CONSTRUCTION METHOD AND PROJECT MANAGEMENT
REPORT CE1
Members:
Fortin, Marielle Louiza
Grimaldo, Exequiel Luis
Mendoza, Ernest Jona
Torres, Vanessa
Villanueva, Mary Grace
Villarta, John Gaebrielle
i. Planning For Earthwork Construction
Planning- The Process Of Thinking About And Organizing The
Activities Required To Achieve a Desired Goal. It Involves The
Creation And Maintenance Of a Plan, Such As Psychological
Aspects That Require Conceptual Skills.
Its Goal - Minimize Resource Expenditures Required To
Successfully Complete The Project And To Ensure That The
Work Is Accomplished In a Safe Manner.
Importance Of Planning
- Understand The Project Objectives And Requirements
- Define Work Elements
- Develop Safe Construction Methods And Avoid Hazards
- Improve Efficiency
- Coordinate And Integrate Activities
- Develop Accurate Schedules
- Respond To Future Changes
- Provide a Yardstick For Monitoring And Controlling
Execution Of Project Activities
Typical Constraints In Planning
- Contract Requirements Described In The Drawings And
Technical Specifications
- Legal Requirements
- Physical And/Or Environmental Limits Of The Job
- Climatic Conditions
The Top Priority Of Planning Is: “Safety”
Process
1. Site Visit - To Relate Physical Site Characteristics To The
Work Details.
2. The Take Off Quantity Survey -Determines The Quantity Of
Materials That Will Have To Be Furnish Or Move. During The
Take Off, The Decisions Concerning Equipment Needs,
Sequence Of Operations And The Crew Size Must Be
Considered
3. Mass Excavation
4. Structural Excavation - Performed To Support The
Construction Of Other Structural Elements.
5. Presenting The Graphical Presentation Of
Earthwork Which Features:
-Plan View: Looking Down On The Proposed Works
And Presents The Horizontal Alignment Of Features
-Profile View: Cut View Along The Center Line,
Features The Vertical Alignment
-Cross Section View: Formed By a Plane Cutting The
Work At Right Angle To Its Long Axis
6. Earthwork Quantities - Involves The Computations
For The Volumes, Cuts And Fills And Also The Most
Economical Material Hauls:
-End Area Determination-Subdividing The Area Into
Geometric Figures With Definite Formulas For Areas.
-Net Volume
-Mass Diagram-Earthmoving Operation Is Involved.
Cut And Fill Computation.
-Mass Ordinate
-Haul Distances
7. Pricing Of Earthwork Operation
ii. Compaction In Soil And Rocks
Importance Of Compaction Of Soil And Rock
Compaction is the single most important process in soil
construction. Its job is to basically reduce the volume of voids
present in the soil to be compacted, which is usually filled
with water and air.
Proper compaction is essential for any type of
compaction projects, because not only it gives the soil
increased resistance and greater stability but also decreases
its permeability.
Compaction gives it soil desired properties; its resistance
to stresses induced by climate and traffics etc. Can be
improved by increasing its resistances and shear strength
while simultaneously reducing its tendency to swell due to
water absorption.
Types Of Soil
-Cohesive Soil - Loam, Clay, Silt
-Non Cohesive Soil - Gravel, Sand
The main difference between cohesive and non cohesive soil
lies in its particles. The particles of cohesive soil are bonded
together while the particles of non cohesive soil just lies side
by side without bonding.
Methods Of Compaction
-Ramming: it breaks down soil, pushes them closer to
each other while forcing the air out of the voids.
-Vibration: it sets the soil in motion and rearranges them
into a denser packing.
-Static Rollers
Three Most Common Types Of Rollers Used In Field
Compaction
-Sheepsfoot Rollers
Commonly used for clayey and silty soils
-Smooth-Drum/Steel-Wheeled Rollers
Commonly used for granular soil
-Pneumatic Rubber Tired Rollers
Commonly used for asphalt paving
iii. Site Investigation
What Is Site
- Is The Spatial Location Of An Actual Or Planned
Structure Or Set Of Structure (Such As Building Or
Monuments)
- a Space Of Ground Occupied Or To Be Occupied By a
Building

What Is Investigation
- To Observe Or Study By Close Examination And
Systematic Inquiry
- To Make a Systematic Examination Especially To
Conclude And Official Inquiry
Site Investigation In Construction
- a Site Investigation Simply Is The Process Of The
Collection Of Information, The Appraisal Of Data, Assessment,
And Reporting Without Which The Hazards In The Ground
Beneath The Site Cannot Be Known.
