𝑗𝑣) | [ ] 𝜕 2 𝑀 (𝑗𝑣) |
6.12: (a) 𝐸 [𝑋] = (−𝑗) 𝜕𝑣 | = 0; (b) 𝐸 𝑋 2 = (−𝑗)2 𝜕𝑣𝑋2 | = 2; var[𝑋] = 2; (c) 𝑓𝑋 (𝑥) = 0.5 exp(− |𝑥|).
|𝑣=0 |𝑣=0
 Appendix G ∙ Answers to Drill Problems 5

6.13: (a) Using (6.139) the mean of 𝑍 is 0 because each constituent random variable has mean 0. Using[ (6.142)] and
(0.5+0.5)2 exp −𝑧2 ∕(5∕3)
(6.138) the variance of 𝑍 is 10 × 12
= 56 . Using these results in (6.194), we get 𝑓𝑍 (𝑧) = √ . (b)
(5∕3)𝜋
Evaluating this at 𝑧 = ±5.1 gives 𝑓𝑍 (±5.1) = 7.2929𝑒 −8
whereas the value for the actual random variable is 0
(why?).
√ √
6.14: (a) 𝑃100 (50) = 0.0798; (b) 𝑃100 (51) = 0.0782; (c) 𝑃100 (52) = 0.0737. (d) Yes, |𝑘 − 𝑛𝑝| ≤ 𝑛𝑝𝑞 or |𝑘 − 50| ≤ 25
in all cases.
6.15: (a) 0.9048; (b) 0.0905; (c) 0.0045; (d) 0.9998.

CHAPTER 7
7.1: (a) The sample functions are straight lines with 𝑦-intercept randomly placed between −0.5 and 0.5 and [ slopes
]
clustered around 0 but theoretically extending from −∞ to ∞. (b) No. (c) No. (d) Its mean is 𝐸 𝑋𝑖 (𝑡) =
[ ] [ ] [ 2 ] [( )2 ] [ 2] 2 [ 2]
𝐸 𝐴𝑖 𝑡 + 𝐸 𝐵𝑖 = 0. (e) Its mean-square is 𝐸 𝑋𝑖 (𝑡) = 𝐸 𝐴𝑖 𝑡 + 𝐵𝑖 = 𝐸 𝐴𝑖 𝑡 + 𝐸 𝐵𝑖 = 𝑡2 + 0.0833
by using the unit variance assumption and employing (6.137). (f) Its variance is the same as its mean-square value
(why?).
( )−1 exp(−𝑦2 )
7.2: (a) 𝑆𝑌 (𝑓 ) = 1 + 4𝜋 2 𝑓 2 ; (b) 𝑅𝑌 (𝜏) = 0.5 exp(− |𝜏|); (c) 0; (d) 0.5; (e) yes; (f) 𝑓𝑌 (𝑦) = √𝜋 ; (g) they are
similar in that their autocorrelation functions are of the same form, but their sample functions differ markedly.
7.3: (a) No because its Fourier transform is not nonnegative; (b) yes; (c) yes; (d) only if 𝐵 is nonnegative because 𝜏 = 0
has to be a maximum; (e) no because it is an odd function and is not a maximum at 𝜏 = 0; (f) no.
( )−1
7.4: (a) 𝑆𝑥𝑦 (𝑓 ) = (1 + 𝑗2𝜋𝑓 )−1 ; (b) 𝑅𝑥𝑦 (𝜏) = exp(−𝜏) 𝑢 (𝜏); (c) 𝑆𝑦 (𝑓 ) = 1 + 4𝜋 2 𝑓 2 ; (d) 0.5 exp(− |𝜏|).
[ ( ) ( )]
7.5: (a) 𝑅 (𝜏) = 2sinc(4𝜏) cos (20𝜋𝜏); (b) 𝑆𝑛𝑐 𝑛𝑠 (𝑓 ) = 0; (c) 𝑆𝑛𝑐 𝑛𝑠 (𝑓 ) = 𝑗 − Π 𝑓 +2 4
+ Π 𝑓 −2
4
; (d) 𝑆𝑛𝑐 𝑛𝑠 (𝑓 ) =
[ ( ) ( )]
𝑗 Π 𝑓 +2 4
− Π 𝑓 −24
; (e) 𝑅𝑛𝑐 𝑛𝑠 (𝜏) = −8sinc(4𝜏) sin (4𝜋𝜏); (f) 𝑅𝑛𝑐 𝑛𝑠 (𝜏) = 8sinc(4𝜏) sin (4𝜋𝜏).
∞ 2 |2
7.6: 𝐵𝑁 = ∫0 |𝐻 (𝑓 )|2 𝑑𝑓 = ∫0 (1 − 𝑓 ∕2)2 𝑑𝑓 = −2 (1 − 𝑓 ∕2)3 | = 2 Hz.
1
𝐻02 |0
[ ( 2 )]
𝑟 𝑟
7.7: (a) 𝐾 = 2; (b) 15 W; (c) 𝑓𝑅 (𝑟) = 5 exp − 10 + 2 𝐼0 (0.8944𝑟) , 𝑟 ≥ 0; (d) 0.0107.

