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Architectural Engineering
Division Board
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The Institution of Engineers (India)

About The Institution of Engineers (India)
The Institution of Engineers (India) [IEI] is the largest multidisciplinary professional body of engineers that encompasses 15 engineering
disciplines and provides engineers a global platform to share their professional interest. It also has the distinction of producing the maximum
number of engineers in the core engineering disciplines, thus augmenting the nation building efforts. To promote the general advancement of
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amongst the members of and the persons attached to the Institution. Established in 1920 with its headquarters in Kolkata (erstwhile
Calcutta), IEI was awarded the Royal Charter in 1935. The grant of Royal Charter to IEI constituted IEI as a BODY CORPORATE endowing
its corporate members the status of Chartered Engineers. Since inception, this unique professional body has come a long way in rendering
yeoman service to the nation in the field of Technology, Research and Development, Non Formal Engineering Education, Rural
Development and critical issues such as Global Warming and Environmental Protection amongst many such other issues. Today, its request
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of Asia and the Pacific (FEIAP), Commonwealth Engineers Council (CEC), Federation of International du Beton (fib), World Mining
Congress (WMC), Engineers Mobility Forum (EMF) and many more. Out of 15 Engineering Divisions, Civil Engineering has found one of
the strongest Divisions where Corporate Membership is high.
About Architectural Engineering Division

The Institution of Engineers (India) has established this Engineering Division in the year 1978. This Division consists of quite a large
number of corporate members from Government, Public, Private sectors, Academia and R&D Organizations. Various types of technical
activities organized by the Architectural Engineering Division include All India Seminars, All India Workshops, Lectures, Panel
Discussions etc., which are held at various State/Local Centres of the Institution. Apart from these, National Convention of Architectural
Engineers, an Apex activity of this Division is also organized each year on a particular theme approved by the Council of the Institution. In
the National Convention, several technical sessions are arranged on the basis of different sub-themes along with a Memorial Lecture in the
memory of ‘T S Narayana Rao’, the renowned Civil Engineer, which is delivered by the experts in this field.
In order to promote the research and developmental work taking place in the field of architectural engineering, the Institution also publishes
Architectural Engineering Division Journal twice in a year, where mainly the researches and its findings are focused. Due to multi-level
activities related to this engineering discipline, this division encompasses the following emerging and thrust areas:
* Bio-mimicry in Architectural Engineering
* Green Architectural Engineering
* Fair Conditioning
* Nano-materials for buildings
* Automated Storage and Retrieval System (AS/RS)
* Translucent Concrete
* Fringe area development of new township
* Advanced computer visualization tools for Architectural Engineering
* Architectural Engineering for Civil Aviation structures
* Architectural Engineering for Rapid Transit Related Structures
* National Highways/ Metros/ Monorails/ Maglev for Inter and Intra City Connectivity
* Failure analysis and Retrofitting of Buildings
* Forensic aspects of Architectural Engineering
* Facade Engineering
* Architectural Engineering for Civil Aviation
* Architectural Engineering for Rapid Transit System
* Multiple Functional Aspect of Architectural Engineering
Annual Technical Volume
Architectural Engineering Division Board
2018
Volume II
Technologies
For
Futuristic Architecture
And
Urbanism

8, Gokhale Road, Kolkata 700020
Web: www.ieindia.org
“99 Years of Relentless Journey towards
Engineering Advancement for Nation-building”
I am happy to know that Architectural Engineering Division Board of The

Institution of Engineers (India) is publishing Annual Technical Volume
(Vol.II) on “Technologies for Futuristic Architecture and Urbanism”.
It is really heartening to note that the practicing engineers in the field of

Architectural Engineering across the country have shared their knowledge and
experience on modernization initiatives in urban development in the country. I
am quite sure that the area such as smart building, building information
modelling & management, advanced building services etc. have been covered
in this Volume.
I congratulate all the authors and Corporate members of The Institution of

Engineers (India), who have contributed in preparing this Volume, which
would serve as a suitable resource in their professional endeavours.
Sisir Kumar Banerjee

With the successful publication of this second edition of our Annual Technical Volume of the
Architectural Engineering Division Board on the topic “Technology for Futuristic Architecture
& Urbanism”, I consider it a privilege to convey our heartfelt thanks to the esteemed authors who
have been kind enough to respond to our call and shared their valuable knowledge & experiences
in their respective fields of expertise.
Urbanisation is an integral part of the process of economic growth. As in most countries,
India's town and cities make a major contribution to the Country's economy. With less than 1/3rd
of it's population, it's urban areas generate about 2/3rd of the Country's GDP.
There is no doubt that the magnitude and dimension of urbanisation in India is huge and
widespread and would continue to be such in the years to come.
In order to keep pace with the time, the Architects & Engineers need to be updated regularly
with the acquisition of knowledge & experience in regard to latest technology available within &
outside the country. The complexities of the different elements of modern living demand
involvement of different kinds of specialist right from the designing stage. It has been very well
established that the building of the 21st century involves more of engineering skills than the
designing. This realisation has resulted in the fact that a separate discipline namely
“Architectural Engineer” has been included in the list of professionals dealing with the buildings
in the earlier as well as latest edition of National Building Code, 2016.
As such, there is no scope for hesitation to comment that these articles will be of much interest
to a large section of Engineers, Architects, Architectural Engineers and other field experts for
their references in the professional field.
Once again, I congratulate to our members and all other eminent persons of the Architectural
Engineering Division for their valuable support, guidance & advices in publishing the document
well in time. I am also thankful to the members of ARDB of the Institution for their untiring effort
in bringing out this volume.
Architectural Engineering Division Board
(Session 2017-18)
President
Mr Sisir Kumar Banerjee, FIE
Secretary & Director General
Maj Gen (Dr) S Bhattacharya, VSM (Retd.), FIE
Editor-in-Chief
Dr D K Tripathy, FIE
Chairman, Committee for Advancement of Technology and Engineering
Consulting Editor
Mr P K Maity, FIE
Chairman, Architectural Engineering Division Board
Members of Editorial Board
Mr H K Mittal, FIE
Mr Mahavir Chopra, FIE
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The Institution of Engineers (India), 8 Gokhale Road, Kolkata 700020, as a body accepts no responsibility for the
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Contents
Affordable Designs in a Rapidly Urbanizing Space – Challenges & Opportunities

P K Maity andH K Mittal 9
Augmenting Children-Nature Contact: Introducing Biophilic Design Patterns for
Sustainability in School Built Environment
Sonali Walimbe and Nikita Jain 12
Different Elementsof Vernacular Architecture Used in Modern Homes for Passive Day Light
for Attaining Sustainability and Conserving Energy
Rekha T K 19
Essentials of Traditional System in Architecture
Balagopal T S Prabhu 31
Exploring Transformation of Commercial Centres and Process of Urban Development

in a City: Relevance of Research Work
Sanghamitra Sarkar and Sanjib Nag 33
Integration of Architecture and Engineering in Modern Buildings
Manoj Datta 39
Need for Energy Efficient Thermal Retrofitting of RCC roofs for Indoor Thermal Comfort
Naseer M A and Joshima V M 47
Precastr C C Compound Walls
A Krishna Murthy 52
Rejuvenation of Mangrove Ecotourism at Pichavaram
R Baskar, R B Parvatha and K Edhaya 55
Sustainable Development & Management of Real Estate
P K Maity 64
Trends and Challenges of Facilities Management of Green Buildings of Eastern India
Ashaparava Mohanta and Sutapa Das 67
Utilization of the Concept of Compensated Foundation for Tall Office Building on Soft Soil :
A Case Study
Somdev Pakrashi 78
Valuation of Urban Properties: Its Techniques & Application
Ghansham Das
Affordable Designs in a Rapidly Urbanizing Space –

Challenges & Opportunities
P K Maity
Chairman
Architectural Engineering Division Board, The Institution of Engineers (India)
* maitypk@yahoo.in
H K Mittal
Council Member
* mittalhk@yahoo.co.in
Introduction This has seen migration of population from rural to

urban areas in search of better livelihood and
One of the three fundamental human needs is
improved living. Urbanization can happen in
'shelter', next to food and clothing. The dream of a
either or both of the two ways, that is, by
just society remains unfulfilled if these
transformation of rural areas into urban areas
fundamental needs are not enjoyed by everyone in
and/or growth of population in already defined
the society. Interestingly, people with excess food
urban areas. In the Indian context both have
can share the same with people with less food;
happened, leading to rise in the number of towns
excess clothing can be distributed through charity;
and cities, on the one hand, and increase in urban
even government can arrange for proper allocation
population of existing towns and cities as well as
of food between different economic groups during
total population, on the other. There are in total
food crisis with very limited availability. But
7935 towns in India. Out of these 4041 towns are
shelter cannot be shared in the manner food or
Statutory Towns (ST) and 3894 towns are Census
clothing can be. Hence, Shelter needs to be treated
Towns (CT), the latter meaning that municipal
differently.
administration is yet to be put in place in these
In the above context, the fact that is worth towns and most of which got recently transformed
considering is that there remains a severe shortage from rural to urban areas. There are about 475
of shelter, or, in other words, housing in India, with Urban Agglomerations (UA) in India and 46 cities
the country going through a process of rapid with 1 million population or more, known as
urbanization. With a urban population of 377.11 Million Plus UAs or Cities. While there are a large
million according to 2011 Census, the percentage number of CTs in close proximity to Class I towns,
of urban population to total population of India has many of them are not around the megacities and
risen from 28.5% in 2001 to 31.2% in 2011. there are many more that are widely spread across
Incidentally, slums and informal tenements are the countryside. This appears to indicate that there
estimated at 65 million as per Census 2011. There may be multiple urbanization processes at work.
are various projections of future urban population.
There is no doubt that the magnitude and
According to a projection done by CII, India's
dimension of urbanization in India is huge and
urban population is likely to touch 900 million by
widespread and would continue to be such in years
2050. McKinsey Global Institute [MGI] projects
to come.
that India's urban population could reach 590
million thereby clocking an urbanization rate of 40 Significance of Housing – Affordable Housing
percent by 2030 and the pace of urban growth
MGI estimates that cities will be crucial to
could be unprecedented.
country's economic growth, with 70 percent of
The fact of the matter is that since the process of employment to be generated in cities of India by
liberalization began in 1990s, the rapid economic 2030 and more than 70 percent of GDP (from
growth centered around the cities of India, around 60 percent now) to be accounted for by
especially the big cities or urban agglomerations. cities. More than 85 percent of tax revenues are
Architectural Engineering Division Board 9

projected to be generated from cities. The Government of India in its National

Nevertheless, the cities would continue to see a Declaration on “Urban Governance And 'Housing
large proportion of population belonging to low For All'” adopted on 3rd July, 2014 inter alia
income and lower middle income groups. stated:……And Whereas the total housing
Alongside, cities would exhibit substandard and shortage was estimated to be 18.78 million as at the
non-conforming shelters like slums and squatter beginning of the 2012, and the projected shortage
settlements. It is already there and increased urban is estimated at 30 million by 2022, if not acted
growth would see a considerable rise in the same. upon decisively. This declaration was followed by
institution of the mission called Housing for All by
As vast of human resources for economic
2022 – the year marking 75th anniversary of
development would lie in cities and major
India's independence. A programme titled Prime
investments would be directed to cities, it is
Minister Awas Yojana (PMAY) was introduced
imperative to properly nurture the population in
containing both fiscal and non-fiscal incentives
cities so that human productivity could be raised.
and a detailed guideline to the effect was issued.
MGI estimates that infrastructure investment
This programme, aimed creation of affordable
would need to be to the tune of USD1.2 trillion by
homes, endeavours participation of both public
2030. As appropriate provision of shelter is not
and private sector agencies.
only vital to maintaining human productivity but
also reducing poverty, housing for all sections of Design Challenges – Affordable Housing
people, especially for Economically Weaker
Availability of land may not be that much a
Sections (EWS), Low Income Group (LIG) and
challenge in tier 2 and tier 3 cities, but it is
Middle Income Group (MIG), is of paramount
definitely a huge challenge in big cities and towns
importance. But this poses a huge challenge in big
where the absolute size of population for whom
cities and towns as availability of affordable land is
affordable houses may need to be built is generally
scarce and cost of construction of dwelling units is
high. Moreover, the lifestyle of urban populace,
often beyond affordability of many. This brings us
especially in tier 1 cities, has witnessed radical
to the arena of 'affordable housing in cities'.
changes and which shall need to be taken into
Estimated Housing Deficit account while planning for affordable dwelling
units. For big cities, recourse may have to be taken
In this context it should be relevant to take a stock
for multi-storeyed buildings owing to scarcity and
of required housing stock in India and estimated
thus high cost of land. It needs to be borne in mind
need of affordable houses. The available Census
that affordable houses for economically weaker
data may not indicate enough gaps between needs
and lower income groups may need to be created
and supply, but in actuality, many of the existing
within cities as they earn their livelihood from
housing units are dilapidated requiring
various occupations within cities. In this context a
replacement and many households are living in
recent report may be referred to and which says
congested condition and slums as part of existing
that many affordable homes are lying unoccupied
housing stock may need to be replaced with formal
despite being constructed for the target groups.
housing stock. Considering these factors, there
One major reason for the phenomenon has been the
currently exists a wide gap between demand and
locations of the housing sites being farther away
supply of housing in urban India. According to
from places of work.
estimates of the Technical Group constituted by
the Government of India, the urban housing Land for housing cannot be increased within a city
shortage in India at the end of 10th Five Year Plan or town – be it large or small and thus it is
was estimated at 24.71 million for 66.30 million imperative to economize on the use of land for
households. Further, 88 percent of the shortage affordable housing. While construction of multi-
was for EWS and 11 percent for LIG. If current storeyed buildings could be a possible solution,
backlog continues to be added to the new layout plans for dwelling units shall also need to be
requirement, at least 30 million additional houses saving on land and at the same time conforming to
will be needed by 2020 to meet the gap and most of present-day lifestyles. Cutting cost by reducing
these will be in the category of affordable houses. sizes of dwelling units may not be feasible. .
10 Architectural Engineering Division Board

Another aspect in affordable housing that needs should also need to bear in mind that recurrent
attention is the recurrent operation and costs of O&M pertaining to affordable homes are
maintenance (O&M) costs associated with minimum.
dwelling units. Thus a lot of success in providing
In this context, reference may be made to the
affordable houses in cities and towns, especially in
contribution of Mr. C V Ananda Bose, an ex-IAS
bigger ones, would depend on using low cost
officer, who had pioneered a movement for
technologies in construction of buildings and also
affordable housing using cost-effective and
the same having lower O&M costs.
environment-friendly housing units. He set up
The task ahead is highly challenging and at the Nirmithi Kendra (Building Centre) the first of its
same time laced with a great deal of opportunities kind in the country in the Kollam district of Kerala
for planners, engineers and architects. Given the and which was subsequently replicated elsewhere.
need for making housing units affordable to This initiative was adjudged by the United Nations
majority and also given scarcity of land in cities as one of the Global Best Practices in the field of
and towns, the basic issues in big cities and towns sustainable human settlement development.
would be to evolve designs that would not only Further, the Building Materials & Technology
bring down construction costs by use of innovative Promotion Council (BMTPC) under the Ministry
non-traditional building technologies and of Housing and Urban Affairs, Government of
planning the dwelling units in such a manner that India, deals with innovative building technologies
maximum number of units could be having low cost of construction. What we need to
accommodated over, say, one acre of land without deeply look into is the feasibility of a technology in
sacrificing the basic amenities matching with the locality of project site and also the trade-off
lifestyles of all. The technologies to be proposed with land requirement.

Augmenting Children-Nature Contact: Introducing

Biophilic Design Patterns for Sustainability in School Built
Environment
Sonali Walimbe
Associate Professor
Faculty of Architecture, Manipal Academy of Higher Education
Manipal, Karnataka
* sonali.w@manipal.edu
Nikita Jain
* nikitajk97@gmail.com
Abstract
Children are the most sensitive elements of our society- The planet earth's future. For most of the children,
the real world is being replaced by a virtual one, which leading towards disconnection and lack of
appreciation towards the natural world. Numerous studies have shown that the decreased contact with
nature has a negative impact on children and their well being. The Built environment for children features
a huge range of educational buildings, from kindergartens to vast schools and university campuses in
which children spend over 1000 hours a year. The scarcity of land in urban areas has shrunk the green
spaces within these urban educational settings compared to earlier days disengaging children from
knowing nature and the natural environment. This disconnection with nature may lead to biophobia – the
fear of living things and aversion and alienation from nature as well as nature deficit disorder. Biologist E.
O. Wilson coined the term Biophilia which says that humans have the innate tendency to affiliate with
nature and nurturing this biophilia may help improve the psychological well-being and overall health of
the children. Through increased contact with nature, children can develop stronger conservation attitudes
leading towards overall environmental sustainability for the future. This research paper through literature
studies and a case study of a school tries to show the incorporation of biophilic design patterns in building
a design which can not only enhance the connection between children and nature but also build a school
building which is sustainable.
Keywords : Biophilia, Nature connectedness, School design,Sustainability
Introduction health and wellbeing.
One of the WHO Sustainable Development Goals our modern lifestyles and technological
talks about the creation of sustainable cities and advancements have led to a disconnect from our
human settlements. Sustainability can be defined natural surroundingsand we are forced to spend
as the responsible interaction with the 90% of our time indoors.Being connected to nature
environment to avoid depletion and degradation of and natural surroundings is very important for
natural resources and allowfor long-term achieving people's physical and mental well-being
environmental quality to ensure healthy lives and .This disconnection with nature is also diminishing
promote well-being for all ages.This can be the feeling of responsibility towards protecting it
attained through numerous ways and one of them andmay be one of the reasons for contributingto
is through the preservation and conservation of our planet's destruction.
nature.Many researchers have concluded that an Experiencing the natural world is important
efficient way to promote positive attitudes towards especially in children to develop love and affinity
nature conservation is through direct and concrete towards naturepreservation and
experiences with nature (Turpie, 2003) which conservation.TheBiophilia hypothesis suggests
would strengthen the emotional connection that people have an inherent love for nature and
humans share with nature as well as improve their living things which can be nurtured, enhanced and

experienced..Thusbiophiliacan act as a way to school buildings can support or work against

integrate Nature's own characteristics, principles, children's relationship to the natural world.
and patterns into the immediate environment of
Children and their contact with nature
human beings. S. Kellert refers biophilia as "the
missing link in sustainable design", which aims Children-who are our future citizens, are growing
not only to reduce the harm that stems from the up in a more modern, technological and globalized
built environment but also to make the built world and in the process have lost habits and
environment more pleasing, enjoyable and experiences with their natural surroundings.For
healthy.This research paper through literature most of the children, today's real world is being
studies and case studies tries to understand replaced by a virtual world, because of which they
(a)Biophilia and Biophilic design patterns (b) fail to see and understand the nature around them
children and their contact with natureand leading to disconnection and lack of appreciation
(c)Understanding the school built environment towards the natural world. This disconnection
(d)Biophilia for Sustainability in school buildings from nature may lead to biophobic tendencies
which may make children feel dis-comfortable and
The reviews help in understanding children's
disgust for whatever is not manmade, managed or
connection to nature in the existing scenario
conditioned which also diminishes the feelings
around the world today and provide a conceptual
towards protecting and conserving the natural
framework for the incorporation of biophilic
surroundings. Children are alwaysready to explore
design patterns inthe school building.
the things around them.The experiences a child
Biophilia and Biophilic Design Patterns gets during his early childhood of being part of
nature gives form to his attitudes and values which
Biophilia is the theory that humans have an innate
he would carry forward throughout his life.
or evolutionary-based affinity for nature.They
Children 's play in natural surroundings are more
have a connection and a reliance on nature that has
innovative and inventive in character than in
been passed along through evolution and this
fabricated play situations and found to promote
contact has been proved to be essential to human
physical agility and socialconfidence .Informal
health and well-being. Contact with nature directly
and naturalistic environments are the best for
affects biophilic and biophobic levels in children
children where they self-discover, adventure, and
and also increases their conservation attitude
play.
towards nature .Many researchers in this field have
concluded that human well-being is enhanced Many researchers have enlisted the influence of
through the implementation of biophilic design as being with natural surroundings on children and
it connects people and nature in the modern built views of nature.They aid in developing better
environment. concentration (Wells, 2000; Faber Taylor et al.,
2002), Better ability to inhibit impulses and delay
Biophilic designsincorporate organic design and
gratification (Faber Taylor et al., 2002),better
vernacular design principles to the interior and
coping with upsetting events (Wells and Evans,
exterior architecture-an approach towards
2003),and better motor coordination and agility
sustainability. Instead of academically teaching
(Grahn et al., 1997; Fjortoft, 2001)With so many
children about nature and their responsibilities
advantages regular positive interactions with
towards it, by developing children's biophilia, we
nature will allow children to feel comfortable and
can also develop their love towards nature which
develop empathy with it and grow to love it.
automatically sensitizes them towards protecting
it (Sobel, 2016). Expression of biophilia must be Understanding the School Duilt Environment
triggered through contact with nature at a young
Recent years have seen children suffering from a
age where they start developing lifelong habits
lack of exposure to and experience with the natural
otherwise biophobia may develop(Stokes, 2006)
world around them. and therefore raises concern
Biophilia and its need to be fostered points toward for understanding environmental decline amongst
the importance of studying the relationship children.Schools are developmental organizations
between the built and unbuilt spaces and how where children spend most of their time in a

