Submitted to: Madam Sania Nawaz

Submitted by: Muhammad Saleem

Semester: BBA 5th A

Submission Date: July 1, 2019
Question1: What are factors which you consider are dominating
in yourself both positive/negative.

Answer: positive traits

Accessible:
The "within reach" definition of the adjective accessible does not just refer to
physical distance. A person can be accessible if they are approachable and friendly. I
am friendly in nature I am accessible and approachable to the people who wants to
reach me and wants to seek something from me. People can approach me for help
or guidance or something they need. A celebrity that is accessible probably signs a
lot of autographs and grants interviews. The word can also describe something that
is easily understood. This is my positive trait and I am happy with this, I am satisfied
with this trait.

Adventurous
willing to take risks or to try out new methods, ideas, or experiences. I am risky and
willing to do adventurous activities and I need change in my life. I always take risks
and I am not afraid of loss but I just love to learn from adventures.It gives me
Courage and it is boldness, challenge-seeking, loving thrill of risk, engaging in high-
risk activities. I just love this trait and I have learnt a lot

Alert
It meana quick to notice any unusual and potentially dangerous or difficult
circumstances.I am care careful and watching and always ready especially for
danger or opportunity. This trait gives me the energy to react on time with different
situations and conditions. I am careful and I handle the situation in time. Being alert
is very important for functioning in the modern world with all of its complicated tasks
and demands. Of course being alert is also important for survival, It helps me to
respond on threats/dangers in a timely manner.

Capable
It means having the ability, fitness, or quality necessary to do or achieve a specified
thing. I am able to achieve efficiently whatever I have to do I am competent I am able
to do something to get the results and I have the potential to do things in a manner
to overcome the situations.

Caring
The definition of caring is someone or something that shows kindness and concern
for others. I posses this quality and I like to care for others when some one is in
harm I feel very deep as it happens to me and want to help them. I always care the
relations. I don't care others for the sake of getting what I want. I am also caring
myself and care myself and also surroundings.
Challenging
It means inviting the competition. I am a person who always like to do challenging
tasks. From my childhood I have been trying to do different things and tasks which
others try to hesitate. This trait helped me slot to learn new ideas and brought
change in my thinking that nothing is impossible. Being Challenging provides
opportunities to move on to the competition and I like to take risks.

Honesty
It means the qualify of being honest. I posses this quality. I am honest with
people surrounding me I just hate cheating. An honest person can not tell a lie
because honest person don't like to tell a lie and he is sincere with every one and
always try to speak the truth. It teaches me to have self knowledge of my mind first
and self confidence. It also teaches to care others

Loyalty
It means the quality of being loyal. I am loyal to others and this is very
important in every relationship, business or surroundings. Being loyal
can get respect and love from others and he is respected. I have this
quality and for this I meet loyal persons. I just hate being disloyal.
Responsibility
I am responsible for my acts and decisions. This trait teaches me to
make decisions and conduct behaviours. It helps me to deal with others
in a good way.
For example : I pay my bills in time, I accept my responsibility to do my
all activities in time.
Forgiveness
I use to forgive people than getting revenge. I avoid little mistakes of
others and forgive them when they apology. This helps me to stay calm
and happy always. Being Muslim it is great habit to forgive others
Lovingness
It is similar to caring even lovingness is more greater than care. I am
loving and caring this is also better for keep relationships strong and
happy. This trait helps me to get love and respect from my family,
friends.
Negative traits:

Lazy:
I think some times I am lazy, when I quit my activities for rest then I becomes lazy,
at that time I don't like to do thinks, I waste time on sleeping and playing games
which waste my time. I am trying to overcome this negative trait because I don't like
to be lazy. Because being lazy even for few days can disturb Challenging activities.

Sleepy:
A sleepy person is that who is always ready to sleep and he sleeps a lot. I sleep more
and I don't like this much this time I am trying to make schedule for sleep and work.
This will help me to be more energetic.

Money waster:
it means A person who wastes a lot of money on unproductive things. I waste money
a lot even when I don't need anything but I buy that. I use to purchase unnecessary
products when I don't need them. I should try to overcome this and should not waste
money. I should spend money when I need something.

Time waster:
I some times waste my time on un necessary activities. This trait is the reason for
not using the time properly. But I don't usually waste my time much when I work I
only focus on working.

Over eater:
I use to eat more and more, I like to eat fast foods and different things even when
there is no need to eat. Over eating is not good for health and this trait can cause my
heart so I should avoid over eating to keep myself healthy and fit as I can perform
each and every activity in time.

Overcritical:
Inclined to critisice excesivly.

Question no:2 How social media has changed social world?

ANSWER:
It’s hard to believe that, only a decade ago, social media was little more than a
budding trend. Sure, there were websites such as Friendster and MySpace that had a
decent level of adoption, but the population as a whole had not come around to it yet.
Back in 2005, Facebook was still in it’s early stages of its spread across the world.
Heck, I was signed up for it back then, but didn’t really see the point until a few years
later. Twitter appeared around that time, but a lot of us saw it as a pointless
lifecasting toy. LinkedIn was essentially a digital resume and, for some of us, a
pseudo-Rolodex. And Google+ didn’t even come on the scene until 2011, followed
later by Pinterest and other platforms.
Fast forward to 2014, and social media has become not only a key part of the
modern lifestyle, but a useful marketing channel for businesses of all sizes.
Yesterday, a friend commented (on Facebook of course) that her elementary age
kids were stunned to know that phones were only used for conversations a few years
ago. They were dumbfounded to hear that we didn’t even carry phones with us 15-20
years ago.
This tells me that everything has officially and permanently changed. There is a
generation of kids coming up (mine included) who can’t even conceive of a world
without smart phones and social networking. It has officially embedded itself in our
culture.
As someone who spends nearly every waking hour connected in some way, including
both personal and business, this really hits home for me. Let’s look at ways
that social media improves our life experience, and also a few ways that it uncovers
a few of the more unsightly parts of humanity. Surely you’ll agree on at least some if
not all of them.

