TRAINING REPORT

ON
COIL AND INSULATION
MANUFACTURING
(CIM)
800MW BARS
(BLOCK IV)

1
 CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1 –BHEL
1.1 Introduction 04
1.2 Heavy Electrical Equipment Plant 05

CHAPTER 2 - Coil & Insulation Manufacturing (CIM) - Block-IV

2.1 Introduction 07
2.2 Flow Chart 08

CHAPTER 3 - Manufacturing Process of 800 MW Bars(Bay I & II)

3.1 Conductor Drawn From Store & Insulation Check 11

3.2 Conductor cutting for Transposition 11
3.3 Crossover insulation 13
3.4 Hydraulic Pressing 13
3.5 Radius Milling 14
3.6 Inter Strand Test(IST) 14
3.7 Water Test 14
3.8 Forming 15
3.9 Pickling & End Cutting of Conductors 15
3.10 Contact Sleeve & Bottom Mounting 16
3.11 Brazing & TIG Welding 16
3.12 Nitrogen Test & Dye Penetration Test 18
3.13 Thermal Shock Test 18
3.14 Helium Leakage Test 19
3.15 Reforming 19
3.16 Main Body Insulation & Impregnation 19
3.17 Pressing Of Bar & Curing 20
3.18 Surface Finishing & OCP 21
3.19 H.V. & Tan Delta Test 21
3.20 Baroscopic & ECP Coating 22
3.21 Packing & Shipment of Bars 22

CHAPTER 4 - Manufacturing of Insulation (Bay III) 23

4.1 Introduction 23

CHAPTER 5 -Summary 25

CHAPTER 6
6.1 Conclusion 26
6.2 References 26

2
 CHAPTER-1
1.1 Introduction

BHEL is an integrated power plant equipment manufacturer and one of the

largest engineering and manufacturing company of its kind in India engaged in the
design, engineering, manufacture, construction, testing, commissioning and
servicing of a wide range of products and services for core sectors of the economy,
viz. Power, Transmission, Industry, Transportation (Railways), Renewable Energy,
Oil & Gas, Water and Defence with over 180 products offerings to meet the needs
of these sectors. BHEL has been the bedrock of India's Heavy Electrical
Equipment industry since its incorporation in 1964.
BHEL's growth has been synchronous with achieving self-sufficiency in the
indigenous manufacturing of heavy electrical equipment. Out of the available
35,000 MW per annum capacity for power plant equipment manufacturing in the
country, BHEL alone constitutes a mammoth 20,000 MW per annum capacity. A
widespread network of 17 Manufacturing Divisions, 2 Repair Units, 4 Regional
Offices, 8 Service Centres, 6 Overseas Offices, 6 Joint Ventures, 15 Regional
Marketing Centres and current project execution at more than 150 project sites
across India and abroad corroborates the humungous scale and size of its
operations.
BHEL also has a widespread overseas footprint in 80 countries with cumulative
overseas installed capacity of BHEL manufactured power plants nearing 10,000
MW including Belarus, Bhutan, Egypt, Indonesia, Iraq, Kazakhstan, Malaysia,
New Zealand, Oman, Rwanda, Sudan, Tajikistan and UAE.
BHEL places strong emphasis on innovation and creative development. The R&D
efforts of the company are aimed not only at improving the performance and
efficiency of existing products, but also developing new products using state-of-
the-art technologies and processes. With its innovation-led growth strategy, BHEL
continues to rank among the highest R&D spenders in the country in the
engineering and manufacturing segment. 477 patents and copyrights were filed
during the year 2015-16, enhancing the company's intellectual capital to 3,441.

