Chapter Iv Official

Chapter IV
PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA
This chapter presents the collected, tabulated and interpreted data. This
also shows the findings of Twitter and freedom of expression of Junior High
School students.
Respondents’ Profiles
Table 1.1 showed the frequency distribution of students in terms of sex.
The data revealed that most of the respondents were female with 159 or
62.60% while there were 95 or 37.40% male. This indicates that females are
more likely to use Twitter than male. This is contrasted by (Salman Alsam) who
stated that there are 24% of all internet Male users use Twitter, whereas 21% of
all internet Female users use Twitter.
Table 1.1 Frequency Distribution of Respondents in Terms of Sex
Frequency Percentage
Sex
Male 95 37.40%
Female 159 62.60%
Total 254 100%
Table 1.2 Frequency Distribution of the Respondents in Terms of Age
The data revealed that most of the respondents are in 15-16 years old
which composed of 145 (57.09%). There are 95 (37.40%) 13-14 years old and
only 13 (5.12%) 11-12 years old and another 1 (0.39%) are 17 and above. This
indicates that the age group 15-16 is the largest of all age groups with a
percentage of 57.09%, while the age group 17 and above are the smallest with a
percentage of 0.39%. This implies that among all the age ranges, 15-16 are most
engrossed in utilizing twitter than any other age range. This is supported by
Newberry (2016) who stated that high school- aged teens are the most active
age demographic on the social network with 42% of youth ages 15-17.
Table 1.2. Frequency Distribution of the Respondents in Terms of Age
Age
11-12 13 5.12%
13-14 95 37.40%
15-16 145 57.09%
17 and above 1 0.39%
Total 254 100%

Table 1.3 Frequency Distribution of the Respondents in Terms of
Frequency of Use
The data revealed that most of the respondents utilize twitter 1-2 hours
per day with a frequency of 132 or 51.97%, while 76 or 29.92% of the students
utilize twitter 3-4 hours per day. There were 31 or 12.20% of the students who
utilize twitter 5-6 hours per day and only 15 or 5. 91% are utilizing twitter 7 hours
or more per day. This implies that most of the respondents are using twitter 1-2
hours per day and only 15 respondents use twitter 7 hours or more. This is
supported by Pew Research Center (2015) which stated that there are 27% of all
internet users who utilize twitter less often and 25% of users utilize twitter more
than once per day.
Table 1.3 Frequency Distribution of the Respondents in Terms of
Frequency of Use
Frequency of Use
1-2 hours 132 51.97%
3-4 hours 76 29.92%
5-6 hours 31 12.20%
7 or more hours 15 5.91%
Total 254 100%

Impacts of Using Twitter to the Freedom of Expression of the Respondents
Table 2.1.1 shows the impacts of Twitter to the freedom of expression of
male Junior High School students. Out of 15 indicators, they got the highest
means of 3.29 and 3.35 in indicators 3 and 8 with similar description “moderately
agree”, which stated that “I can be precise and straight to the point because of its
minimal characters”. and “I retweet posts that are craftily phrased”. Furthermore,
they got the lowest means of 2.91 and 2.72 in indicators 7 and 9 with similar
description “moderately agree”, which stated that “I block followers who posts
negative and abusive words”. and “I use “me IRL” (linked images and videos) to
show my emotional state”.
The results tell that using twitter makes the male students learn how
to be precise and straight to the point. This is supported by an article posted in
http://www.infobarrel.com/Advantages_and_Disadvantages_of_Twitter_for_Stud
ents, which stated that utilizing twitter teaches the students on how to get precise
and concise with their statements. However, male students are likely to retweet
posts that are cunningly phrased.

