CHAPTER1

THEPROBLEM ANDI
TSSETTI
NGS

I
ntr
oduct
ion

Dev
elopmentofi
nfr
ast
ruct
uresar
ound t
he wor
ld caused demand f
or

const
ruct
ionmat
eri
als.Concr
etei
sthemostwi
del
yusedst
ruct
uralmat
eri
al.I
tis

anar
ti
fi
cialst
onewhi
chi
sobt
ainedaf
terhar
deni
ngt
hehomogenousmi
xtur
esof

cement
,wat
er,aggr
egat
esandsomet
imeadmi
xtur
eand/
oraddi
ti
ve.I
tmaybe

pour
edi
ntoamol
dandi
tiscompr
essedbyshaki
ngt
oent
rappedai
r.Themi
xtur
e

setwi
thi
naf
ew hour
sfort
hemoul
dorf
ormwor
ktober
emov
ed.I
tisi
dealf
or

usei
nfoundat
ionwher
ethel
oadt
hati
stobecar
ri
edi
swhol
l
ycompr
essi
ve.

Gener
all
y,al
lthe const
ruct
ion i
ndust
ry uses r
iver sand f
or t
hei
r

const
ruct
ion.Thi
saut
omat
ical
l
ycr
eat
est
hedemandf
ort
hesame.Concr
etei
s

t
hemat
eri
alt
hati
susedmosti
nthewhol
ewor
ldaf
terwat
er.I
thast
akensev
eral

mi
l
li
ony
ear
stof
orm sandbysev
eralagentofweat
her
ing.Thi
srai
sei
ndemand

wi
l
lleadt
othedepl
eti
onofwhol
esand.Thehi
ghdemandf
orsandwi
l
lal
so

cause i
ncr
easi
ng of env
ironment
alef
fect
s of quar
ryi
ng,t
her
efor
e,usi
ng

al
ter
nat
iveaggr
egat
esi
scr
uci
ali
ntheconst
ruct
ioni
ndust
ry.

Usi
ng aggr
egat
es f
rom r
ecy
cled mat
eri
als wi
l
lgi
ve economi
c and

env
ironment
albenef
it
stot
hecommuni
ty.Wast
emat
eri
alsi
ncr
easei
neachand

ev
eryy
earsot
hei
mpor
tancet
opr
eventt
hewast
epr
oduct
ionmustbepoi
nted

out
.Theex
ponent
ialgr
owt
hofpopul
ati
onanddev
elopmentofi
ndust
ryand

t
echnol
ogywoul
dbeconsi
der
edasf
act
orst
hathav
ecauseswast
epr
oduct
ion.
 Recy
cli
ngi
simpor
tanti
ntoday
’swor
ld.I
tisav
eryt
imel
ypr
ocesst
hat

mustbet
aki
ng concer
ned t
o addr
esst
hedi
ff
erentenv
ironment
alpr
obl
ems

whi
cht
hewor
ldencount
ered.Manyhumani
nvent
ionshadhel
pedt
hepeopl
eto

maket
hei
rli
vesconv
eni
entbuti
tpr
oducedwast
est
hatcausedpol
l
uti
on,gl
obal

war
ming,
andt
hel
i
ke.

Di
ff
erentgar
bagel
i
kepl
ast
icbagsi
smel
tedt
ofor
m br
icksandpl
ast
ic

wr
apper
sofbi
scui
tsandj
unkf
oodsar
emi
xedwi
thconcr
etehol
l
ow bl
ockst
o

i
mpr
ovei
ts st
rengt
h.The wast
e mat
eri
alsf
rom i
ndust
ri
aland agr
icul
tur
al

act
ivi
ti
esl
i
ker
icehul
l
,coconuthusk,coconutshel
l
set
c.canbeusedasa

const
ruct
ionmat
eri
alorpar
tl
yasasubst
it
utef
orconv
ent
ionalonesi
nconcr
ete

andbl
ockmaki
ng.Thesear
ejustexampl
esofhow r
ecy
cli
nggener
atedusef
ul

t
hingsf
rom gar
bage.

The 
Phi
l
ippi
nes 
i
stheonl
ycount
ryt
hatpr
oducesandpr
ocessespi
l
iin

commer
cialquant
it
y(Cor
onel
,1978)andhast
hemonopol
yofpr
ocessedpi
l
iin

t
hef
orei
gnmar
ket
.Bi
colRegi
oni
sknownf
ori
tspi
l
icandi
esandconf
ect
ioner
ies

whi
char
esol
dindi
ff
erent
 pr
oduct
 f
ormsandi
nvar
iouspackagi
ngcont
ainer
s.

These pr
oduct
s ar
e expor
ted t
o Aust
ral
i
a,Guam,
 
Canada,
 
Japan,Hongkong,

Chi
na,
 
UK,Kor
ea,
 
Singapor
e,Hawai
i
,Ger
many
, 
France 
and t
he Uni
ted St
ates.