3
1.2 Heavy Electrical Equipment Plant
BHEL's Heavy Electrical Equipment Plant (HEEP) was set up in technical
collaboration with USSR, for the manufacturing of power plant equipment, AC/DC
motors of various rating with associated control equipment and started production
in January 1967. In 1976, BHEL entered into a collaboration agreement with M/s
Kraftwerk Union, AG of Germany for design, manufacturing, erection and
commissioning of large size steam turbines. More than 40 percent of the country's
electrical energy is generated from the power equipment supplied by BHEL,
Haridwar. Products manufactured include power transformers, instrument
transformers, dry type transformers, series — and stunt reactor, capacitor tanks,
vacuum — and SF circuit breakers gas insulated switch gears and insulators. The
products, which are manufactured in HEEP, are: - Steam Turbines, Turbo
Generators, hydro turbines, Gas turbines, etc.

**FACTS**

The generator may be classified based upon the cooling system used in
them such as: THRI, TARI, THDI, THDD, THDF, THFF and THW.
T (First alphabet) >>> Type of generator i.e. Turbo-generator or Hydro-
generator.
H/A(Second alphabet)>>>Cooling media used for the cooling of rotor i.e.
Hydrogen gas or Air.
R/D/F/I (Third alphabet)>>>Type of cooling of rotor e.g. Radial, Indirect,
Forced and Direct.
I/D/F(Fourth alphabet) >>> Type of cooling of stator e.g. Indirect, Direct and
Forced.
W>>> Cooling media used for cooling of stator coil e.g. water.

4
 CHAPTER-2
Coil & Insulation Manufacturing (CIM)
(Block-IV)

2.1 Introduction

Coil & Insulation manufacturing Block is a feeder block for insulating items,
winding with class-B Bituminous insulation and sheet metal components for all the
products of Block-1 i.e. Turbo-generators, Hydro-generators, A.C. and D.C.
machines.

There are four BAYS in this block each bay manufactures stator bars and coils for
different machines i.e. BAY-0, BAY-I,BAY-II,BAY-III.

5
2.2 Flow Chart

800 MW STATOR BAR PROCESS FLOWCHART

Conductor Drawn
From Store

Conductor Cutting For

Transposition

Crossover Insulation

First Pressing I.S.T Repair

Inter Strand NOT OK

Test (I.S.T)

Final Pressing

Radius Milling

I.S.T
NOT OK
Water Flow
NOT OK
Forming

Pickling &End Cutting

NEXT PAGE

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 Contact Sleeve &
Bottom Mounting

TIG Welding Of Tubes

With Sheet
(Automatic)

Main Brazing

Water Box- Top Part

Welding(TIG)

NitrogenTest NOT OK

Die Penetration Test

NOT OK

Thermal Shock

Mat Filling

Helium Leak Test

NOT OK

Inner Corona
Protection (ICP)

Main Body
Insulation

Impregnation

NEXT PAGE

7
 Impregnation

Wagon Setting &

Pressing Of Bar

Curing

Surface Finishing &

Calibration

Outer Corona Protection

Inter Corona
Protection (ICP)
High Voltage& Tan
Delta Preparation

H.V.& Tan
Delta Test

Borescope

Marking & End Corona

Protection Coating
(ECP)

Protection Warping Of
ECP

Conductive Wrapping
of Slot

Packing Of Bar

Send the Bar toBlock 1

8
 CHAPTER3
Manufacturing Process of800 MW Bars
(Bay I & II)

3.1 Conductor Drawn From Store &Insulation Check

For the manufacturing of stator bars, insulated solid Copper
conductors are brought from Bangalore and hollow Steel conductorsare brought
from Germany\England.
 Hollow Steel conductors use for both conduction as well as to facilitate the
flow of coolant (e.g. Water).
 Insulating materials and the conductors are ensured to be certified.
 The insulation is checked by the respective agencies.

3.2 Conductor cutting for Transposition

This process is done by automatic CNC machine(Roebel
Machine). In this process the pre-insulated copper conductor is cut into number of
pieces of required length (length given in drawing as per design) insulation is
removed from both ends of the copper conductor.

**FACT**

Why do we call it bar?

It is quite difficult (rather impossible) to manufacture, handle and wind in the stator
slot of generator of higher generation capacity because of its bigger size and heavy
weight. That is why we make coil in two parts. One part its bottom part of coil
called bottom or lower bar and other part of coil is called top bar or upper bar.

