1.

HISTORY OF VOLLEYBALL At that time Morgan knew of no similar game to

 Founder- William G. Morgan
volleyball which could guide him; he developed it
 Origin of the Sport- William G. Morgan (1870-
from his own sports training methods and his
1942), who was born in the State of New York, has
practical experience in the YMCA gymnasium.
gone down in history as the inventor of the game
Describing his first experiments he said, "In
of volleyball, to which he originally gave the name
search of an appropriate game, tennis occurred to
"Mintonette".
me, but this required rackets, balls, a net and
other equipment, so it was eliminated, but the idea
The young Morgan carried out his undergraduate
of a net seemed a good one. We raised it to a
studies at the Springfield College of the YMCA
height of about 6 feet, 6 inches (1.98 metres) from
(Young Men's Christian Association) where he
the ground, just above the head of an average
met James Naismith who, in 1891, had invented
man. We needed a ball and among those we tried
basketball. After graduating, Morgan spent his
was a basketball bladder, but this was too light
first year at the Auburn (Maine) YMCA after
and too slow. We therefore tried the basketball
which, during the summer of 1895, he moved to
itself, which was too big and too heavy."
the YMCA at Holyoke (Massachusetts) where he
became director of physical education. In this role
In the end, Morgan asked the firm of A.G.
he had the opportunity to establish, develop and
Spalding & Bros. to make a ball, which they did at
direct a vast programme of exercises and sport
their factory near Chicopee, in Massachusetts. The
classes for male adults.
result was satisfactory: the ball was leather-
covered, with a rubber inner tube, its
His leadership was enthusiastically accepted, and
circumference was not less than 25 and not more
his classes grew in numbers. He came to realise
than 27 inches (63.5 cm and 68.6 cm,
that he needed a certain type of competitive
respectively), and its weight not less than 9 and
recreational game in order to vary his programme.
not more than 12 ounces (252 gr and 336 gr,
Basketball, a sport that was beginning to develop,
respectively).
seemed to suit young people, but it was necessary
to find a less violent and less intense alternative
Morgan asked two of his friends from Holyoke,
for the older members.
Dr. Frank Wood and John Lynch, to draw up
(based on his suggestions) the basic concepts of
the game together with the first 10 rules.
Early in 1896 a conference was organized at the
YMCA College in Springfield, bringing together
all the YMCA Directors of Physical Education. Dr.
Luther Halsey Gulick, director of the professional
physical education training school (and also
executive director of the department of physical
education of the International Committee of
YMCA's) invited Morgan to make a
demonstration of his game in the new college
stadium. Morgan took two teams, each made up
of five men (and some loyal fans) to Springfield,
where the demonstration was made before the
conference delegates in the east gymnasium. The
captain of one of the teams was J.J. Curran and of
the other John Lynch who were respectively, mayor
and chief of the fire brigade of Holyoke.
Morgan explained that the new game was
designed for gymnasia or exercise halls, but could
also be played in open air. An unlimited number
of players could participate, the object of the game
being to keep the ball in movement over a high
net, from one side to the other.
After seeing the demonstration, and hearing the
explanation of Morgan, Professor Alfred T.
Halstead called attention to the action, or the act
phase, of the ball's flight, and proposed that the
name "Mintonette" be replaced by "Volley Ball."
This name was accepted by Morgan and the
conference. (It is interesting to note that the same
name has survived over the years, with one slight
alteration: in 1952, the Administrative Committee
of the USVBA voted to spell the name with one
word, "Volleyball", but continued to use USVBA to
signify United States Volleyball Association).
Morgan explained the rules and worked on them,
then gave a hand-written copy to the conference of
YMCA directors of physical education, as a guide
for the use and development of the game. A
committee was appointed to study the rules and
produce suggestions for the game's promotion
and teaching.
A brief report on the new game and its rules was
published in the July 1896 edition of "Physical
Education" and the rules were included in the
1897 edition of the first official handbook of the
North American YMCA Athletic League.
 Who introduced volleyball to the
Philippines- It was introduced to the
Filipinos by an American named Elwood
S. Brown, the then Physical Director of
the Young Men's Christian
Association (YMCA). It became a popular
game held in backyards and at beaches in
the islands. At first, the Filipinos invented
 their own rules for the game. US soldiers
who were assigned to the different islands
of the Philippine during the period also
helped in the widespread introduction of
volleyball to the Filipinos. These American