schoolbuilt environment. School structures can experiencing the resources in site and building
support and cultivate the inhabitant's creative design. The sustainable design attempts to balance
abilities and association with themselves, peers, human needs along with the natural and cultural
and the community. ThereforeIt becomes environments and biophilic design studies the
necessary to investigate how school design impact of environmental qualities such as light,
contributes to these concerns color, space, shape, air, material and vegetation on
“School architecture needs to be radically re- human psychology and physiology.
thought, we need to design buildings and Incorporating Biophilic design patterns in school
landscapes that resonate with our biological and buildings will not only enhance the well-being of
aesthetic sensibilities because the ways students the students but will also connect them to the
experience schools will forever shape their paths natural environment and also help in sustainable
on this precious and fragile planet.” Rena Upitis practices for the school building.The built
Schools can be thought of as a place which gives an environment that is designed considering the
opportunity to reconnect children with the natural biophilic design patterns attempt to reduce the gap
world and create a future generation that values between buildings and the human needs to connect
and preserves nature.Schools help in the social with the natural world.(Sharifi&Sabernejad,
interactions, physical growth, emotional 2016)usingthe survey-based method,reviewed
development, and intellectual attainments of its and analyzedthebiophilic design
students.Children's environmental education principlesthatmet the objectives of sustainable
needs are to be designed to match children's development.
developmental needs, interests, abilities and A sustainable building incorporating biophilic
learning styles.The School building design has a design patterns will feature (daylight, views,
great potential to help children reconnect to nature. connection to nature, ambient controls) to enhance
Implementing the biophilic design patterns can the experiences of habitable
help in designing schools to foster positive spaces.Schoolbuildings can be sustainable by
connections between children and their natural incorporating biophilic design patternsand
environment. The aspects which show the respond successfully to achieve the desired
indoor‐outdoor relationships in schools are experiences.
under‐studied. In fact, there is no empirical The human-nature relationships tend to fall into
research that shows how indoor/outdoor three broad experience categories:Nature in the
relationships in school buildings affect students' Spacedepicts the presence and variety of
connection to nature. vegetation, water bodies, animal species, and
different components from nature within the built
Biophilia for Sustainability in School Buildings
environment. Natural Analogues are objects,
A school has always been the centerpiece of its materials, hues, shapes, patterns,andsystems that
community and, therefore, well positioned to take arouse nature. in architecture and design, these
the lead in influencing environmental awareness. analogues can be characterized as depictive
Incorporating sustainable practices for school artwork, ornamentation, biomorphic forms,and
construction can create an environment that young natural materials. Nature of the Spacedenotes to
students will emulate and carry into the world. different spatial configurations and related
Children in schools not only learn the cultural psychological and physiological reactions they
values but along with it, they can also learn values stimulate. (Ryan, Browning, Clancy, Andrews,
about nature.Sustainability is defined as the &Kallianpurkar, 2014).
practice of designing in a way that preserves the
Table 1 shows the three concepts of categorization
natural environment and long-term human well-
of nature and human relationship, their
being. Sustainable architecture adapts to the
psychological and physiological influence and
natural form and environment and therefore
ways of incorporating the biophilic design patterns
designed for functional harmony with the natural
into school buildings.
resources which encourages sensing and

Table 1 : Various design patterns of Schools

Table 2 : Design patterns w. r. t. natural anologues
Table 3 : Design patterns w. r. t. nature of space

Table (1) summarizes that a space with a good (Mahidin&Maulan, 2012). This paper tries to
Visual Linking with Nature feels complete, it can address the need to incorporate strategies that
be exciting or relaxing. It expresses a sense of time, promote a connection between children and nature
weather and other living things. during their time spent in school.This not only
enhances their health and well-being but also
All these methods will help in increasing biophilic
promotes a pro-environmental behavior. It has
levels in children, reduce their biophobia and
attempted to present the foundation necessary for
hence enable them to build an emotional
thinking more critically about children's
connection with nature which will, in turn,
connection with nature and how biophilic design
improve their conservation attitudes leading
patterns can be used as a strategy for improving
towards a more sustainable earth.
and augmenting the built and unbuilt, natural and
Discussion and Future Directions man-made connections in the built environment. It
is intended to inform a broad audience engaged
The substantial amount of scientific research on
with designingschools and forthosewhoinhabit
the topic of biophilia clearly illustrates that a
schools everyday. It is hoped that this study will
strong connection to nature can enhance student's
allow educators, architects, school
cognitive, social and psychological development.
boardadministrators,and the general public to
The purpose of defining the biophilic patterns is to
visualize how buildingdesignmight be adjusted to
articulate connections between features of the built
enhance student's relationship with the natural
and natural environments.This paper can be
world. Biophilic design patterns need not be
thought as an initial step to explore which aspects
thought as formulas for designing buildings; they
of the school built environment can nurture
are meant to inform, guide and assist in the design
children's biophilia and biophilic design patterns
process and can be considered as another tool in
can be implemented for a sustainable school
the designer's toolkit This study, tries to contribute
building.By applying this knowledge to school
to the scant research on how students respond to
architecture, architects and designers can sensibly
school architecture in subtle ways and how
manipulate space to improve children's
architecture can help them develop affection for
experiences that occur in the built environments.
the natural world.Therefore Architects and
The vital objective of using biophilicdesign designers involved in school building design need
patterns in school architecture is to outline its to design and create spaces which motivate the
attributes and learn about the importance of children to spend time outdoors in intimate daily
connection to the natural environment in building contact with nature. It is only through such positive
projects.The design patterns are tabulated and put experiences in outdoor nature that children will
them in a clear and organized format for develop their love of nature and also a desire to
developers, planners, designers, and architects protect it for their future and later generations.
which can be used as a guide in building design.
References
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children aware of the sustainable practices and the 2. Bixler, R. D., & Morris, B. (1997). The role of “outdoor
benefits from them.The study also reminds us that capital” in the socialization of wildland recreationists.
Proceedings of the 1997 Northeastern Recreation Research
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with the natural world make a critical difference in
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of Biophilic Design. Terrapin Bright Green,LLC, 1–60.
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Young Children. Early Childhood Matters, 48–51.
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Biophilic Design. Biophilic-Design.Com, 1–20. 14. Technology, 9(3), 187–192. Retrieved from
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Empathizing With Nature: The Effects ofperspective Taking 16. Zhang, W., Goodale, E., & Chen, J. (2014). How contact
on Concern for Environmental Issues. Journal of Social with nature affects children’s biophilia, biophobia,and
Issues, 56(3), 391– 406. https://doi.org/10.1111/0022- conservation attitude in China. Biological Conservation, 177,
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Different Elements of Vernacular Architecture used in

Modern Homes for Passive day Light for Attaining
Sustainability and Conserving Energy
Rekha T K
D.G.College of Architecture, Kerala
Abstract
Vernacular architecture can otherwise be called architecture without an architect. Architecture by the
people, for the people and of the people. Vernacular architecture is a term to categorize methods of
construction which use locally available resources and traditions to address local needs. Laurie Baker:
The use of local materials with consideration to local climate and participation of the people leads to a
holistic design approach. India has a long history of varied cultures, traditions, languages, rules and
religions. This has resulted in a multitude of architectural ideas, influences and styles that have developed
from different parts of the country. Natural ventilation and daylighting are two prime elements in building
design. Both are important for providing a comfortable indoor environment and help reducing the amount
of electrical energy and thereby conserving energy used in a building. The purpose of this study is to list
out the various passive strategies used for natural ventilation and daylighting that has been inherited from
the ancient vernacular architecture and how they have found a space and are making an impact even in
modern homes. And as a result how sustainability can be achieved to an extent by conserving energy for
the purpose of lighting as well as natural ventilation.
Keywords : Vernacular architecture, Daylight, Natural ventilation, Passivestrategies, Energy
conservation
Introduction standard of living, the consumption of energy in
buildings are progressively rising. With respect to
The main purpose of buildings is to provide a this context, the conservation of energy in
comfortable living environment protected from buildings through proper construction, operation
the extremes of climate. In this regard vernacular and maintenance practices assume prime
b u i l d i n g s e v o l v e d g r a d u a l l y t o m e e t importance.
environmental, socioeconomic, and sociocultural
characters of the society to meet the needs of the For providing a perfect comfortable indoor
local people and has evolved gradually to meet the environment, ventilation and daylighting are the
changed lifestyle over a period of time. Most of the two prime factors in building design. In the present
buildings during the ancient times are still intact, scenario, where the energy consumption and
which shows these buildings obtained deep depletion of renewable resources is an issue it is
harmonization with site surroundings and had a necessary to follow the traditional methods
minimal environmental impact. The concept of wherever possible. Now the Architects are more
sustainability, which arose during the 1980s, into sustainability and it is evolving rapidly from
evolved very rapidly from an ecologically friendly an ecologically friendly approach to a series of
approach to a series of rather high-tech and i n n o v a t i v e i d e a s . V e r n a c u l a r
expensive responses. Nevertheless, vernacular Architecturethroughout the world is very much in
heritage throughout the world was, and is, very practice and actively participating in the present
much alive and still plays an active role in present society as a measure for sustainability in
society and its architecture. Architecture.
Energy is the basic requirement for the existence What is Vernacular Architecture?
and development of human life. According to IEA, The word vernacular Architecture is very
40 % of the total energy produced is consumed in effectively defined in the book, Built to meet the
the construction sector. With the changing mode of needs, by Paul Oliver. In which it is explained as,

the word Vernacular being derived from there existed a harmony between the
“ Ve r n a c u l u s ” m e a n i n g “ N a t i v e ” a n d environment,climate, building and people's
“Architecture” being the “Science of Building”. lifestyle.
With this definition we can have a very deep
As a result a number of passive solar techniques
understanding of the same.
developed in various parts of the world in
“Architecture without Architects”.It was the vernacular architecture where climate, culture and
building science that evolved naturally by the local materials were the prime factors considered. In
people from their basic needs, with local course of time with the technological advancement
construction methods and techniques and locally people have failed in maintaining the harmonious
available materials. Which have sustained the behavior of buildings, climate and their lifestyle.
ravages of time and passed on through generations. Modern buildings are built in sucha way that they
It has a positive response to the climate, places, are designed with an exuberantly ornate façade
culture, materials and local skills. with super looks and the interiors are made
comfortable with artificial devices. Where in the
Principles of design in Vernacular Architecture
major drawback is that, such buildings consume an
Vernacular Architecture was based on certain enormous amount of energy.
principles and is a result of factors that are,
As a matter of fact a major worldwide concern for
Region specific – Site, landform, topography and conservation of energy has reawakened as a result
climate for the need to build sustainable buildings, thereby
conservingenergy. These have led to the evolution
Culture Specific- Living style, activity pattern,
of “energy conscious building”.
customs and traditions.
Lifetime energy requirements of a building include
Underlying Principles of Design
the energy used in that building right from the
• Axis construction stage to its occupancy and also
include the energy that is necessary to sustain and
• Symmetry
maintain the building throughout its life which is
• Hierarchy dependent on selection of site, orientation of
building, building material, shading devices,
• Rhythm
façade treatments, openings, windows, form and
• Datum space utilization, courtyard planning, skylights,
structure etc. Hence, incorporating these methods
• Transformation
with passive solar techniques will help reduce the
• Form & Space lifetime energy requirement of a building
substantially. The combination of various passive
Vernacular Architecture and Sustainability
heating and cooling techniques in order to achieve
Vernacular Architecture can be associated with comfortable thermal temperature conditions has
sustainability as their common goal is to produce always been visible in vernacular architecture.
sustainable environment friendly buildings that
Principles of Energy Conscious Design
are compatible with the surrounding conditions
and that can be habitable and is adaptable for a The energy conscious design approach helps
considerable number of years. architects and occupants toeconomically reduce
building operating costs, while at the same time it
Traditional buildings had many built in
helps improving the indoor environment quality.
architectural features for achieving comfortable
The energy consumed by a building depends on its
indoor environment. They were built in such a way
use (whether residential, commercial or
as to make maximum advantage of the climate and
industrial), the type of building (air-conditioned or
the surroundings. As time went by newer
otherwise), the interaction of spaces, and the
construction methods and materials came into
climate. It is the duty of the architect to ensure the
existence and vernacular built forms evolved and
design of the built form suits the intended use of the

building and the specific needs of the taking into replacement of stale air by fresh air. It also
consideration the prevailing climatic conditions. provides cooling by air movement.Hence, it would
The parameters of architectural design are based be appropriate to define the term ventilation as the
on need, context and form and the relationships supply of outside air to the interior for air motion
between them. Appropriate combinations of these and replacement of vitiated air. An indoor air speed
parameters lead to savings of energy required for of 1.5 – 2.0 m/s can cause comfort in warm and
maintaining healthy and comfortable indoor humid regions where the outdoor maximum air
environment conditions. temperature does not exceed 28 –
32oC.Ventilation moves outdoor air into a
Passive solar techniques involve methods of building, and distributes the air within the
collecting, storing, distributing and controlling building. The general purpose of ventilation in
thermal energy flow by means of natural principles buildings is to provide healthy air for breathing by
of heat transfer, where there are no separate both diluting the pollutants originating in the
devices for collecting and storing energy, nor any building and removing the pollutants from it. If
mechanical means for transporting heat. They well installed and maintained, there are several
make use of the energy available in the immediate advantages of a natural ventilation system,
environment and produce energy exchanges compared with mechanical ventilation systems.
through natural processes. Passive systems offer a Natural ventilation can generally provide a high
number of advantages thatafford large savings of ventilation rate more economically, due to the use
energy; they are also easy to incorporate into of natural forces and large openings. Natural
buildings at little or no additional cost. Further, the ventilation can be more energy efficient,
simplicity of design, operation and maintenance particularly if heating is not required. Well-
invite interest. Common materials can be used in designed natural ventilation could be used to
constructions and the systems subsequently access higher levels of daylight.
maintained by laypersons. However, as passive
systems are dependent on natural forces, it would Ventilation can generally be defined as the
be incorrect to compare their performance with replacement of stale air by fresh air. It also
that of air-conditioning systems. When rooms are provides cooling by air movement.Hence, it would
required to be maintained at a constant temperature be appropriate to define the term ventilation as the
and humidity, it is still advisable touse supply of outside air to the interior for air motion
conventional systems. and replacement of vitiated air. An indoor air speed
of 1.5 – 2.0 m/s can cause comfort in warm and
In this study I will be further discussing about the humid regions where the outdoor maximum air
passive strategies used for day lighting and natural temperature does not exceed 28 –
ventilation used in vernacular architecture, and 32oC.Ventilation moves outdoor air into a
how they have been inherited by architects in building, and distributes the air within the
modern buildings, listing out few of the methods building. The general purpose of ventilation in
used for the same. buildings is to provide healthy air for breathing by
Ventilation both diluting the pollutants originating in the
building and removing the pollutants from it. If
Ventilation can generally be defined as the well installed and maintained, there are several
advantages of a natural ventilation system,
compared with mechanical ventilation systems.
Natural ventilation can generally provide a high
ventilation rate more economically, due to the use
of natural forces and large openings. Natural
ventilation can be more energy efficient,
particularly if heating is not required. Well-
designed natural ventilation could be used to
access higher levels of daylight.
Figure 1: Ventilation methodology

Daylight strategies are inseparable. Daylight not only

replaces artificial lighting, reducing lighting
Daylighting is a process that makes use of daylight energy use, but also influences both heating and
to achieve some expected lighting effects in cooling loads. Planning for daylight therefore
buildings, such as lighting up a task area, involves integrating the perspectives and
highlighting some objects while obscuring others, requirements of various specialties and
or even totally avoiding its contribution under professionals. Daylighting design starts with the
particular circumstances. selection of a building site and continues as long as
Le Corbusier so clearly identified the importance the building is occupied.
of light in architecture when he expressed the point Study on different passive strategies on
that, “Architecture is the masterly, correct and daylight and natural ventilation in Kerala
magnificent play of volumes brought together in Context
light ...” emphasizing that “...the history of
architecture is the history of the struggle for light.” Case study- Kovilakams, MuslimTharavadu and
(Le Corbusier, 1989). Churches in Kozhikode
It has been found that natural ventilation and From the study of buildings that are as old as 150
daylight should be the prime element in building years what I understood is that, Sustainability in
design in order to achieve effective passive cooling Indian settlements is static and is based on the
and reduce the dependence on artificial means of living practices. India has got diversified climatic,
cooling. Evaporative cooling, courtyard planning topological and vast socio conditions due to which
with landscaping and water features are the most each region has its own unique identity with
common elements found in the Indian vernacular climate base responsive building designs and its
architecture. knowledge in the form of vernacular architecture.
Fenestrations, courtyards,Jalis,Long windows and
It has been estimated that about 40 % of the world's doors, long verandahs,balconies,glass roof tile all
energy is dedicated towards the building sector were the techniques that was used in traditional
(Development 2009).Artificial lighting accounts buildings for attaining the purpose of daylight and
for 40% of the energy used in a typical commercial ventilation naturally. I visited a few kovilakams
building and generates at least three watts of heat and Muslimtharavads and a church in esmeri for
for each watt of visible light. the purpose of studying the elements of traditional
Daylighting strategies and architectural design architecture which was extensively used during
Figure 2 : Floor plans of Kovilakam

Figure 3 : Floor Plan of Church
Figure 4a) : The altar that is well lit Figure 4b) : The Choir area with abundant natural light
with natural light through clerestorey with the presence of clerestorey light.
lights and long windows and roof lighting
ancient times. internal doors & walls, & equipment in

thehouse.
Natural ventilation and daylight were available in
abundance even with the absence of any • Orienting the building to face the east.
mechanical systems. The tharavad homes that I • Extending the building dimension along the
visited didn't have a fan in the hall and it was all east/west axis
comfortable in there. Here we can see that the main
building is planned around a hall, in most of the • Centrally placed courtyard for easy circulation
cases I is a courtyard that becomes the central core of wind and passage for warm air through the
of the plan. This provides with sufficient air same.
movement, day light and natural ventilation and Here we can see that the plan of the church has a lot
thereby conserving a lot of energy on maintaining of windows and doors that are longer than usual
thermal comfort within the building. ones we see today which provide with natural
The planning is done Placement of room-types, ventilation and daylight in abundance, which is

Figure 5 : Working Principle of Courtyard and gables
why the building is still functioning and is intact their major function as well.
and will be so for many more years.
Daylighting is also available adequately in the
Clerestorey windows were pesent enhancing the spaces around it, as courtyard is planned at the
daylighting effect naturally.Bellfry had a purpose central core. The long verandahs were another
of windtower in directly. method of letting free flow of air circulation
throughout the buildings.The relatively static
Few common elements in Kerala Vernacular
cooling system used in a courtyard house can
Architecture used for passive solar techniques
provide the basis for understanding modifications
Courtyards
that can generate air movement by convection. In
In vernacular architecture, they for the central core hot dry zones, air temperature drops considerably
of the plan. The rest of the house is planned on the after sunset from re-radiation to the night sky. The
sides of the courtyard, so that there will not be a air is relatively free of water vapor that would
problem for lighting or ventilation naturally. They reflect the heat or infrared radiation back toward
were surrounded by long verandahs in Nalukettus the ground, as occurs in warm humid
which formed the gathering space for the regions.Verandah
occupants.
To enhance thermal comfort, this phenomenon has
The courtyards of ancient homes played a very been used in the architectural design of houses by
important role in conserving rain water and hereby employing the courtyard concept.
saving water. Rainwater harvesting was one of
Nature is hostile at ground level in these zones,
especially in the deserts. People learned to close
their houses to the outside and open them inwardly
onto internal courtyards called sahn, which are
open to the sky. This arrangement provides drops
in air temperature of 10-20 C° (18-36 F°) at night.
Figure 6 : Kerala Vernacular Architecture Figure 7 : Rate of illumination with respect to time