9
UpperBar:-
Type of Conductor Size Length (mm) Number of
conductor (mm) conductor
Solid Copper 14*1.8 11282 50
Hollow 14*4 11282 10
hollow

LowerBar:-
Type of Conductor Length (mm) Number of
conductor Size (mm) conductor
Solid Copper 14*1.8 11077 50
Hollow hollow 14*4 11077 10

Transposition means changing/shifting of position of each conductor in active core

(slot) part.
Here Roebel CNC Machine(3-464) automatic cut theconductor of required length
and also clean the ends of conductor by vertical and horizontal brushes.Each
conductor pick by the manipulator (having sensor) of machine and bends are given
with the help of bending die at required distance by the machine. After bends are
given, machine automatically arrange the conductors (i.e. for 800MW 2-solid then
1- hollow steel followed by 5- solid then 1-hollow steel so on).Then the arranged
conductors are taken out from magazine and transposition is carried out. This
process is repeated for making another half of the bar which would be mirror
image of the first half. The two halves of the bar are overlapped over each other
and aninsulating spacer(mica) is placed between the two halves.

.
(3.2.a) (3.2.b)

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Transposition is done in two ways:
 Half Pitch Transposition: - In this transposition, the first conductor at one
end of the bar becomes the last conductor at the other end of the bar.
 Full Pitch Transposition: - In this method of transposition, the first
conductor at one end of the bar becomes the last conductor in the mid of the
bar and then again becomes the first conductor at the other end of the bar.

I. To reduce eddy current losses.

II. Equalize the voltage generator& prevent current circulation.
III. To minimize skin effect of ac current, small cross section of conductor is
used and also hollow conductors are used to effect cooling by water.

3.3 Crossover insulation

The pre insulation of the copper conductor may get damaged
due to mechanical bending in die during transposition, hence the insulating spacers
are provided at the crossover portion of the conductors. A filler material (insulating
putty of mouldingmicanite) is provided along the height of the bar to maintain the
rectangular shape and to cover the difference of level of conductors.

3.4 Hydraulic Pressing

This process is basically done to consolidate the solid as well
as the hollow conductors into a single bar, the insulating material provide at
crossover positions which has gluing properties melts and helps in the proper
consolidation of the bar. In this process the bar is pressed both verticallyand
horizontally in the Pressing Machine. The pressing machines are also provided
with the heaters
Each bar is loaded on each tier of heating plate and it is then provided with an
initial pressure of 35±5 kg/cm2 and an initial temperature of 100°-110° C. Then the
temperature is allowed to raise to the maximum of 160°C, this temperature is kept
for at least one hour with a final pressure of 80±10 kg/cm2 vertically and 70±10
kg/cm2 horizontally.
Thenthe bars are cooled and both ends of bars are cleaned with rectified spirit and
sand paper for the inter strand test.

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3.5 Radius Milling
After hydraulic pressing of bar, the bar is brought for radius
milling. Due to hydraulic pressing, the bar’s edges become sharp. In this process
the sharp end of bar is grinded to give a smooth finish of uniform radius.

3.6 Inter Strand Test (IST)

The pressed bar is tested for the short between any two
conductors in the bar, if found then it has to be rectified. This is done to ensure that
no local current is flowing due to short circuit between conductors which damage
the side conductor and its insulation thus damage whole bar when it place in stator.
For this test all the bare conductors at both the ends are separated from each other
by putting them in comb so that they do not short circuit.
Then testing knob is connect to an adjacent conductor and check for whether it is
short or not by glow of bulb (which is series connected).Same is done for up- down
conductors. If the lamp lights up it shows short circuit between the two conductors
due to improper insulation between them. It shows insulation failure between the
conductors, these conductors are then replaced and bar is followed through all the
previous processes.

