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CHAPTER I
This Chapter is divided into eight parts, (1) Background of the Study, (2)
Theoretical Framework, (3) Conceptual Framework, (4) Statement of the Problem, (5)
Hypothesis, (6) Significance of the Study, (7) Definition of Terms; and (8) Scope and
Part One, Background of the Study, states the foundation in which the research
Part Two, Theoretical Framework, states the several theories in which the study is
anchored.
Part Three, Conceptual Framework, presents the concepts used for the study.
Part Four, Statement of the Problem, states the Research Question/s that will be
Part Five, Hypothesis, states the assumptions made before the commencing or
Part Six, Significance of the study, states the persons that can benefit from the
study.
Part Seven, Definition of Terms, states the definitions of the concepts used in the
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Part Eight, Scope and Delimitation of the Study, states the criteria and the scope
The body mass index (BMI) is the metric currently in use for defining
individual’s fatness (Nuttall, 2015). This metric has been related to health disorder and
sometimes even mental issues in every age group, especially in adolescents. BMI can
also be associated with body image and body perception. Although, body image is
sometimes a personal point of view, BMI can surely help in determining the image a
person can have. In some demographics, body fat is related to societal norms and
traditions that result to personal pressure to fit that norm or tradition. For example,
currently in Western societies, young women are often concerned about their body image,
and most consider themselves to be too fat, even though they are well within population-
based references. Abnormal BMI is also considered a societal problem as the social
consequences of being “too fat” are severe. Discrimination begins in childhood and results
in serious emotional scars. Societal discrimination limits career choices, and indeed many
career paths are closed to those considered to be too fat. Also, societal stigmatization
often impairs a person’s ability to express his/her intellectual and other talents; that is, they
become underachievers. In addition, the potential pool of mates is limited because of their
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perceived unattractiveness. Thus, obese people tend to marry other obese people and,
parenthetically, to produce obese children. This societal problem continues to haunt every
one of us, especially to those who are in the critical stage of personal development: the
adolescents. This problem often result to low self-esteem levels because of social
discriminations that are brought by this social norms that put a standard on how fat a
Social stigmatization like this often greatly damages the self-esteem of a person.
Societal discrimination is also pervasive in our society especially against people with
gauge of the degree to which people perceive that they are relationally valued and socially
differs from most other explanations of self-esteem in suggesting that people neither need
Self-esteem nor are motivated to pursue it for its own sake. Rather, according to the
theory, when people do things that appear intended to protect or increase their self-
esteem, their goal is usually to protect and enhance their relational value and, thus,
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Self-Determination Theory (SDT) states that man is born with an intrinsic motivation
to explore, absorb and master his surroundings and that true high self-esteem (Deci &
Ryan, 1995).
Bandura’s (1994) Social Learning Theory posits that people learn from one another,
via observation, imitation, and modeling. The theory has often been called a bridge
The body mass index (BMI) is the metric currently in use for defining anthropometric
height/weight characteristics in adults and for classifying (categorizing) them into groups.
2015).
Self-Esteem on the other hand or also called Self- Efficacy is concerned with people’s
is commonly known, is one of the most enabling psychology models to have been adopted
into
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In this study, Body Mass Index is the independent variable and the researchers will
determine whether there is a relationship between the BMI and the Self-Esteem of the
Figure 1 shows the assumed relationship between the BMI (IV) and Self- esteem (DV).
Figure 1.1
I.V D.V
BMI SELF-ESTEEM
This study aimed to determine the existing relationship between the Body Mass
Index and the Self-esteem levels of all the members of Miagao National High School
1. What is the BMI of Miagao National High School Grade 12 GAS-B students
S.Y. 2018-2019?
2. What are the levels of self-esteem of Miagao National High School Grade 12
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3. Is there a significant relationship between the BMI and the self-esteem levels
of Miagao National High School Grade 12 GAS-B students for S.Y. 2018-
2019?
Hypothesis
1. There is no significant relationship between the BMI results and the self-esteem
Members MNHS' Grade 12 GAS-B section of S.Y 2018-2019. This will serve as
proof whether their BMI results affect their self-esteem levels and to prevent problems like
to their child. This can serve as a warning to the societal and personal stigma their child
may have.