Figure 8 : Variation of solar illumination with time
This might explain why the lunar crescent as a

symbol of the night sky is so meaningful to Arab
people and ultimately to all Muslims, to the point
of appearing on the flags of eight predominantly
Muslim nations.
As evening advances, the warm air of the
courtyard, which was heated directly by the sun Figure 9 : Windows and Doors
and indirectly by the warm buildings, rises and is
gradually replaced by the already cooled night air
from above. This cool air accumulates in the
courtyard in laminar layers and seeps into the
surrounding rooms, cooling them. In the morning,
the air of the courtyard, which is shaded by its four
walls, and the surrounding rooms heat slowly and
remain cool until late in the day when the sun
shines directly into the courtyard. The warm wind
passing above the house during the day does not
enter the courtyard but merely creates eddies
inside, unless baffles have been installed to deflect
the airflow. In this way, the courtyard serves as a
reservoir of coolness.
Windows and Doors
Long windows and doors were seen in each
building .The main purpose of which was to
provide natural ventilation and adequate Figure 10 : Long windows and doors
Figure 11 : Long windows and doors

daylighting as there were no mechanical systems

for cooling during the early times. In Muslim
homes we could see windows that were foldable
with no grills. They were seen to be as effective as
courtyards.
Long windows and doors
Long windows and doors were seen in Kuttichira
Muslim Tharavad, where the lintel height was seen
to be above 300cm.This was another method of
passive daylighting and natural ventilation. Above
the doors and windows there were colored glass Figure 12 : Courtyards for interior spaces
windows which was provided for aesthetics as well
as lighting purposes.
Jalis
Jalis were another method that was extensively
used. They were used for protection from sun and
at the same time letting an adequate amount of light
and natural ventilation through the building.Here
we can see how well the hallway is lit only with
those jalis present there.
Elements in the modern construction sector that
we have inherited from Ancient Vernacular
Figure 13 : Pitched roofs with verandahs
Architecture
Courtyards for interior spaces–Indian houses in
different parts of the country have adopted
courtyards as a way to respond to the climate of the
region. In Gujarat's Pol houses, Maharashtra's
Wadas and Kerala's Nalukettu houses, this
traditional element works wonders to escape the
summer heat: convection draws warm air out of the
rooms around the courtyard, and they are sheltered
from the hot summer wind called loo. In winter
they are places to bask in the winter sun, sheltered
from cold winds.Courtyard
Pitched roofs with verandahs–Pitched (slanted)
roofs covered with Mangalore tiles of red baked
clay are a common sight in Indian towns and
villages. The reasons for their popularity are
simple: the tiles are easily available, they are an
appropriate response to the climate and their design
uses traditional techniques of execution so they are Figure 14 : Jharokha-style balconies
easy to make. Such roofs are not only suitable for
heavy rains but provide a good height to the interior and welcoming culture of India. A verandah is an
spaces as an added advantage.This kind of roof, intermediate space that opens the home to the
coupled with a verandah, is a physical expression outside world. This idea aligns with the Hindu
of the traditional warm Long verandah with pitch code of conduct of being hospitable to guests. It
roof comes from a Sanskrit saying 'AtithiDevo Bhava'

which means 'Guests are like gods', and is a much

successful vernacular feature that is being
practiced today.
Jharokha-style balconies –This element is a form
of balcony, known as a jharokha, which literally
means skylight. It is a small overhanging balcony,
enclosed by intricately carved screens of wood or
stone.Traditionally jharokas were used in palaces
by ladies of the court to keep an eye on the day's
proceedings without themselves being seen. This
balcony has found many current adaptations
across India in various materials like wood,
marble, brick and concrete .and a carved wooden
railing.Adaptations of the jharokha are used as
aesthetic idea that refers back to the romance and
Figure 15 : Intricate jaali patterns
history associated with it. They add an Indian
appeal to contemporary décor.
Jharoka
Intricate jaali patterns-Jaalis are intricately carved
cut-out patterns in walls or windows. They have
been used in Indian architecture since bygone
times. They filter light and wind into the interiors,
creating beautiful patterns modulating light and air
through the day. In this house, the jaali opens up
into a courtyard, allowing cool breezes into the
house while shielding the interior from view. The
applications have evolved through time but jaalis
continue to create esmerizing experiences of light Figure 16 : Glass Roof Tile
and shadow.
gain and thermal storage concepts. Solar radiation
In the building Pearl Academy of Fashion,the admitted directly into the sunspace heats up the air,
building is protected from the environment by a which, by convection and conduction through the
double skin which is derived from a traditional mass wall reaches the living space.
building element called the 'Jaali' which is
prevalent in Rajasthani architecture. The double Wind Tower-Wind tower is generally used in hot
skin acts as a thermal buffer between the building and dry climates for cooling purposes. The tower is
and the surroundings. The density of the perforated meant to “catch” the wind at higher elevations and
outer skin has been derived using computational direct it into the living space. The air flow passages
shadow analysis based on orientation. The outer in the tower may have equal or different areas. The
skin sits 4 feet away from the building and reduces tower may have only one opening facing the wind,
the direct heat gain through fenestrations, yet if wind is predominantly in one direction, or may
allowing for diffused daylight. The jaali thus, have openings in all directions in locations with
serves the function of 3 filters- air, light, and variable wind directions. A prerequisite for using a
privacy. wind tower is that the site should experience winds
with a fairly good and consistent speed. A wind
Jali in Pearl Academy tower operates in various ways according to the
Glass Roof Tile-Another form of pergola ,which is time of day and the presence or absence of wind.
being inherited from ancient vernacular The cardinal principle of its operation lies in
architecture. This approach integrates the direct changing the temperature and thereby the density
of the air in and around the tower.

Atriums and Skylights Factory buildings are often built with clerestory
windows; modern housing designs sometimes
An atrium is an open-roofed part of a building,
include them as well.Modern clerestory windows
though now it more commonly has a glass roof.
may have another especially important role,
Although the atrium has evolved throughout the
besides daylighting and ventilation: they can be
centuries, the basic design has remained the same.
part of passive solar strategies, in very energy
The word atrium (also called 'cavaedium') is Latin
efficient buildings .They are used in conjunction
and refers to an open central court. Just as the left
with stone, brick, concrete and other high mass
and right atria in our heart are central chambers, an
walls and floors, properly positioned to store solar
atrium in architecture is a central part of buildings
heat gains during the hotter parts of the day –
Atrium allowing the walls and the floor to act as a heat
bank during the cooler parts of the day.
Skylighting types include roof windows, unit
Clerestories – in passive solar strategies – should
skylights, tubular daylighting devices (TDDs),
be properly located (typically in the sunny side of
sloped glazing, and custom skylights. Uses
the building) and protected from the summer's sun
include:daylighting elements used to allow direct
by rooflines, overhangs, recessed thick walls or
and/or indirect sunlight, via toplighting,providing
other architectural elements, in order to prevent
a visual connection to the outdoor environment to
overheating during the cooling season.
interior occupants,sustainable building — passive
solar heating, and with operable units; ventilation
for passive cooling and fresh air exchange.
Clerestorey light and Gable windows
Modern clerestories are often defined as vertical
windows, located on high walls, extending up from
the roofline, designed to allow light and breezes
into a space, without compromising privacy.
Figure 18 : Atriums and Skylights
Figure 17 : Working principle of wind tower Figure 19 : Skylighting types include roof windows

Figure 20 : Working Principle of Skylight and Atriums

Gable windows
A gable is the generally triangular portion of a wall
between the edges of intersecting roof pitches. The
shape of the gable and how it is detailed depends
on the structural system used, which reflects
climate, material availability, and aesthetic
concerns. A gable wall or gable end more
commonly refers to the entire wall, including the
gable and the wall below it.
Figure 21 : Clerestorey windows Conclusion
Vernacular architecture, otherwise known as
regional architecture, refers to the designing of
buildings using indigenous materials, taking the
help of local workers and following local,
traditional practices. Vernacular constructs are a
result of a dialogue between the ecological,
economic and social factors of a particular region.
Vernacular architecture designs for the dwelling
needs of the local people. Through the ages,
effective use of available natural resources and
local construction techniques have worked hand-
in-hand to best serve the native communities.
As an architect I have learned from this study that a
house can be modern, convenient and smart, and at
the same time be energy-efficient, sustainable,
environment-friendly with a touch of old-world
grace and charm by bringing all the good elements
of traditional local construction design to your
Figure 19 : Gable windows brand-new construction.

To produce "an environmentally responsive environment-friendly processes and energy-

passive habitat." should be the working principle efficient design principles makes vernacular
for the designers and architects wherever architecture a good friend of sustainability. This
applicable as the energy consumed in these design style imparts the structure with flexibility, a
primitive tehniques are low and they are way too longer lifespan, energy conservation, waste
responsive to the climatic regions they pertain to minimisation, low-cost maintenance and more.
and plays a major role in energy conservation.
And therefore ,I conclude that buildings that are
Climatic responses-Vernacular construction takes climatic responsive are more environmentally
into account the orientation, planning and layout friendly and this helps in making the building
of the building in accordance with the sunlight, sustainable.
wind, rain and overall temperature profile of the
locale. The correct combination of these passive References
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in high-performing, climate-conscious structures. passive architecture, Solar Energy
Passive design enables human comfort inside the Centre, MNES, Govt. of India, New Delhi, 1999
home by adjusting the heating, cooling and 2. Bureau of Indian Standards, National building code of
lighting levels with the help of non-mechanical India 1983 – incorporating amendments
techniques like conduction, convection, radiation No.1 and 2, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, 1990
and stack effect.When a structure is responsive to 3. Nayak J.K. and R. Hazra, Development of design
the local climate, its thermal efficiency reduces guidelines on solar passive architecture and
utility and operation costs significantly. recommendations for modifications of building bye-laws,
Be environmentally friendly-The local Final Report, R & D Project no.
environment is a key consideration in a vernacular 10/86/95-ST, 1999
approach. This kind of architecture is sensitive to 4. Fontoynont M. (Ed.), Daylight performance of buildings,
nature, and keeps in mind the landscape and on- James & James (Science Publishers)Ltd., London, 1999.
site conditions. A low-footprint home that respects 5. Built to meet the needs, by Paul Oliver
the surroundings before, during and after the
6. Wikipedia ,Google
construction truly abides with vernacular
philosophies of building design. 7. Ongoing projects of Ar.Manasi.P
8. Live casestudies in Kozhikode
Make it sustainable- The backbone of low-tech,

Essentials of Traditional System in Architecture

Balagopal T S Prabhu
Executive Director
Vastu Vidyapratisthanam, Kerala
Introduction of a project to extreme sophistication and 2) by

extreme simplification of essentials in a general
The history of architecture clearly shows that the
code. The detailing was the approach in heriditory
building styles have undergone changes in
craft guild of silpins. The simplification was the
different periods to suit the materials and
approach in the traditional grand master concept of
technology, social aspects, economic system,
Acharya. These dual systems were well developed
cultural contacts and aesthetic values of a people.
and co-existed till the 12th century and grand
Banister Fletcher traces this transformation from
masters compiled the available knowledge in
ancient period, through classical medieval and
treatises likes Manasara Silpasastra, Mayamatha,
renaissance styles to modernism in architecture.
Manushyalayachandrika, Silparatna etc. to be
Today architects are talking about post
passed on to the coming generation as a matter of
modernism. The key factor in post modern isms are
trust. If modern Architectural studies could
two - the structure resulting from high technology
incorporate these essential basic aspects the post
and the form arising from traditional system.
modernism in India can truly synthesize the
Clearly one can see the return of traditional system
evolved traditions in architecture with innovative
in architecture in this context.
technologies in engineering.
What is Post Modernism
Basic Concepts of Traditional System
Modernism was evolved as a revolt against
Shape
conventional styles in architecture. It was an
attempt to evolve a doctrine based on science and Planning, designing and detailing from macro
technology. It was based on rational planning of level to micro level in traditional system starts with
space, optimisted for economy and efficiency. the definition of Mandala. The simple forms of
Hence it had from and expression universally mandala are circle, polygons and square. The
common in all countries. It was characterized by a primary shapes could also be combined to get
negation of ornamentation and escape from complex shapes.
cultural continuity.
Orientation
Architecture however is not born out of universal
A shape in space can be defined in relation to its
ideas. It is matrix of a society, its culture and
location with respect to a reference point. This
aesthetics. Modernism, in this context, had de-
location is classically divided into 8 - four in
humanized architecture. Hence, arose neo-
cardinal directions and four in corner directions. In
modernism to recapture the values of the local arts
a graphic model it could be clearly displayed, but
and crafts. Neo-modernism provided in effect a
in a mathematical model this is to be implied by its
combination of old and new the use of traditional
prime measure. This was achieved by a set of
symbols with advance technology.
dimensional values of Mandala perimeter assigned
What Constitutes Traditional Style to each orientation (yoni). Mandalas of non
rectangular shapes including free forms could be
Traditional building systems were basically
identified by the superscribing rectangle and the
evolved from distant past, and attempted
yoni concept applied to its perimeter.
codification of theory and practices (Sastra and
Prayoga) in oral, textual or craft. Pragmatism was Size
the approach in solving any planning, design,
When the Mandala had the antropometric
construction or renovation project. This could be
dimension it became a Vastupurusha Mandala. The
achieved in two ways: 1) by detailing every aspect
minimal dimension of a Vastupurusha Mandala

was the passive space of comfortable squatting. Its shape grammer having sound philosophical basis.
desirable minimum dimension was the active The creative principles of a shape design are
space for stretching out. The desirable dimensions identified as bhogam (function) saukhyam
of any activity dependant spaces can be derived in (comfort) and ramyam (aesthetic), synthesized
terms of these units. In this manner, the concept of into a whole. Spaces are to have all these
Mandala was given flexibility to cover all design requirements and simple shapes are defined for
situations. this need as square, octagon and circle. They are
combined in varied order to create complex forms
Concept of Grid Analysis of any scale. Any shape could be so generated
Traditional system distinguishes two types of starting from simple shapes by a process of
analyses for mandala in planning process: 1) Grid accretion or from a complex shape by a process of
analysis (pada vinyasa) and 2) Spatial envelope deletion.
analysis (vithi vinyasa). In both cases the focus of Tradition of Silpins
the mandala (nabhi) is identified first. Point
(bindu) is the starting point of the design according In traditional texts any creation is called 'silpa' and
to Pippalada. In the grid analysis the Mandala is the creator is 'silpin'. The hierarchy of silpin
divided into cells (padas). The spatial quality of represents different grades or levels of craftsmen
each cell is assumed based on many considerations working a medium like stone, wood or metal. The
such as, air flow, light, energy, divinity etc. and the conceptual bases of silpi tradition are incorporated
functional areas in a design job are allocated to in different treatises like
these spaces on a preferential basis. Certain areas Vishnudharmotharapurana and
are to be kept open; certain areas are to have semi Vastusutraupanishad. The textual traditions are
open nature, yet others can be covered. Even in the meticulously followed by silpins. A craftsman gets
covered spaces preferential patterns are prescribed initiated into the trade practice at very young age
for activity location. and into the conceptual basis as he ascends to
higher levels.
Concept of Veethi Analysis
Concept of Universality
The scheme of planning symbolic facilities is
based on the spatial envelope analysis. The The principles (sastra) of traditional architectural
essential feature of these facilities is the dynamic system are all derived from philosophical basis
nature, the growth potential starting from a simple (darsana) and its practices (prayoga) are
focus to ever expanding regions. For practical incorporated as eternal duty (dharma).
purposes, the number of enveloping paths may be Consequently the principles are free from the
defined depending on the growth potential of the limitation of space, time and material medium.
source point. Vastuvidya treatises generally cover This characteristic gives it a universal nature. One
the concept of four, five, seven or nine Veethis to can indiscriminately copy the style, fancifully
cover the whole set of design situations. Of these provide interpretation and blatantly misrepresent
the concept of four Veethis is specially applied for the traditional style. This is what is being done
static Mandalas as well and hence colaese with the presently in post modernism in architecture. The
cell (pada) system of Mandala analysis. The alternative is to ardently study the concept,
higher order Veedhis are to cover symbolic understand the theory in the light of practice and
(prasada) uses. imaginatively apply this knowledge. The return to
tradition is not to be taken literally; it is a return
Concept of Shape Grammer from the fashions of style to the philosophy of
The spatial design scheme is evolved based on a design.

Exploring Transformation of Commercial Centres and

Process of Urban Development in a City: Relevance of
Research Work
Sanghamitra Sarkar
Assistant Professor
Department of Architecture, Jadavpur University, Kolkata
Email : sanghamitra.ju1@gmail.com ,
sanghamitra.sarkar@jadavpuruniversity.in
Sanjib Nag
Professor
Department of Architecture, Jadavpur University, Kolkata
Email: sanjibcg19@gmail.com
Abstract
Commercial Centres have transformed in shape, form, scale and function over the years.In recent times, it
is evident that commercial centres are undergoing drastic transformations. These transformations are
creating immediate impact on the urban development process in a city. The objective of this paper is to
understand relevance of research with regard to transformation of Commercial Centres with changing
Urban Development policies. The methodology is firstly to define commercial centres and urban
development and secondly to comprehend impact of transformation of Commercial Centres and process
of Urban Development on each other. It has been seen that process of urban development has promoted
rapid economic development which has been brought about by decentralisation of Commercial centres
creating new building typologies like shopping malls. Such drastic changes have in turn impacted
immediate built environment by creating uncontrolled and sporadic development patterns making it
imperative to understand this phenomenon an utmost necessity.
Keywords : Commercial Centres, Urban Development, Transformation of Commercial Centres, Process
of Urban Development, City.
Introduction form scale and function. Gallion goes on to

classify commercial centres in his book “The
Commercial centre is the centre where economic,
Urban Pattern”(1). The most recognisable types of
social, cultural and administrative services of the
commercial centres in recent times according to
town are concentrated. It is a complex of retail
him are as follows:
store and related facilities planned as a unified
group that offers goods and services for profit and 1. Downtown / Central Business District – It is the
the performance of various financial and office financial and administrative centre of its region
function. Such centres have been classifies into and in some cities. It has become the centre of
various types in accordance to the scale and shape business.
they appear in.The earliest commercial centres
2. Small business district for the satellite
were marketplaces. 'The marketplace has always
community- These type of centres are dependant
been the focal point of the city, a centre for
on the metropolitan centre for administrative and
exchange of goods' (1).
wholesale functions.
In ancient times, cities developed along riverbank
3. Community or regional shopping centres -
and coastlines and formed flourishing trading
These are the outlying shopping areas of the city
centres. From ancient Mesopotamia to the
which contain large-scale service facilities.
souqsof Middle East to Canary Wharf, London
commercial centres have transformed in shape, 4. Neighbourhoodcentres is responsible for 1.

demonstrated in the last decade of the 20th century

till date majorly in cities of Global South
countries. For e.g. Commercial areas of
Chandigarh were originally designed to have a
planned hierarchical order, but in the actual
process they developed in a traditional way apart
from the main commercial centre complex. 'The
shopping centres of the city have undergone
internal and external transformations across the
years; nonetheless the overall character remains
the same.'(Chandigarh Master plan 2031)(2).
Figure 1: Downtown Toronto [Source: Google Images Similarly in China after 1994, there was a shift in
the consumption topology as the country
experienced a substantial economic uplift.
Traditional retailing centres became saturated
with the fast growing commercial activities and
could not support the drive further. This
development caused national retailers, especially
supermarket chains, to increasingly focus on
market expansion strategies in these emerging
markets. The transformation of commercial
centres which has influenced change in urban
form and commercial character of an area of the
Figure 2: Connaught Place, New Delhi [Source: Google Images
city is a product of changes in process of urban
development.
providing the day-by-day commodities for direct Urban development is the process of growth of an
convenience of a limited population. area situated in a city. Historically urban
The transformations of shopping centres from the development has come to symbolise physical,
ancient and medieval markets to the modern social and economic development reflected by the
shopping malls are a reflection of the immediate emergence of particular types of human
urban development patterns of the country. settlements, societal institutions, social and
cultural forms. The spatial aspect/physical aspect
Transformation of Commercial Centres refers to can either be urban renewal on an existing urban
change or alteration in organisational, spatial, area or a new development on a virgin urban area.
economic and social composition of Commercial
Centres which is governed by modifications in The key driver for urban development is social and
trajectory of Urban Development. Such urban economic development. According to the World
transformation has been a driving force in Bank in 2009, economic development has
development of Commercial Centres and commonly been achieved through the process of
eventually has affected change in the physical rapid urbanisation in many countries.
urban form of cities in general. Historically Urbanisation has led to rapid increase in size and
Commercial Centres have transformed from being complexity of existing urban areas and also
ancient local markets to market centres of cities to changed the land-use patterns of cities. In recent
organised retail outlets to present day Commercial times, the advents of globalisation and 'open
centres. This transformation in Commercial markets' have paved way forrapid information
Centres is almost always a result of change in the exchange and development of a penchant to
economic policies and pattern of Urban acquire a global outlook.
development. One of the most prominent policy approaches that
The results of such transformations have been encouraged this global venture was