military servicemen encouraged the
Filipinos to join them in playing during
their time-off from military duties. Early
in the history of the game of volleyball in
the Philippines, the Filipinos used trees as
makeshift net holders (the net was hung
between the two chosen trees).
 Year in which volleyball was officially
played in olympics- Indoor volleyball has
been an official Olympic event since the
1964 Games in Tokyo. Beach volleyball
has been an official Olympic event since
the 1996 Games in Atlanta.
2. COURT DIMENSION
 The overall area of the court is 9 meter by 18
meter. Equally divided the entire by the net, each
team will the occupy the 9 meter by 9 meter, and
designate that as their court. This 18 meter by 9
meter court is standard across all leagues.
 The playing court is surrounded by a free zone
which is 3 meter wide at all sides while free playing
space shall measure a minimum of 7 m in height
from the playing surface and is free of any
obstructions. For World and Official
Competitions, the free zone shall measure a
minimum of 5 m from the side lines and 8 m from
the end lines. The free playing space shall measure
a minimum of 12.5 m in height from the playing
surface.
 The surface must be flat, horizontal and uniform.
It must not present any danger of injury to the
players. It is forbidden to play on rough or
slippery surfaces. For indoor courts, the surface of
the playing court must be of a light color.
 All lines are 5 cm wide. They must be of a light
color which is different from the color of the floor
and from any other lines, as illustrated above.
 On each court, an attack line, whose rear edge is
drawn 3 m back from the axis of the center line,
marks the front zone. For World and Official
Competitions, the attack line is extended by the
addition of broken lines from the side lines, with
five 15 cm short lines 5 cm wide, drawn 20 cm
from each other to a total length of 1.75 m. The
“coach’s restriction line” (a broken line which
extends from the attack line to the end line of the
court, parallel to the side line and 1.75 meters from
it) is composed of 15 cm short lines drawn 20 cm
apart to mark the limit of the coach’s area of
operation.
 The service zone is a 9 m wide area behind each
end line. It is laterally limited by two short lines,
each 15 cm long, drawn 20 cm behind the end line
 as an extension of the sidelines. Both short lines
are included in the width of the service zone.
 The height of the net in men's volleyball is 7 feet 11
5/8 inches, and in women's volleyball, it is 7 feet 4
1/8 inches. Official nets are 32 feet long and 39
inches tall.
 The antennas themselves are 80 centimeters, 32
inches, in height.
3. BASIC SKILLS IN
VOLLEYBAL
 Spiking Skills- Some coaches would argue that the
most important skill in volleyball is spiking. If you
can't attack, then you can't win. You could say the
object of the game is to get your team a good set to
attack. If you have players at the net that are good
at spiking, and you can get them a good set, then
you'll do really well.
 Serving Skills- Serving tough is very important.
Many beginners make the mistake of just trying to
serve the ball in the court. Once you are able to
consistently serve the ball over the net, start
aiming your serves to different spots on the
court. The area of the court is divided up into 6
zones. Get good at serving to each of these zones of
the court. Also, learn to serve float serves and
topspin serves.
 Passing Skills- Passing is arguably the most
important skill in volleyball. If you can't pass, then
you can't run an offense. It's often said volleyball
is a contest between the servers and the
passers. Serving tough makes it difficult to serve
receive.
 Blocking- is perhaps the least taught skill in
volleyball. Players can get away with poor blocking
skills because not blocking isn't going to hurt the
team as much as being poor at executing other
skills in volleyball.
4. KINDS OF SERVICE
 The underhand serve is used by beginners in the
sport. It is not a strong serve and can easily be
returned by the other team. The player holds the
ball with their left hand, and with the right hand
hits the ball with the bottom palm of the hand.
 The overhand serve is the most common serve,
and can be powerful. It is done by throwing the
ball about 2 to 3 feet in the air, and then using the
right or left hand to hit the ball with the bottom
palm of your hand. If the player is right handed
they will be throwing the ball up with their left
hand and then hitting with their right. It is just
the opposite if they are left handed.
 The jump serve is a very powerful serve. It is very
similar to a spike in volleyball, but in the jump
serve, the ball will go a longer distance. The player
will throw the ball up with one hand and instead
of staying on the ground and waiting for the ball
to come down, they will jump up and meet the ball
 in the air and hit with the bottom palm of their court. An attack line should be placed three
hand. meters from the center line. The center line
divides the court into two 9 x 9 meter courts.
5. EQUIPMENTS