- Site Investigation Refers To The Methodology Of
Determining Surface And Subsurface Features Of The
Proposed Area. It Consist Of Determining The Profile Of
Natural Soil Deposits At The Site, Taking Samples And
Determining The Properties.
Soil Exploration
The Field And Laboratory Studies Carried Out For
Obtaining The Necessary Information About The Surface And
Subsurface Features Of The Proposed Area Including The
Position Of The Ground Water Table.
Why Site Investigation Is Done
- To Know The Geological Condition Of Rock And Soil
Formation
- To Establish Groundwater Levels And Determine The
Properties Of Water
- To Select The Type And Depth Of Foundation For The
Proposed Structure
- To Determine The Bearing Capacity Of The Site
- To Estimate The Probable Maximum And Differential
Settlements.
- To Predict The Lateral Earth Pressure Against Retaining Walls
And Abutments
- To Select Suitable Construction Techniques
- To Predict And To Solve Potential Foundation Problems
- To Ascertain The Suitability Of The Soil As a Construction
Material
- To Determine Soil Properties Required For Design
- Establish Procedures For Soil Improvement To Suit Design
Purpose
- To Investigate The Safety Of Existing Structures And To
Suggest The Remedial Measure
Phases Of Soil Investigation
- Phase I: Reconnaisance
- Phase II: Preliminary Reconnaisance
- Phase III: Detailed Soil Exploration
- Phase IV: Write a Report
Phase I “Reconnaisance”
Call Of Available Information Such As Site Plan, Type,
Size, And Importance Of The Structure, Loading Conditions,
Previous Geotechnical Reports, Topographic Maps, Air
Photographs, Geologic Maps, Hydrological Information
Phase II “Preliminary Reconnaisance”
Preliminary Reconnaisance Or a Site Visit To Provide a
General Picture Of The Topography And Geology Of The Site.
Visual Inspection Is Done To Gather Information On
Topography, Soil Stratification, Vegetation, Water Marks,
Ground Water Level, And Type Of Construction Nearby
Phase III “Detailed Soil Exploration”
Detailed Planning For Soil Exploration In The Form Of
Trial Pits Or Borings, Their Spacing And Depth. Type Of Field
Tests Adopted And The Type Of Sampling Done, Presence Of
Water Table If Met With Are Recorded In The Form Of Bore
Log. The Soil Samples Are Properly Labeled And Sent To
Laboratory For Evaluation Of Their Physical And Engineering
Properties
Principal Methods Of Investigating The Ground Conditions
Trial Pits
Boreholes
Trial Pits
Are Shallow Excavations Going Down To a Depth No
Greater 6meters. The Trial Pit As Such Is Used Extensively At
The Surface For Block Sampling And Detection Of Services
Prior To Borehole Excavation.
Boreholes
a Borehole Is Used To Determine The Nature Of The
Ground (Usually Below 6 Meters Depth) In a Qualitative
Manner And Then Recover Undisturbed Samples For
Quantitative Examination. Where This Is Not Possible, For In
Gravelly Soils Below The Water Table, In-Situ Testing Methods
Are Used.
Water Samples
Water Samples Should Be Taken As Soon As Water Is
First Struck And The Depth Recorded. After a Suitable Period
Of Time (Usually 10-15 Minutes) The Depth Should Be Re-
Recorded And a Further Sample Taken. a Final Sample Should
Be Taken At The End Of The Borehole And The Depth Of
Water Regularly Recorded. The Sample Is Taken Using a
Device Known As a Bailer, Made From Teflon Or Plastic It
Incorporates a Float To Trap The Water And Should Be
Cleaned After Each Sample.
Objectives Of Site Investigation
- Suitability: Are The Site And Surroundings Suitable Fort
The Highway
- Design: Obtain All The Design Parameters Necessary
For The Works.
- Construction: Are There Any Potential Ground Or
Ground Water Conditions That Would Affect The Construction
- Materials: Are There Any Materials Available On Site,
What Quantity And Quality
- Effect Of Changes: How Will The Design Affect Adjacent
Properties And The Ground Water
- Identify Alternatives: Is This The Best Location
*In Addition To These, It Is Necessary To Investigate Existing
Features Such As Slopes. If There Is a Failure Of Such a
Feature Then It Is Necessary To Investigate The Failure And
Suggest Remedial Works.