Table 2.1.1 Impacts of Twitter to the Freedom of Expression of Junior
High School students in Terms of Male sex group
Male Mean Description

1. I can vent my frustrations and make defining 3.27 Moderately Agree
statements.
2. I can show my opinion towards a certain social 3.06 Moderately Agree
issue.
3. I can be precise and straight to the point 3.29 Moderately Agree
because of its minimal characters.
4. I can select who will be able to read my tweets, 3.22 Moderately Agree
just the ones I follow and those who follow me.
5. I deal with criticism and bashing gracefully. 3.03 Moderately Agree
6. I can be myself without the fear of being judged 3.16 Moderately Agree
by my followers.
7. I block followers who post negative and 2.91 Moderately Agree
abusive words.
8. I retweet posts that are craftily phrased. 3.35 Moderately Agree
9. I use “me IRL” (linked images and videos) to 2.72 Moderately Agree
show my emotional state.
10. I can pre-select and collect information from 3.15 Moderately Agree
certain news.
11. I can indirectly tell my feelings towards a 3.29 Moderately Agree
person.
12. I share links to make others socially aware of 3.03 Moderately Agree
an event or an issue.
13. I can’t seem to think of the possible effects. I 3.05 Moderately Agree
just tweet what is on my mind.
14. I can advertise my fashion, music, and food 3.22 Moderately Agree
preferences.
15. I feel that my cyber behavior has become 3.01 Moderately Agree
hostile and aggressive.
Total Mean: 3.12 Moderately Agree
Legend: 1.00-1.49 Strongly Disagree 3.50- 4.49 Agree

1.50- 2.49 Disagree 4.50-5.00 Strongly Agree
2.50- 3.49 Moderately Agree

female Junior High School students. Out of 15 indicators, they got the highest
agree”, which stated that “I can select who will be able to read my tweets, just the
ones I follow and those who follow me.” and “I retweet posts that are craftily
phrased”. Furthermore, they got the lowest means of 2.75 and 2.87 in indicators
9 and 15 with similar description “moderately agree”, which stated that “I use “me
IRL” (linked images and videos) to show my emotional state.” and “I feel that my
cyber behavior has become hostile and aggressive.”
The results tell that female are more conscious in expressing their
thoughts and feelings on Twitter. This is supported by Sheehan (1999) which
stated that women expressed their feelings more online privacy concern than
men. They are most honest and careful in revealing their personal information
than men.
High School students in Terms of Female sex group
Female Mean Description

statements.
issue.
by my followers.
abusive words.
certain news.
person.
preferences.

aged 11-12 Junior High School students. Out of 15 indicators, they got the
highest means of 3.62 and 3.54 in indicators 4 and 8 with similar description
“Agree”, which stated that “I can select who will be able to read my tweets, just
the ones I follow and those who follow me.”and “I retweet posts that are craftily
phrased”. Furthermore, they got the lowest means of 2.69 and 2.77 in indicators
7 and 15 with similar description “moderately agree”, which stated that “I block
followers who post negative and abusive words.” and “I feel that my cyber
behavior has become hostile and aggressive.”
The results tell that students aged 11-12 are most likely to retweet posts
that are craftily phrased. Moreover, they are mindful to their privacy on their
social media accounts. This is opposed by Michael C. Burton. He stated that
many teens have succumbed to having dense, shallow, and somewhat
unintelligent conversations due to the lack of space on a Twitter post.

High School students in Terms of age range 11-12
11-12 Mean Description

statements.
issue.
4. I can select who will be able to read my tweets, 3.54 Agree
by my followers.
abusive words.
certain news.
person.
preferences.

highest means of 3.19 and 3.16 in indicators 3 and 8 with similar description
“Moderately Agree”, which stated that “I can be precise and straight to the point
because of its minimal characters.” and “I retweet posts that are craftily phrased”.
Furthermore, they got the lowest means of 2.74 and 2.81 in indicators 9 and 15
with similar description “moderately agree”, which stated that “I use “me IRL”
(linked images and videos) to show my emotional state.” and “I feel that my cyber
The results tell that students aged 13-14 are most likely to retweet posts
that are craftily phrased. Moreover, they learn how to be precise and concise to
the point because of its minimal characters. However, this is opposed by Michael
C. Burton. He stated that it affects their ability to create strong sentences
because of limited characters in twitter.


statements.
issue.
by my followers.
abusive words.
certain news.
person.
preferences.