Becauseofi
tshi
ghcommer
cial
val
ue

ast
udyonhowt
ouset
hepi
l
inutshel
lassandi
nconcr
etet
ohel
pthecommuni
ty

i
n di
sposi
ng t
he shel
l
s.The st
udyent
it
led “
Eval
uat
ion oft
he Compr
essi
ve

St
rengt
h ofConcr
ete usi
ng Recy
cled Mat
eri
als(
Canar
ium Ov
atum Shel
lor

commonl
yknownasPi
l
iNutShel
l
)asFi
neAggr
egat
es.
”
 Thi
sst
udywi
l
linv
olv
ethedet
ermi
nat
ionoft
hemostappr
opr
iat
edesi
gn

mi
xtur
eofCanar
ium Ov
atum shel
l
sinconcr
eteandt
hecompr
essi
vest
rengt
hof

concr
eteusi
ngshel
l
stoascer
tai
nit
ssui
tabi
l
ityasr
epl
acementt
osandasf
ine

aggr
egat
esi
n pr
oduct
ion ofconcr
etemi
xtur
e.Thi
swi
l
lser
veassour
ceof

knowl
edgef
ort
her
esear
cher
swhent
heypr
act
icet
hei
rpr
ofessi
oni
nthef
utur
e.

St
atementoft
hePr
obl
em

Thest
udyont
he“
Eval
uat
ionoft
heCompr
essi
veSt
rengt
hofConcr
ete

usi
ngRecy
cledMat
eri
als(
Canar
ium Ov
atum Shel
lorcommonl
yknownasPi
l
i

NutShel
l
)as Fi
ne Aggr
egat
es”
,wi
l
lal
l
ow and gai
n dat
a whi
ch cont
ains

i
nfor
mat
iont
hatcoul
danswert
hef
oll
owi
ngst
atedpr
obl
ems:

1.Whatar
ethephy
sicalpr
oper
ti
esofCanar
ium Ov
atum shel
l
?How doi
t

af
fectt
hest
rengt
hoft
heconcr
ete?

2.Whati
sthecompr
essi
vest
rengt
hofconcr
etewi
thdi
ff
erentdur
ati
onsof

cur
ing?

a.7day
s

b.14day
s

c.21day
s

d.28day
s

3.Whati
stheappr
opr
iat
edesi
gnmi
xtur
eofCanar
ium Ov
atum shel
lfort
he

f
ourmodul
arsampl
es?

4.I
sconcr
etewi
thpul
ver
izedCanar
ium Ov
atum shel
lmor
eeconomi
calt
han
 conv
ent
ional
concr
ete?

Obj
ect
ivesoft
heSt
udy

Ther
esear
cher
swi
l
lconductt
hisst
udyt
oexpl
oret
heuseofCanar
ium

Ov
atum shel
l
sasasubst
it
utet
osandi
nmaki
ngconcr
ete.Speci
fi
cal
l
y,t
hest
udy

pr
imar
il
yai
mst
o:

1.Compar
ethepr
oper
ti
esofpul
ver
izedPi
l
inutshel
lwi
thconv
ent
ional

aggr
egat
e.

2.Testt
hecompr
essi
vest
rengt
hofconcr
etewi
thPi
l
inutshel
l
sasa

subst
it
uteofsand.

3.Fi
ndanopt
imum per
cent
ager
epl
acementofCanar
ium Ov
atum shel
li
n

concr
ete.

4.Todev
elopaconcr
etewi
thal
ter
nat
ivef
in

st
udywi
l
lonl
ydef
ine t
he compr
essi
ve st
rengt
h oft
he cy
li
ndr
icalconcr
ete

sampl
es,
theopt
imum per
cent
ager
epl
acementofCanar
ium Ov
atum shel
l
sint
he

concr
eteandt
hepr
oper
ti
esoft
heshel
l
s.Al
lthev
aluesacqui
redi
nthet
est

met
hodswi
l
lbecompar
ed t
o Amer
ican St
andar
d Test
ing Mat
eri
als(
ASTM)

speci
fi
cat
ion.Ther
esul
tswi
l
lbepr
esent
edongr
aphi
calf
orm.Thest
udywi
l
lal
so

ev
aluat
ethecost
sandcompar
ethef
ini
shpr
oducti
fitwi
l
lbemor
eeconomi
cal

t
hant
heconv
ent
ionalconcr
ete.Thespeci
fi
cgr
avi
ty,
absor
pti
on,
bul
kdensi
tyand

v
oidsoft
heCanar
ium Ov
atum Shel
l
swi
l
lbedet
ermi
nedi
nthest
udy
.

The l
i
mit
ati
on oft
he st
udyi
sthatt
he r
esear
cher
s wi
l
lnotdev
elop
concr
etemi
xtur
edesi
gnwi
thCanar
ium Ov
atum Shel
l
sforsl
absandbeams.

Fl
exur
alst
rengt
hoft
hesampl
eswi
l
lnotbei
ncl
uded.

Si
gni
fi
canceoft
heSt
udy

Thi
sst
udywi
l
lpr
ovi
dehel
pfuli
nfor
mat
iont
othebui
l
dingandconst
ruct
ion

i
ndust
ry,
toengi
neer
s,t
oeducat
ors,
toenv
ironment
,tost
udent
s,t
othei
nst
it
uti
on,

t
othecommuni
ty,andt
othef
utur
eresear
cher
s/pr
oductdev
eloper
saswel
l
.In

par
ti
cul
ar,
thi
sst
udywoul
dimpar
tknowl
edgei
nthear
eaofEngi
neer
ing