Administrators. This may let them know of certain psychological and physical
problems like obesity and low self-esteem that exist within the school and the students,
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Teachers. This will serve as a basis in determining certain emotional and social
problems their students may have and to provide a solution to this problems if they
emerge. This can also start proper counseling methods by the giving of proper
Future Researchers. This may serve as a basis to start a new research as to the
Definition of Terms
Body Mass Index- Body Mass Index (BMI) is the metric currently in use for
(categorizing) them into groups. The common interpretation is that it represents an index
In this study, “Body Mass Index” refers to the measurement of body fat ratios of
the respondents.
respondent.
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Senior High School-Senior high school (SHS) refers to Grades 11 and 12, the
last two years of the K-12 program that Department of Educations has been implementing
since 2012. Students begin to study in SHS the subjects that will introduce them to their
In this study, “Senior High School” refer to the grade level of the respondents that
students who are still indecisive of what course or degree they want to pursue in college.
A student who finished this strand can proceed to any college program. However he/she
has to take some subjects not taken in Senior High but required by a particular college as
a bridging program to assess his/her preparedness in the field of study chosen. (Taken
from usjr.edu.ph)
In this study, “General Academic Strand” refers to the educational track the chosen
respondents is taking.
The study covered Miagao National High School's Grade 12 GAS-B section. This
study only focused on getting the BMI results and self-esteem levels of each and every
A physical exam was conducted in order to get the BMI results of every student
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On the other hand, in order to measure the self-esteem levels of the respondents,
a questionnaire was given to them that is adapted from the RSE or Rosenberg Self Esteem
scale.
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CHAPTER II
This chapter presents the related literature and studies on: Body Mass Index,
The quest to find the right index to measure the relative body weight started right
after the ending of World War II with the reported of increase of mortality in overweight
policyholders, it was also then when epidemiological studies were focused on weight and
cardiovascular diseases. It became evident then that the best index was the ratio of the
weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters, or the Quetelet Index
astronomer and statistician, who came up with these formula after his passionate efforts
on probability calculus applied on the ratio applied on human metrics and that led him to
conclude that 'the weight increases as the square of the height'. Later in 1972, the Quatelet
Index was changed by an Epidemiologist named Ancel Keys to appropriate the term in to
its current wide usage during the time (Eknoyan 2007). The body mass index (BMI) is the
and for classifying (categorizing) them into groups. The common interpretation is that it
represents an index of an individual’s fatness (Nuttall, 2015). This metric has been related
to health disorder and sometimes even mental issues in every age group, especially in
adolescents. According to World Health Organization Europe Regional Office Body Mass
Index can be classified into several groups. Scores lower than 18.5 in the scale is
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29.9 is categorized as Pre-Obesity. Scores higher than 29.9 is categorized as the three
levels of Obesity. Scores ranging from 30.0 to 34.9 is categorized as Obesity I, scores
35.0 to 39.9 is Obesity II and scores higher than that is considered as Obesity III or the
Abnormal BMI, especially being overweight and obese has been linked to chronic
diseases and early death (Cechini et al. 2010). According to the study the GBD 2015
Obesity Collaborators in 2015, there was a record of 107.7 million children and 603.7
million adults that are obese and it is also steadily increasing through the years. High BMI
accounted for 4.0 million deaths globally, nearly 40% of which occurred in persons who
were not obese. More than two thirds of deaths related to high BMI were due to
cardiovascular disease. The disease burden related to high BMI has increased since
1990; however, the rate of this increase has been attenuated owing to decreases in
underlying rates of death from cardiovascular disease. Obesity has been declared an
epidemic as it continues to affect the world today (James, Kalamara, Leach, & Shayeghi
2012). In the year 2000, the human race reached a sort of historical landmark, when for
the first time in human evolution the number of adults with excess weight surpassed the
number of those who were underweight. Excess adiposity/body weight is now widely
recognized as one of today's leading health threats in most countries around the world
and as a major risk factor for type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and hypertension
(Caballero 2007). Increases in obesity and diabetes among US adults continue in both
sexes, all ages, all races, all educational levels, and all smoking levels. Obesity is strongly
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associated with several major health risk factors. Obesity and Diabetes are also linked
and it is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States. It is also estimated
that 300,000 US adults die due to causes related to Obesity (Mokdad et al. 2001).