 The Ball- The standard volleyball is made of  Posts and Cables- The volleyball net structure

leather or synthetic leather, weighs between 9 is held together with metal cables and posts.

and 10 ounces and has a circumference of 25.6 Posts are placed 0.5 to 1.0 meter outside the

to 26.4 inches. The ball has a rubber bladder sidelines and 2.55 meters high. Posts should

and can be one color or a combination of be round, smooth and padded, to prevent

colors. Synthetic leather is lighter and is fine injury to the players should they dive or crash

for beginner players. Junior volleyballs for into them. Metal wires and cables may need to

children 12 years old and younger weigh be covered if it is determined that they present

between 7 and 8 ounces. a danger to the players.

 The Net and Court- The outdoor volleyball  Antenna and Side Bands- Antenna are

court measures 18 x 9 m, surrounded by a free flexible rods that are 1.8 meters long made of

zone that is 2 meters wide on all sides. The fiberglass, fastened at the outer edge of each

minimum playing space for U.S. volleyball side band. Side bands are two white bands

competitions is 7 meters. The volleyball net is attached vertically to the net and placed above

32 feet long by 3 feet wide. For women, the net each sideline.

should be 7 feet, 4 1/8 inches high. For men,

 Knee pads- Knee pads should be sturdy
the net should be 7 feet, 11 5/8 inches high.
enough to protect your knees from falls, slides
U.S. regulation volleyball playing surfaces
and dives, but flexible enough to allow you to
must be flat and not present any hazards to
bend comfortably. Your volleyball knee pads
the players.
must be made of fabric that breathes and

 Lines- The playing court is marked by two manages moisture. Good quality pads have a

sidelines and two end lines. All lines must be 2 gel or foam shock-absorbing material that will

inches wide and must be created with a light cover and protect your patella. It is best to