3.7 Water Test

Water test is performed so that there not any blockage in the
hollow steel conductor. In this test water is supplied from one side of the bar and
water profile is checked at other end. Profile must be same for every hollow
conductor.
If there is any kind of blockage inside the hollow conductors of the bar then it is
indicated by flow of water i.e. flow of water will be not uniform or profile is
disturbed so the bar is assumed to be chocked. Then chocked conductors are
repaired and water test is again performed to check the flow of water.

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3.8 Forming
In this process the bars are bending from both the ends of the
bar i.e. at exciter side and turbine side at specific angles and shape as per design.
This process is done manually. First the former is set according to the design
making different angles at different positions. Each bar of a variant is bent or
formed at same angle. Once the former is set, the bar is mounted on it and formed
manually by tools (e.g. mallet, clamper etc.)from both the ends.
While forming, the bars are assumed to get loosen.Thus the formed portion of the
bar are clamped at different places and provided with heaters to reconsolidate the
formed portion. After few hours the bar is then allowed to cool at room
temperature.

3.9 Pickling &End Cutting of Conductors

After giving a required shape through forming process the
bars are marked up to required length. Only solid conductors are clip out with the
help of Top Cutting Plier.
Due to forming, cutting of the bar and transportation of the bar, there accumulate
very minute particles of dust on the ends of the bar. These particles may cause
hindrances at the time of brazing and may create some air gaps.
So, in order to remove these unwanted particles, pickling process is performed.
The solution used for this are constituents of Sulphuric acid (10%), Phosphoric
acid (5%), Hydrogen peroxide (5%) and Water.
The end of the bar is dipped in thinner to remove the dust or oil particles then dried
with the help of N2 gas. After that the bar end is dipped in pickling solution for 5 to
10 minutes followed by dipping in water. Then the bar is dipped in rectified spirit
to make the water contents evaporate as soon as possible also dried with N2 gas.

3.10 Contact Sleeve & Bottom Mounting

After the pickling process and end cutting is done, contact
sleeve and water box bottom parts are mounted on both the ends of the bar.
Contact sleeve - it is a rectangular sleeve which is used to make contact between
upper and lower bars when laid out in the generator to form a complete coil.

13
All the remaining hollow Steel conductors are cut after the contact sleeve is fitted
leaving 2 mm for TIG welding (automatic).
Both the ends of the bar are then again pickled along with contact sleeve and water
box bottom part following the same procedure of pickling.

3.11 Brazing& TIG Welding

The water box bottom part is welded on contact sleeve
through TIG welding using Helium as shielding gas. The contact sleeves, which
are used to make contact between the upper bar and the lower bar to form a
complete coil and the water box bottom part, both together are called Coil Lug.
The contact sleeve (coil lug) which house conductors of bar is brazed through the
process of Brazing (Induction Brazing).

Fig (3.11.a) – Brazing Process

Brazing is a metal-joining process in which two or more metal items are joined
together by melting and flowing a filler metal into the joint, the filler metal having
a lower melting point than the adjoining metal.
The two types of brazing processes are:-
 Thermal brazing (using LPG)
 Induction brazing
As induction brazing is more beneficial than thermal brazing as it does not requires
any inflammable gas for heating. So in BHEL, induction brazing process is used.
Carbon has very high resistance and when the current is allowed to pass through it
due to induction the material to be brazed i.e. Contact Sleeve gets super-heated.
Induction heating is hence faster and even more efficient than thermal heating.
When the contact sleeve becomes red hot at 750°C, the brazing material (alloy of
Ag+Cu+Au+Brass) is then pushed to fill the air gaps and to consolidate the contact
sleeve on the bar. It is then allowed to cool.
The hollow Steel conductors are welded with water box
bottom part through process of TIG welding. This is done by CNC Machine.

14
Before welding, the opening hole of conductors are adjust with help of chisel.Heat
generated by Tungsten melt down the hollow steel conductor (2mm) and water box
bottom part, due to this both join to each other, thus no filler material use here.