Social Media: The Good

Before I cover the “Bad,” let’s start by appreciating the things social media has done
to add to our lives. Here are some of the better things I’ve observed.

Immediate Access to Information

Given all the consolidation of media companies in the United States, it is pretty easy
to question whether the news we get from the major media is the full story or not.
After all, it’s not a rare occasion to hear more about the latest Kardashian scandal or
celebrity death than a political uprising in Turkey or elsewhere in the world.
One of the things that attracted me personally to Twitter was the immediate access
to other sources of information. Back when the government raided Osama Bin
Laden’s fortress in Pakistan, there was a nearby citizen live tweeting his
observations of the whole situation through the night. I was out at an event that
evening, and learned of it pretty soon after news broke domestically, directly from my
contacts on Twitter.
Social media is also very helpful for expanding our sources of content as a whole.
With so much being blogged and written, then curated and shared proactively, the
volume of content has grown exponentially. Now, there is no shortage of viewpoints
and sources from which we can draw our own conclusions about what is really
happening in the world. It’s less important to have a news team interpret it on our
behalf.

Pervasive Connectivity To Others

I remember the days of phones with old style dials. We didn’t even have answering
machines back then. If you called someone and they didn’t answer the phone, you
had to call back and try to catch them in real time.
When a call came in, there was no caller ID. You just picked it up and said, “Hello.” It
was sometimes hard to catch up to people, so you had to hand write and send a
letter to communicate when you were both leading busy lives.
Today, if you can’t catch someone on the phone, you can leave a voice mail or send a
text. Or even better, tweet, Facebook message, or touch base in some other means.
You can see what others are doing within seconds of them doing it, assuming they
share it on a social network of some sort. It’s not hard to catch up with someone if
they want you to find them. Kids have no idea how convenient this is in our daily lives
(privacy concerns aside).

Globalized Voices

Similar to the phone situation I just spelled out, it was extremely difficult to access a
globally reaching platform where one could share their opinions or findings back a
mere 25 years ago. I recall in the early 1990s where it was a huge deal to send in a
letter to the editor to a local newspaper, and have them actually decide to include the
letter in the paper.
Today, all we have to do is login to our platform of choice. We can rant, rave,
kumbaya, tell jokes, share images, and generally mix and mingle to our heart’s
content. For those of us who can write, it takes only a couple of minutes to create a
new blog and start putting our thoughts into words. And those thoughts could grow
legs of their own once the social sphere grabs hold of them.
It is far easier to do something remarkable and noticeable, and have it reach people
across the planet, than it has been at any time in our history. We now have truly
globalized voices. What a privilege!
Hashtags

Here’s one that originated on Twitter and eventually made its way out to the other
social networks. Hashtags served a very important purpose on Twitter in the early
days – you could create one tied to a specific trend, event, or topic, and filter out
everything that didn’t relate to the hashtag.
This was great for allowing a completely unstructured app like Twitter to enable
focused conversation. It’s amazing how people will find answers to problems or
needs on their own, and make the most of a platform. This was the beauty of Twitter
– it was powerful in that you could take its simplicity (140 characters of whatever
you wanted to post) and tailor the experience to your own preferences.
Now, hashtags have grown into a phenomenon of their own. Some people use them
for snark, others use them in the traditional way, and still others have been
experimenting with completely new ways of applying hashtags. Since they operate
almost like keywords for social media, they’ve truly become part of the culture of
online discussions.

More Level Playing Field for Business

Some may argue this point, but by providing us with global reach for our voices,
social networks enable businesses across the world to amplify their message in a
way never thought possible only a decade or two ago.

In the old days, mass media ruled. A company had to pony up thousands or even
millions of dollars to be heard in most cases. Very large companies with deep
pockets ruled the roost. Only those businesses could afford to have wider reach.
Now, a small company can achieve global reach within days of launching their
business when the cards fall right. Perhaps it’s via an ingenious video, by sharing
opinions that resonate and haven’t been stated in the past, or creating new
knowledge that spreads like wildfire. Maybe it’s by simply sharing the business
concept and bigger voices latching onto it. In any case, social media has provided a
means to have a voice on par with the big dogs for everyone, including the smallest
startups or “Mom & Pop” businesses.

Social Media: The Bad

It would be short-sighted to only highlight the good from social media if I want to
stay grounded in reality. Now here are som eof the things that make me want to
close the browser window and move on.

Selfies
I know, it’s been mocked and made fun of ad nauseum – the selfie. No matter
whether it’s because of a shirtless guy flexing in front of a mirror, girls making
abominable duck faces, or people with bad judgment taking selfies in front of natural
disasters or sunbathing with their grandmother’s ashes, we’re stuck with them.
I get why so many selfies make their way out onto the social networks. Phones come
with high res cameras now. Computers have webcams where it’s easy to take a
snapshot. You don’t even need anyone present to catch a picture from the top of
Mount “Amazing-est View in the World.”
But really, it’s not hard to ask some friendly passer-by to take a picture if you really
want one. Everyone can see right through your humble brag about the cool places
you’re visiting or the awesome people you are hanging out with. If you aim to post
selfies, please, PLEASE take at least a moment to consider whether it will come
across as narcissistic. In many cases, it will. And those are times to resist the urge.
Especially if posting to a business page or Twitter account.