color that is easy to discern from the playing purchase your pads from a reliable sporting
 goods store that will allow you to try them on.
If you have difficulty finding the right fit, have
the store professional measure you and order
custom-fit pads. Popular volleyball knee pad
brands include Asics, Mizuno, adidas, Nike
and Mikasa.
 Shoes - Arch and ankle support is key when
choosing a volleyball shoe. Mizuno, Asics and
Nike are just a few of the popular brands of
volleyball shoes, which are lightweight,
allowing you to be faster on your feet, as well
as bearing good shock absorption on your
toes. Volleyball shoes also provide for better
lateral movement than typical running or
cross-training shoes.
 Clothing and Jewelry- All clothing should be
lightweight to allow maximum flexibility and
breath-ability, as well as made of a material
that absorbs sweat and keeps skin dry.
Spandex shorts are a good option, as they are
flexible, light and absorb odor. Socks, while
not required, absorb sweat and prevent
blisters. Jewelry is not permitted in volleyball,
with the exception of smooth wedding bands.
Glasses must be worn with a strap to keep
them secure.
6. OFFICIATING OFFICIALS
 Scorers- The official scorer keeps track of the score
throughout the volleyball game. Before the game
begins the scorer notes the starting lineup of each
team and notifies the referees if the lineup wasn't
received on time. If a dispute or irregularity arises
regarding the score, the scorer uses a buzzer to
notify the first and second referees. Additionally,
when a substitution request arises, the scorer
notifies the referees.
 Line Judges- At least two, and as many as four, line
judges monitor each game. The line judges stand
at the corners of the court watching the lines to
indicate whether a ball in play falls in or out of the
court. If a server steps on the line during a serve,
the line judge watching the given line notifies the
referees using a flag. When a player touches an
out-of-play ball or if the ball hits an antenna, the
designated line judge also indicates the
interference.
 First Referee- The first referee stands on the referee
stand and controls the play of the entire game.
Whatever issues arise during the game, the first
referee determines the call and the has the final
say. After making a call, no player or other referee
can argue the call, although a formal protest can
be placed with the scorer. Before the match begins,
the first referee inspects the equipment and the
players' uniforms. The warm-ups and the coin toss
 also fall under the jurisdiction of the first referee.
Throughout the match, the first referee makes
calls regarding faults and scoring issues.
Following the match, the first referee notes the
score and signs the official paperwork.
 Second Referee- The second referee works to assist
the first referee throughout the game. If for some
reason the first referee can't finish her duties, the
second referee may take the place of the first
referee. The second referee stands next to the post
opposite the first referee. In addition to assisting
the first referee with determining faults
throughout the game, the second referee is in
charge of all substitutions, timeouts and the
actions of the scorer's table.
7&8. DIFFERENT KINDS OF
VIOLATION / RULES AND
VIOLATIONS
 Playing Area Rules- Indoor volleyball courts are 18
by 9 meters, according to Volleyball.org. Beach
volleyball courts are slightly smaller at 16 by 8
meters. Net height depends on gender; in men’s
volleyball, the net must be 2.43 meters high while
it's 2.24 meters high in women’s volleyball. Net
heights for children and seniors are lower,
ranging from 1.98 meters for females under 10 to
2.43 meters for male teenagers.
 Basic Play- Teams of six players each must return
a volleyball with three or fewer hits, although it’s
not permissible to block or spike a served ball.
Beach volleyball teams involve two players. A
single player can't hit the ball twice in succession,
but she may hit the ball twice during a play if
another teammate also hits the ball. During co-ed
matches, both genders must hit the ball if three
players are involved in a given play. All plays
begin with a serve, with one team sending the ball
over the net to the other side. Players can serve
underhand or overhand. Between serves, the
players must rotate clockwise, or change their
starting positions.
 Scoring Breakdown- Volleyball points basically
come down to you forcing the other team to make
a mistake. The ultimate mistake is to let the ball
hit the floor. A point is awarded to one team or the
other on every serve. Most volleyball matches
follow a best three-out-of five format, and the
winning team in each game must have a two-point
lead. For example, most matches are played until
one team has 25 points. That changes if the score
is 25-24. The game goes on until one side has a
two-point advantage. The exception to the 25-
point rule comes in game five, when the winning
team has to hit 15. The two-point advantage rule
still applies.
 Hitting and Blocking Violations- Only one player other side if a player runs into it during play or
can hit the ball at a time. Players attempting a hits a ball outside of its antennas.
spike, or kill, have to keep the ball inbounds.
Catching or throwing the ball isn't allowed, and a
referee can call carrying if the ball appears to be in
a player's hands too long. During a serve, it’s a
“foot fault” if players step outside the service zone.
Reaching under the net isn’t permissible, and
judges take that rotation thing seriously -- a team
with players out of rotation will lose a point.

 Back Row, Front Row- The court is divided by a

line 10 feet from the net. Players in the back row
due to the rotation can't block or attack at the net.
Players in the libero position, which is in play to
emphasize defense, never rotate to the front.
They're limited to receiving, digging, passing and
setting. The only time a libero will ever score a kill
is if the other team simply misses a ball she sends
over the net.

 The Question of Reaching- Reaching over the net

is sometimes, but not always, a violation. It's not
allowed if the player interferes with the opponent's
play. It's acceptable if the opponent has had the
chance to make contact with the ball. If the ball
would have crossed the net without additional
help from the opponent, reaching is also
acceptable. The net also can lead to points for the