highest means of 3.46 in indicators 1 and 4 and 3. 44 in indicator 8 with similar
description “Moderately Agree”, which stated that “I can vent my frustrations and
make defining statements.”, “I can select who will be able to read my tweets, just
the ones I follow and those who follow me.” And “I retweet posts that are craftily
phrased.” Furthermore, they got the lowest means of 2.72 and 3.00 in indicators
9 and 15 with similar description “moderately agree”, which stated that “I use “me
IRL” (linked images and videos) to show my emotional state.” and “I feel that my
cyber behavior has become hostile and aggressive.”
The results tell that students aged 15-16 are most likely to use twitter as
an outlet for expressing their thoughts and emotions. Additionally, it shows that
students aged 15-16 are less aggressive on social media. This is supported by
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0747563216300887, which
stated that students are aware of protecting their social identity and are aware of
wrong doings on social media.


statements.
issue.
by my followers.
7. I block followers who post negative and abusive 3.19 Moderately Agree
words.
certain news.
11. I can indirectly tell my feelings towards a person. 3.33 Moderately Agree
12. I share links to make others socially aware of an 3.21 Moderately Agree
event or an issue.
13. I can’t seem to think of the possible effects. I just 3.33 Moderately Agree
tweet what is on my mind.
preferences.
15. I feel that my cyber behavior has become hostile 3.00 Moderately Agree
and aggressive.

aged 17 and above Junior High School students. Out of 15 indicators, the
student got the highest means of 5.00 in indicators 9,10,11 and 15 and 4.00 in
indicators3,8 and 12 with descriptions “Agree” and “Strongly Agree” respectively,
which stated that “I use “me IRL” (linked images and videos) to show my
emotional state. “, “I can pre-select and collect information from certain news. “, “I
can indirectly tell my feelings towards a person.” and “I feel that my cyber
behavior has become hostile and aggressive.” Correspondingly, “I can be precise
and straight to the point because of its minimal characters. “, “I retweet posts that
are craftily phrased.” and “I share links to make others socially aware of an event
or an issue.” Furthermore, the student got the lowest means of 1.00 in indicators
4 and 5 and 2.00 in indicators 2,6 and 14 with description “Strongly Disagree”
and “Disagree” respectively, which stated that “I can select who will be able to
read my tweets, just the ones I follow and those who follow me.” and “I deal with
criticism and bashing gracefully.”Correspondingly, “I can show my opinion
towards a certain social issue.”, “I can be myself without the fear of being judged
by my followers.” and “I can advertise my fashion, music, and food preferences.”
The results tell that the students aged 17 and above are more likely to use
linked images and videos to show their emotional state. However, they are less
likely to express their own emotions and thoughts about a certain topic or issue
by tweeting their own difference of opinions. This is supported by Priya (2016)
which stated that another way to share a message is through the use of visual
methods. This enables the users to read and be captivated by the message.
High School students in Terms of age range 17 and above
17 and above Mean Description

statements.
2. I can show my opinion towards a certain social 2.00 Disagree
issue.
3. I can be precise and straight to the point 4.00 Agree
4. I can select who will be able to read my tweets, 1.00 Strongly Disagree
5. I deal with criticism and bashing gracefully. 1.00 Strongly Disagree
6. I can be myself without the fear of being judged 2.00 Disagree
by my followers.
abusive words.
8. I retweet posts that are craftily phrased. 4.00 Agree
9. I use “me IRL” (linked images and videos) to 5.00 Strongly Agree
10. I can pre-select and collect information from 5.00 Strongly Agree
certain news.
11. I can indirectly tell my feelings towards a 5.00 Strongly Agree
person.
12. I share links to make others socially aware of 4.00 Agree
14. I can advertise my fashion, music, and food 2.00 Disagree
preferences.
15. I feel that my cyber behavior has become 5.00 Strongly Agree

Junior High School students in terms of 1-2 hours of using Twitter per day. Out of
15 indicators, they got the highest means of 3.28 and 3. 27 in indicators 4 and 6
with similar description “Moderately Agree”, which stated that “I can select who
will be able to read my tweets, just the ones I follow and those who follow me.”
and “I can be myself without the fear of being judged by my followers.”
Furthermore, they got the lowest means of 2.78 and 2.81 in indicators 9 and 15
with similar description “moderately agree”, which stated that “I use “me IRL”
(linked images and videos) to show my emotional state.” and “I feel that my cyber
The results tell that students who use twitter 1-2 hours per day are more
likely to tweet without thinking if their followers would judge them or not and are
sensible enough to choose their followers. In addition, students are unlikely to
use linked images or videos and their behavior on social media are not
aggressive for they got the lowest mean in this indicator. This means that
students are mindful and careful as to what they should do on social media. This
is supported by
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0747563216300887, which
stated that students were aware of any forms of misconduct and are conscious of
protecting their social identity.