CHAPTER 8
8.1: 𝜎𝑛2 = 4𝑘𝑇 𝑅𝐵 = 1.6008 × 10−10 W.
8.2: 𝜎𝑛2 = 4𝑘𝑇 𝑅𝐵 = 5.52 × 10−12 W (Significant reduction is due to lower temperature).
8.3: 𝑆𝑁𝑅 = 1.75 × 104 = 42.43 dB.
8.4: Calculations give 𝑃signal = 12.5 W, 𝑃interf erence = 0.02 W, SIR = 625 = 27.96 dB, 𝑅𝑥𝑦 (𝜏max ) = 625.7.
𝜎𝑛2
8.5: 𝜖𝑁𝑄
2
= 𝜎𝜙2 + 𝜎𝑚
2 . The SNR is 100. 𝜎𝜙2 = 0.0076 so that 𝜖𝑁𝑄
2
= 0.0176.
8.6: 𝑁0 = 0.0016 W/Hz.
8.7: 𝑁0 = 0.0120 W/Hz.
( )2 ( )2
8.8: The required equation is (SNR) 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ = 13 𝑊
(SNR) 1 15
𝑓3
= 3 2.1
= 17.01. Multiplication of 7.5 by the correction factor
𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑡
gives 7.5 × 17.01 = 127.5, which is the postdetection SNR with pre-emphasis and de-emphasis.
( )2 ( )
𝑓
8.9: (SNR) 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ = 13 𝑊 1 − 𝑊3 tan−1 𝑊
(SNR)
𝑓 𝑓
= 13.60. The gain in SNR is reduced from 17.01 to 13.60.
𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑡 3 3

8.10: 𝑛 = 6.
6 Appendix G ∙ Answers to Drill Problems

√
8.11: The gain of the expander is defined by 𝐻𝐸 (𝑓 ) = 0, 𝑓 ≤ 𝑓1 , and 𝐻𝐸 (𝑓 ) = 1 + (𝑓 ∕𝑓3 )2 ∕𝑓 , 𝑓 > 𝑓1 . It is
important to bound away from 𝑓 = 0.