According to the World Health Organization, worldwide obesity has nearly tripled
since 1975. In 2016, more than 1.9 billion adults, 18 years and older, were overweight. Of
these over 650 million were obese. 39% of adults aged 18 years and over were overweight
in 2016, and 13% were obese. Most of the world's population live in countries where
overweight and obesity kills more people than underweight. 41 million children under the
age of 5 were overweight or obese in 2016. Over 340 million children and adolescents
All human beings are susceptible to sustained weight gain and there is no
exception to it, but there can be differences on how humans get fat, based on sex. Women
generally have a larger proportion of body mass as fat, and are more likely to deposit fat
subcutaneously and on their lower extremities; men are more likely to deposit fat in the
abdominal region. Excess adipose tissue in the abdominal region, especially visceral fat,
is associated with more health risks. Men may be faced with more health risks. Women
have higher rates of reuptake of NEFA into adipose tissue; however, they also have higher
rates of fat oxidation during prolonged exercise. It was also discovered that fat and fertility
are linked in women, through leptin. Low leptin levels reduce fertility. Ovarian function of
adult women is associated with their fatness at birth (Power &Schulkin 2008). Obese
women are also at risk of diabetes, and diabetes, in turn, puts women at dramatically
increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Obesity substantially increases the risk
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BMI abnormality has also been linked to social problems as obesity has been
strongly linked to poor body image, but not all obese persons suffer from this or are equally
vulnerable to these kinds of problems, but there is still this problem about poor body image.
This is situation is factored by degree of being overweight, being female, and binge eating
(Schwartz & Brownwell 2004). In the study ‘Fat talk and self-presentation of body image:
Is there a social norm for women to self-degrade?’ by, Britton, Martz, Bazzini, Curtin, and
Leashomb (2006) they studied about the “fat talk” which is basically an informal dialogue
which individuals would express about body dissatisfaction. In study 1, females would
resort to self-degrading her body during the activity which eventually led to other females
Self-Esteem or also called Self- Efficacy is concerned with people’s beliefs in their
known, is one of the most enabling psychology models to have been adopted into positive
accomplishing a task and producing a favorable outcome (Bandura 1997). People high in
self-esteem claim to be more likable and attractive, to have better relationships, and to
make better impressions on others than people with low self-esteem, but objective
measures disconfirm most of these beliefs. Narcissists are charming at first but tend to
alienate others eventually. Self-esteem has not been shown to predict the quality or
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groups and to criticize the group's approach. Leadership does not stem directly from self-
esteem, but self-esteem may have indirect effects. Relative to people with low self-
esteem, those with high self-esteem show stronger in-group favoritism, which may
increase prejudice and discrimination. It was also concluded that the benefits of high self-
esteem fall into two categories: enhanced initiative and pleasant feelings. It was also
concluded that self-esteem— the global a with a broad range of mental disorders and
social problems, both internalizing problems (e.g. depression, suicidal tendencies, eating
disorders and anxiety) and externalizing problems (e.g. violence and substance abuse)
While high and healthy self-esteem shows significant good changes and
characteristics to the person, Trzesniewski et al. (2012) found out in his study that low
adulthood. This also complements Donnellan’s (2005) study that revealed a robust relation
between low self-esteem and externalizing problems. This relation held for measures of
parents' ratings, and for participants from different nationalities (United States and New
Zealand) and age groups (adolescents and college students). This externalizing problems
BMI and Body Image are strongly related and both ideas have been linked to self-
esteem. Body image concerns are associated with overall poor self-concept in early
adolescents, including poor physical, social, and academic self-concepts as well as low
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overall self-esteem. People with poor body image are known to be more likely to diet and
to be susceptible to eating disorders. The adverse outcomes of poor body image among
children and adolescents suggest an urgent need for these issues to be addressed in both
health and educational settings. Body image during adolescence is influenced by factors
including self-esteem, gender, media messages, and pressure or support from peers and
family. Similarly, self-esteem is influenced by factors such as body image, body weight,
academic performance, and sporting ability and participation. In particular, heavier body
weight has been found to predict lower self-esteem in girls. Self-esteem plays a central
role in the mental health of young people. Positive self-image and a strong sense of self-
worth are likely to help young people become more content with their bodies. It is also a
protective factor in terms of better mental health and social behavior. Body image,
dissatisfaction, and self-esteem are not only issues for young people during puberty and
adolescence, but are also significant issues for people throughout the life span, although
the nature of the concerns may change over time. People with lower self-esteem are
increasingly likely to report discontent with their body size or shape, regardless of age or
unsurprising that self-esteem and body dissatisfaction are related (O’Dea 2012).