Neoliberalism. This approach led to open and of commerce and activities, where people live,
competitive market policy driven by increased work, shop and play, meeting needs of economic
privatisation of social functions to achieve optimal production and social reproduction and also
socio-economic development.This has led to become seats of power. Traditional cities were
major policy changes thus resulting in compact often walled cities following a basic city
transformations in the process of urban structure. The pattern in the urban forms defined
development especially in the developing the various functional zones that would
countries like India. distinguish the city type. In modern times with the
advent of modernisation and urbanisation cities
The process of urban development is the path
have expanded at a glacial pace leading to
which determines the direction of future
scattered and disorganised urban forms. Thus the
development of an urban area or a city. This
new cities departed from having a single urban
process can be either planned or an unplanned. The
centre to a multiple centre model. This aided the
planned path of development is known as Urban
growth and prosperity o Commercial centres in the
planning. Various concepts of urban planning have
process of Urban Development of a city.
dominated the process of Urban Development.
The process of urban development results in Relationships
changes in rate of urbanisation, relative increase or
Commercial Centres and Urban Development
decrease in per capita income of the population,
growth and spatial allocation of the population. Changes to any city morphology are primarily
One of the biggest drivers for urban development influenced by urban growth. According to
has been economic development which is Christopher Alexander urban development is a
manifested physically in the growth of process similar to growth of cells in an organism.
commercial centres. The impetus of such With evolution of technological and knowledge
development shifted towards Third World economy, civilisations have advanced in different
countries like India. "The global market of buyers, parts of the world.
ease in cost of production and availability of
The history of urban development in a city is
labour forces has created new production centres
understood by amount of complexity present in
and markets and in turn generated instability by
urban fabric. Economic trajectories of urban
creating various peripheries in successive order. '
development like capitalist, socialist or modern all
The old leaders, which are now small centres in
have distinct influences on immediate physical
Hong Kong, Singapore, Korea, Taiwan, the effort
form of city. Another characteristic of urban
moved to a second circle which includes Malaysia,
development is the natural process of
China, attempts in India, to the Philippines, and
transformation that occurs over time. This can be
Indonesia and starting in a third circle with Sri
though natural progression, in and out migrations
Lanka and Bangladesh' (3).All major urban
or sudden emergency events causing mass shifts o
centres of the world have strived to build a similar
population from one place to other.The existing
image, reflecting trend of becoming global
physical structure and activities are also a result of
villages which tends towards establishment of a
years of culture and traditions followed by its
single global tribe, rather than merely concerning
people.
themselves with individual communities.
Strategicplacement of commercial centres and
City can be defined as an urban settlement which
their ancillary functions have determined their
has a population of more than 5 lakh people. Lewis
importance and gradually established them in city
Mumford Described the city to be the greatest
fabric.Weinstein (1974) postulated three
work of human civilisation. The Latin word for
dimensions as being important contributors in a
city is civitas, which referred to the social body of
conceptual model for the social segregation of an
the cives, or citizens, united by law. Cities have
Indian city.
always exerted immense influence in all spheres of
human endeavour. Cities have always been a These three dimensions were
complex mixture of diverse connections, centres
• Socio-economic dimension symbolised by the

other reasons like globalisation and liberalisation.

Towns and cities are dynamic entities and are
being subjected to unprecedented changes in terms
of requirements of infrastructure and other basic
services / amenities.As a result, tremendous
changes in the basic typology and scale is seen in
case of commercial centres.
Figure 3: Parallel processes of transformation resulting in Commercial centres in earlier times was a public
economic development development initiative. Especially after
colonisation in India, the British Government set
bazaars or central marketplace. up markets as an aid to their flourishing economy
• Political dimension represented by an and trading activities. Post independence, public
administrative symbol. markets were developed both at city level and
neighbourhood levels in cities across India. In the
• Prestige dimension derived from the religious recent past, this public function has increasing
function of a temple. shifted to become privatised and the market
The bazaar or marketplace has always acted as a centres have eventually taken the shape of
hub of economic activity for a city. Since civilised privately owned shopping malls. A significant
society has learned to trade, the bazaar or shift in the process of Urban development has
marketplace has been the hub of all transactions brought about this change. 'The transformations
and interactions for people. As trade and that are taking place in contemporary India and
commerce flourished, the marketplaces Kolkata in particular today are being driven, to a
transformed gradually large scale commercial large extent, by the logic of neoliberal urbanism in
centres. A hierarchy in scale was also introduced. which city services are becoming increasingly
As a result, the types pf commercial centres in privatised, public space is captured or corroded
India range from being Central Business Districts and the desire to (re)build a global city trumps
like Burra Bazaar, wholesale markets and considerations of social justice or equity' (5).
distribution centres like Chandni Chowk, From the above discussion, it is postulated that
Kolkata, Community level shopping centres economic development has been made possible by
which can be traditional like rapid urbanisation which has caused
Gariahatmarket,Kolkata or Shopping Malls like decentralisation of market centres. The urban form
City Centre, Saltlake; to neighbourhood level of the commercial centres has consequently
markets which range from street markets to the changed from local markets to shopping malls.
local corner shop. This market typologies Examples of drastic development drive for
mentioned above also have undergone building large scale shopping malls in the past
transformation over the years due to changes in decade, has made them an important building
the process of urban development of the city. typology to define commercial centres. This has
Transformation of Commercial centres and been a response towards redefining cities into local
process of Urban Development and City development platforms. But on the contrary, it has
led to loss of local identity and transformed
The past two decades have seen massive shifts in development patterns for such cities, giving rise to
the trajectory of Urban development in cities unsustainable development, stark inequalities,
especially in countries of the Global South. The mass poverty and urban sprawl.
URDPFI Guidelines 2014 (4) states that 'since
1996, in India many changes have taken place in Accordingly in this paper, an attempt has been
the field of urban development especially in view made to establish the relevance of research work,
of emerging needs and requirements of urban in a structured and sequential manner. However,
settlements due to rapid population growth and the paper has been restricted only to understanding

the subject matter, their relationships and

formulation of framework or research.
Discussion
Present Scenario
In the recent past, transformation of commercial
centres has become noticeable in cities all over the
world. In China, the cities transformed from
socialist cities to capitalist cities. They focussed on
special economic zones for foreign investment
which le to unprecedented economic growth. Figure 4: GIFT City, Gujarat [Source: Google Images
Currently cities like Shanghai, Guangzhao,
Beijing etc. have transformed themselves to
Global cities and their Commercial Districts have
given them a new image.
Similarly in India, the drastic rise in the
construction of shopping malls have transformed
the economic and social landscape of many cities.
Major regulatory changes allowing single brand
retail to 51% FDI and 100% FDI in wholesale had
an important role to play in this growth seen
especially in metropolitan cities if India. The
number of malls quadrupled from 2006 to 2008 Figure 5: Quest mall, Kolkata within a dense area
and later the same increased five-fold from 2008 to
2013. The change in shopping experience, intervention is necessary to rectify the lacuna and
ambience and spatial qualities have also arrest further such developments.
contributed to shifting shopping preferences for Research direction
the population.
Transformation of Commercial centres has been
The unplanned growth of this mall culture is a stark used as a major driver for alteration of city image
departure from the existing commercial hubs both and attracting large scale investments for
in functions and spatial/physical arrangement. It economic development. With rapid urbanisation
has mostly been in a haphazard manner triggering there has been a trend of planned city extension
undesired development patterns. These have had across all cities in India. These new city extensions
immediate impact on the physical form and especially have new commercial centres which
function of the built environment inviting look towards promotion large scale buildings
undesired trajectories of growth and development. especially shopping malls and related commercial
In recent times, it is evident that commercial buildings. GIFT city in Gujarat, Newtown in
centres are undergoing drastic transformations. Kolkata are some major examples.
These transformations are creating immediate Government initiatives like the Smart city project,
impact on the urban development process in a city. which announced the development of 100 smart
It is also apparent that this impact is mostly cities in India, acts as major triggers for
happening in Third world countries like India, transformation of commercial centres. Strategic
especially in cities like Kolkata. components o such smart cities are retrofitting,
It has also been observed that this phenomenon has redevelopment and greenfield development. All
been largely uncontrolled, sporadic and piecemeal these strategies are about to bring large scale
in nature creating haphazard and chaotic spatial/ infrastructure interventions across these cities
physical environment.In order torestrict further which in turn will lead to development of
deterioration of this environment, immediate commercial centres.This transformation now has

the potential to spread across all the stipulated process of urban development has emerged as an
smart cities. important area of inquiry in the recent years
The retail sector in India also is one of the largest throughout the world as it has become a common
employers of people in the last decade. The phenomenon across all cities especially in the
investment in commercial centres like malls in the Global South. This transformations have impacted
Tier II ans Tier III cities as a result of the Smart city not only the economic development but also has
Initiative is more viable as land is cheaper and resulted in massive physical changes in urban form
there is ample manpower with supporting and character of cities. This has led to tremendous
consumer market. Implications of such social changes which has seen modulations in the
development has not yet been charted and preferred kind of shopping based on experiential
analysed to determine the conducive urban form factors, availability and quality of goods and
of the transformed commercial centres in relation services and accessibility of multiple functions.
to the said urban development process. The research work will theoretically study
transformation of commercial centres and process
In this perspective the said research work would
of urban development in a city and would identify
be undertaken and an attempt would be made to
the related parameters and sub-parameters, would
explore transformation of commercial centres and
identify related parameters and sub-parameters,
process of urban development from an urban
based on secondary exploration. This in turn
design viewpoint and thereby establishing a
would identify the inter-related parameters and
parametric relationship between them.
sub-parameters and would establish a parametric
Based on this further exploration would be carried relationship between them. In due course the
out of similar transformation of selected research work would define the city of Kolkata, its
commercial centres and corresponding process of commercial centres and its urban development and
urban development, in the city of Kolkata, would initiate site surveys of selected commercial
applying the above relationship thereby centres and corresponding urban developments,
formulating relevant guidelines for the future applying this relationship. The analysis from
ensuring desired spatial/ physical environment. observations of the survey would formulate
guidelines to guide such transformation of
The research objectives for such a studywouldbe
commercial centres and related process of urban
as follows :
development in desired direction, in future. The
• To study transformation of commercial centres outcome of this entire exercise is expected to result
and process of urban development in a city. in exploring the subject matter of research work in
a holistic manner, especially with respect to
• To establish parametric relationship between
selected commercial centres of Kolkata, as case
transformation of commercial centres and process
study.
of urban development based on this study.
In future, it would help to undertake necessary
• To study similar transformation of selected corrective interventions, in similar existing
commercial centres and corresponding process of situations, so as to guide them in desired
urban development in the city of Kolkata, directions. It would also help to develop
applying this relationship. anticipatory plans with alternative proposals, in
• To formulate guidelines for future such similar upcoming situations, so that proper gains
transformation of commercial centres and related can be acquired from them. Subsequently, the
process of urban development, based on this study. ultimate outcome would result in improving
overall spatial/ physical environment of such
Conclusion commercial centres in particular and overall
Transformation of commercial centres and quality of life of such cities in general.

Integration of Architecture and Engineering in Modern

Buildings
Manoj Datta
Design Chair, Charted Architect
D G College of Architecture, Kerala
Abstract
“I believe that good architecture is teamwork, but not the work of an architect-only team.”
Renzo Piano.Integrated design is an approach to design which brings together specialisms usually
considered separately. For example, design of a building which considers architecture, structural
engineering, passive solar building design and HVAC. The aim of integrated building design is often to
produce sustainable architecture.
Introduction As the project team leader the architect must

The role of the architect - “Architecture is a encompass the broad discipline of engineering and
science, arising out of many other sciences, and a range of specialized sub-disciplines that focus on
adorned with much and varied learning: by the the issues associated with developing a specific
help of which a judgement is formed of those kind of product, or using a specific type of
works which are the result of other arts.” Vitruvius. technology. Structural engineering, electrical
systems, construction estimation, fire safety and
Alberti believed that the role of the architect is to protection, HVAC systems control, plumbing,
be concerned with the following: acoustics, noise and vibration control, building
1. The construction, which includes all practical power systems, lighting, building transportation
matters of site, materials, of their limitations and systems and air quality control are some examples
human capabilities; of such sub-disciplines. With the technological
development in the construction industry new ones
2. It should consist in articulation, in the sense that are constantly emerging.
the building must work and must please and suit
the needs of those who use it; and Today the term architectural engineer applies to
the skills of many engineering disciplines for the
3. It should be concerned with aesthetics both of design, construction, operation, maintenance, and
proportion and of ornament. renovation of buildings while playing attention to
The work of an architect has always been an their impacts on the surrounding environment. In
interdisciplinary field, drawing upon mathematics, some languages, “architect” is literally translated
science, art, technology, social sciences, politics as “architectural engineer”. The separation
and history, and often governed by the architect's between engineering, architecture and the art
personal approach or philosophy. should disappear to allow the development and the
evolution of a new architectural knowledge and of
Today the most significant development in the new expressions.
profession is the mainstreaming of sustainability.
It is now widely expected that architects will In order to coordinate the integration of all aspects
integrate sustainable principles into their projects. into the design process the architect, or the
In order to achieve this goal it is imperative that architectural engineer, should be able to
Architecture and Engineering are integrated from communicate and use the same vocabulary of the
inception to commission for a building project and various design team members.
even extended to maintenance by professional The submission highlights
facility management for the entire life cycle of the
building. I) Existing Impediments,

ii) Some examples of Integrated Design, sustainable aspects into the design process. The
client is often afraid of new technologies and
iii) Engineering Connection, iv) Conclusion and techniques. Sometimes the need for consultancy to
v) Recommendation thermal analysis or environmental systems
requires additional budget. However, the
Existing barriers to integrated design perception and believe that passive technologies
1. Environmental issuesare usually not part of the and environmental strategies are still expensive
overall design concept and philosophy. These measures is also a cultural problem. Though
issues are simply additional systems for energy admittedly the capital outlay is still more
savings or production or options which are there expensive. But on the long run it has been proved
just to conform the regulations requirements, often to be cheaper.
introduced at a final stage during the detailing Some Examples of Integrated Design
design phase. The problem of integration of
sustainable concepts into design depends mainly Passive ventilation system created by using wind
from the architect's background, approach and towers all along the building to the top. The wind
practice, but it is also a cultural problem, in tower works by creating a pressure differential.
particular regarding the lack of awareness on the The wind blowing over the top of the tower creates
demand side. The architect's background is related a lower pressure than the atmospheric pressure
to his or hers professional education and level of inside the building. This difference in pressure
knowledge on building physics and environmental causes the air to flow naturally up and out of the top
sciences. of the building. Stack effects created with wind
towers is an old concept that has improved over the
2. Some architects believe that technical issues are years with better technology and electronic
servant to the project, they are usually developed controls. Modeling systems have further enhanced
in a second stage of the design, and therefore their the usefulness of natural ventilation through the
potential and integration are not fully exploited. use of a wind tower. Very common in most of the
3. Unfortunately, there are still many architects Gulf Countries.
for whom technical issues are seen as a limitation 1. An open atrium area is used in the center of the
to creativity and freedom rather than a challenge in building mass to create an area for air to flow
the design process. The main reason for this freely. By using this design, the objective is a
attitude is a consequence of their academic building which is architecturally interesting with
education. an energy conscious ventilation system, and
4. The lack of awareness on the demand side is includes day-lighting.
another barrier to the integration of the various A closed atrium can act as a buffer zone between

Figure 1 : Design parameters of building
Figure 2 : Planning of various floors

Figure 3 : Ventilation inside the building
Figure 4 : Dimentions of building design
the interior climate and the outside climate. More human comfort levels and expels energy when the
control over the temperature of the used space is temperature drops.
gained when using a closed atrium and the cost is
Benefits:Flat slabs can be designed with a good
lower. Concrete can be used because of its ability
surface finish to the soffit, allowing exposed
to collect and hold energy more efficiently than
soffits to be used. This allows exploitation of the
other materials such as metals. This is another way
building's thermal mass in the design of heating,
that the HVAC system may be integrated into the
ventilation and cooling requirements, increasing
architectural design of the building.
energy efficiency.
Hollow-core slabs
Construction
Another system used to create natural ventilation is
Construction of flat slabs is one of the quickest
the hollow flooring used on the second, third and
methods available. Lead times are very short as
fourth floors. These flooring systems allow
this is one of the most common forms of
additional natural airflow through the mass of the
construction.
building.Also used in buildings are materials that
absorb energy when the temperature exceeds Procurement

Figure 5 : HVAC method
Flat slabs are particularly appropriate for areas

where tops of partitions need to be sealed to the
slab soffit for acoustic or fire reasons. Flat slabs are
considered to be faster and more economic than
other forms of construction, as partition heads do
not need to be cut around downstand beams or ribs.
Mechanical Engineering.
Flat slabs provide the most flexible arrangements
for services distribution as services do not have to
divert around structural elements.
Figure 6 : HVAC machinery
Figure 7 : HVAC technique

Hollow core Concrete Walls
Because this is one of the most common forms of
construction, all CONSTRUCT members and Choices in integrated design are based on many
many other concrete frame contractors can factors. The first of the factors is based on the
undertake this work. owner's needs, wants and support. The owner
determines the budget, massing, orientation and
Cost, whole life cost, value operating costs of the building among many other

features. Another factor is the systems that were space. These principles highlight some of the most
used in the past. An owner may be more inclined to informative ideas found within Acoustics and
use what has been chosen in the past, rather than Sound Systems in Architectural Design for best
selection a more innovative building. aural experience.
Glazing: The glazing used can differ based on the 1) Watch out for Sound Reflections. Straight
needs of the building. General glazing can be a surfaces reflect sounds back into the central space
simple double pane window with a low-e coating. making sound clarity muddy.
Factors that change what glazing is used can be the
2) select acoustical treatment carefully. Different
aesthetics needed or the light and heating that
materials absorb sound frequencies differently.
needs to be allowed or reflected from the building.
Make sure your acoustical treatments are
Heat gain versus heat loss can change the coating
absorbing the right sound frequencies.
options or insulating gap of the glazing.
3) diminish echoes when necessary. Be aware that
Control of Climate: Integration can be controlled
sounds traveling within 30 milliseconds of each
automatically, manually or a hybrid of the two. If it
other are perceived without echo. Sounds traveling
is controlled automatically, the system is
after the 30 millisecond threshold become echoes
monitored by a computerized detection system.
of the original sound.
This system monitors a building according to
zones and can open and close vents and windows 4) don't let other building systems get in the way.
according to ventilation needs. A manually Noise control is important to keep in check as other
controlled system allows freedom of those inside building systems (like hvac systems) operate.
to open and close windows freely. A hybrid system Keep such clashing noises to a minimum.
can have controls such as a display showing when
5) keep objects or other obstructions out of the
the windows can be opened and closed yet still
way. Objects that obstruct a sound path can block
allows for the inhabitants to override the
high frequency sounds. (low frequency sounds can
suggestions made by the computer.
bend around objects.)
Integrated design refers to the use of multiple
6) get good pattern control. Make sure sound
building systems working together. In our case the
systems for a room get good sound coverage. This
integrated design refers to the functionality of the
will prevent feed-back and other sound distortions.
engineering aspect working in conjunction with
the architectural appeal and usefulness of the 7) for out-of-the-way listening areas get
building. distributed sound systems. Such “delay-fill”
speakers operate with an electronic delay so the
Acoustics
sound matches and is synchronized.
Architectural acoustics (also known as room
In the end, it is important to make sure that the
acousticsand building acoustics) is the science and
architectural acoustics match the architectural
engineering of achieving a good sound within a
function and aesthetic value of a particular project.
building and is a branch of acoustical engineering.
I remember visiting a hospital where the tv sound
Architectural acousticdesign is usually done by
was obstructed by an hvac vent. That simple sound
acoustic consultants.
collision can make for quite an uncomfortable
Architectural design requires that acoustics be hospital stay. Similarly, you should make certain
well thought out and coordinated. The sound that sound travels only when you want it to. Office
spectrum must remain clear without portions conversations that needlessly travel to employee
distorted or missing. Architectural design requires office spaces can be quite a distraction.
that acoustics be well thought out and coordinated.
Involve your acoustician early and coordinate
The sound spectrum must remain clear without
design efforts to avoid uncomfortable and
portions distorted or missing.
sometimes painful aural sensations. Architectural
The following are 7 additional design tips to acoustics are important beyond auditoriums,
achieve the best architectural acoustics within a theaters and religious spaces.

