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PROJECT
COMPARITIVE STUDY OF
COMMERCIAL ANTACIDS
A Project Report
Submitted by
TAARUNIKA J
IN
CHEMISTRY
AT
2017-18
CHEMISTRY INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT
COMPARITIVE STUDY OF
COMMERCIAL ANTACIDS
A Project Report
Submitted by
BHAVANA. J
IN
CHEMISTRY
AT
2017-18
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I am also thankful for the help rendered by the lab assistant Mr.Kurumurthy
who made available the various lab apparatus and chemicals needed for the
experiment, else it would have been difficult to perform this project successfully.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I INTRODUCTION 1
II OBJECTIVE 7
III THEORY 8
MATERIALS
IV REQUIRED 11
V PROCEDURE 13
VI OBSERVATION 17
VIII BIBLIOGRAPHY 20
INTRODUCTION
It is well known that the food we take undergoes a series of complex reactions
within the body which constitute digestion and metabolism. These reactions are
catalyzed by enzymes which are very specific in their action and can function
properly only when the pH of the medium is within a specific range.
Some enzymes require mildly alkaline conditions while others operate only in
weakly acidic media. Amongst the latter category of enzymes are the enzymes that
control the digestion of proteins present in the food as it reaches the stomach. In the
stomach, dilute hydrochloric acid is secreted and it provides mildly acidic
conditions required for the functioning of protein digesting enzymes in the stomach.
Gastric acid is a digestive fluid, formed in the stomach. It has a pH of 1.5 to 3.5 and
is composed of 0.5 % hydrochloric acid (HCl). It is produced by cells lining the
stomach, which are coupled to systems to increase acid production when needed.
Other cells in the stomach produce bicarbonate to buffer the acid, ensuring the pH
does not drop too low (acid reduces pH). Also cells in the beginning of the small
intestine, or duodenum, produce large amounts of bicarbonate to completely
neutralize any gastric acid that passes further down into the digestive tract. The
bicarbonate-secreting cells in the stomach also produce and secrete mucus. Mucus
forms a viscous physical barrier to prevent gastric acid from damaging the stomach.
However, sometimes the stomach begins to secrete an excess of HCl. This leads to a
condition known as Gastric Hyperacidity. This condition can also be triggered by
the intake of to much food or highly spiced food. This, in turn, makes the stomach
lining cells to secrete more acid resulting in Hyperacidity. It also leads to acute
discomfort due to indigestion.
To counter this situation, substances like Antacids or literally anti - acids, have been
developed. Antacids are commercial products that neutralize the excess acid in the
stomach providing a sensation of relief to the person. The action of antacids is
based on the fact that a base can neutralize an acid forming salt and water.
Common antacids satisfy the condition – right amount of alkali that can neutralize
the acid. If the content of alkali in the antacid is too high, no doubt acidity is
relieved, but it’ll create alkaline conditions that makes the digestive enzymes
ineffective.
To make sure that the pH of the stomach remains in a specific range, many
substances are added to the antacids.
Working of Antacids
If the antacid contains NaHCO3 then the reactions that occur in the
stomach are:
H2CO3 H2O+CO2
The excess Na+ and HCO3-ions are absorbed by the walls of the small intestines as the food
passes through
The H2CO3 formed during the reaction decomposes rapidly to form water and carbon
dioxide gas.
Types of Antacids
Side effects
Calcium: Excess calcium from supplements, fortified food and high-calcium diets,
can cause milk-alkali syndrome, which has serious toxicity and can be fatal.
Carbonate: Regular high doses may cause alkalosis, which in turn may result in
altered excretion of other drugs, and kidney stones. A chemical reaction between the
carbonate and hydrochloric acid may produce carbon dioxide gas. This causes gastric
distension which may not be well tolerated. Carbon dioxide formation can also lead to
headaches and decreased muscle flexibility.
Aluminum hydroxide: May lead to the formation of insoluble aluminium-phosphate-
complexes, with a risk for hypophosphatemia and osteomalacia.
