SATURATION PRESSURE UNIT

OBJECTIVE

To study the behavior of water during the transition between liquid and vapor phases.

DISCUSSION

The temperature will rise by the time will go up and the liquid change to steam. phase changes occur
at the heater surface. Small bubbles of vapor forming as the layer of fluid surrounding the heater
when it reached the saturation temperature. More bubbles appear when the temperature reached

141.8℃ with pressure of 3.2 bar at 45 minutes. The bubble movement agitated the fluid, producing

increased mixing and consequently better heat transfer from the heater to the fluid. This stage is
known as nucleate boiling. During this stage, vigorous bubbling may be seen through the sight glass

at 65 minutes with temperature of 166.3℃ and pressure of 6.2 bar until it reached 72 minutes with

170.5℃ and reached 7 bars. For the first opening of calorimeter valve, the first of 30 seconds,

boiling of water increased vigorously with the temperature decreased to 159.5℃ and decreasing

pressure to 4.6 bars. The second opening, the second of 30 seconds, boiling of water increased

vigorously with the temperature decreased to 142.5℃ and decreasing pressure of 2.4 bars. The last

30 seconds of valve opening, the temperature dropped to 128.1℃ and pressure of 1.3 bars, the

boiling of water decreased and the level of water also decreased.

PROCEDURES

1. The General Start up Procedure is followed in order to fill the TH14 apparatus before usage.
2. The main switch and heater are switched on.
3. The appearance of the fluid in the boiler is observed through the sight glass as the
temperature increases.
4. The pressure inside the vessel is recorded after an interval of approximately 5 minutes
indicated by the pressure sensor P1, and the thermometer T1.
5. Any significant changes that occurred in the appearance of the fluid at any approximate
temperature and pressure are noted.
6. The calorimeter valve is partially opened when the system reaches a maximum working
pressure (7bar).
7. The readings for the pressure (P1) and temperature (T1) are taken at a 30s interval until the
pressure reached 1 bar.
 8. Any changes in fluid behavior or boiling patterns as the pressure drops are noted.
9. The calorimeter valve is left open and the heater is switched off after the experiment is
completed.
10. In order to not damage the apparatus, the valve is not closed when the system is at high
temperature to prevent partial vacuum on cooling.

OBSERVATION:-

 Before Opening the

Temperature Pressure P1
Time (min)
T1 , ( C ) (bar)
Fluid Behavior Calorimeter
Valve:-
5
43.1 0.1 LITTLE BUBLE

63.1 0.3 MORE BUBLE

10
79.9 0.5 BIGGER BUBLE
15
95.6 0.9 BIGGER BUBLE
20
110.0 1.4 BIGGER BUBLE
25
BIGGER BUBLE AND SMALL
30 120.3 1.9
RIPPLE
BIGGER BUBLE AND SMALL
35 128.1 2.3
RIPPLE
BIG BUBBLES OF WATER
40 134.1 2.7
APPEAR
WATER LEVEL INCREASE AND
45 139.6 3.2
BUBBLING
WATER LEVEL INCREASE AND
50 147.9 3.9
BUBBLING
WATER LEVEL INCREASE AND
55 155.5 4.8
BUBBLING
WATER LEVEL INCREASE AND
60 161.8 5.6
BUBBLING
WATER LEVEL INCREASE AND
65 164.6 6.0
BUBBLING
WATER BOILING FASTER AND
70 168.8 6.7
INCREASE IN BUBBLING
WATER BOILING FASTER AND
75 170.0 7.0
INCREASE IN BUBBLING

 After Opening The Calorimeter Valve:-

TIME TEMPERATURE T1 PRESSURE

FLUID BEHAVIOUR
(SECONDS) (CELCIUS) P1 (BAR)
30
160 4.9 BIG BUBLE AND RIPPLE
141.3
60 2.2 BIG BUBBLE AND BIGGER RIPPLE
Boiling of water decreases and level water
90 125.1 1
decreases

PRESSURE P1 (BAR) TEMPERATURE T1 (CELCIUS)

 4.9 160
2.2 141.3
1 125.1

6
4.9
5
PRESSURE P1

3
2.2
2
1
1

0
160 141.3 128.1
TEMPERATURE T1

RESULTS & DISCUSSION:

1. Plot a graph of pressure against temperature.

Pressure vs Temperature
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0

CONCLUSION:-

This experiment is about the behavior of water during the transition between liquid and vapor
phases. We could see the behavior of water at temperatures around the vapor point over a range of
pressures and the changes in vapor point with increasing pressure. The results of fluid behavior
could be obtained by looking at a sight glass set into the pressure vessel. Water remained as liquid
although it reached its boiling point.