 - It simply means works involving concrete. Concrete
Phase IV “Write a Report” is a mixture of portland cement, fine and coarse
Write a Report. The Report Must Contain a Clear aggregates, water and sometimes we put admixtures
Description Of The Soils At The Site, Methods Of Exploration, to enhance the concretes property.
Soil Profile, Test Methods And Results, And The Location Of - We use concretes in many different ways such as
The Ground Water. This Should Include Information And/Or reinforcements, finishes, joints and many more.
Explanations Of Any Unusual Soil, Water Bearing Stratum And - Relating it to the subject, what does a project
Soil And Groundwater Condition That May Be Troublesome manager and construction manager do? They are
During Construction the one who is making sure projects run on time,
guarantee that they don’t exceed the allocated
iv. Foundation budget allowance and ensures that the project is
completed safely.
What Is a Foundation - Concrete has many properties that will help meet
Foundation Is The Lowest Part Of a Structure Which the project and construction manager’s
Provides a Base For The Structure And Transmit The Loads To requirements. First is because of its versatility. It is
The Soil easier to build a structure. Just put a form then pour
the concrete unlike steels and woods which can’t be
Types Of Foundation: shaped easily although it takes long time to set but
-Shallow Foundation we can put admixtures to shorten the setting time.
-Deep Foundation Next is because it is economical. We all know that
the concrete is cheaper than other materials like
Shallow Foundation steels and woods. Another property is its durability.
- A Type Of Foundation That Is Used When The Earth Concretes are durable and can still stand strong in
Directly Beneath a Structure Has Sufficient Bearing Capacity good condition over a long period of time.
To Sustain The Loads From The Structure TYPES OF CONCRETE
- PLAIN OR ORDINARY CONCRETE- IT IS ONE OF THE
Types Of Shallow Foundation MOST COMMONLY USED TYPE. IT IS MOSTLY USED
Spread Footing IN CONSTRUCTION OF BUILDING WHICH DOES NOT
Used To Support Columns And Walls. REQIURE HIGH TENSILE STRENGTH.
Combined Footing - LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE – it is any type of
Used When The Distance Between Two Columns Is concrete having a density less than 1920kg/cu.m. it
Small is used for thermal insulation, for protecting steel
Mat Footing structures and bridge decks.
Closely Spaced That It Is More Effective To Merge - HIGH DENSITY CONCRETE – also called heavy
Them Into a Single Mat Or Raft Foundation That weight concrete. It is a concrete having density
Supports The Entire Building varies between 3000-4000kg/cu.m. It is used in
atomic powerplants and other similar structures
Deep Foundation because it provides good protection from any type of
- It Is a Type Of Foundation, That Is Used When The Soil radiations.
Near The Ground Surface Is Weak - REINFORCED CONCRETE – this type of concrete
uses steel for reinforcement to give the concrete a
Types Of Shallow Foundation very high tensile strength.
Caisson - PRECAST CONCRETE – refers to numerous types of
Similar To a Column Footing In That It Spreads The concrete shapes that are cast in to molds either in
Load From a Column Over a Large Enough Area Of factory or at the site. Some of its examples are
Soil That The Allowable Pressure In The Soil Is Not precast poles, fence posts, staircase units, and the
Exceeded most common used precast concrete is the hollow
Piles blocks or concrete masonry unit.
Are More Slender Than Caissons, And Forcibly - PRESTRESSED CONCRETE – is a similar to reinforced
Driven Into The Earth Rather Than Drilled And concrete in which the reinforcement bars are
Poured tensioned before being embedded in the concrete.
Use in bridges and structures with heavy dead load.
Shallow Vs. Deep
Shallow Foundation Concrete has relatively high compressive strength, but much
- Nice Soil Condition. lower tensile strength. For this reason it is usually reinforced
- Cheaper Than Deep Foundation. with materials that are strong in tension. The elasticity of
- Easier Construction concrete is relatively constant at low stress levels but starts
Deep Foundation decreasing at higher stress levels as matrix cracking develops.
- Poor Soil Condition. Concrete has a very low coefficient of thermal expansion and
- More Expensive. shrinks as it matures.
- More Complex, And Takes More Time To Construct.
v. Concrete Work Building with concrete
What is Concrete work?
Concrete is one of the most durable building materials. It
provides superior fire resistance compared with wooden
construction and gains strength over time. Structures made
of concrete can have a long service life.

Due to cement's exothermic chemical reaction while

setting up, large concrete structures such as dams,
navigation locks, large mat foundations, and large
breakwaters generate excessive heat during
hydration and associated expansion. To mitigate
these effects post-cooling is commonly applied
during construction.