Jeffrey, Linde and Rhode (2007) conducted a research about the relationship of
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suggested that overweight and obesity are associated with depressive symptoms,
survey of 4655 women aged 40 to 65 in the greater Seattle area, that were
found out that higher self-weighing frequency and negative depression status
were independently associated with lower BMI with no interaction with depression
Sigfúsdóttir (2000) where it was focused on the adolescents. The sample was
taken in Iceland where it revealed the BMI and Self -Esteem are somewhat
correlated to each other. To further the investigation, Biro (2002) revealed in his
study that aimed to discover the relationship between BMI and self -esteem in both
black and white races. Another research was conducted in Saudi Arabia by
Alfozan, Barnawi, Habib & Motairi (2015) where it also resulted to a conclusion
that self-esteem and as well as the quality of life decreases with the increase i n
BMI of the students. Nihiser et al. (2007) also investigated the Body Mass Index
concluded in their recently finished study that: Both extremes of body mass index
(BMI) associated with increased risk for postpartum depression (PPD) and that Low BMI
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associated with 50% increase in PPD risk. A study by Hesketh, Wake, & Waters (2004)
elementary school children: evidence for a causal relationship. Their data showed an
increasingly strong association between lower self-esteem and higher body mass
across the elementary school years. Overweight/obesity precedes low self -esteem in
many children, suggesting a causal relationship. They also suggest that prevention and
greatly influence desire on body image and satisfaction. Sex can play a part in BMI
determination and body image as Badmin, Furnham and Sneade (2002) claimed that boys
were as likely to want to be heavier as lighter, whereas very few girls desired to be heavier.
Only girls associated body dissatisfaction with the concept of self-esteem. Male self-
esteem was not affected by body dissatisfaction. It is highly linked to many factors such
as Age, Sex and Self-esteem. Caterson, Franklin, Denyer, Steinbeck, & Hill (2006)
discovered in their research that obesity impacts the self-perception of children entering
adolescence, especially in girls, but in selected areas of competence. Obese children are
at particular risk of low perceived competence in sports, physical appearance, and peer
engagement. Not all obese children are affected, although the reasons for their resilience
are unclear.
Goold, Klaczynski & Mudry (2004) examined the relationships among negative
stereotypes of obesity, “thin ideal” beliefs, and perceptions of the causes of obesity and of
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control over weight, body esteem, and global self-esteem. A negative correlation between
beliefs in control over one's weight and self-esteem was mediated by both negative
attitudes toward obesity and thin idealization. Additionally, body esteem and gender were
related but this relationship was mediated by beliefs in control over weight and valuation
of the thin ideal. Central to the theoretical foundation of this research, however, was the
observed negative correlation between negative attitudes toward obesity and self-esteem.
This relationship was mediated primarily by the belief that obesity is caused by personality
On the other hand, a systematic review of the Self-esteem and quality of life in
obese children by Griffiths, Hill & Parsons (2009) found out that a literature search
were consistent in showing significant reductions in global self-esteem and quality of life
appearance and social functioning. There were no clear differences in effects between
children and adolescents, and evidence on gender and ethnicity was lacking.
To summarize this review, BMI or Body Mass Index is a metric system used to
determine the fat deposit of a person as opposed to his height. Abnormal BMI, such as
overweight and obese are prone and susceptible to early mortality due to them being
susceptible to cardiovascular diseases like, heart diseases, diabetes and even cancer.
