Atkinson Equation

Friction Loss and Shock Loss

Dr. Nuhindro Priagung Widodo

Teknik Pertambangan
Fakultas Teknik Pertambangan dan Perminyakan
Institut Teknologi Bandung
2010

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 Atkinson Equation and Square Law
Chezy Darcy’s
Equation

Atkinson friction
factor

Assumption: air density

constant, usually basis on
Atkinson’s
standard density of air, ,
Equation
1.2 kg/m3

Atkinson
Resistance

Square Law 2
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 Rational Turbulent Resistance, Rt
Frictional pressure drop

Turbulent Resistance

Correction for density ≠ 1.2 kg/m3

3
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 Shock Loss
Whenever the airflow is required to change direction, additional vortices will be
initiated. The propagation of those large scale eddies consumes mechanical
energy (shock losses) and, hence, the resistance of the airway may
increase significantly. This occurs at bends, junctions, changes in cross-
section, obstructions, regulators and at points of entry or exit from the
system.

The effects of shock losses remain the most uncertain of all the factors that
affect airway resistance. This is because fairly minor modifications in
geometry can cause significant changes in the generation of vortices and,
hence, the airway resistance. Analytical techniques may be employed for
simple and well defined geometries. For the more complex situations that
arise in practice, scale models or computational fluid dynamics (CFD)
simulations may be employed to investigate the flow patterns and shock
losses.

There are two methods that may be used to assess the additional resistance
caused by shock losses.
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