Although aluminium has a low gastrointestinal absorption, accumulation may occur
mainly in the presence of renal insufficiency. Aluminium-containing drugs often
cause constipation and are neurotoxic.
Heartburn, reflux, indigestion, and sour stomach are a few of the common terms used
to describe digestive upset. Self-diagnosis of indigestion does carry some risk because
the causes can vary from a minor dietary indiscretion to a peptic ulcer.
The pain and symptoms of GERD or simply "reflux", may mimic those of a heart
attack. Misdiagnosis can be fatal. A bleeding ulcer can be life threatening.
GERD and pre-ulcerative conditions in the stomach are treated much more
aggressively since both, if untreated, could lead to esophageal or stomach cancer.
It is primarily for this reason that the H2 blockers including cimetidine (Tagamet),
famotidine (Pepcid), and ranitidine (Zantac), and the proton pump inhibitor (PPI)
omeprazole (Prilosec) were made OTC.
These drugs stop production of stomach acid and provide longer lasting relief but they
do not neutralize any stomach acid already present in the stomach.
Problems with reduced stomach acidity
Reduced stomach acidity may result in an impaired ability to digest and absorb
certain nutrients, such as iron and the B vitamins. Since the low pH of the stomach
normally kills ingested bacteria, antacids increase the vulnerability to infection. It
could also result in the reduced bioavailability of some drugs. For example, the
bioavailability of ketocanazole (anti-fungal) is reduced at high intragastric pH (low
acid content).
Over usage of antacids naturally have side-effects. As with anything in life, it must be used
in moderation. The following flowchart elucidates very clearly.
II.OBJECTIVE
This project aims at analyzing some of the commercial antacids to determine which one of
them is the most effective by conducting a quantitative analysis.
Apart from the economic perspective, the titrations that are conducted as a part
of this experiment is in itself an attracting aspect. The prospect of making color
changing solutions, the thrill of chemical reactions, and conducting them with
accuracy is probably the most interesting part of titrations and the whole
project.
III.THEORY
10.Weighingmachine
11.Clean&glazedwhitetile
12.GlassRod
13.Water
14.Crusher
b. Chemicals:
1. NaOH powder
2. Na2CO3powder
3. 10Mconc.HClacid
4. Four different brands of antacids
5. Phenol pthalein
6. Methyl Orange
Na2CO3Powder
NaOHPowder 10MHClSolution
Approx.1L H2 O
10ml-10MHCl 1L-0.1MHCl
2. Nextprepare1litreofapprox.N/10NaOHsolutionbydissolving4.0gof
NaOH powder to make1litreofsolution.
1L-0.1MHCl
Burette:0.1NHCl
Flask:
0.1NNa2CO3+ Methyl Orange
Burette: 0.1NHCl
Flask:0.1NNaOH+
Phenolpthalien
6.Now, powder the four antacid sample sand weigh0.5g of each.
1.0g
7.Add 25ml of the standardized HCl to each of the weighed samples taken in conical
flasks .Make sure that the acid is in slight excess
So that neutral is e all the basic character of the tablet powder.
25ml0.1NHCl
8.Add a few drops of phenolphthalein indicator and warm the flask over a bunsen
burner till most of the powder dissolves.
9. Filter the insoluble material.
N1 V1 = N2 V2
(acid) (base)
N1 x 17 = 0.1 x 20
Normality of HCl, N1= 2/17 = 0.11 ≈ 0.1
1.Eno Pineapple 29
2. Eno Lemon 24
3.Digene Lime 9
4.Omez 24
5. Pephyrous 40
6. Gelusil 22
VII.SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
Websites:
• http://www.reachoutmichigan.org/funexperiments/quick/csustan/antacid
• http://icn2.umeche.maine.edu/genchemlabs/Antacid/antacid2.htm
• http://www.chem.latech.edu/~deddy/chem104/104Antacid.htm
• http://www.images.google.com
• http://www.wikipedia.com
• http://www.pharmaceutical-drug-manufacturers.com
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