Political Tirades

I have to admit; this one managed to suck me into it’s tractor beam during the most
recent presidential election. I found myself engaged in many a “debate.” Looking
back, that’s something I don’t plan to allow again.
When it comes to politics, religion, or any other very personal area of life, discussion
gets contentious almost immediately. If you have a different belief system from
someone else, you are both more likely to fight to defend it rather than cave to the
other side of the argument. These are very delicate topics, and it’s too easy for the
conversation to devolve into personal attacks and negative judgments of each
others’ characters.
I avoid them now. It’s simply not worth losing a friend or colleague over what stacks
up to be nothing more than a difference of opinion. Regardless of how those with the
other opinion are depicted by the media. Social media is meant to be social, not a
boxing rink. Everyone is happier when it stays that way.

Hiding Behind Anonymity

Although it is getting harder to shield your identity these days, anonymity has been a
key piece of the internet since its early days. It’s amazing to see how people behave
when their true identity is masked.
Now we have everything from outright trolls to habitual pranksters. This is the kind
of behavior that makes the whole internet, and particularly social media, less
productive and enjoyable for all. If you want to say something and are afraid to have
anyone know you said it, perhaps you should buck up and use common sense before
putting it out there. Being offensive anonymously is not only cowardly, it shows a
lack of character. We should all be better than that.
All Talk, No Action

In recent years, we’ve seen a ton of hashtag activists and similar behaviors across
social media (most recently, the ALS Ice Bucket Challenge). It has become a trend to
take a selfie (double whammy) holding a sign with a political or social message on it,
and a new hashtag of course. Or take a video in the case of the Ice Bucket Challenge.
The idea is to get likes and shares on the picture or video, or challenge others to take
part, aiming to have a message spread.

While that’s fine in concept, hashtag activism is all talk. If an issue is important
enough to take action, why not take real action? Facebook is crawling with people
ready to go to social media war with anyone on a topic they care about, but what else
are they doing to fix the problem? Venting on social media doesn’t fix a thing; it just
stirs the pot.
There are plenty of charities and volunteer opportunities available. Rather than get
spun up on Facebook, go give back on the weekend, or make a donation without
taking part in a random stunt. Not only will it make a real difference, but it will make
you feel better inside. And in the end, isn’t that part of the story anyway?

Ignorance Amplified

The ugly underbelly of ignorance is easy to ignore while you’re going about your
everday life. But on Twitter, it’s all over the place. There have been many blog posts
highlighting hateful, misinformed, or just plain confusing and delusional tweets at
various times in the past.
It would be easy to laugh at this, but it’s also important to realize that this stuff is
really going on out there. The world is not a perfect place, that’s a fact. If something
is ignorant and it offends you, sharing it to express that outrage just amplifies the
message further.
Like the adage goes: “Don’t feed the trolls.” The more attention you give to this
behavior, the more the person spewing it feels compelled to continue the behavior.
Let’s focus our attention on the positive sometimes, because the negative gets old
and tired, doesn’t it?

Summary

I love social media. As with any communication medium, it comes with its ups and
downs, pros and cons. Overall, I truly believe it makes the world a better place in
many ways. It also gives a platform to some less savory behaviors and opinions.
Each to his/her own, I suppose.

QUESTION NO:3 How mobile phone Is effecting our lifes.

Answer
Cellular phones have had a major impact on our lives and the way that we perform
every day tasks. Many of these changes are apparent, while others we may not even
be aware of.

Cell phones have brought a whole new meaning to the term multitasking. Twenty
years ago, it was not possible to talk to the office while you were at the grocery store
picking up some necessary items. You could never have had a three-way business
conference while you were fixing dinner or been able to deal with a business client
from home while caring for a sick child. Cell phones have enabled us to do various
tasks all at the same time.

Cell phones have also enabled families to keep in closer touch with each other.
Children can contact you if they have missed their ride form soccer practice and your
spouse can call while he is stuck in traffic to let you know that he is going to be late
for supper. Teenagers are able to call to ask permission to go somewhere, and with
GPS features that are now available on some cell phones, you are able to check to
make sure that they are where they are suppose to be.

Many of these advantages we do not even notice. Have you ever arrived at the
grocery store and realized that you have forgotten your grocery list? The first thing
you would probably do is to call home and have one of your children read the list off
to you. In the same situation in past years, you may have forgotten things or have
had to drive all the way back home to get it. If your car breaks down, you
automatically call for help instead of having to walk to find a pay phone. Cell phones
have certainly made our lives much more convenient.
Cell phones have also changed the way that people interact with each other. When
we call someone, we are actually calling the person and not a place. This enables us
to be more spontaneous when making plans as you rarely get a busy signal and
unlike a land line telephone, someone is always home. Cell phones also enable us to
call if we are going to be late for an appointment, although this has led to cell phone
users running late more often than those who do not have cell phones. These users
seem to have adopted the attitude that appointment times are not concrete and use
their cell phones to renegotiate their arrival time.

One of the greatest disadvantages of the cellular phone is the fact that we do not
talk to strangers when traveling anymore. In the past, several people waiting for a
bus would engage in a conversation while they were waiting. People who traveled the
same routes every day might develop friendships along the way. This situation does
not happen anymore. Today when people are waiting for a bus, they just pull out their
cell phones and speak with old friends, missing out on the opportunity to make new
ones. In large cities, many people do not know their neighbors, even though they may
have lived in the same neighborhood for years. As a society, we are beginning to lose
the face-to-face contact that was such an important part of our lives in the past.