The quality of being fat also differs in different sexes. Male deposit fat in the abdominal
areas, while female in the thighs. Though women are easier to oxidate fat, they more
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prone to obesity than men and that puts them in the danger of diseases like cancer and it
Self-esteem also has been defined as a personal view of one’s self and the
knowledge of one’s ability to give acceptable results and to create a favorable outcome. It
is also one’s view of one’s competency, in every aspect of life. High self-esteem can create
favorable situations like adaptability, good image of one’s self, self-confidence, likability
and attractiveness. On the other hand, low esteem can cause depression and anxiety, low
Unhealthy or abnormal body mass index results is also linked to body image and
satisfaction of the body image. People are very much discriminated by society based on
their body image due to existing social norms about body image and this pushes to them
to develop low self-esteem. This poses person’s psychological state as it puts them under
pressure from the social norm of being “too fat” or “too thin”, thus leading to social
problems like self-pity, self-aggression, alienation to the society and even depression and
anxiety. This problem also leads to low self-esteem which is determined to be a root cause
chosen demographic because of all the discovered facts in the literature review. We may
prove it wrong or partly wrong or right or partly right. It is very essential to study how their
Body Mass Index and Self-Esteem is related because it may uncover certain truths like,
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to mental and psychological problems and their quality of life. This discoveries maybe a
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CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
This Chapter is divided into five parts: (1) Research Design, (2) Participants of
the Study, (3) Setting of the Study, (4) Data Collecting Tools and (5) Data Analysis
Tools.
Part One, Research Design, states the Design used for the Research Study.
Part Two, Participants of the Study, states the respondents that participated in
Part Three, Setting of the Study, contains the specific setting of the study (e.g.
Part Four, Data Collecting Tools, contains the instruments used for gathering the
Part Five, Data Analysis Tools, contains the tools used for processing and
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Research Design
The design that was used in this study will be Quantitative-Correlational. The
study will try to discover the relationship between the Body Mass Index and the Self-
Esteem of Miagao National High School Senior High School Grade 12 GAS-B S.Y. 2018-
The participants of the study or the respondents will be Miagao National High
The study was done inside the campus of Miagao National High School Senior
High School and within the School Year 2018-2019 during the first semester of the school
year.
The tools or instruments that was used in collecting the data would be a survey
form to gather the weight and height of the respondents for gathering the BMI using the
metric formula:
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To gather the data regarding the self-esteem of the respondents and questionnaire
Strongly Strongly
STATEMENT Agree Disagree
Agree Disagree
qualities..
am a failure.
proud of.
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myself.
myself.
myself.
Strongly agree = 3
Agree = 2
Disagree = 1
Strongly disagree = 0
Strongly agree = 0
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Agree = 1
Disagree = 2
Strongly disagree = 3
The scale ranges from 0-30. Scores between 15 and 25 are within normal range; scores below
Weight (Kg) =
Height (M) =
To analyze the data gathered from the respondents of the study, the IBM SPSS
23 Statistical tool was used. It was also used to create certain inferences for the data
gathered.
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Strongly Strongly
STATEMENT Agree Disagree
Agree Disagree
qualities..
am a failure.
proud of.
myself.
myself.
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myself.
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Chapter IV
This chapter consists of two parts: (1) Descriptive Analysis, and (2) Inferential
Analysis.
Part One, Descriptive Analysis, describes the raw data gathered from the
respondents.
Part Two, Inferential Analysis, described the processed data (using SPSS
Software) and presented certain inferences from the data that was processed and
tested.
between the Body Mass Index Levels and the levels of Self-Esteem of Miagao National
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Descriptive Analysis
Figure 1 showed the Body Mass Index Levels of Grade 12 GAS-B students. Out
of the 40 respondents, 24 were found with Normal BMI (18.5-24.9), 14 were Underweight
Underweight BMI
Normal BMI
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
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Normal BMI levels. Out of the 40 respondents, out of the 24 respondents with Normal
BMI levels, 22 were found with Normal Self-Esteem (15 to 25 score at RSE scale), 2
Low Self-Esteem
Normal Self-Esteem
0 5 10 15 20 25
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Figure 3 showed the Self-Esteem of respondents with abnormal Body Mass Index
Level (Slightly Obese and Underweight combined). Out of the 16 respondents, 14 were
found with Normal Self-Esteem (15 to 25 at RSE scale), the remaining 2 were found with
Low Self-Esteem
Normal Self-Esteem
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
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BMI and Self-Esteem of Miagao National High School Grade 12 GAS-B S.Y. 2018-
2019.