High School students in Terms of 1-2 hours Frequency of Using Twitter
1-2 hours Mean Description

statements.
issue.
by my followers.
abusive words.
certain news.
person.
preferences.

with description “Moderately Agree” and “Agree” respectively, which stated that “I
can be myself without the fear of being judged by my followers.” and “I retweet
posts that are craftily phrased.” Furthermore, they got the lowest means of 2.62
and 2.96 in indicators 9 and 15 with similar description “moderately agree”, which
stated that “I use “me IRL” (linked images and videos) to show my emotional
state.” and “I feel that my cyber behavior has become hostile and aggressive.”
The results tell that students who use Twitter 3-4 hours per day are
unafraid of being judged by their followers and are more likely to retweet posts
that are cunningly phrased. However, they are less likely to use linked images
and videos and are well behaved on social media.


statements.
issue.
by my followers.
abusive words.
certain news.
person.
preferences.

with similar description “Agree”, which stated that “I can select who will be able to
read my tweets, just the ones I follow and those who follow me.” and “I can
indirectly tell my feelings towards a person.” Furthermore, they got the lowest
agree”, which stated that “I deal with criticism and bashing gracefully.” and “I use
“me IRL” (linked images and videos) to show my emotional state.”
The results tell that students who use twitter 5-6 hours a day are more
likely to be careful on whom could read their tweets. However, they are low on
dealing with criticisms. This is supported by Jennifer Boddy (2016) who stated
that people online are lack of clarity about how to deal with certain criticisms or
issues.

statements.
issue.
by my followers.
abusive words.
certain news.
11. I can indirectly tell my feelings towards a 3.55 Agree
person.
preferences.

Junior High School students in terms of 7 or more hours of using Twitter per day.
Out of 15 indicators, they got the highest means of 3.93 and 3. 73 in indicators
13 and 15 with similar description “Agree”, which stated that “I can’t seem to think
of the possible effects. I just tweet what is on my mind.” and “I feel that my cyber
behavior has become hostile and aggressive.” Furthermore, they got the lowest
agree”, which stated that “I can be myself without the fear of being judged by my
followers.” and “I use “me IRL” (linked images and videos) to show my emotional
state.”
The results tell that students who use twitter 7 or more hours per day are
more likely to post without the thought of the possible effects that could affect
his/her social behavior skills. This is supported by http://www.news-
gazette.com/news/local/2014-12-07/twitter-behavior-growing-challenge-school-
officials.html, which stated that one’s inappropriate behavior on social media may
lead to a concern to the safety of young people online.

High School students in Terms of 7 or more hours Frequency of Using
Twitter
7 or more hours Mean Description

statements.
2. I can show my opinion towards a certain social 3.67 Agree
issue.
3. I can be precise and straight to the point 3.60 Agree
by my followers.
abusive words.
certain news.
person.
13. I can’t seem to think of the possible effects. I 3.93 Agree
14. I can advertise my fashion, music, and food 3.67 Agree
preferences.
15. I feel that my cyber behavior has become 3.73 Agree

Significant Difference on the Impacts of Twitter to the Freedom of
Expression of the Respondents
Table 3.1. shows the Significant Difference on the Impacts of Twitter to the
Freedom of Expression of the Respondents in terms of Sex
The data revealed that the value of t-critical which was 1.969422365 was
greater than t-stat -0.881731488. This means that there is no significant
difference, therefore the null hypothesis is accepted.
Table 3.1. shows the Significant Difference on the Impacts of Twitter
to the Freedom of Expression of the Respondents in terms of Sex
t-Test: Two-Sample Assuming Equal Variances
Male Female
Mean 3.117894737 3.187421384
Variance 0.447040438 0.323778892
Observations 95 159
Pooled Variance 0.369757405
Hypothesized Mean
Difference 0
df 252
t Stat -0.881731488
P(T<=t) one-tail 0.18938113
t Critical one-tail 1.650922755
P(T<=t) two-tail 0.378762261
t Critical two-tail 1.969422365
Freedom of Expression of the Respondents in terms of Age
The data revealed that the P-Value among the attributes was 2.32E-10.
Since the P-value was higher than the level of significance, which is 0.05, this
means that there is no significant difference, therefore the null hypothesis is
accepted.
to the Freedom of Expression of the Respondents in terms of Age
ANOVA
Source of
Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit
Between
Groups 98.61 14 7.043569554 5.405164336 2.32E-10 1.694376
Within Groups 4945.33 3795 1.303118484
Total 5043.94 3809