CHAPTER 9
√ √
9.1: (a) Using the result for 𝑧 obtained in Example 9.2, we compute 𝐴 = 𝑧reqd 𝑁0 𝑅 = (11.31) (10−7 ) (1000) =
√
1.131 × 10−3 = 0.0336 V= 33.6 mV; (b) 106.3 mV; (c) 336 mV; (d) 336 mV; (e) 1.063 V; (f) 3.36 V.
9.2: (a) 100 kHz; (b) 1 MHz; (c) 1 GHz; (d) 200 kHz; (e) 200 kHz.
𝐴2 (1−𝑚2 )
9.3: (a) 𝐴 2𝑚 = 0.1 and
2 2 2
= 0.9 so 1−𝑚 = 9 or 𝑚2 = 0.1 or 𝑚 = 0.316; (b) 2 cos−1 (0.316) = 2.5 rad = 143.2
2
( ) 𝑚2 (√ ) (√ )
degrees; (c) for data, 𝐸𝑏 ∕𝑁0 data = 0.9 × 10 = 9, so 𝑃𝐸 = 𝑄 2 × 9 = 1.16 × 10−5 ; (d) 𝑄 2 × 10 =
4.05 × 10−6 .
9.4: (a) PSK, DPSK, coherent FSK and ASK tied; noncoherent FSK; (b) PSK, DPSK and ASK are tied for best;
coherent FSK is next; noncoherent FSK is the worst.
9.5: 100.
9.6: (a) From the equation above (9.141), log2 𝑀 = 𝑅∕𝐵bb where 𝑅 is the data rate in bits/s. 20∕10 = 2 ⇒ 𝑀 = 4;
(b) 30∕10 = 3 ⇒ 𝑀 = 8; (c) 50∕10 = 5 ⇒ 𝑀 = 32; (d) 100∕10 = 10 ⇒ 𝑀 = 1024; (e) 150∕10 = 15 ⇒ 𝑀 =
32768; (f) the ratio of available transmitter power and noise power (primarily determined by noise in the receiver
front end).
9.7: The channel should impose less degradation, so we anticipate that the curves would shift down.
9.8: Not transmit during the deep fades. To maintain a desired average transmission rate, this would entail faster
transmission during shallow fades, which implies a higher probability of error, so there is a trade-off in doing this.
9.9: 11.11 kHz.
9.10: Five, one for the main pulse and two for each multipath component. The cross-correlation matrix would be of the
form
( )
⎡ 𝑅𝑦𝑑 −𝜏2 ⎤
⎢ 𝑅 (−𝜏 ) ⎥
] ⎢
𝑦𝑑 1 ⎥
[
𝑅𝑦𝑑 = ⎢ 𝑅𝑦𝑑 (0) ⎥
⎢ ( ) ⎥
⎢ 𝑅𝑦𝑑 𝜏1 ⎥
⎢ ( ) ⎥
⎣ 𝑅𝑦𝑑 𝜏2 ⎦

and the correlation matrix would be 5 × 5.

9.11: First, there is noise due to the channel itself. Second, there is noise due to the adjustment algorithm hunting for the
correct tap weights. The latter is less the smaller the adjustment parameter, 𝜇, but of course the rate of convergence
of the tap weights is slower. This is assuming that the adjustment parameter is kept small enough so that the
feedback system is stable.

CHAPTER 10
10.1: All have the same BEP characteristics in AWGN; QPSK and OQPSK have the least compact power spectra
with MSK being the most compact; when filtered, QPSK shows the most envelope deviation, OQPSK somewhat
less, and MSK the least; MSK can be modulated or demodulated by serial processing, which is advantageous at
high data rates; the parallel structures of the modulators and demodulators for QPSK and OQPSK require close
attention to amplitude balance and timing alignment to minimize degradation.
 Appendix G ∙ Answers to Drill Problems 7

10.2: 𝑀-ary PSK and DPSK show the same bandwidth efficiency, and DPSK shows slightly worse power efficiency
(1 to 3 dB difference depending on 𝑀) than PSK (see Figure 10.14); coherent FSK is slightly more bandwidth
efficient (depends on demodulator filter mechanization for noncoherent) and power efficient (less than a 1 dB
difference) than noncoherent FSK (see Figure 10.15).
10.3: Carrier (for a coherent system), bit or symbol, and word or code.
10.4: Both have the same bandwidth efficiency; the power efficiency of QAM is better than that of PSK (see Fig-
ure 10.14); QAM has a nonconstant envelope, which is disadvantageous from the standpoint of power amplifica-
tion at the transmitter, as opposed to PSK, which is constant envelope (assuming no filtering).
10.5: They have poor aperiodic correlation properties; they require very little work on the part of an interceptor to
unravel or reproduce; for a given length there are relatively few distinct sequences.
10.6: Provide resistance to jamming and multipath; provide a means for masking the transmitted signal in noise; provide
multiple access capability; provide range measurement capability.
10.7: Increase the processing gain by the same amount. Of course, this will require a corresponding increase in bandwidth
to maintain the same data rate.
10.8: Search time is directly proportional to code length (or the uncertainty in code epoch), the integration time, and
the time required to reject an erroneous cell. The latter two can be decreased by using parallel acquisition paths
in the receiver. The synchronization time will be double what was expected for double the uncertainty.
10.9: WiFi and WiMax modems. Resistance to multipath and ease of implementation through use of the FFT.
10.10: Increase 𝑁 (the number of IFFT points) by a factor of 2. If 𝑀 is allowed to be changed, quadruple it.
10.11: 2.5 to 4. Because of the interference of the direct path with the ground path.
10.12: Delay spread and Doppler spread.
10.13: Multiple-input multiple-output system. When applied to wireless systems in fading channels, it facilitates the
averaging of the fading over multiple paths, thereby ameliorating the severe penalties imposed by the fading.
10.14: First- through fourth-generation cellular radio. Their approximate dates of fielding are: 1G---early 1980s; 2G---early
1990s; 3G---early 2000s; 4G---near 2010.