Voltage (V) Current (Amp) Feed (mm/min) Time (sec)

8-9 55-70 102 20-30
Table 3.9.a – TIG welding of tubes with water box bottom part.
The top water box is also welded on water box bottom part through the method of
TIG welding. For this it should be kept in mind that water box bottom part should
have same material as that of water box top part. Shielding gas use here is Argon
gas and filler material use here is stainless steel.
Tungsten Inert Gas (TIG) welding, is an arc welding process that uses a non-
consumable tungsten electrode to produce the weld. The weld area is protected
from atmospheric contamination by an inert shielding gas (Ar& He), and a filler
metal is normally used.

3.12 Nitrogen Test& Dye Penetration Test

This test is performed to check any leakage in bar i.e. to
check the TIG welding. This test is similar to puncture test that is inflated tube is
dipped in water for any leakage, the air bubbles gives us the exact position of the
puncture. Similarly, this test is performed with the help of Nitrogen gas.
In this test, nitrogen at a pressure of 10Kg/cm2 is forced from one end of the bar
and other end of the bar is blocked then the pressure of 10Kg/cm2 is maintained
and both the ends of the bar are dipped in water. If bubbles appear then welding is
done again and same test is performed to ensure TIG welding of water box top and
bottom part is done properly.
Dye Penetration Test used to locate surface-breaking defects in all non-porous
materials. Liquid with certain dye is applied on water box and check for breaks on
surface.

15
3.13 Thermal Shock Test
Thermal shock test is performed to check whether the bar can
withstand extreme conditions i.e. when the generator is working or running at
about 3000 rpm.
Thermal shock test consist of series of hot water & cold water cycles alternatively.
So firstly hot water at temperature of about 80-90°C is passed through the bar and
then cold water at about room temperature 25-30°C approx. is flowed inside the
bar alternatively. This process is repeated again and again. This process is repeated
for about 6 times i.e. it has 6 cycles of hot and cold water. So this test tells us the
strength of the bar so that it can withstand the working conditions of the generator.

3.14 Helium Leakage Test

Helium test is the most important test of all, because this test
is performed to check any minute leakage within the bar and at the welded portion.
Any minute leakage which couldn't be checked by water test can easily be
observed by Helium test because Helium is one of the lightest gases.
In this test, end of the bar is wrapped in the polythene. The Helium gas at pressure
of 11Kg/cm2 is passed through the bar and a probe connected to the gauge is
inserted inside the polythene at different places. The gauge will show deflection if
there is any Helium atom present. Gauge will show reading even if 1 helium atom
in 100000 atoms is present.
If the test is failed then the bar again go under the welding process and whole
process.

3.15 Reforming
After all the previous processes which had undergone on the
bar it is assumed that the shape of the bar is deformed from its original shape due
to handling of the bar from one place to another for different processes. So to keep
the shape of the bar as per design, the bar is checked if it is found distorted then it
is reformed in the previous former machine by placing the bar on the former and
do the forming process again.

16
3.16 Main Body Insulation & Impregnation
The bar is insulated with the specific number of layers to
build the wall thickness of insulation subjected to the generating voltage of the
machine. Insulation is basically done to prevent any kind of short circuit between
the bar and the stator core when the bar is assembled in the stator of the machine.
The stator bars are insulated with Micalastic (trade name) insulation. The bar is
provided with many layers of insulation which is done by machine called CNC
TAPPING MACHINE.
For insulation with micalastic, the conductor strands are arranged together to form
a compact assembly and set to the required shape. This assembly is then baked
with epoxy resin to give it mechanical strength required for further processing. The
bars are then dried under vacuum and impregnated with synthetic resin, which by
reason of its low viscosity penetrates the insulation thoroughly and eliminates all
voids.