Table 1 shows the Body Mass Index and the Self-Esteem of Miagao National High
School Grade 12 GAS-B. As shown in the table, the Grade 12 GAS-B students have
normal BMI levels (M=1.70, SD= 0.56). Their Self-Esteem is also normal (M=1.90, SD=
0.30).
Table 3.1.
BMI and Self-Esteem of Miagao National High School Grade 12 GAS-B S.Y. 2018-2019.
Total Number of
40
Respondents
Scale Description
1-1.66 Low
1.67-2.66 Normal
2.34-3.00 High
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Self-Esteem of Miagao National High School Grade 12 GAS-B S.Y 2018 – 2019 when
Table 2 shows the level of Self-Esteem of Miagao National High School Grad 12
GAS-B students. As an entire group, Grade 12 GAS-B students have normal levels of
Self-Esteem (M= 1.90, SD= 0.30). When grouped according to BMI levels, those Grade
12 GAS-B students with underweight, normal and obese BMI levels exhibit normal Self-
Esteem (Ms= 1.85, 1.91, 2.00, Sds= 0.36, 0.28, 0.00) respectively.
Table 3.2
Self-Esteem of Miagao National High School Grade 12 GAS-B S.Y 2018 – 2019
Scale Description
1-1.66 Low
1.67-2.66 Normal
2.34-3.00 High
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Inferential Analysis
ANOVA Results for the difference in Self-Esteem levels of Miagao National High School
Grade 12 GAS-B S.Y. 2018 – 2019 when classified as to their Body Mass Index levels.
Table 3 shows the ANOVA results for the Self-Esteem levels of Miagao National
High School Grade 12 GAS-B students when classified into their BMI levels. The ANOVA
test showed a T-prob score of 0.762 which is above the P value of 0.05, this suggests an
insignificant relationship between the Body Mass Index and the Self-Esteem of Miagao
National High School Grade 12 GAS-B students; hence, the null hypothesis that states
“There is no significant relationship between the Body Mass Index and the Self-Esteem of
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Table 3.3
ANOVA Results for the difference in Self-Esteem levels of Miagao National High School Grade
12 GAS-B S.Y. 2018 – 2019 when classified as to their Body Mass Index levels.
Between Groups
.052 2 .026 .273 .762
Total 3.600 39
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Chapter V
This chapter consists of three parts: (1) Summary, (2) Conclusions, and (3)
Recommendations.
Part Two, Conclusions, present the inferences taken up from the inferential
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Summary
This sections summarizes the major point and findings in the study in
1. What are the Body Mass Index levels of Miagao National High School Grade
2. What are the Self-Esteem levels of Miagao National High School Grade 12
3. Is there a relationship between the Body Mass Index levels and the Self-
Esteem levels of Miagao National High School Grade 12 GAS-B students S.Y.
2018-2019?
Summary of Findings
This section provides the summary of the findings based on the research questions
stated above. This section focuses on the research topic of whether there is significant
relationship between the Body Mass Index levels and the Self-Esteem levels of Miagao
1. When grouped as a whole, the Body Mass Index levels of Miagao National High
2. When grouped as a whole, the Self-Esteem levels of Miagao National High School
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3. According to the ANOVA test, there is no significant relationship between the Body
Mass Index levels and the Self-Esteem levels of Miagao National High School
Conclusions
This sections consists of the conclusion inferred from the inferential analysis done
1. Majority of the members of Miagao National High School Grade 12 GAS-B S.Y.
2. Majority of the members of Miagao National High School Grade 12 GAS-B S.Y.
3. There is no relationship between the Body Mass Index levels and the Self-Esteem
Recommendations
With all the conclusions of the research stated the recommendations of the
1. It is recommended that the students try to have a balanced and healthy lifestyle to
avoid the risk of problems associated with abnormal BMIs such as being Obese or
Underweight.
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2. It is recommended that the School Administration educate the students about the
different persons are entitled to their own specific strengths and weaknesses and
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Appendices
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Descriptive Statistics
Std.
Valid N
40
(listwise)
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Descriptives
Selfesteem
95% Confidence
underwei
14 1.8571 .36314 .09705 1.6475 2.0668 1.00 2.00
ght
ANOVA
Selfesteem
Sum of Mean
Between
.052 2 .026 .273 .762
Groups
Total 3.600 39
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