Cell phones are a great asset in aiding in our every day lives. You should remember,
however, to hang up every once in a while and pay attention to the world around you.

Comparing our lives with others is mentally unhealthy

Part of the reason Facebook makes people feel socially isolated (even though they
may not actually be) is the comparison factor. We fall into the trap of comparing
ourselves to others as we scroll through our feeds, and make judgements about how
we measure up. One study looked at how we make comparisons to others posts, in
“upward” or “downward” directions—that is, feeling that we’re either better or worse
off than our friends. It turned out that both types of comparisons made people feel
worse, which is surprising, since in real life, only upward comparisons (feeling
another person has it better than you) makes people feel bad. But in the social
network world, it seems that any kind of comparison is linked to depressive
symptoms.

It’s no secret that the comparison factor in social media leads to jealousy—most
people will admit that seeing other people’s tropical vacations and perfectly behaved
kids is envy-inducing. Studies have certainly shown that social media use triggers
feelings of jealousy. The authors of one study, looking at jealousy and other negative
feelings while using Facebook, wrote that “This magnitude of envy incidents taking
place on FB alone is astounding, providing evidence that FB offers a breeding ground
for invidious feelings." They add that it can become a vicious cycle: feeling jealous
can make a person want to make his or her own life look better, and post jealousy-
inducing posts of their own, in an endless circle of one-upping and feeling jealous.

Another study looked at the connection between envy and depression in Facebook
use and, interestingly, discovered that envy mediates the Facebook-depression link.
That is, when envy is controlled for, Facebook isn’t so depressing. So it may be the
envy that’s largely to blame in the depression-Facebook connection.

Part of the unhealthy cycle is that we keep coming back to social media, even though
it doesn’t make us feel very good. This is probably because of what’s known as a
forecasting error: Like a drug, we think getting a fix will help, but it actually makes us
feel worse, which comes down to an error in our ability to predict our own response.
One study looked at how people feel after using Facebook and how they think they’ll
feel going in. Like other studies suggested, the participants in this one almost always
felt worse after using it, compared to people engaging in other activities. But a follow
-up experiment showed that people generally believed that they’d feel better after
using, not worse. Which of course turns out not to be the case at all, and sounds a
lot like the pattern in other types of addiction.

More friends on social doesn’t mean you’re more social

A couple of years ago, a study found that more friends on social media doesn’t
necessarily mean you have a better social life—there seems to be a cap on the
number of friends a person’s brain can handle, and it takes actual social interaction
(not virtual) to keep up these friendships. So feeling like you’re being social by being
on Facebook doesn’t work. Since loneliness is linked to myriad health and mental
health problems (including early death), getting real social support is important.
Virtual friend time doesn’t have the therapeutic effect as time with real friends.

All of this is not to say that there’s no benefit to social media—obviously it keeps us
connected across great distances, and helps us find people we’d lost touch with
years ago. But getting on social when you have some time to kill, or, worse, need an
emotional lift, is very likely a bad idea. And studies have found that taking a break
from Facebook helps boost psychological well-being. If you're feeling brave, try
taking a little break, and see how it goes. And if you're going to keep "using," then at
least try to use in moderation.

Question no 4:Perspnality changes caused by mobile phone.

Answer
Your personality is a big part of who you are. The sum of your behaviors and your
tendencies form powerful patterns. So it’s no surprise your personality plays a part in
the relationships you build and the career you choose. There’s a reason workplace
personality testing is a pretty big industry, for better or for worse. Learning to be
conscious of your personality will help you to figure out why you act (and react) the
way you do. And you can probably look to your personality to learn about why you’re
drawn to the jobs, activities, friendships, and relationships that you are.

After all, personality seems pretty fixed. Sure, we can learn to meditate to be a little
more calm. Or we can push ourselves to take more risks in making friends or
shaping our careers. Many of us would like to be more friendly or more in control of
our emotions. And perhaps we’d like to be more open to new experiences. But our
ability to achieve those is probably linked to what we’re working with in terms of
personality. It’s unlikely we can make lasting changes to our personalities, right?

That might sound like common sense. But as we all spend more and more hours
glued to our smartphones and scrolling through social media, some surprising
evidence is popping up. Your beloved iPhone or Android phone may be changing
your personality — at least in a few specific ways. Thought you were set in your ways
and not susceptible to the more negative effects of smartphone use just because
you aren’t totally addicted to your device? Think again.

Is your smartphone all but attached to your hip? Do you have trouble putting it down?
You might be suffering from smartphone addiction. Some doctors consider it a real
diagnosis, and argue it stems from the pressures of our modern world.

Doctors have shown through studies that the Internet and certain forms of computer
use can become habitual and addictive. Polls of smartphone users themselves also
suggest the addiction is real: Nearly half of business professionals and
managers told researchersthey would experience a great deal of physical anxiety if
they lost their phone for a week, according to WebMD.

Not everyone agrees though on just what you’re addicted to. You may not be
addicted to the smartphone per se, but more to the actions and rewards of its
use, says a 2011 studyin the research journal Personal and Ubiquitous Computing.
So what are some signs it might be time to put the phone down?

1. You always have your phone in your hand

Your phone has become an extension of your arm, or you have your phone out in
inappropriate places or times. If people are always telling you to put your phone
away, that’s a problem.
2. Checking your phone in the middle of conversations

Nothing’s worse that talking to somebody who is not really listening to you. Taking
out your phone in the middle of real conversations is not only a sign of disinterest,
but it’s also rude.