Freedom of Expression of the Respondents in terms of Frequency of Use
The data revealed that the P-Value among the attributes was 1.41E-10.
Since the P-value was higher than the level of significance, which is 0.05, this
means that there is no significant difference, therefore the null hypothesis is
accepted.
to the Freedom of Expression of the Respondents in terms of Frequency of
Use
ANOVA
Source of
Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit
Between
Groups 100.5748 14 7.183914511 5.49085851 1.41E-10 1.694376
Within
Groups 4965.154 3795 1.308340855
Total 5065.728 3809

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Chapter IV

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

Table 1.1 showed the frequency distribution of students in terms of sex.

all internet Female users use Twitter.

Table 1.1 Frequency Distribution of Respondents in Terms of Sex

Table 1.2. Frequency Distribution of the Respondents in Terms of Age

15-16 145 57.09%

17 and above 1 0.39%

Total 254 100%

than once per day.

Table 1.3 Frequency Distribution of the Respondents in Terms of

1-2 hours 132 51.97%

3-4 hours 76 29.92%

5-6 hours 31 12.20%

7 or more hours 15 5.91%

Total 254 100%

Table 2.1.1 shows the impacts of Twitter to the freedom of expression of

show my emotional state”.

to be precise and straight to the point. This is supported by an article posted in

posts that are cunningly phrased.

High School students in Terms of Male sex group

Male Mean Description

Total Mean: 3.12 Moderately Agree

Legend: 1.00-1.49 Strongly Disagree 3.50- 4.49 Agree

2.50- 3.49 Moderately Agree

cyber behavior has become hostile and aggressive.”

thoughts and feelings on Twitter. This is supported by Sheehan (1999) which

High School students in Terms of Female sex group

Female Mean Description

Total Mean: 3.19 Moderately Agree

Legend: 1.00-1.49 Strongly Disagree 3.50- 4.49 Agree

1.50- 2.49 Disagree 4.50-5.00 Strongly Agree

Table 2.2.1 shows the impacts of Twitter to the freedom of expression of

behavior has become hostile and aggressive.”

social media accounts. This is opposed by Michael C. Burton. He stated that

many teens have succumbed to having dense, shallow, and somewhat

unintelligent conversations due to the lack of space on a Twitter post.

High School students in Terms of age range 11-12

11-12 Mean Description

Total Mean: 3.09 Moderately Agree

Legend: 1.00-1.49 Strongly Disagree 3.50- 4.49 Agree

1.50- 2.49 Disagree 4.50-5.00 Strongly Agree

2.50- 3.49 Moderately Agree

behavior has become hostile and aggressive.”

C. Burton. He stated that it affects their ability to create strong sentences

because of limited characters in twitter.

High School students in Terms of age range 13-14

13-14 Mean Description

Total Mean: 3.01 Moderately Agree

Legend: 1.00-1.49 Strongly Disagree 3.50- 4.49 Agree

1.50- 2.49 Disagree 4.50-5.00 Strongly Agree

2.50- 3.49 Moderately Agree

highest means of 3.46 in indicators 1 and 4 and 3. 44 in indicator 8 with similar

cyber behavior has become hostile and aggressive.”

wrong doings on social media.

High School students in Terms of age range 15-16

15-16 Mean Description

Total Mean: 3.25 Moderately Agree

Legend: 1.00-1.49 Strongly Disagree 3.50- 4.49 Agree

1.50- 2.49 Disagree 4.50-5.00 Strongly Agree

2.50- 3.49 Moderately Agree

indicators3,8 and 12 with descriptions “Agree” and “Strongly Agree” respectively,

behavior has become hostile and aggressive.” Correspondingly, “I can be precise