 Impregnation:
The impregnation resin mixture is to be heated in the working
tank, to (60±3) °C. At a temperature of 50°C, the impregnating resin mixture is to
be degassed with 1-5 m bar vacuum. Subsequently the stator windings are to be
dipped continuously in resin hardener mix such that the highest locations of the
windings are at least 100 mm below the resin level. After 10 minutes of resin
stabilization, pressure is increased by application of nitrogen. Pressure is to be
gradually increased in uniform stages within 80 minutes to 4 bars and to be
maintained for 120 minutes in the impregnation tank.
The impregnation of the stator winding is to be monitored continuously. Further it
is to be decided whether to increase the pressure or to stop the impregnation
process, however the total period of nitrogen pressure cycle shall in any case not
exceed 4 hours.

17
3.17 Pressing Of Bar & Curing
After impregnation under vacuum, the impregnated bars then
brought to the required dimensions in moulds and cured in an oven at a high
temperature.

 Pressing: The bars are pressed to bring them back to the original dimensions.
 Drying: The stator windings are to be dried under vacuum 0.1 m bar at
(60±5) °C for 15 hours, minimum. The drying temperature is to be increased
to (65±2) °C if the initial viscosity of the impregnating resin mixture is
high.The temperature distribution should be as uniform as possible.
 Curing: To prevent heating in the overhang portion, the curing of the
impregnated stator winding is to be done with a maximum 160°C hot air.
The curing period is extended for such a long time till the measurement
positions in the core indicate (140±5) °C for minimum 8 hours.

3.18 Surface Finishing & OCP

The baked and dimensionally correct bars are sanded-off to
smoothen the edges and the surface is calibrated as per requirement of the
dimension.
OCP (Outer Corona Protection) Coating: - The black semi-conducting varnish
coating is applied on the bar surface on the core length.

3.19 H.V. & Tan Delta Test

When the bar is dried it is wrapped with aluminium sheet to
make outer surface of the bar conducting so that tan δ and H.V. (High voltage test)
can be performed. After these tests the coating of red gel is applied at both the ends
of the bar.

18
  Tan δ test
Test is performed to find the capacitance of the bar because
bar will act as capacitor when it is laid in the stator of the generator. In this test
Schering Bridge which works on the principle of wheat-stone bridge is used to find
the unknown capacitance of the bar.
When the bar wrapped with aluminium there are two conducting material i.e. the
aluminium sheet and the conductors of the bar, which act as two plates of the
capacitor and the insulation on the bar act as dielectric medium for the capacitor.
The capacitance of the bar is found and of angle of deviation due to impurity in the
insulation is obtained from the formula:
C4 * R4 * 104 = tan δ

 H.V. (High Voltages Testing

This test is also known as insulation test because this test is
performed to check the insulation of the bar. In this test the bar which is already
wrapped with aluminium is used. High voltage is applied to the bar using auto-
transformer and it is increased three times theworking voltage of the bar. If the
insulation is weak the bar will puncture at the place of weaker insulation.
The bar is tested to three times the rated voltage. If any of the bar fails this test i.e.
bar is punctured at any point then the bar is sent back for ICP and along with re-
insulation all the processes are repeated again.

3.20 Baroscopic & ECP Coating

This test is performed to check the impurities or foreign
material inside the bar (hollow conductors). To look inside with naked eye is not
possible so we use baroscopic for this purpose.
Baroscopic is having a probe having a LED (light emitting diode). LED is used to
provide light inside the bar. The probe of the baroscopic is inserted from one end
of the bar and seen from a magnifying lens. The probe gives a light which is
reflected by the sides of the bar (inside) and with the help of magnifying lens we
get a clear image that what is there in the bar. If impurities are present then they
are removed.

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ECP (End Corona Protection) Coating: The grey semi-conducting varnish is
applied at the bend outside core end of bars in gradient to prevent from discharge
and minimize the end corona.

Packing & Shipment of Bars

When the bars under goes all the previous step successfully
then they are packed and ready for shipment i.e. sending of the bars to BLOCK -1.
There they are going to place in stator core of Turbo Generator.