3. Your phone battery lasts hours

Even the worst smartphones have battery life that should last at least a day if not
more. If you find yourself needing to charge your phone halfway through the day,
you’re obviously on it way too much.

4. You feel your phone buzz even when it doesn’t

Those phantom vibrations from your phone are actually a real psychological issue.
Dubbed “Phantom Pocket Vibration Syndrome,” psychologists say this is a side
effect of our smartphone addictions and expectations of always being “connected.”

5. Separation from your phone makes you anxious

If you can’t leave your phone out of your sight, chances are you’re addicted to it. No
doubt many of us have felt the panic of not being able to find our phone, or worse yet
losing it altogether? How will people get ahold of us?!

6. Sleeping with your phone next to you

Our smartphone addictions follow us to our beds, the only place where there should
be some expectation of separation from the world. Sleep doctors actually say this
can cause you to have less restful sleep, which can make you more tired during the
day.

7. Checking mail, apps, texts becomes an obsession

Every app these days will alert us in some way that we have something new to look
at. If you’re just checking for new messages regardless of whether you’ve received
an alert or not, you might have a problem.
8. You use your phone as an escape

Uncomfortable and awkward situations are all around us, but our smartphones have
given us an easy way to escape without having to face the situation itself. Just act
like you got a real important message you must respond to right away and tune
everything out. That’s not exactly the best way to handle it.

9. Checking your phone right before going to sleep

Sleep experts tell us to limit distractions when trying to fall asleep. Smartphone
addicts cannot handle this. No doubt you’ve dropped a phone on your face once or
twice because of this.

10. Procrastination

You’re supposed to be getting dressed for that important meeting or hot date, but
instead you just have to respond to that Facebook status your friend just posted.

11. A lack of notifications makes you sad

If the highlight of your day is getting a notification, it’s time to worry. Conversely, if
you open your phone and are distraught that there’s not a single notification from
anyone, that’s equally bad.

How Social Media Is Bad for You

1. Depression and Anxiety

Do you spend more than two hours per day on social media? Spending too long on
social networking sites could be adversely affecting your mood. In fact, you’re more
likely to report poor mental health, including symptoms of anxiety and depression.

So how to use social media without causing yourself psychological distress? If you
turn to the same research (and common sense), the recommended amount of time
you should spend on social networks is half an hour per day. So, as with so many
things in life, it’s all about moderation.

4. Unrealistic Expectations
This one probably comes as no surprise, but social media helps you to form
unrealistic expectations of life and friendships. The networks that do it most are
Facebook, Instagram, and Snap chat. Those are the social media platforms that
severely lack online authenticity.

One simple way out of this is for everyone to quit lying on social media. But in the era
of Instagram celebrities and You Tubers who earn millions, that isn’t going to happen
anytime soon.

6. Unhealthy Sleep Patterns

On top of increased rates of anxiety and depression, spending too much time on
social media can lead to poor sleep. Numerous studies have shown that increased
use of social media has a negative effect on your sleep quality

Question no 5:What are the personality problems we are facing

at present time?

Answer:
Personality disorders are classified by the American Psychiatric
Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) as
mental illnesses and clearly defines them. Difficulty coping with normal stress and
trouble forming relationships with family, friends, and coworkers may be indications
of a personality disorder. Those who struggle with a personality disorder often don’t
enjoy social activities and may not see themselves as contributing to their problems.
While each has its own distinctive features, the personality disorders also share
some common characteristics.
“All personality disorders involve a pattern of behavior that deviates from the
expectations of one’s culture,” says Scott Krakower, DO, assistant unit chief of
psychiatry at Zucker Hillside Hospital in Glen Oaks, New York. “There may be a
distortion in a person’s cognition, changes in his affect, or difficulties interacting with
others and possibly problems with impulse control.”

According to Mental Health America, personality disorders fall into three different
categories:
 Cluster A: Odd or eccentric behavior
 Cluster B: Dramatic, emotional or erratic behavior
 Cluster C: Anxious fearful behavior
While personality disorders may be responsive to treatment, the challenge is getting
the individual with a personality disorder to admit that he has a problem and then
agree to treatment. “Many individuals with personality disorders could benefit from
individual therapy,” Dr. Krakower says. “But they may choose not to go for treatment
or they may go only after a substantial worsening of symptoms in a crisis situation.”

Individuals with personality disorders are prone to comorbid diagnoses like

substance abuse disorder, anxiety, and depression, explains Shawna Newman, MD,
an adult, child, and adolescent psychiatrist at Lenox Hill Hospital in New York City.
“People are genuinely suffering when they have a personality disorder,” she says.
“And while their situation can be managed or controlled with treatment, eliminating
a personality disorder can be, at best, very difficult and may not be possible.”
Psychosocial interventions are typically recommended for those with a personality
disorder, but there are no FDA-approved medications to treat these disorders,
Newman explains.

While you have a moderate level of risk that you will develop a personality disorder if
others in your family have one, it’s not a given. “Conditions can run in families just as
the risk does for diabetes or heart disease,” says John M. Oldham, MD, interim chief
of staff at the Menninger Clinic and Distinguished Emeritus Professor at the
Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences at Baylor College of
Medicine in Texas. “But even if you have risk factors, you may develop a personality
disorder only if you didn’t have stability during your early years if there was a
disconnection or derailment in the attachment process during your development.”