CHAPTER 11
11.1: The a priori probabilities, the costs of making the various decisions given the decisions that are actually true, the
pdfs of the data given the various hypotheses.
11.2: (a) To maximize the probability of detection while holding the probability of false alarm at or below an acceptable
level; (b) it is implemented as a Bayes detector with the decision threshold fixed by the allowable false alarm
probability.
11.3: The axioms defining the additive and multiplicative properties of its members; the definition of the scalar product;
the choice of a norm.
11.4: It generates a set of orthonormal vectors from any set of vectors.
11.5: Once represented in terms of signal space, the analysis proceeds basically the same regardless of the form of the
modulation technique---only the mathematics varies depending on the shape of the decision regions. In addition,
the signal space approach gives much insight about performance issues in terms of relative bandwidth and power
efficiency.
11.6: The maximum likelihood approach amounts to a Bayes procedure for a broad (i.e., approximately constant) a
priori parameter distribution.
11.7: They are asymptotically efficient (minimum variance), unbiased (expectation equals the parameter being esti-
mated), and Gaussian.
8 Appendix G ∙ Answers to Drill Problems

11.8: A sufficient statistic encompasses all the information relevant for making a decision or estimating a parameter,
so the decision or estimation process can be based solely on it.
11.9: It gives a lower bound for the variance of an unbiased maximum likelihood estimate.
11.10: An efficient estimate satisfies the Cramer-Rao inequality with equality.

CHAPTER 12
12.1: The information is 0.3219 bits, 0.2231 nats, and 0.0969 hartleys.
12.2: 𝐼1 = 5.8377 bits; 𝐼2 = 7.6903 bits.
12.3: 𝐻(𝑋) = 1.4591. The maximum entropy is 𝐻max (𝑋) = 1.5850.
12.4: 𝑃𝐸 = 0.0958.
[ ]
0.999 0.001
12.5: 𝑃 (𝑌 |𝑋) = . The output probabilities are 𝑃 (𝑌 ) = [0.6996 0.3004].
0.001 0.999
12.6: 𝐶 = 0.9886 bits per channel use.
12.7: 𝐻(𝑋 5 ) = 4.8548 bits.
12.8: The channel capacity is 124,640 bits/s.
12.9: The codewords are 0000000 and 1111111. This is a distance 7 code capable of correcting 3 errors per received
code word.
12.10: The code is a single parity-check code having wordlength 5. The code has no error-detecting capabilty. The code
can detect, but not correct, single errors. The generator matrix is [1 1 1 1 1]𝑇 .
⎡1 1 1 0 0 0 1⎤
⎢ ⎥
12.11: H= ⎢ 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 ⎥
⎢1 0 0 0 1 1 1⎥
⎣ ⎦
12.12: The required number of states is 24 = 16.
12.13: The average number of transmissions is 1.0203.
12.14: The postdetection SNR is (SNR)𝐷 = 2.9802 × 1017 . We therefore observe the almost complete supression of
noise. This is impressive but comes at the expense of a very large expansion in bandwidth. In addition, the system
must operate above threshold. The system is optimum and likely not realizable.