Figure 8 : HTC wall design
Figure 9 : Acoustics of walls

members of the design, and specify the electrical,
Example heating, ventilation, air conditioning and
Sealing flanking paths in wall partitions is a plumbing systems. One way that engineers and
critically important factor in controlling architects communicate their ideas to each another
transmission. An adequate bead of acoustical is through blueprints, or technical drawings.
sealant should be applied to both outside edges of The two main designers of a building are the
the floor, ceiling and intersection tracks (left). architect and the engineer. This may seem a bit
Integrated design refers to the use of multiple confusing at first, as the roles and responsibilities
building systems working together. In our case the of engineers and architects are not clear cut and
integrated design refers to the functionality of the overlap a bit. Let's try to clear things up, starting
engineering aspect working in conjunction with off with things that we know.
the architectural appeal and usefulness of the What is an engineer? An engineer is a person who
building. designs and builds things for the benefit of society.
Engineering Connection Engineers use math and science to design and
build structures, equipment and processes.
The responsibilities of engineers and architects
often overlap. Both professions are integral to the What is an architect? An architect is a person who
design and construction of structures, such as develops the creative designs for buildings or
buildings and bridges. Architects design the space structures. So, the jobs of an engineer and
to meet client needs, as well as the aesthetic architect, although similar, vary in some details.
appearance of the inside and exterior of the How do architects and engineers work together?
building. The architect is more concerned with the look of
Engineers' main responsibility is to ensure the the structure, whereas the engineer is primarily
design is safe and meets all appropriate building concerned with the safety and functionality of the
codes. Engineers concern themselves with making structure. The engineer figures out which
buildings safe and functional by selecting materials to use and how to safely construct the
structural materials, determining the structural building the architect has envisioned. Skyscrapers

are a good examples. particular regarding the fundamental

understanding of the relations and dynamics
The Canterbury earthquakes and the more recent
between the building and the local environmental
Wellington earthquake have led to a professional
conditions. This should be encouraged already by
rethink about the way architects and engineers
teachers and architectural course programes and
work together. The clear lesson to emerge is that
methods during the professional education.
architects and engineers need to collaborate better
in the early stages of building projects. An Recommendations for improved collaboration
architect designing a building and then saying to
For engineers
an engineer: “Now make it work”, isn't good
enough, and risks mediocrity or worse. At the 1. Appreciate that architectural design involves a
extreme, if the collaboration between architect and synthesis of a very wide range of different
engineer is poor, the results can be dangerous. criteria, and is iterative and therefore different
from engineering design.
In its report, the Canterbury Earthquakes Royal
Commission said: “A structural Chartered 2. Contribute as constructively as possible to the
Professional Engineer should be engaged at the design team in the expectation that early concept
same time as the architect for the design of a design solutions will need developing, refining
complex building”. and in some cases reworking.
Conclusions 3. Look beyond conventional solutions for
innovation that could better the project, all the
1. Architecture is still the art and science of
while both maintaining core engineering
designing buildings and structures; it is the design
requirements and acknowledging areas of possible
of the built environment, from urban design to
compromise.
construction details. Architectural design involves
the manipulation of mass, space, volume, texture, 4. Understand the desired architectural concepts
light, shadow, materials, program and other and qualities before suggesting solutions.
elements in order to achieve an end which is
5. When in the role as lead consultant, such as on
functional, aesthetic and of high quality.
a seismic retrofitting project, recommend the
2. To consider environmental issues optional or an client engages an architect at the pre-
addition to the architectural project is a poor design/concept design stage.
approach and will not lead to an integrated design
For architects
solution. Designing with an integrated approach
means to exchange knowledge and work in 1. Initiate collaboration as early as possible
collaboration 1. with a multi-disciplinary team, by engaging a structural and other engineers at the
from the consultant or specialist to the client or pre-design/concept design stage for the best
final occupant, working together aiming at project outcome.
developing a design that reaches mutual goals.
2. Match an engineer's expertise and experience
3. The architect plays usually the role of the with the complexity of the project.
coordinator and should therefore have a holistic
3. When leading a design team, cultivate an open
and integrated approach. He is expected to
and trusting culture to facilitate knowledge
dominate the appropriate basic language of each
sharing, and encourage a 'best for the project'
specialist in the design team in order to
consensus approach.
communicate and perform well his role as leader.
Integrated building design is a dynamic process 4. Facilitate communication with and between
which looks holistically at all architectural design team members so that all contribute fully
dimensions. and are satisfied with and take responsibility for
the solutions at each design stage of the project.
4. Existing barriers to an integrated approach in
the design process are primarily related to the 5. Increase understanding of structural and non-
architect's education and level of knowledge in structural seismic design issues

Need for Energy Efficient Thermal Retrofitting of RCC

roofs for Indoor Thermal Comfort
Naseer M A
Associate Professor
Joshima V M
Research Scholar
Department of Architecture and Planning
National Institute of Technology Calicut
Abstract
Energy efficient retrofit represents an opportunity to improve the energy performance and lower the
environmental impact of an existing housing stock. Thermal retrofit of the existing buildings is an
effective and economical solution to improve the environmental performance of the building, to reduce
the energy use and to provide comfortable interiors. A major source of heat ingress into buildings located
in tropical climates is through their roofs. An energy efficient thermal retrofit of the existing roofs can
bring significant reduction of cooling load and its related electricity use. This paper illustrates the existing
scenario of the housing stock of Kerala in terms of its physical structure and energy consumption profile. A
case study conducted in three residential buildings with RCC roof slabs reveals the indoor thermal
comfort conditions in these houses. Importance and benefits of thermally retrofitting the RCC roof slabs
of existing individual houses are discussed.
Keywords : Energy efficient, Thermal Retrofit, RCC roofs, Energy Consumption, Thermal comfort.
Introduction carried forward to arrive upon the most energy

Improving the performance of the existing efficient solution to roof retrofitting .
building stock is identified to be of great potential CBERD, CEPT Ahmedabad has been conducting
for energy and cost-efficiency. Many Government extensive experimental study on cool roof
and International organisations have considered techniques and its characterization.CBRI Roorkee
energy efficiency of existing buildings to be an explored the effectiveness of green roof retrofit in a
important part of their policy making. In India, composite climate using a prefab brick panel
buildings are responsible for one third of the total roofing technique which brings in considerable
energy consumption and projected to grow higher reduction in annual energy consumption in a very
in coming years. Several green programmes like cost-effective way.
GRIHA, BEE star rating, ECBC standards and
LEED give importance to energy efficiency of the This paper illustrates the scenario of existing
new and existing building stock. Since these housing stock of Kerala and the potential for
programmes are of voluntary nature, less energy efficient thermal retrofit.
awareness about the potential of incorporating Background
green construction exists among the people.
Kerala is located towards the south west tip of
Thermal retrofit of existing building envelopes is Indian subcontinent and is characterised by
being explored in different research institutions of tropical warm humid climate. Annual climatic
the country. Prof. B. Bhattacharjee, IIT Delhi conditions of Kerala can be classified underthree
engages in the area of research on roof retrofit. He major heads, namely summer period from March
quotes roof as the critical component of building to May, Monsoon from June to November and
envelope with high significance on heat ingress to Winter from December to February. Throughout
indoors due to solar radiation and exposure to other the year,low diurnal variation, high humidity and
environmental conditions. Development of heavy rainfall define the prevailing climatic
Energy Efficient Retrofitting (EER) Tool is being conditions.

Figure 1: Predominant roof type in Kerala

Source: Census Data of India 2011
Figure 3: Age distribution of Dwelling units

Source: National Sample Survey 69th round 2010
Data related to the existing housing stock of Kerala

was obtained from the Census Data of India 2011,
NSS Socio-Economic survey 69th round
2012,24x7 PFA (2016) and KSEB Power system
statistics 2016-17.
Figure 2 : Predominant roof type in Kerala
Source: Census Data of India 2011 Census data of India reveals that of the total
1,12,17,853 surveyed buildings in Kerala, 76.8%
Vernacular residential architecture of Kerala was are used for residential purposes. Fig.1 and2 shows
highly regarded because of its climate responsive that the predominant roof type of the residential
features that employed passive strategies to buildings is concrete and flooring type is cement.
condition the indoor environment. Characteristics 49% of the total residential buildings of Kerala has
of a traditional house of Kerala was the heavy concrete roofs, 61% has cement floors and main
pitched roof made of timber frames and covered material for the construction of walls is stones and
with terracotta tiles. These roofs were a major burnt bricks.. Fig. 3 displays the age of the
element of climate control technique, with very dwelling units per thousand distribution and
low thermal mass and allowance for ample natural clearly shows that 74% of the houses are of the age
ventilation to take away the radiant and convective less than 20 years with another 30 years of building
heat inflow. In the contemporary residential life and hence can benefit from retrofitting through
buildings, RCC roofs are being usedextensively reduced maintenance cost, better comfort
owing to their ease of construction, low conditions and reduced energy cost. . Large
maintenance cost, availability, cost-effectiveness number of independent houses when compared to
compared to timber roofs, pest resistance and residential flats, indicates that more roof areas will
natural calamity resistance. But they result in be exposed to direct solar radiation and any
uncomfortable indoor conditions due to the high improvement in the performance of roof can bring
radiant heat being discharged into the interiors significant improvement in the indoor thermal
because of its high thermal storage mass. comfort conditions. This improvement will be
more beneficial for spaces directly below the
Physical standing of existing housing stock in
exposed roof, which in this case would bethe single
Kerala

and related power requirements in next 10-15

years. As estimated by a Governmental agency,
the current electricity consumption/ household/
day is 3.32 units and is expected to increase to 4.5
units/day by 2020 after electrifying the
unelectrified and newly constructed houses.
Case study of Thermal Comfort conditionsin
residential buildings
Three contemporary houses located in the Calicut
district of Kerala were selected to do a study on the
indoor thermal comfort conditions. Outdoor
temperature, indoor temperature and globe
temperature were monitored inside the bedroom
situated on the top floor of the residences. All three
residences had RCC roof slab with covering
materials. Case 1 represents RCC roof slab with
tile covering, Case 2 represents RCC roof with
Figure 4: Break-up of house types

Source: National Sample Survey 69th round 2010
storied houses and the top floors of the multi-

storied houses.
Energy consumption profile of the existing
buildingsin Kerala
Residential sector of Kerala is increasingly
adopting high electricity consuming means to
provide indoor comfort conditions. As per Kerala
State Electricity Board (KSEB) the annual power Figure 8: Thermal comfort conditions- Case study 1
requirements of the state has grown over 75% in
the last ten years; as shown in Fig.5 below. Fig. 6
shows that the highest share, 51.14% of the total
electricity sale is consumed by the residential
sector. Another important trend is the monthly
electricity demand and consumption(Fig.7), which
clearly illustrations that the electricity
consumption is at its peak during the summer
months in Kerala, from March to May. This high
electricity consumption during summer months
can be attributed to the increasing use of air
conditioners for indoor comfort. Report from
Lawrence Berkeley National Lab (LBNL, US)
backs this assumption, and quotes India to witness
an explosion in the sales of room air conditioners Figure 9: Thermal comfort conditions- Case study 2

capacity and high time lag of RCC roof slab which

stores heat when exposed to solar radiation and
radiates it after a time gap of three to four hours,
making the indoor temperature high throughout
the day. In the absence of adequate natural
ventilation, this radiative heat accumulates inside
the room and results in increase in air temperature
and causes other surfaces to have higher
temperature.
Initiatives by Kerala Government for Energy
Efficient Retrofitting
Kerala state government has already initiated
various policies to promote and create awareness
Figure 10 : Thermal comfort conditions- Case study 3 about energy efficient building construction and
retrofitting. Various activities are implemented
shingles covering and last Case 3 represents RCC throughAgency for Non-conventional Energy and
roof with Aluminium sheet covering. Rural Technology(ANERT) and Energy
Indoor thermal comfort conditions were plotted Management Centre (EMC). Government of
using the CBE thermal comfort tool developed by Kerala has identified Demand Side Management
University of Berkeley considering adaptive (DSM) as an affordable method to reduce energy
thermal comfort model with reference to consumption.Table 1 lists down some of the
ASHRAE 55. Fig. 8, 9 and 10 represents the energy efficient building policies by the Kerala
comfort conditions of three case studies at four state government.
different times of the daytaken at an interval of 6 Importance of Thermal Retrofit of RCC roofs
hours.
The main source of greenhouse gas emission from
The graph evidently shows that the conditions buildings is the energy consumed for its operation
inside the bedroom is too warm and and maintenance. Retrofitting for improving the
discomfortable throughout the day and night. This thermal performance of RCC roofs has
condition occurs due to the high thermal storage environmental, economic and social benefits.
Table 1: Energy Efficient Building Policies by the Kerala State

Building sector has been identified with immense of the building roof and can bring in significant
potential for delivering long term and significant cost and environmental benefits.
reduction in greenhouse gas emissions. A thermal
References
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future. Economic benefits arise from the reduced Energy Efficiency Retrofitting Building Roof for Energy
capital investment for retrofitting when compared Efficiency, in 71st RILEM Annual Week & ICACMS 2017,
Chennai, 2017, no. September.
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comfort and satisfaction in these buildings are 4. A. Kumar and B. M. Suman, Experimental evaluation of
insulation materials for walls and roofs and their impact on
another important social benefit. Significant indoor thermal comfort under composite climate, Building
improvement in the indoor quality can be assured and Environment, vol. 59, pp. 635–643, Jan. 2013.
through sustainable retrofit techniques. 5. A. S. Dili, M. A. Naseer, and T. Zacharia Varghese, Passive
Conclusion control methods for a comfortable indoor environment:
Comparative investigation of traditional and modern
In buildings of tropical warm humid climates heat architecture of Kerala in summer, Energy and Buildings, vol.
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ult.aspx. [Accessed: 04-Sep-2018]
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interiors through the roofs of existing buildings. It 7. Department of Economics and Statistics Kerala, 69th
Round of National Sample Survey.pdf. p. 21, 2012.
reduces the cost and wastage incurred if the
building were to be demolished and rebuilt as an 8. K. S. E. B, Power System Statstics, p. 15, 2017.
energy efficient building. The review of the current 9. World's Hottest Market: Air Conditioners For India And
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the indoor environment comfortable. Thermal 10. P. Goyal, 24X7 POWER FOR ALL, Minister of
retrofit of RCC roofs of individual residences can State(Independent Charge) for Power, Coal and New &
reduce heat ingress through the roof and provide Renewable Energy, February, 2016.
comfortable interior conditions without the use of 11. CBE Thermal Comfort Tool for ASHRAE-55. [Online].
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these buildings for indoor conditioning can be Oct-2018].
considerably reduced through better performance

Precastr C C Compound Walls

A Krishna Murthy
Former Engineer-in-Chief
Irrigation Department, Govt of Telangana
Introduction
From times immemorial we have been building
compound walls to protect our properties from
trespass by animals, encroachment by neighbors,
enemies etc.
The earliest compound walls built were with
random rubble stones loosely packed. These we
remainly built to protect our fields from trespass by
animals. Later they were improved by constructing
walls in Random Rubble / Coarse Rubble Stone
masonry. These R. R / C R S walls we rebuilt
initially in mud mortar. Later they were built in
lime mortar and after the invention of cement they
were built in cement mortar. Figure 3: Coarsed Rubble Stone Masonry
The photographs of all these types of compound

walls are shown below in Figures 1-4.
Figure 4: Brick Masonry (CRS)

Figure 1: Random Rubble Wall (RR)
The RR/ CRS masonrycompound wallswill be 18
to 24 inches wide. Hence they are occupying
considerable ground space, especially in
residential buildings. Hence in residential building
they were replaced by Brick Masonry compound
walls which are generally 9’’ to 14’’ wide
occupying lesser space than RR / CRS masonry
walls.
The RR/CRS masonry walls are generally finished
with pointing. But the Brick Masonry walls
require plastering / painting which is a costly
affair. The types various walls being constructed
Figure 2: Random Rubble Masonry

Figure 5: Key Drawing
Figure 9: Finished Compound wall

Figure 6: Fixing of Vertical posts
Figure 10: Decorated wall

Figure 7: Fixing of Horizontal panels
Figure 8: Completed wall Figure 11: Architectural wall

on show in Figures 5-11. d) They can be completed in very short time as the
precast elements are readily available in the
The RR/CRS masonry walls are costlier than Brick
market being manufactured and supplied by many
Masonry walls because of the quantity involved
local firms.
due to higher thickness.
e) Architectural features can also be incorporated
Incase if the wall is to be shiftedor realigned for
on the panels to add beauty.
any reason, the total wall should be dismantled and
rebuilt. In such cases the RR/CRS stones can be f) Pre cast compound wall can be dismantled and
reused , but bricks from brick masonry walls re-erected at a new location without any much loss
demolished cannot be reused. of material.
The concept of building compound walls with The precast RCCcompound wall consists of RCC
precast RCCelements has come into use very vertical posts of size 6”x6” andheights ranging
recently and it is picking up well due to various from 5 to7ft,with groves on either side to insert
advantages detailed below. horizontal panels
a) The cost of these precast elements put together This vertical post is fitted into ground ina pit of
is around Rs 100/ sq.ft. of wall area, which is size 2'x2'x2' and filled with concrete all around to
highly economical when compared to the hold it firmly into the ground.
conventional construction using bricks, stones.
The horizontal elements will be of 1' wide, 5to10ft
b) The space occupied by the precast wall is only long and 75 mm thick made of RCC. These plates
75 mm when compared to 230 mm required for will be inserted in the grooves of the vertical posts
brick wall. till the required height is reached as shown the
photographs below.The gaps in the vertical
c) No separate plastering is needed for the precast
grooves and joints in the horizontal panels will be
compound walls.
neatly finished with cement mortar.