Those with personality disorders don’t have it easy when they are around other
people, Dr. Oldham says. “There is a lot of stigma, which also is true for almost any
mental disorder,” he says. “However, we are getting a little better about recognizing
that these are all illnesses.”

Here, an overview of some of the 10 personality disorders listed in the latest

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.
1. Borderline personality disorder is defined by “a pattern of instability in
interpersonal relationships, self-image, and affects, and marked impulsivity,” says
the DSM. Not only do these individuals lack a solid sense of identity, they have
difficulty forming and keeping relationships, Dr. Krakower says. However, they may
benefit from certain types of therapy such as dialectical behavior therapy (DBT.) DBT
is a cognitive behavioral treatment that combines individual psychotherapy with
group skills training classes to help individuals learn new skills and strategies for
managing their emotions and reducing conflict in their lives.
Medication can calm down the individual, but it’s not as effective as psychotherapy,
says Dr Oldham. “If people with personality disorders find the right therapist, and
they stick with it, there is a good chance they will get better,” he says.

Those with borderline personality disorder are highly worried that people don’t like
them, Dr. Oldham says. “They may imagine this so vividly that they may start arguing
with a person when the person wasn’t even thinking of them,” he says. “The person’s
relationships get rocky because they’re so insecure.” Individuals with borderline
personality disorder tend to be antagonistic and antisocial, and may injure
themselves by cutting or burning themselves.

2. Paranoid personality disorder: The individual with this disorder exhibits distrust
toward others that typically begins by early adulthood, Dr. Krakower says. “In addition
to recurrent suspicions of others, the person reads hidden meanings into benign
remarks,” he explains. “The person may suspect that others are

deceiving them.” The DSM defines the disorder as “a pattern of distrust and
suspiciousness such that other’s motives are interpreted as malevolent.”
The individual suffering from paranoid personality disorder experiences “suspicion
without an objective or sufficient basis,” says Dr. Newman. “The individual can read
negative meaning into very innocent remarks. They perceive a lot of unintentional
insults and may be very unforgiving.”

3. Schizoid personality disorder: This disorder is “a pattern of detachment from

social relationships and a restricted range of emotional expression,” says the DSM.
“The person may be more of a loner and choose solitary activities,” Dr. Krakower
says. While a person with schizoid personality disorder can benefit from social skills
groups, unfortunately, these individuals may choose not to seek out treatment.
4. Schizotypal personality disorder is marked by a pattern of difficulty with
relationships that is accompanied by cognitive and perceptual distortions and
eccentric behaviors, says Dr. Krakower. “The individual may be superstitious and
have magical beliefs or strange and unusual ideas,” he explains. In this disorder, too,
while the person could benefit from social skills groups, they often choose not to
seek out treatment. Individuals with this disorder are so highly superstitious they are
basically dysfunctional, Dr. Newman says. “They may have odd beliefs that influence
their behavior, such as ideas about clairvoyance or telepathy, and those with this
personality disorder often have very bizarre thoughts,” she says. Individuals tend to
have excessive social anxiety with everyone except first-degree relatives, she says.
5. Antisocial personality disorder: This disorder entails a pattern of behavior that is
marked by disregard for and violation of the rights of others. These individuals
often fail to conform to social norms, which may result in repetitive arrests and
criminal behavior, Dr. Krakower says. “These individuals may wind up in jail,” he adds.
Males with antisocial behavior tend to break the law, disregard rules of conduct, and
be manipulative and reckless,” says Dr. Oldham. “They show no remorse for the
things they do, and they don’t conform to social norms,” he says. “There is not a
good treatment for antisocial personality disorder and you should start early in life to
try to prevent it because once it’s there, it’s hard to fix.”
6. With a histrionic personality disorder, the person exhibits a pattern of attention-
seeking behaviors, which may entail a heightened sense of dramatization and
inappropriate sexual or provocative behaviors, Dr. Krakower says. Sometimes, this
individual has borderline personality disorder as well. She could benefit from a form
of therapy known as DBT.
7. Narcissistic personality disorder involves a pattern of grandiose behaviors with an
exaggerated sense of self, Dr. Krakower says. “These individuals are preoccupied
with unrealistic images of power and success and may often finds others inferior to
them,” he says.
The person tends to believe he or she is special and unique and requires excessive
admiration from others, Dr. Oldham says. “These individuals are not very good at
having empathy,” he says. “Nor are they interested in trying to understand how other
people feel.” A person with a narcissistic personality disorder may concurrently
have borderline personality disorder and could benefit from individual therapy, he
says, but unfortunately, it’s common for the person to refuse treatment.

8. An avoidant personality disorder involves a pattern of behavior with heightened

social inhibition, which is often accompanied by a fear of rejection of others, Dr.
Krakower says. The person may have feelings of inadequacy and be hypersensitive
to negative evaluation, according to the DSM. “With this disorder, in general people
may not even realize that the individual has a personality disorder,” says Dr. Oldham.
“People with whom they live and are close to will be aware of it.” Psychotherapy is
the primary treatment, he says.
9. A person with a dependent personality disorder exhibits a pattern of behavior
marked by excessive neediness or clinginess, accompanied by fears of separation,
Dr. Krakower says.
10. A person with anankastic (obsessive-compulsive) personality disorder displays a
pattern of behavior of excessive orderliness and perfection, Dr. Krakower explains,
and he is frequently inflexible and rigid. The individual who has this disorder finds it
difficult to discard objects, even if they have little emotional value, he says.

Question no 6: Factors of lack of attention faced?