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 CHAPTER4
Manufacturing of Insulation
(Bay III)

4.1 Introduction
Bay 3 is the manufacturer of insulating material of different
shapes and sizes as required according to the design. This bay is also called as I.D.
Section (Insulation Design Section). For the manufacturing of insulations, different
raw materials having insulating properties are brought by this section. The raw
materials having different insulating properties are then processed in this section
and moulded to different shapes as per design.
The raw materials used in this bay are:
 Glass based Textolite Sheet
 Cotton based Textolite Sheet
 Paper based Textolite Sheet
 Mica Glass sheet
 Teflon Sheet
 Mica Sheet
 Nylon Sheet
 Ebonite
 Perspex Glass Sheet
 Nomex Paper
 Asbestos Sheet
 Asbestos Paper

All the insulating raw materials mentioned above are in the decreasing order of
their insulating property. The insulating materials used in the manufacturing of
insulation moulds are categorized according to their laying requirement in the
machine i.e. if an insulation mould is to be fixed in the place where the risk of fire
is high, then at those places moulds of Glass based Textolite sheet are preferred
because cotton based or paper based textolite sheet could catch fire at those places.

21
Teflon Sheet has an important property and i.e. Teflon is non heat transferring
material. So an insulating mould of Teflon is placed above the bearings of the rotor
so that is any fault in the bearings of the rotor produces any heat then it is
prevented by this material to get transferred to the rotor, and hence prevents the
rotor of the machine.
For the manufacturing of insulation moulds, the glass insulation raw material in
fibres is first pressed into blocks in a pressing machine with the help of heaters and
hydraulic pressure. Fibres are made into blocks because if fibre is used as it is then
volume of the material will be very large. So blocks are placed on weighing
machine and then weighed equal to the product required according to design. So
then these blocks are placed in the mould and heated and moulded in the shape as
that of the mould by applying sufficient pressure and temperature.

22
 CHAPTER5
Summary

 Construction —
Each bar consists of solid as well as hollow conductor with cooling water passing through
the latter. Alternate arrangement hollow and solid conductors ensure an optimum solution for
increasing current and to reduce losses. The conductors of small rectangular cross section are
provided with glass lapped strand insulation.
A separator insulates the individual layers from each other. The transposition provides for
mutual neutralization of voltage induced in the individual strands due to the slots cross field
and end winding field. The current flowing through the conductor is uniformly distributed
over the entire bar cross section reduced.
To ensure that strands are firmly bonded together and give dimensionally stability in slot
portion, a layer of glass tape is wrapped over the complete stack. Bar insulation is done with
epoxy mica thermosetting insulation. This insulation is void free and posses better
mechanical properties. This type of insulation is more reliable for high voltage. This
insulation shows only small increases in dielectric dissipation factor with increasing test
voltage. The bar insulation is cured in an electrically heated process and thus epoxy resin fill
all voids and eliminate air inclusions.

 Insulation —
Bar is tapped with several layers of thermosetting epoxy tape. This is applied continuously
and half overlapped to the slot portion. The voltage of machine determines the thickness of
insulation. The tapped bar is then pressed and cured in electrical heated press mould for
certain fixed temperature and time.

23
 CHAPTER6
6.1 Conclusion

I would like to say that this training program is an excellent opportunity for us to
get to the ground level and experience the things that we would have never gained
through going straight into a written material.
The main objective of the industrial training is to provide an opportunity to
undergraduates to identify, observe and practice how engineering is applicable in
the real industry.
The architecture of B.H.E.L., the way various units are linked and the way working
of whole plant is controlled make the students realize that Engineering is not just
structural description but greater part is planning and management.
It proved an opportunity for encounter with such huge machines with their
working.Overall this training is totally satisfactory for me.

6.2 References

 Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (2016). About BHEL

http://www.bhel.com/about.php
 Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (2016). About Research &
Developmenthttp://www.bhel.com/about_rd.php
 Wikipedia, the free encyclopaedia (2016). About TIG welding, Brazing
etc.https://en.wikipedia.org
 Google Images (2016). Various Pictureshttps://www.google.co.in
 Machine operators(Dec-2016). Provide visiting diary notes.

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