Rejuvenation of Mangrove Ecotourism at Pichavaram

R Baskar
Associate Professor, AnnamalaiUniversity
R B Parvatha
Architect
K Edhaya
Asst.Professor, PeriyarManiammai Institute of Science & Tech
* rbparvatha@gmail.com
Abstract
The main aim of the project is to develop Pichavaram as an eco-tourist recreational space and also increase
the economic standards of people through sustainability. This project focuses to instigate an ecologically
sensitive architecture, which serves to replenish the mangrove cover and to provide Low Environmental
impact and Green design through sustainability. Modification of the limiting factors would result in
detrimental effects to the mangrove forest ecosystem. It can accommodate resort development with
sustainable technology, when proper site planning and small-scale architecture are introduced into the
ecosystem in Pichavaram. This project dealt with the present condition of Pichavaram and future
development needed without affecting the natural ecological system. Rejuvenation of mangrove
ecotourism at Pichavaram is identified and focused towards sustainability. Considering the sensitivity of
the Pichavaram area many factors are included in this project.
Keywords : Ecology, Eco-tourism, Mangrove, Sustainable, Pichavaram
Introduction sustainable, environmentally educative, locally

beneficial and generates tourist satisfaction.In late
Mangroves are economically important
1970s, the scenic beauty of Pichavaram
ecosystems for fisheries in tropical regions
mangroves has attractedmovie makers to shoot
(Kawabata et al., 1993). Mangrove ecosystem acts
their films in the shallow waterways. Through
as a buffer zone between land and sea
themovies, Pichavaram has become a tourist
(Bardarudeen et al., 1996). With advances in
place. With the advent of touristflow, the Tamil
transportation and information technology, even
Nadu Tourism Development Corporation (TTDC)
the most remote places on Earth are within a
has alsoannounced this place as a tourist spot and
traveller's reach. In fact, tourism is now the world's
listed it in state's tourist map from 1985 onwards.
largest industry, with nature tourism being the
About 500-1000 tourists visit Pichavaram every
fastest growing segment. People wanting to
day.
experience nature, should try to do so in a way that
doesn't impact the natural environment. In Topography and futures of pichavaram
response to this increasing appreciation of nature
Study area
experiences, a new travel ethic has arisen called
ecotourism. The study area, Pichavaram mangrove region is
situated in the southeast coast of India in the state
Ecotourism deals with living parts of natural
of Tamil Nadu. It is located at about 225km south
environments. flora, fauna and cultural heritage
of Chennai and 5km northeast of Chidambaram,
are the primary attractions. The main purpose is to
Cuddalore district, Tamil Nadu. The northern part
educate the traveller. Ecotourism comprises a
of the study area is the Vellar estuary that is
number of interrelated components all of which
dominated by mud ﬂats, while the southern part is
should be present for authentic ecotourism to
the Coleroon estuary that possesses predominantly
occur. There are five key principles which are
mangrove vegetation. The Vellar estuary opens
fundamental to ecotourism. They are that
into the Bay of Bengal at Parangipettai and links
ecotourism is nature-based, ecologically
with the Coleroon river, which are distributaries of

Figure 3 : Shows the Temperature Variation in Pichavaram
is 28.4 °C in Pichavaram. About 1270 mm of

precipitation falls annually or As = Tropical wet
and dryor savanna climate;with the driest month
havingprecipitation less than 60 mm (2.4 in) and
less than 4% of the total annual precipitation.
Figure 1: Study sites of Pichavaram mangrove
Temperature Graph Pichavaram
The temperatures are highest on average in June, at
around 31.9 °C. January has the lowest average
temperature of the year. It is 24.7 °C.The least
amount of rainfall occurs in February. The average
in this month is 12 mm. With an average of 358
mm, the most falls in November.
Flora Of Pichavaram Mangrove Forest
Flora of Pichavaram Mangrove Forest includes 35
species belonging to 16 genera and 13 families.
Among all about 33 species can be spotted along
the east coast. The eco-region is known to be one of
the rare mangrove forests of the country as it hosts
Figure 2 : Climatic change of Pichavaram 14 exclusive mangrove species. About 30 percent
of the flora is formed by Avicennia marina which is
the river Cauvery.Pichavaram mangrove forest followed by Bruguieracylindrica (17percent) and
pocket is located between these two rivers and the Avicennia of ficianalis (16 percent) of total
total area of this mangrove forest is about 1470 ha. population. Population density is however low and
The forest occurs on 51 islets, ranging in size from many plants are facing the threat of extinction.
10m2 to 2km2, separated by intricate waterways True Mangrove Species
that connect theVellar and Coleroon estuaries.
Among the above species, Avicennia marina alone
Climate constitutes 74% of the tree population and it is
This city has a tropical climate. In winter, there is distributed everywhere except the banks of tidal
much less rainfall in Pichavaram than in summer. canals and creeks. Distribution of all the other 11
According to Köppen and Geiger, this climate is species including Rhizophora is restricted to 10 to
classified as Aw. The average annual temperature 15 m from the banks of tidal canals and creeks.

Table 1: A total number of 12 true mangrove species are present in the Pichavaram mangrove wetland
Presence of tall trees of Rhizophora in large mangroves which belong to 15 orders and 41
numbers is important from the standpoint of families. The period between November and
biodiversity.The population of Rhizophora in the January witness the maximum population of
other mangrove wetlands of India, except in winged members. Local migrants from breeding
Andaman and Nicobar Islands, is very less another grounds of India and others from distant countries
interesting point is the presence of natural hybrid arrive in the ecosystem in large number during this
of Rhizophora species. This hybrid species born period. Varied habitat types are found here
out of cross-pollination between including mud flats, gullies, creeks, channels, sand
Rhizophoraapiculata and Rhizophoramucronata. flats and nearby sea shore. This variety serves as
This hybrid is highly vigor in growth and tall trees ideal habitat for a vast species of fauna.
of this species are found all along boarder of the Fishery Resources
tidal creeks and canals.
The Pichavaram mangrove wetland has vast areas
Fauna of Pichavaram Mangrove Forest of open but shallow brackishwater bodies and a
Pichavaram Mangrove Forest shelters about 100 number of tidal creeks and canals. According to the
species of diatoms, 200 species of fishes, 30 local people, at one time there were some 3,000
species of molluscs, 30 species of crabs, 30 species creeks in the mangrove wetland; siltation has
of prawns, 30 species of copepods, 40 species of reduced this number to barely 100 or 150. The
tintinnids and 20 species of dinoflagellates. A average depth of the open water associated with
number of rare and economically significant shell mangrove forest varies from 0.8 m during summer
and fin fishes are the inhabitants of Pichavaram to about 1.5 m during the peak monsoon season.
Mangrove Forest. A variety of magnificent avian Hydrology
population also flock around Pichavaram
Mangrove Forest which include both native as ThePichavaram mangrove wetland is
well as migratory ones. Prominent birds found interconnected with theestuaries of the Vellar river
here include Pelicans, Spoonbills, Herons, Storks, in the north, the Coleroon River in the south and the
Egrets, Cormorants, Water snips and others. Uppanar river in the west. The large open water
Around 177 species of bird's dwell in these body found associated with the Pichavaram

mangrove wetlands is the estuarine region of the

Uppanar River.
Bathymetry
The bathymetry study of the Pichavaram
mangrove wetland shows that in most of the areas
the depth of the water is between 0.63 to 1.63 m
except in the mouth region at Chinnavaikal where
the depth ranges from 3.63 to 5.63m.
Freshwater Inflow
The Pichavaram mangrove wetland receives
copious inflow of freshwater during the northeast
monsoon season (October-December) through 41
the Coleroon and Uppanar rivers. From February
to September (including the southwest monsoon Figure 4 : Usage of people in tourist category
period extending from June-September)
freshwater discharge into the mangrove wetland is
negligible, mainly due to the construction of dams
and barrages in the upstream region of the Cauvery
river. However, whenever the surplus water from
Lower Anicut is discharged into the Coleroon river
during the non-monsoon period, particularly
during the months of July to August, it reaches the
Pichavaram mangrove wetland through the
backwater. No freshwater is discharged from
Vellar river to Pichavaram mangrove wetland.
Geomorphological Setting
Geomorphology is the systematic study of the
origin of secondary topographic features, which Figure 5 : Usage of people in Education category
are either carved by erosion in the primary
elements or build-up from the erosional debris.
The Pichavaram mangroves are a vast plain with a backwaters.
gentle slope towards the Bay of Bengal. Rivers Analysis
Uppanar and Coleroon, which are distributaries of
the River Cauvery, drain into this area. The major User Analysis
geomorphic formations of this region are the Porto Three categories of people using Pichavaram:
Novo formation and Vellar-Coleroon formation. Tourist, Education and Occupation.
The major landforms in the Porto Novo formation
are the beach, barrier dunes, estuary, tidal and Tourist
mudflats, mangrove and halophytic formations, Based on the survey done around 16% of foreign
beach terrace and strandline. The beach is very visitors, 31% of Tourist from college and schools
narrow with an average of 50 m from the south and 53% of family members is visiting
Porto Novo to the Coleroon River mouth. The Pichavaram per year. This study will give
continuity of the beach is broken at the mouths of recommendation to the Tamilnadu Tourism to
the Vellar, Uppanar and Coleroon. The mangrove develop the above items to increase the income by
forest is located between the Vellar River in the attracting more visitors to Pichavaram. The details
north and the Coleroon River in the south and are shown in fig 4. Similarly, the education and
connected to the estuaries of these two rivers by occupation category also shown in fig 5 & 6.

understanding of sustainability. Out migration of

youth from the village could create economic
inequality and loss of biological diversity.
Discussion and Conclusion
This project focuses to instigate an ecologically
sensitive architecture, which serves to replenish
the mangrove cover and to provide Low
Environmental impact and Green design through
sustainability with the help of eco - principles and
technology.
5.1.1 Energy EfficiencyDesign passive solar
Figure 6 : Usage of people in Occupation category
energy facilities for the home using concrete floor
Swotanalysisforpichavaram Village thermal mass and pumice under floor insulation;
Strive for a thermal resistance for the roof of R3.3
Strengths and R2.2 for the walls by using wool blend
Unparallelly scenic beauty; Rich floral and faunal insulation; Study life-cycle analysis of all building
wealth; Growing interest and awareness of locals materials; Use energy efficient appliances, solar
towards Tourism Development; Friendly and panels and heat pump technology; Centralize
welcoming attitude of local people; Rich culture plumbing, insulate hot water cylinders; Consider
and tradition. resource efficiency, longevity of the building and
strive for low maintenance.5.1.2 Building
Weakness Materials
Fragile environment; Lack of efficient public Use sustainable, certified, toxic treatment-free
transportation; Poor infrastructural facilities; timber; Select low volatile organic compounds
Seasonality; Poor marketing strategies; Lack of (VOC) and toxic-free paints, finishes and
proper training and entrepreneurial skills for locals adhesives; Use materials that permit the building
involved in tourism related activities; Little or no membrane to breathe; Apply natural floor surfaces
interpretation of the natural environment;Lack of such as tile,timber and linoleum; Use sustainable
information centre. Absence of an efficient solid timbers rather than processes composite
system for measurement of tourism demand and sheet materials; Use inert gypsum-based wall and
supply as well as economic and social impact; ceiling linings.5.1.3 Water ConservationCollect
Lack of communication facilities. rainwater for external use i.e. Garden/washing car;
Opportunities Use water conserving appliances including toilets,
shower, taps, washing machine and dish washer;
Huge potential for ecotourism and adventure Reduce irrigation and surface water run-off.5.1.4
tourism with opportunities for bird watching, Low Environmental Impact
nature tours. Potential to tap the vast emerging
markets in ecotourism, responsible tourism and Create indoor/outdoor links and user-friendly
specialist niche markets such as trekking and bird transition arears include water permeable
watching worldwide; Potential to become a landscape features.Enhance native bush and create
midway spot on Chennai- Kanniyakumari ECR edible gardens; Establish home recycling bins and
route. Cultural museum and nature interpretation garden composting.
centre at Pichavaram village. Home stays and local Sustainability
cuisine shall be the add-ons to tourism product.
Think globally-act locallyReduce CO2
Threats production, Ozone and resource depletion,
Poor level of environmental awareness among rainforest destruction and erosion.Encourage
local population as well as tourist. Lack of proper sustainable and environmentallyfriendly
implementation of conservation measures Poor technologies.Asses according to the

wasteMinimization Programme; Asses according low emission vehicles are at an advanced stage
to energy efficiency; Waste Reduction; Select ofdevelopment. Rapid urban transit systems are
materials using recycled components; Design for starting to reappear, which would reduce the
re-use and recycling control and reducewaste and dependence on private transport.The cities worthy
packaging; Reduceresource consumption. of the new millennium will be energy and
Eco-Technology resources efficient, as well as culturally rich and
socially responsible. In our major cities, inward
Today we have a unique opportunity to use a whole investment in resource efficiency will contribute
new range of environment friendly technologies in significantly to achieve higher levels of
our cities. Efficient energy systems, such as employment. The investment in infrastructure will
combined heat and power generation, fuel cells make a vast difference to health and living
and photovoltaic modules are now available. New condition in cities.
materials and concepts of architectural design
allow us to greatly improve the materials and Recommendation
concepts of architectural design allow us to greatly This study will give recommendation to the Tamil
improve the materials used in buildings. Recycling Nadu Tourism development corporation (TTDC)
technologies can facilitate greater efficiency in the to increase the income by attracting more visitors
urban use of resources. Transport technologies are to Pichavaram. Presently the hotel is leased to a
so undergoing a major overhaul. Fuel efficiency private sector with minimum facilities. More than
Figure 7 : Site Plan

five lakh visitors are visiting Pichavaram per year. in movement and it enhance the benefits of
Based on the data collection and the present mangrove ecosystem.
facilities available the following proposals are
recommended to rejuvenation of Mangrove
Ecotourism at Pichavaram. 1.Resort development,
2. Aquarium,3. Bird watch tower,4.Green house,5.
Interpretation centre, etc.,
By implementing the above facilities, the
ecological system will be maintained a well as
more income will be generated to the Government.
Proposed Site Plan
Design Ideas
To develop Pichavaram as an eco-tourist
recreational space, which serves to replenish the
mangrove cover and to provide Low
Environmental Impact and green design through
sustainability. The following ideas are given Figure 9 : Deluxe Room
below:
An arched colonnade is provided for free flow and
to create open space and semi-open space.
Mangrove bridge is proposed to construct above
the water, while visitor's can walk through bridge,
they enjoyed the scenery of mangrove trees.
Landscape Interpretation centre which is free flow
Figure 10 : Villa
Figure 8 : Standard Room Figure 11 : Floating Cottage

Private zone –Resorts Acknowledgements

It has 4 types of resorts which faces towards The authors are thankful to the authorities and
backwater. There is no contour in this site, it can be Forest department in Pichavaram for providing
arranged in hierarchy to view the water scenery. A necessary details to carry out this work
detailed drawingis given below: successfully.
Figure 12 : Views of Public space Figure 14 : Arched Colonnade
Figure 13 : Resorts View Figure 15 : Mangrove Bridge
Figure 16 : Model of Site Plan

References Bull. Nat. Inst. Agric. Sci., Series A 10: 101–125.

1. Kathiresan, K. (Ed.) 2000. Flora and Fauna in mangrove 5. Sampath, k and Krishnamoorthy. k 1990. Bird fauna and
ecosystems: a manual for identification. All India coordinated lirnnology of Koliveli tank, Tamil Nadu. In: Proc. Seminar on
project on coastal and marine biodiversity: training and Wetland Ecology and il.1unugement. Iayan, V S (ed.).,
capacity building on coastal biodiversity (east coast), Bombay Natural History Society. pp 47 .48.
Ministry of Environment and Forests, CAS in Marine 6. Khan, I.A. and Khan, A.A. 1985. Physico-chemical
Biology, Parangipettai, India. 389pp.58. conductions in SelkhaJheel at Aligarh. J. Environment
2 .Kathiresan, K. 1996. Development and diversification of Ecology, 3: 269-274.
mangrove vegetation along Ariankuppam river. A technical 7. Sandilyan, S., Thiyagesan, K. & Nagarajan, R. 2010.
report, p43. Department of Agriculture, Government of Major decline in species-richness of waterbirds in the
Pondicherry, India. Pichavaram mangrove wetlands, southern India. Wader Study
3. Nagarajan. K and fhlkagesan, K I996 Water birds and Group Bull. 117(2): 91–98.
substrate quality of thePichavaramwetlancls, Southern India 8. Text Book
Z bk, 138: 710 – 720.
9. [1] Environmental Restoration and Design for Recreation
4. Uchijima, Z., 1963. An investigation on annual variations and Ecotourism – Robert L.France
in water temperature and heat balance items of shallow water.

Sustainable Development & Management of Real Estate

P K Maity
Chairman
Architectural Engineering Division Board, The Institution of Engineers (India)
* maitypk@yahoo.in
Introduction sustainable development, India too tried to

Protected cultivation practices can be defined as a develop strategies for sustainable development.
cropping technique wherein the micro With a process of rapid industrial development in
environment surrounding the plant body India, urbanization has experienced faster growth.
isSustainable development of 'real estate' should The real estate industry, a concomitant of urban
not be studied in isolation from the overall urban growth, too has been flourishing. Big
planning and development framework. If constructions have been taking place. Housing,
sustainable development is something that would commercial and office components of real estate
not preempt the development process for the future have seen fast and large-scale development.
generations, then it is imperative that sustainable What have been the impacts of all these
development be looked at in the larger perspective developments? There have unrestrained use of
of urban development. natural resources without caring for the needs of
The talk of sustainable urban development has future generations that is alleged to be
been going on for decades. The concept of unsustainable development. This has resulted in
sustainable development was first presented in the environmental pollution, being contributor to
1987 report of the special Commission on global warming, depletion of non-renewable
Environment and Development of the United natural resources, and emergence of urban
Nations titled “Our Common Future”, also known sprawls. Traffic congestion and urban slums
as Brundtland Report. It was considered to be that characterize urban centres. Definitely, a large part
development which meets the current needs of of these phenomena can be attributed to lack of
society, but also does not reduce the opportunities urban land use planning and planned urban
for future generations to meet their own needs. development.
This concept was adopted at the United Nations India's carbon dioxide emission has increased by
Conference on Environment and Development in about 80 percent since 1990 and this has
Rio de Janeiro in 1992 leading to adoption of considerable contribution to green house gases
Agenda 21 – an action plan for implementation of (GHG). GHG has resulted in climatic changes
sustainable development, setting out the main around India. In July 2005, devastating flood
principles of sustainable development. caused by extremely heavy rainfall, 100 cm in 24
Again, owing to lack of implementation of Agenda hours in Mumbai, killed at least 1,000 people,
21, the World Summit on Sustainable apart from causing huge loss in economy and
Development in Johannesburg in 2002 asked the business. The cloudburst at Leh on 6th August
participating countries to prepare national 2010 killed 113 people (Cloudbursts ravage Leh,
sustainable development strategies and to develop 2010).
effective mechanisms for implementation of the Another fallout of the faster economic growth in
strategies. The strategies should ideally try to India has been creation of economic disparity and
strike a balance between environmental, economic poverty. Urban development initiatives have not
and social aspects of development, let alone real been inclusive in nature. This has led to emergence
estate development. of informal settlements including slums in the
The Indian Context major urban centres of India. Mumbai and Kolkata
being the two very large metropolis of India
India had been no exception to these phenomena. exhibit existence of large-sized slums settlements.
And as a signatory to international agreements on

According to Census 2011, India's population was KW or 600 KVA. The energy performance index of
over 1.22 billion, more than a sixth of the world's the code is set from 90 kwh/sqm/year to 200
population. India is projected to be the world's kwh/sqm/year, where any buildings that fall under
most populous country by 2050 reaching 1.6 the index can be termed as "ECBC Compliant
billion, surpassing China (BBC News, 2004). Building".
India's current rate of urbanization at 31 percent is
estimated to touch 50 percent by 2050. It can be In order to encourage private builders to go for
easily visualized as to what it would take to feed so more and more of green buildings, many State
many people and also to address the urban Governments of India have extended incentives in
planning and development issues. In this context, different forms, granting of additional FAR/FSI
the major challenges, however, would be to bring being one very common one.
about development in a manner that conserves As for environmental protection, the Union
natural and exhaustible resources, protects the Cabinet of the Government of India approved a
physical environment and diminishes social and National Environment Policy in May 2006. It was
economic inequality – ably supported by followed up by a comprehensive guidelines issued
appropriate governance. in September 2006 through a Notification by the
Addressing Challenges Ministry of Environment & Forests under the
provisions of Environment (Protection) Act 1986
There have been a number of initiatives to address and Rules 1986 thereto. This Notification called
the above challenges. On the conservation of for Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) of
natural and exhaustible resources, India has projects of certain nature and sizes, including large
embarked on promoting construction of Green real estate projects. Subsequently, there have been
Buildings. A green building is a building that uses amendments to the guidelines for ease of doing
less water, optimizes energy efficiency, conserves business but not at the cost of sacrificing
natural resources, generates less waste and environmental protection. The responsibility of
provides healthier spaces for occupants, as carrying out EIA has been delegated to State level
compared to a conventional building. The Indian agencies, with the central government dealing with
Green Building Council (IGBC), formed by the big projects above certain sizes. The EIA lays
Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) in 2001, is down certain conditions that builders would have
leading green building movement in the country. to comply with during construction and violations
IGBC signed a Memorandum of Understanding of the same are liable to punished.
(MoU) with the US Green Building Council
(USGBC) in 2004 to indigenize the Leadership in The issue of social and economic inequality has
Energy and Environmental Design (LEED- been tried to be tackled through both direct and
INDIA) rating programme, suiting local indirect plans and programmes. Various central
conditions and address national priorities. The schemes supported by budgetary provisions have
vision of IGBC is to enable 'Sustainable built been taken up across the length and breadth of the
environment for all'. IGBC certifies the green country. Mahatma Gandhi National Employment
projects which are conceptualized, designed, Guarantee Act (MNERGA) supported programme
constructed and operated as per IGBC Ratings, is one of the very big initiatives towards removing
namely, Certified, Silver, Gold and Platinum (in economic inequality. There are many other
ascending order of achieving indices of green programmes directly targeted at socially and
projects). economically disadvantaged people of the country.
The Indian Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE), As for governance related to environment in
under the Ministry of Power, Government of India, particular and also covering real estate
has introduced the Energy Conservation Building development, the Government of India enacted
Code (ECBC) that sets out energy efficiency National Green Tribunal (NGT) Act 2010. It draws
standards for design and construction of any inspiration from the India's constitutional
building with minimum conditioned area of 1000 provision of Article 21, which assures the citizens
Sq mts and a connected demand of power of 500 of India the right to a healthy environment. The

establishment of NGT was aimed at effective and A major milestone in urban planning and
expeditious disposal of cases relating to governance happened in 1992 when the 74th
environmental protection and conservation of Constitutional Amendment Act was promulgated
forests and other natural resources including to empower urban local authorities with powers,
enforcement of any legal right relating to inter alia, of planning and developing local areas in
environment and giving relief and compensation a sustainable manner, including therein of course
for damages to persons and property and for the real estate development.
matters connected therewith or incidental thereto. Another initiative of the Government of India
Any real estate project causing environmental especially aimed at a healthy and sustainable
degradation can be taken up before the NGT by the development of the real estate sector has been the
affected general public. The NGT is armed with enactment of Real Estate (Regulation &
judicial powers. Development) Act 2016. Although it is central
Another area of governance directly related to model act, each state government is obliged to
sustainable development of urban areas including adopt it at the state level. Even though the primary
real estate development was the drafting by the of object of the Act is to protect interests of
Central Town and Country Planning Organization buyers/customers of real estate products, the
(TCPO) of the Model Town and Regional Planning provisions of the Act, inter alia, would help
and Development Law in 1962, which formed the regulate real estate development with a view to
basis for various States to enact Town and Country invoking transparency and efficiency in real estate
Planning (T & CP) Acts, with modifications to suit development.
local conditions. This model Law was revised by Concluding Remarks
TCPO in year 1985 as “Model Regional and Town
Planning and Development Law” to enact a All the efforts mentioned above have undoubtedly
comprehensive urban and regional planning resulted in sustaining the overall development
legislation in all the States and UT's. Many states activities and the real estate development in
had enacted their respective state T&CP Acts from particular. One needs to visualize what would have
time to time. been the situations if the initiatives on the various
fronts were not there.