ANSWER:

Common Reasons for Lack of Concentration and Focus

As a counselor with experience in mental health and school counseling, there have
been many times a child has been misdiagnosed with ADHD. In the mental health
setting we could change the diagnosis and work with the child and family without
medication and see big changes and differences. Interventions and therapies that
work are the key. We could agree that the problem, or a symptom, was lack of
concentration and focus, but it was not always ADHD. Why is misdiagnosis a
concern? ADHD is a mental health disorder and the diagnosis should come only
after carefully ruling out causes for lack of concentration because of medication,
stressors, functioning and family concerns.

Some reasons for lack of concentration and focus include the following:

1. Lack of sleep:
Today, many children and teens do not get the proper amounts of
sleep. Children need at least ten hours each night and growing teens
need nine to ten hours each night as well. Schedules may be over-
packed with activities, sports, lessons, clubs, and homework. All of this
is fine as long as it fits into a schedule that allows for some down time,
relationships, relaxation and the proper amount of sleep. Children can
find it hard to concentration and focus in the classroom when they are
sleepy or too tired to concentrate. Getting the proper amounts of sleep
help a child to do better in school.

2. Family Stress and Overstretched Caregivers:Families are

 stressed out today.
Parents are taking care of their parents besides their own children.
Parents may have a child in the home who is critically ill or disabled
and they require trips to the hospital, doctor visits and extra care at
home. Sometimes the child will have to help at home with the care of a
grandparent or sibling.

3. Arguments in the home:

Some families have communication issues or financial burdens and
these problems can cause concern for the children in the home. If the
parents talk about their problems with their children, without
considering boundaries, the child can be overwhelmed. This can cause
lack of concentration and focus at school. The child is worried or
upset and may experience anxiety. Some arguments can be caused
because of dysfunction in the home such as alcoholism, drug use, or
domestic violence.

4. Poor nutrition:
Quick and easy is the way to eat meals when we are busy. Children
need vitamins and healthy choices for meals. Today, many parents
instill a low fat diet in the home, but this can cause some problems
with young children. The brain requires fat and muscles need protein.
A good breakfast looks like eggs, sausage or bacon, toast with butter,
and whole milk. Little children and elementary aged children need the
fat in their diets. Teens need more protein like chicken, meat, salmon
and other fish. Milk and water are necessary and high energy drinks
should be avoided for this age. Consider giving your child a
multivitamin every day. Have seasonal fruit on hand for a healthy
snack. Place fruit in a bowl on a counter or table so it is visible and an
easy choice for a quick snack.
Medications

What are the solutions?

1. Communication with the School:

Good teachers who use best practices and who observe problems with students
implement good interventions to help children succeed before they start failing or
get behind. They also keep records of what is working or not working. Parent
conferences and good communication are a must. Parents must communicate often
with the school to let teachers know what is going on in the home or with the child's
health. Many teachers communicate with parents by email, text, or school websites
and on-line grade books.

2. School Counselor:
Parents can also check-in with the school counselor. Many school counselors
conduct classroom lessons or provide small group interventions to teach study and
organizational skills. Many schools also have tutoring schedules and creative ways
to help children before and after school. Check with your school counselor for
resources that may be available.

3. Interventions: Teachers can do these things: Ask the child to repeat the
directions of an assignment. Have the child sit in the BACK of the room. He gets his
cues from other students. When the child sits in the front of the room, he cannot see
what other children are doing, for example, "Everyone is opening their book now. I
should get my book out and find the right page." or "It is time to listen and take
notes. I see everyone working." Have him learn to get cues from his surroundings.
Praise the child for paying attention. Have lessons that are auditory, visual and
hands-on. Have the child take notes or use graphic organizers when you are
presenting information. Have the child use a planner to write down homework
assignments or other work that was incomplete at school. Teach the child how to
be organized - at school and at home.

1. Get a Proper Diagnosis:

 Lack of concentration and focus can be symptoms of many different things
going on in a child's life. If you do not have the proper diagnosis, you can not
get the proper treatment. Some may need medication; some need an
intervention; some need a therapist. Not all children who lack concentration
and focus are ADHD or need stimulant medication which has many negative
side effects. ADHD is a mental health diagnosis and children should see a
mental health provider to get properly diagnosed.

QUESTION NO 7: How can we build up our self-control stronger?

Answer:

If you look at your life right now, what is the reason you are not as successful, happy,
or healthy as you could be at this point in your life?

Apart from many excuses, there is probably just one simple reason: Lack of self-
discipline. You simply don´t do what you need to do to enjoy the levels of success you
want. If you think about it, what does it really take for you to be successful in all areas
of your life?

Chances are, it’s no secret. Everybody knows what it takes to get in shape, but how
many people are? Everyone knows what to do to perform better at their job, but how
many people are willing to do it? Everyone knows which foods to avoid and which
ones to eat, but most people keep eating those chocolate chip muffins.

In short, all the knowledge in the world is worth nothing if you don´t possess the self-
discipline to use that knowledge. Elbert Hubbard defined self-discipline as “the ability
to do what you have to do, when you have to do it, whether you feel like it or not.” It is
the one skill that is necessary above anything else to succeed in any endeavour.

Success in life comes from the actions you take on a consistent basis — and only self
-discipline allows you to do that.