Trends and Challenges of Facilities Management of Green

Buildings of Eastern India
Ashaparava Mohanta, Sutapa Das
Department of Architecture & Regional Planning, Indian Institute of Technology
Kharagpur
* ashaprava.m@gmail.com
Ranbir & Chitra Gupta School of Design & Management,
Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
* sutapa.d@gmail.com
Abstract
Green buildings (GB) show notable deviation in their proposed and actual performance during operation
and maintenance (O&M). Focusing on Eastern India with lesser penetration of green movement against
the backdrop of recent government mandate for implementing Energy Conservation Building Code
(ECBC) 2017, this study scrutinized the causes of such performance deviation from the facilities
management point of view. Seventy-one key stakeholders- owners, designers and facility managers
compared GBs and conventional buildings. They rated 21 building performance related information in
terms of ease of data acquisition, 15 facilities management challenges and severity of effect of poor O&M
practices on nine major building systems. It was found that maintaining GB is more demanding due to
fragmented design process overlooking maintainability aspects, hindered flow of project information,
higher user expectation etc. Hence, GB design process must bridge this information gap. The findings are
helpful in formulating suitable strategies to embrace the recent green surge of ECBC for large commercial
building projects.
Keywords: Eastern India; ECBC 2017; Facilities management; Green building; Operation and
maintenance; Performance deviation.
Introduction studies that, a better design would help for efficient
The building performance is a complex performance in building lifespan.
phenomenon which is measured based on the The GBs are designed to use resources efficiently
service life of the building and its assets or and reduce the adverse environmental effects.
installed equipment. It depends on people Their competent performance depends on the
(stakeholders), process (their activities) and place coordinative and collaborative contribution of the
(the built environment) integrating with economic, associated stakeholders of design, construction
technical and managerial aspects. It is often said and operation (DCO) industry from the early phase
that “buildings don't use energy, but people do”. of the building. The inputs from facilities
This is underpinned by the undesirable fact that managers during design are essential to bridge the
there is notable deviation in the proposed and performance gap as it completes the feedback
actual performance of a building during its loop. Therefore, there is a need for scrutinizing
operation and maintenance (O&M) phase even for design through the facility managers' lens. Though
the green buildings (GB) awarded with higher the FM practice influences the building
ratings. This widening gap arises from various performance, but its success significantly relies on
reasons such as change in usage type, change in maintainability concerns adopted in design.
occupants' behaviour, consideration of ideal cases Hence, the tools, techniques and methods used for
for simulation, and improper facilities FM are very important not only for an existing
management (FM) practice. There are a range of building but in a critical contributor to the domain
studies currently undergoing to propose different knowledge in designing a proposed building.
frameworks for bridging this performance gap.
Ceranic et al. concluded from observed case- Eastern India comprising of the states namely,

Bihar, Jharkhand, Odisha, and West Bengal, the resources, costs etc.), and sequencing the project
picture of GB is bleak compared to the rest of the schedule. The major FM tools used are computer-
country. Not only in terms of number of certified aided facility management (CAFM),
buildings (4.3% of national GB stock), but also in computerised maintenance management system
poor professional attitude as reflected in the (CMMS), enterprise resource planning (ERP), and
restricted usage of BIMand absence of regional integrated workplace management system
chapter of International Facility Management (IWMS)
Association(IFMA)- the only national level
Building-related information plays a very vital
professional organisations for facility managers.
role in efficient FM. The concept of whole building
However, the GB scenario is expected to improve
design process and the criteria of GB rating
with the recent mandatory enforcement of Energy
systemswere integrated to identify the different
Efficient Building Code (ECBC) 2017 by Govt. of
categories of relevant information. While
Indiaas a top-down approach coupled with
addressing any part of a building, a facility
bottom-up approach of economic growth resulting
manager faces numerous challenges such as
into increase in energy demand in commercial
flawed buildings services due to lack of
sector.
coordination between designer and contractor,
Thus, there is a need to investigate the outlook of insufficient information, cost of acquiring the data,
FM team in GB context. This study explores the tracking the changes, variation in users'
underlying reasons responsible for performance requirements, changing in building type (e.g.
deviation during O & M phase as perceived by the residential unit converted to commercial
owners, designers and facility managers from establishment), and occupants blaming the facility
Eastern India. It also provides insight to the FM managers for performance failure though it is
trend adopted, challenges faced during O&M primarily due to poor design.
phase. For this study only large commercial
A building undergoes various changes throughout
buildings under purview of ECBC 2017 were
its lifespan to adopt the ever-changing demand.
considered.
The causes which affect building performance are:
Literature Review variation in the operation area, changes in
occupancy density, deviation in usage pattern,
This section covers the services, tools and
mishandling of equipment, non-availability of
techniques used for FM; types of data and
trained personnel and change in management
information required during O&M of a building;
policies. These factors create pressure on the
and the changes a typical commercial building
existing efficiency of the building systems, thus
undergoes over time. The information was collated
depriving it from achieving the proposed results.
from available literature such as books, journals,
These major affected building systems are heating-
and white papers from some of the leading FM
ventilation-air-conditioning (HVAC), lighting
organizations OfficeSpace, Planon and iOffice.
system, building management systems (BMS),
The list of typical FM services includes cleaning,
water supply and sanitation system, power supply,
security, asset management(e.g. HVAC
information and communication technology
equipment, building components etc.), preventive
(ICT), waste management system, and elevators
maintenance, management of annual maintenance
and escalators.
contract (AMC), energy and environmental
management(e.g. waste water management), Methodology
health (e.g. medicines, gas tank)and safety(e.g.
The methodology adopted was to analyse the
firefighting), space management(e.g. spatial
factors responsible for performance deviation in
layout), move management(e.g. packers &
GB from facility management perspective. After
movers), room scheduling(e.g. scheduling events
defining the sampling framework, survey
in room), occupancy management(e.g. allotment
questionnaire was designed. Next the survey was
of parking space in a public parking space),
conducted and the results were analysed.
resource allocation(e.g. management of human

Respondent selection But IFMA does not have any local chapter for
Eastern India indicating that FM services might
The sampling frame was initially chosen as the
not be an established profession in this part of the
listed members of the International Facility
country. Hence, using snowball sampling method
Management Association (IFMA) India – the only
from the IFMA members, contact details of their
professional body of facility managers in India.
peers working in Eastern India was collected.
Tabl 1: Ratings with explanation used in the questionnaire survey

Additional list was prepared through LinkedIn for FM services, eight major causes and effects of
'facilities management' group. These facility the causes on nine building systems were collated
managers along with other key players, namely, from literature review. They were graded in 5-
owners / developers and architects of the same point Likert scale from Stage 1 and were analysed
projects constituted this respondent group. The statistically in IBM SPSS Statistic 22 software. For
second and third group of respondents were further each entity weighted average ¯X was calculated.
requested for their other projects availing FM If xi is the number of responses for the rating wi ,
services – either in-house or outsourced. But no then ¯X is given by Equation 1 as:
new name of FM service provider was found.
5 5
While forming the respondent group, each
organisation was represented by a single member å
X=xi wi / å
i=
1
wi
i=
1
(1)
i.e. multiple employees from same organisation
was not included. 'P-value' or calculated probability at 95%
confidence level by using Z test (for sample size >
Questionnaire design 30) or t-test (for smaller samples) with respect to
The questionnaire was designed with an aim to critical mean value of 3 (median of 5-point scale)
provide insight of FM trend in GBs for Eastern was found. An entity was considered as
India along with the design consideration for FM. statistically significant for p<0.05 and t-value
Therefore, based on literature review, a higher than the critical t-value. As only the higher
questionnaire was developed. It has five sections values were under consideration, values
as follows: corresponding to one-tailed distribution were
noted.
• Respondent profile and typical FM services, FM
tools, its connection to BIM. This section was Unlike designers, owners and facility managers
omitted by the designer group. are involved in O&M phase; the respondents were
grouped into owner and facility managers as FM
• Difficulty level to obtain building performance group and the designer group consisting of
related information. architects, civil engineers, and MEP engineers. To
• Significance of FM challenges other than find, if there is any significant difference in
obtaining building-related information opinion of these two respondent groups, Mann-
Whitney (M-W) U test was applied. It is a non-
• Level of severity of effect of poor O&M on parametric “one-way ANOVA on ranks" test
building systems applicable to two independent data sets. It is
• Recommendations for bridging the performance assumed that there lies a significant difference in
gap. opinion for p<0.05.
The responses were collected in two phases i.e. Results and Discussion
online questionnaire survey and semi-structured Respondent profile
interviews. The first part covered all items except
the last one. Various difficulty levels to obtain A total of 74 responses were collected for the first
information; significance level of FM challenges phase for which the demographic profile is shown
and severity level of effect of poor O&M practices in Table 2. Five of the facility managers have
on building systems. The items under each of recently shifted abroad but they answered the
these categories were collated from thorough survey questions based on their Indian experience.
literature review and a 5-point Likert scale was In addition to it, 17 semi-structured experts'
derived to grade the quantitative responses as interviews were conducted. This includes five
shown in Table 1. architects, three civil engineers, two real estate
developers, and seven facility managers. The study
Data analysis being focused on eastern zone, snowball sampling
The responses on 21 types of building information and extra effort of repeated attempt of
based on five categories, seven major challenges communication yielded higher number of
responses in Eastern India.

Table 2 : Respondents' demographic profile
FM services and FM tools

Facilities management has evolved over time and
has gone much beyond the mundane job of
cleaning, repair, security services or managing
AMC as noted in Section 2. From the responses of
the FM group (n=50), it was found that typical
services are the most frequently performed while,
move management, room scheduling and resource
allocation are the least performed task.
According to the semi-structured interviews, the
services provided in the GB covers all the listed
services except move management as this
particular service is not directly linked to building
operation. It was interesting to note that two vital
services of GB, namely (a) energy and
environmental management and (b) health &
safety were at a mid-position in the work list
(Figure 1). From the subjective interviews the
probable reason was noted as for these two
categories there is no constant pressure from the
occupants or there in so tangible financial goal to
be met. Hence for an under-resourced FM team, Figure 1: Observed FM services provided in a typical building

these two vital topics go down in the priority list. is not well-defined. Drawings or specification
The supporting FM tools were also reviewed for sometimes undergo several changes even during
their frequency of use. It was found that CMMS construction and the updated (as –built) drawings
(58%) is the most preferred tool whereas IWMS may not become a part of handover document
(38 %) is the least used one. Similarly, in case of which gives hardship during O&M.
linkage to BIM, the highest and lowest responses
Apparently 'well-documented' GBs showed a
belonged to CAFM (23%) and ERP (8%)
similar trend in difference in opinion though at
respectively (Figure 2). It meant that commonly
lesser extent. In eight cases there was difference in
FM tools are not linked to BIM which adds
opinion. FM team felt compared to NGB, the data
hardship in achieving the building performance
acquisition is easier (61.90% easy cases) and,
goal.
designers commented that all data are easily
Building performance related information available because they believed that GBs
parametrically designed and lifecycle phases are
Level of difficulty in obtaining building related
seamlessly integrated. However, data pertaining to
information as reported by the FM group and
the parameters not contributing to the GB
Designers for both green building (GB) and
certification process directly (such as structure and
conventional or non-green building (NGB) is
its material specification, acoustics, indoor
shown in Table 3.From the statistical analysis of
pollutants, carbon monitoring, acoustics,
ratings, it was noted that for NGB, FM group and
environmental change makers and energy
designer group differed in opinion in 16 out of 21
behaviour) were difficult. The reasons are two-
(76.19%) cases. FM group opined that in 66.67%
fold: (a) not well documented unlike other
(14 out of 21) cases information are difficult to
parameters contributing to the energy analysis and
acquire, while designers felt almost reverse.
secondly, technically feasible but no extra O&M
According to them, all data are easily available
budget is allotted for the work. Though many of
except the energy audit. In fact, NGB seldom
these parameters especially, energy behaviour and
undergoes any energy audit on regular basis and it
environmental change makers are dictating factors
proves the point that designers are really not aware
of building performance. FM groups for both GB
of the O&M activities. Neither they are actively
and NGB agreed for 71.42% cases about difficulty
involved in energy analysis – usually outsourcing
in data collection. In most of the cases, the data is
the work to ESCos. Similarly, data related to
needed for GB certification at initial phase, but at
energy or water usage, health& comfort or
later stage data acquisition becomes difficult
automation, are not in vogue of FM services of
because of limited O&M budget and lack of trained
NGB. But because it is technically or rather
personnel.
theoretically possible to extract the information,
designers marked the process as not difficult. Also From the previous analysis it was apparent that
it is clear that conventional documentation process designers are not well aware of O&M practices
even for a more co-ordinated GB where building
performance during O&M is the main design aim.
Hence it was decided for subsequent data related to
challenges for FM services and its effect on
building services should be interpreted based on
the opinion of FM team only. However it was noted
that among 41 of them, six candidates have no
practical experience of handling GB, hence the
response number was further reduced to 35 though
this sample size is large enough for statistical
analysis. These people have experience of both GB
and NGB and hence responded for both types of
buildings.
Figure 2: Usage rate of common FM tools

Table 3 : Statistical analysis of responses for difficulty level for obtaining building performance related information
Challenges for FM services the significant challenges was explained during

subjective interview as follows.
Based on literature review and opinion of
respondents, a list of 15 common challenges for • Flawed design gives more trouble in GB. It
FM services was noted. Their rating in 5-point contradicts the common belief of precise design of
Likert scale. (1= very insignificant, 5= very GB, but here higher co-ordination is needed and
significant), revealed that nature of these teams approach the project in reality in NGB way
challenges are different (8 out of 15 cases) for GB by involving ESCos or commissioning agent at the
and NGB as noted by M-H test (Table 4). Each of fag end of design process.

• Cost of getting NGB data is more because changes such as updating software or installing
people need to start from scratch, while for GB new set of equipment are very common and
documentation is better. existing FM tools may not be capable of
addressing these changes. In case of NGBs,
• Tracking changes in GBs is difficult because
Table 4: Statistical analysis of responses for challenges in FM services

changes are less relatively less in numbers as building type is also limited for GBs, but an issue
proved by the challenge of up gradation of building for NGBs.
standards. • Lack of O&M fund is a common phenomenon,
• Though about 60% of building defects roots but in case of GB after the certification is over,
back to faulty design, FM teams get blamed for it. except energy audit no extra fund is usually
In case of GB, due to higher user expectations, available for predictive maintenance. Hence, for
such complaints are more intense. high-end systems it becomes an issue.
• Any change in number of occupants influences • Mishandling or misuse of installed equipments
the buildings energy load much more than other either by users or unskilled FM personnel creates
parameters such as structural loading, regular wear trouble. But GBs with more sophisticated
–and- tear. Hence GBs are worse sufferer than its instruments, the chances of such incidents are
counterparts. Also there is limited scope to track higher.
this effect for NGBs. • In spite of the fact that BMS is usually installed in
• Variations in usage pattern or in operational area GBs to monitor the performance, the lack of
are more commonly found in NGBs. GBs are trained persons manifolds the level of difficulty to
spared from such issues because of stricter control appreciate the generated building information.
from the owners or fellow tenants. Thus change in Likewise, in addition to lack of BMS, NGB suffers
similar fate.
Table 5 : Statistical analysis of responses for building systems affected by poor O&M practices

• Change in management policies are critical both on an almost finalized design scheme and facility
the building types. However, it affects GBs more managers are seldom invited as a member of
when regular FM services get priority pushing design team. There is an urgent need to ensure
behind the performance parameters. collaboration among team members and seamless
information interchange in order to achieve the
In brief, O&M of GBs are equally rather more
targeted performance. In this regard, BIM can be
challenging as of NGBs and the nature of
one of the feasible solutions. The knowledge
challenges are related to hindered flow of
elicited from this study is helpful in designing
information from design stage itself and they affect
suitable strategies for the key players of building
the fundamental aim of the building i.e. the energy
industry in Eastern India as well as in rest part of
performance. The information is not structured and
the country for embracing the recent green surge
seamless where using BIM can be one possible
of implementing ECBC for large commercial
solution.
building projects.
Effect of poor O&M practice on building systems
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Utilization of the Concept of Compensated Foundation for

Tall Office Building on Soft Soil : A Case Study
Somdev Pakrashi
Managing Patner, Consultents, Engineers and Builders, Kolkata
* s_pakrashi@rediffail.com
Abstract
Soft to very soft subsoil was encountered at shallow depth, during geotechnical investigation, at the site
for a tall office building with single basement in Kolkata. It is usual to suggest a piled basement raft
foundation as the net building load, after release of load of the subsoil excavated for the basement, is larger
than the net safe bearing capacity at shallow depth. Alternatively, extent of compensation to the building
load was analyzed with a number of trials by providing a deep two level basement. It was observed that the
tall building with a 6.25m deep 2-L basement raft could be safely founded on the very soft soil. Thus, by
utilizing the concept of compensated foundation substantial saving in construction cost and time could be
effectively achieved. This paper focuses on sharing the experience of such a solution and brings about the
lead for the subject of the study.
Key words: Compensated Foundation, Basement Raft, Net bearing pressure, Soft clayey soil
Introduction rise building (without or with basement) on soft or
very soft clayey soils or loose sandy soils. The
A geotechnical investigation work was taken up in
author, in such cases, always felt the need for an
1999 in respect of a proposed high rise office
option to look into and analyze for an alternative
building with a single basement for NBSTC Bus
solution by utilizing the concept of compensated
Terminal in Ultadanga, Kolkata. Subsoil profile
foundation, where ever possible. If compensated
shows soft to very soft clayey soil ,with and
foundation system in the form of a one or two level
without organic matter, ranging upto a
basement raft of required depth can provide a safe
considerable depth followed by alternate layers of
shallow foundation on soft soil without using piled
stiff clayey and moderately dense to very dense
raft it can save a lot of construction cost and time.
sandy soils.Net foundation load ,even after a
This paper brings about the scope for the subject of
discount by excavated soil for the basement ,was
the study by sharing the experience of such a
found to be greater than the net safe bearing
solution.
capacity at foundation depth. It was customary to
recommend a piled basement raft foundation to Assumptions
safely transfer the net foundation load on to the
1. Evaluation for loads below the foundation base ,
subsoil [1]. A number of trial analyses were also
effect of foundation load on the next stratum , total
made, as an alternative solution, to find out
settlement etc. have all been carried out following
whether by increasing the basement depth the
the provisions of applicable clauses of IS 875,IS
building load can be compensated to such an extent
6403, IS 1904, IS 1892, 8009,and other relevant
that ultimate bearing capacity below the basement
books .
raft can give sufficient factor of safety. The final
analysis based on this concept was recommended 2. Soil Investigation & testing works at site and
by the author as a viable and economic solution in laboratory have all been conducted following the
respect of the foundation system and the same was provisions of applicable clauses of SP
accepted by the client. Consequently a 36-1(1987) , SP 36-2(1988) and other relevant IS
considerable construction time and cost of could codes.
be saved.
3. Basement raft has been considered as rigid raft
Objective of the Study [2]
It has been observed that a piled foundation is 4. Necessary measure has been taken to neutralize
conventionally recommended in respect of a high possible drag down effect [2] on basement walls.

Figure 1: Sub Soil Profile
5. Centre of gravity of excavation and the high rise more compressible layer of very soft to soft silty
structure coincide clay with decayed and decomposed vegetation
ranging between -5.00m and -10.75m (Fig.1) on
6. Centroid of the bearing pressure coincides with an average. For a shallow raft foundation system,
the line of the resultant forces of all loads acting on net load that will be transferred on to the subsoil
the mat. below the basement raft at -3.50m worked out to
7. Effects of wind load and seismic load in the 8.2 t/m2, where as ultimate bearing capacity,
form of lateral and moment loading have been working on least cohesive value at -3.50m, was
incorporated into the assessment of bearing 8.25 t/m2 providing a factor of safety as low as
pressure. 1.01.Even with the average 'c' value( 2.44t/m2) of
this layer, safety factor against ultimate bearing
Study Area and Sub Soil Profile capacity is 1.67 which is less than 1.7,the
The site that was earmarked for a bus terminal minimum allowable limit for a raft foundation[ 3].
complex at Ultadanga, Kolkata. was found to be a Besides the above, the effect of net foundation load
flat terrain, Sub soil profile as obtained by (8.2 t/m2) from the basement raft on -5.00m i.e. on
necessary site investigation and laboratory tests, the next layer(Fig. 2, Layer 3) having very soft to
contains the following layers: soft cohesive soil, works out to 7.61 t/m2 .In this
layer, as well, it was observed that ultimate bearing
Discussion capacity, even using average cohesive value ,failed
Basement depth, as already fixed by the client, for to provide sufficient factor of safety. Here, factor
the proposed B+G+11 storied high rise building of safety that could be achieved was 1.49.
was -3.50m.Therefore, the raft slab was to be In view of the above it became obvious that it was
placed within the soft to medium silty clay layer not possible to achieve a safe foundation system
(Fig.1, Layer 2) having an average thickness of for the proposed multistoried structure on a
2.5m .This clayey layer is followed by a softer and

shallow 3.5m deep basement raft. Therefore, the ground stress due to the structure will be reduced
conventional solution to the foundation problem and consequently the settlement and differential
was considered in the form of a piled basement raft. settlement of the foundation will also be decreased.
Necessary analysis was made for the same and the When the resulting foundation transfers nil or
required chart (Table 1) in respect of safe pile negligible/acceptable net load on the ground below
capacity for different diameters of bored cast in situ the basement raft it is termed a compensated
23.5m long concrete piles was furnished, the tip of foundation or buoyant foundation [2].
piles resting on dense to very dense sandy soil and A number of trial analyses with different basement
effective length of the piles being 20m. depths were, therefore, made. It was observed that
It was also contemplated to apply the concept of a 6.25m two level deep basement can provide
compensated foundation or buoyant foundation [2] sufficient discount to the oncoming foundation
and study the results to check whether the high rise load of 15.5t/m2 from the 2B+G +11 storied
building can be safely founded on the soft to building to achieve the net load reduced to 4.25
medium (Fig.1,Layer 1) or very soft to soft t/m2 providing a factor of safety of
(Fig.1,Layer 2) clayey subsoil only by increasing 2.24(Appendix 2) against ultimate bearing
the basement depth and without using any pile capacity as 9.54 t/m 2 (Appendix 2) at - 6.25m,
below the basement raft. using least 'c' value. Total settlement was also
found to be within allowable limit [5].
The concept of compensated foundation system is
based, principally, on the reduction of net load Eventually, after a series of discussions between
from the structure to be founded [2] where the structural designer and the geotechnical
construction for a basement raft involves engineering consultant this alternative
excavation of the soil prior to construction of the recommendation for a foundation system having
foundation and the superstructure. By reduction of two level basement raft was approved by the client,
the stress in the underlying ground caused by in view of the fact that the solution was cheaper,
excavation for the basement, the net increase in less time consuming and comparatively easier to
Figure 2 : Use of the concept of compensated foundation

2a) Traditional Piled Raft Foundation for proposed 3.50m deep B+ G + 11 storied office bldg.
2b) Recommended option: Basement Raft in the form of 6.25m deep 2-Level B+G+ 11 storied office bldg.
2c) Final design: Basement Raft in the form of 6.25m deep 2-Level B+ G + 7 storied office bldg

construct than a piled basement raft. Besides the possible, by providing only a shallow basement
above the extra space to be obtained from second raft foundation when a tall building is constructed
level basement can be used for various effective on very soft/soft clayey soil.
purposes such as storage and car park [2]. Reduction of net bearing pressure on the subsoil
underlying the foundation base also reduces the
However, due to some administrative reasons, .the
settlements below allowable limits enabling the
proposed B+G+11 storied office building was
basement raft to have a safe foundation base on the
finally designed, and construction for the same
very soft clayey soil. Use
started ,as a tall building having 6.25m deep two
of the concept of compensated foundation is also
level deep basement raft with G+ 7(seven) floors
beneficial as it results in shallow basement raft
as superstructure .
which involves less construction cost and time
It was later noted that, after satisfactory than those required for a piled raft foundation.
completion of its construction for two level The extra space thus obtained from the second
basements with raft foundation system ,the level basement can also be suitably utilized to cater
construction work of the tall office building had to the need of high rise buildings often requiring car
be stopped abruptly for an indefinite period due to parking and/or commercial, storage and retail
a litigation in respect of the land. space.
Conclusions References
Tall buildings pose some initial challenges to the 1. H. G. Poulos, E. H. Davis, Pile Foundation Analysis and
Design, Wiley, New York, USA, 1980,
engineering consultants from geotechnical point of p250
view. Although a piled raft foundation is
conventionally considered in respect of a solution 2. M. J. Tomlinson, 'Foundation Design and Construction',
Fourth Edition, The English Language Book Society and
to the foundation system for tall buildings, on soft Pitman, ELBS edition reprinted 1981, pp215, 216,270-282
clays, without or with basement, alternative option
3. J.E.Bowles, Foundation Analysis and Design, Fourth
to utilize the concept of compensated foundation Edition, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, USA,
in terms of shallow raft with basement should 1988, table 4.9, p 232.
always be looked into, analysed with trials on 4. IS: 6403 – 1981, 'Indian Standard Code of Practice for
different basement depths and discussed to check Determination of Bearing Capacity of shallow Foundations',
whether the same can provide sufficient reduction Indian Standard Institution, Manak Bhavan, 9, Bahadur Shah
of building load, by excavation of the subsoil for Zafar Marg, New Delhi 110002,November 1981.
the said basement, so that the discounted net load 5. IS 1904- 1986 , Code of Practice for Design and
a c h i e v e s r e q u i r e d f a c t o r o f s a f e t y. Construction Foundations in Soils-General Requirement,
Present study shares the experience where the Third Edition),Bureau of Indian Standards, Manak
Bhavan,,9 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, New Delhi
concept of compensated foundation was utilized 110002,Table1,p23
and a shallow raft foundation with a deep two level
6. IS: 2911 (Part I/Sec 2) – 1986, 'Indian Standard Code of
basement provided a safe foundation system for a Practice for Design and Construction
tall building on very soft to soft clayey soil without of Pile Foundations', Part I:Concrete Piles, Section 2: Bored
the need for construction of piles below the raft .It Cast in-situ Concrete Piles (Second Revision),Bureau of
can, thus, be satisfactorily effective to utilize the Indian Standards, Manak Bhavan, 9, Bahadur Shah Zafar
concept of compensated foundation, wherever Marg, New Delhi110002,

Appendix 1
::

Appendix 2

Appendix 3

Valuation of Urban Properties: Its Techniques &

Application
Ghansham Das
Chartered Engineer & Govt. Registered. Valuer
Documents required Load bearing walls/RCC :

When the valuation work is assigned to a Valuer 6. Type of foundations. :
first step is to obtain documents related to
ownership of the property, copy of sale deed, 7. Walls of Basement & Plinth. :
conveyance deed, approved map for construction (a) Ground Floor :
of the building, receipt of property tax paid & copy
of electricity bill. Enquire from the client about the (b) Superstructure above ground floor. :
purpose the valuation. 8. Partitions. :
Purpose of Valuation 9. Doors & windows(Floor wise) :
Bank loan, Visa, Income Tax - Capital Gain, 10. Flooring ( Floor wise) :
Family settlement, Valuation of property for
acquisition under SAERFESI Act & for 11. Finishing ( Floor wise) :
calculating Stamp Duty for Registration of Sale 12. Roofing and terracing. :
Deed.
13. Special architectural or decorative
Site Inspection
feature, if any. :
After gathering the above information, plan for site
inspection along with the owner or his 14. Electrical Installations
representative. During site visit ensure correct i) Internal wiring- surface or conduit :
property is being inspected, check its geographical
location i.e. directions of the property, its latitude ii) Class of fittings - :
and longitude, check area of plot / space mentioned 15. Sanitary Installationi)
in Sale Deed vs actual area available at site. Check
whether property is as per approved map or not. (a) i) No. of water closets:
Note the technical details of the property like type ii) No. of lavatory basins
of structure, structural stability & other details as
mentioned in the Performa given below. Take the iii) No. of urinals
photograph of the property from inside as well as iv) No. of sinks.
from the outside. Try to ascertain about ownership
of the property from neighborhood & enquire v) No. of bath tubs
about prevailing land rates in that area. vi)No. of bidets
Technical Details for Construction vii)No. of geysers
1. No. of floors and height of each floor : (b) Class of fittings, Superior coloured/
2. Plinth area of floor-wise superior white/ordinary.
(As per I.S.I. 3861-1966) : 16. Compound wall
3. Year of construction : i) Height and length.
4. Estimated future life : ii) Type of construction :
5. Type of construction- 17. No. of lifts and capacity. :

18. Underground sump- capacity and Distress Sale Value

types of construction : In case borrower fails to repay the loan amount &
account with the bank becomes NPA, bank tries to
19. Over head water tank sell the property mortgaged with the bank. Bank
i) Where located : tries to sell the property at Market Value /
Realisable value of the property. Due to various
ii) Type of construction : reasons many times banks are not able to sell the
20. Pumps – No. and their horse-power : property at Realisable value. In case of NPA
properties Valuer is required to give Distress Sale
21. Sewage disposal- Whether connected to Value of the property i.e. the minimum price at
public sewers. If septic tanks provided, which bank should definitively be able to Sell the
property. In professional practice majority of the
No. and capacity. : Valuers consider Distress Sale Value as 25 to 30 %
22. Roads and pavings within the compound less then the Market Value of the property.
approximate area and type of paving. : Circle Rate Value, Allotment Rate Value, DLC
(District Level Committee) Rates Value
Values to be given in the Valuation Report
Land rates & Construction rates are decided by the
Market Value local authorities. For Calculating Circle Rate value
Define the real estate market value as an estimate of the property it has to be checked whether
of what potential buyers are willing to pay for the property is in A,B,C,D,E,F,G category as per
property. However, there is no guarantee that the MPD-2021 (Master Plan of Delhi up to 2021).
property will actually sell at that price and no way Circle Rate value of the property is used for
to predict what any given potential buyer will be calculating Stamp Duty for Sale Deed. Circle Rate
willing to pay for it. The most accurate value is generally lower than the Market Value of
determinant of market value is the price that the property however depending upon Demand &
similar property in the same area actually sold for Supply position, in certain locations it is found to
most recently. Anything else is a prediction based be higher than the Market Value of the property.
on estimates. Insurance Value of the property: Depreciated
Realisable Value value of the building is considered as a insurance
value for the purpose of insurance of the property.
Realisable value is required to be given in case
property is to be mortgaged with the bank for loan Factors Affecting Valuation of Property
purpose. It means the amount of money a banker • Location of the property – Whether the property
expects to get by selling the property mortgaged is located in the approved area or not. Whether
with them in case the borrower fails to repay the property is located in Lal Dora Area, residential
loan amount. Amount for which property can be area, commercial area or mixed land use area.
sold depends upon payment terms for sale-
purchase of the property. • Approach to the property: Whether the property
is easily approachable or not. Properties which are
It is a well known fact that in our country majority near the Schools have comparatively less value as
of the properties are sold on Cheque + Cash basis, approach to the property is difficult during school
whereas in case the bank sells the property they opening & closing time. Properties which are
sell the property on 100% Cheque payment basis. approached through heavy traffic roads / markets
Validity of valuation report is generally taken as 3 have comparatively less value
years for loan purpose & there can be variation in
market value of the property in these years. In • Neighborhood of the property – High class,
professional practice majority of the Valuers Middle Class, Lower class.
consider Realisable Value as 20 % less then the • Size of the plot - Whether the plot is sub divided
Market Value of the property. or not. Whether amalgamation of plots has been

done or not? Subdivision & amalgamation of plots are located on internal roads of the colony.
is not allowed as per MPD – 2021.
• Stilt area: In area like Delhi parking is a big
• Shape of the plot – Value of land depends upon problem. Stilt area for parking available in the
shape of the plot i.e. Square, Rectangle, building is a positive factor.
Trapezoidal, irregular shape, Gomukhi or
• Age of building – whether it is a old building or
Shermukhi.
new building. Year of construction effects the
• Demarcation Whether property is demarcated or value of the property.
not. Whether entry to the plot is from North or
• Map: Whether Building is as per Approved map
South or East or from West side. Whether it is one
or not.
side or two side or three side open plot. Properties
facing park have more value. • FAR permissible & FAR utilized: Permissible
FAR for construction of building depends upon the
• Road width in front: Properties which are located
Plot Size.
in internal narrow lanes of residential colonies
have less value as compared to properties which Commercial plots meant for service center with
Table 1: Specification for Residential Premises

Table 2 : Specification for Industrial Premises
FAR of 100 will have less price as compared to view what % of land is likely to be acquired for
same size of plot meant for commercial complex / Road widening purpose.
shopping Mall with FAR 150 • Environmental Factors: (a) Use of environment
• Freehold or Leasehold: Terms & Conditions of friendly building materials, Green building
Lease Deed & Remaining lease period. techniques if any.
• Use Factor: Residential, Commercial, Industrial, (b) Provision for rain water harvesting.
Institutional, Agricultural (c) Use of solar heating and lighting systems, etc.
Minimum land rates for Commercial, Industrial Presence of environmental pollution in the vicinity
and other uses: of the property in terms of industries, heavy traffic,
etc.
The following multiplicative use factors shall be
employed to the minimum land rates for residential • Payment terms for Sale Purchase. In Delhi
use while calculating the cost of land under majority of the properties are Registered at Circle
different uses: Rate Value which is normally lower then the
Market Value of the property. Properties in Delhi
• Acquisition: Notification for acquisition & road are normally sold on Cheque + Cash basis.
widening if any. Plots located on State Roads / Properties which are sold on 100 % cheque
National Highways shall be valued keeping in payment, normally fetch lower price than the

properties sold on Cheque + Cash basis. comparatively less value as new / additional
construction cannot be done. Even for carrying out
• Area to be Sold: Whether complete Land +
alterations / renovations, permission from
building will be sold or only floor of the building
Archeological Survey of India is required.
will be sold.
• Property located near the Railway line have
• CLU: In case of factory constructed on
comparatively less value as no construction is
agricultural land whether CLU has been obtained
permitted within 30 m from the Railway line
or not ?
• Properties which are in un-authorized area have
Marketability of the property
less value then the properties in authorized area.
Factors which have –ve impact on value of the
• Reputation of the owner of the property. Whether
property
property to be sold is disputed or not. If there are
• Property located near the Heritage structure have any other claimants for the property.
Table 3 : Power distination • Plots located below high tension wires have
comparatively less value because of restrictions of
construction as no construction is permitted within
5.5 m to 25m from the different type of power line
structure.
Information Tools for finding out the land rates
• Property portals.
• Local enquiry
• Property dealers of the area.
• Property section of News Papers.
• Valuer's own data bank & his professional
judgement
Figure 2: Powerline structures at different loads

Performa of Valuation Inflow: Total rent received per annum + interest on

Security Deposit
Different banks have their own Performa in which
valuation report is to be submitted. Outflow: Local taxes, administrative expenses,
maintenance cost etc.
Different Methods of Valuation
Capitalization Rate: Depends upon whether the
Valuation of properties can be done by property is Lease Hold or Free hold
(1) Land & Building Method, Value the property = (Inflow - Outflow) X (100 /
(2) Composite Method, Capitalization Rate)
(3) Rent Capitalisation Method, • Development Method is appropriate in case of
New Project being constructed for residential or
(4) Development Method. commercial purpose
• Land & Building Method is more appropriate in Total cost of the Project: Cost of construction of
case complete Land & Building or complete floor the buildings + development of open area +
of the building is to be valued. Administrative expenses + Marketing cost for
Value of land = Plot area X Land rate Promotion & Selling of the project, + cost of funds
+ Misc. expenses + Contractor's Profit
Value of building = Covered area X Depreciated
construction rate Income from Sales
Add for development of open area, boundary wall, Net value of the property = Income from Sales -
etc. Total cost of project
Total value of the property = Value of Land + Value Suggestions for valuations
of building + Value for development of open area, • In my opinion personal site inspection of the
etc. property should be done by the valuer. If the site
• Composite Method is more appropriate in case inspection is done by the employee of valuer &
one flat out of various flats in residential complex data collected is not correct then valuation of the
is to be valued or some commercial space in the property calculated may not be correct. Valuation
commercial complex is to be valued of the property is not just collecting data from site,
enquiring rates from the property dealers &
Value of property = Area of the flat X Composite calculating valuation of the property. Valuation
Rate (Proportionate Land share + Depreciated requires professional approach right from
Construction rate) inspection of documents, site inspection &
• Rent Capitalization Method is appropriate in calculating value of the property. Photographs of
case complete property is given on Rent. the property shall be given along with the
valuation report

Architectural
Engineering Division Board
Mr P K Maity, FIE
Chairman
Mr H K Mittal, FIE Mr Mahavir Chopda, FIE

Member Member
ISBN : 978-81-939709-2-8

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Architectural Engineering

The Institution of Engineers (India)

About Architectural Engineering Division

The Institution of Engineers (India)

I am happy to know that Architectural Engineering Division Board of The

It is really heartening to note that the practicing engineers in the field of

I congratulate all the authors and Corporate members of The Institution of

Sisir Kumar Banerjee

Publisher Editorial Team

Affordable Designs in a Rapidly Urbanizing Space – Challenges & Opportunities

Exploring Transformation of Commercial Centres and Process of Urban Development

Affordable Designs in a Rapidly Urbanizing Space –

Introduction This has seen migration of population from rural to

Architectural Engineering Division Board 9

projected to be generated from cities. The Government of India in its National

10 Architectural Engineering Division Board

Architectural Engineering Division Board 11

Augmenting Children-Nature Contact: Introducing

12 Architectural Engineering Division Board

experienced..Thusbiophiliacan act as a way to school buildings can support or work against

Architectural Engineering Division Board 13

14 Architectural Engineering Division Board

Table 1 : Various design patterns of Schools

Architectural Engineering Division Board 15

Table 2 : Design patterns w. r. t. natural anologues

Table 3 : Design patterns w. r. t. nature of space

16 Architectural Engineering Division Board

Architectural Engineering Division Board 17

6 . E n v i r o n m e n t s , 2 2 ( 1 ) , 1 9 8 . universal ethic for conserving biodiversity.

18 Architectural Engineering Division Board

Different Elements of Vernacular Architecture used in

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20 Architectural Engineering Division Board

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Daylight strategies are inseparable. Daylight not only

Figure 2 : Floor plans of Kovilakam

22 Architectural Engineering Division Board

Figure 3 : Floor Plan of Church

ancient times. internal doors &amp; walls, &amp; equipment in

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Figure 5 : Working Principle of Courtyard and gables

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Figure 8 : Variation of solar illumination with time

This might explain why the lunar crescent as a

Figure 11 : Long windows and doors

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daylighting as there were no mechanical systems

26 Architectural Engineering Division Board

which means 'Guests are like gods', and is a much

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Figure 18 : Atriums and Skylights

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Figure 20 : Working Principle of Skylight and Atriums

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To produce "an environmentally responsive environment-friendly processes and energy-

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Essentials of Traditional System in Architecture

Introduction of a project to extreme sophistication and 2) by

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32 Architectural Engineering Division Board

Exploring Transformation of Commercial Centres and

Introduction form scale and function. Gallion goes on to

Architectural Engineering Division Board 33

ancient times. internal doors & walls, & equipment in