Before we get started though, I wanted to let you know that I researched the science
of willpower and self-discipline and created an ebook that you can download here for
FREE.
HERE ARE 6 POWERFUL WAYS TO BUILD UNBREAKABLE SELF-
DISCIPLINE:

1. IF IT’S TO BE, IT’S UP TO ME.

No matter what your goals are in life, there is one great law that you need to obey in
order to be successful: No one else is going to climb the ladder of success for you.
No one else is responsible for your health, wealth, happiness, or success. From the
day you leave your parent´s house and start to make your own choices, you are
responsible for your life and the choices you make.

You choose the job you work in, the person you live with, and how much you exercise
every day. Only you can choose how you spend your time, and the decisions you
make on a consistent basis will make or break your life.

If you want a better life, you need to make better decisions. You can blame other
people for your lack of results or happiness all life long, but doesn´t change anything.
Only you can change your life by changing the choices you make. Take responsibility
for everything in your life, even if you can´t directly influence it. Even if it´s not in your
direct control, you can always choose how you respond.

2. THE BIG ENEMY OF SUCCESS

According to motivational speaker Brian Tracy, the biggest enemy to success is the
path of least resistance. If you choose what is fun and easy over what is necessary,
you will never reach the levels of success and happiness you are capable of achieving
in your life. That´s because every great victory requires great sacrifice. If success was
easy, everybody would be successful. But because success in any area of your life
requires hard work and sacrifices, most people will never reach their full potential.

Whenever you decide not to what you should be doing, you not only waste your
opportunity to grow as a person, but you also lose confidence in yourself. You start to
see yourself as lazy and unsuccessful, and that self-image will become a successful
prophecy.

To achieve any goal you have, there are only three things you need: A clear vision for
what it is you want, a plan to get there, and massive action consistently repeated over
time! While the first two parts are the easy part of the equation, most people struggle
with the last part: Hard work.

There is nothing that you can´t achieve with hard work, so it is necessary that you
build the habit of choosing what is hard and necessary over what is fun and easy to
do. Doing this is probably the surest way to succeed in life.
3. THINK LONGTERM
To quote Abraham Lincoln,

“The best way to predict the future is to create it.”

If you ever wonder where you will be in 10 years from now, look at your current life.
What actions are you taking to make your goals reality? How many books are you
reading to grow as a person, and how many new things are you learning? Which
people are you associating with? Are you putting in the effort necessary to achieve
your goals today?

People oftentimes think that there lives will suddenly change through some magical
event in the future, but that is not the case. Your life changes only to the extent that
you change. If you are not happy with your current circumstances, are you taking
actions to change them? If not, you are just daydreaming. Nothing will ever change if
you don´t change what you do daily. As Aristotle noted over 2000 years ago, “We are
what we repeatedly do. Excellence then, is not an act, but a habit.”

A great way to actively create your future is to ask yourself: If I already achieved my
goals, how would I act on a daily basis? What books would I read, how often would I
work out, and how would I spend my time at the office?

Once you answer these questions, you know what to do. Act as if you were already
successful.

4. OBSTACLES ARE PART OF SUCCESS

In life, nothing worth having comes easy. You have to make sacrifices in the form of
time, effort, pain, and hard work if you want to succeed. There will be many setbacks,
and any time you get close to finally succeeding, there will be some more adversity
testing how bad you really want it. Only after passing one more test, and then another,
will you be able to succeed.

The great tragedy of life is that most people give up right before achieving success.
They already made it to the five yard line, and all they need is one final push to make
the touchdown and bring home the sweet victory. But right before they do that, there
is one final obstacle standing in their way — one last failure that they need to
overcome. Way too many people give up right then and there, without realizing how
close they are.
If you just take one thing from this post, let is be this: Whenever you encounter failure
and adversity, keep going! Success is supposed to be hard because that´s what
makes it so special. If it was easy, anybody could do it. But it´s hard, and that´s your
chance to separate yourself from the people that don´t want it as bad as you.

The only way to grow as a person is by facing the biggest challenges in life and
enduring long enough to succeed. No matter how long it takes or how hard it gets,
always remember the words of motivational speaker Les Brown: “It´s not over until I
win!”

5. REWRITE YOUR GOALS EVERY DAY

To maximize your self-discipline every day, it is necessary that you keep the bigger
picture in mind. Only by remembering why you do what you do will you take the
necessary actions and follow through even if it gets hard. After all, you don´t just
work so hard for no reason. You have specific goals that you want to achieve that
make all the effort worth it.

As Nietzsche said, “He who has a “why” to live for, can bear almost any “how”.” I
believe this to be absolutely true. If you know what you want to do, and you have
enough reasons to do it, you will do whatever it takes.

The problem is, we tend to get so caught up in working and achieving our goals that
we forget why we started in the first place. We forget why we do what we do and
instead get overwhelmed by a seemingly endless to-do list. No wonder that most
people seem to unexcited and even bored with life: They have no goals to strive for!

The easiest way to counter this problem is by rewriting your goals every day and
imagining the future as you want it. Every morning after waking up, write down the
most important goals you have for your life. This will not only immediately get you
motivated and excited, but also crystal clear on what you need to do to succeed. Only
when you are focused on your goals and your vision for your life, you are able to make
decisions that contribute to those goals.

6. DECIDE IN ADVANCE THAT YOU WILL NEVER GIVE UP

To make sure that you stay strong in the face of adversity, make sure to resolve in
advance how you will respond once it occurs. You need to have a plan for what to do
when all hell breaks loose, or else it is too easy to just give up. When writing your
goals, commit to making them come true, no matter how hard it may be. Determine
how you will respond to failures and setbacks so you can bounce back stronger and
better than ever before.

If you make this commitment and never break it, you will succeed at anything you set
your mind to. Maybe not immediately, but definitely.