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Holds the assembled components in place and establishes their mutual location
Ensures their alignment
Complements the function of a fixture, or permits its removal, if necessary
Controls and contrasts movement and distortion during welding
Sets and maintains the joint gap
Temporarily ensures the assembly's mechanical strength against its own weight if hoisted, moved, manipulated, or
overturned
Special Requirements
Tack welding is an essential step in preparing pipes for welding. Thorough attention should be given to obtain adequate
alignment and consistent root opening (joint gap) that control the success of the most important root pass. Although this
work could be assigned to fitters, it should be supervised closely to make sure that the workers are properly qualified.
The number and size of tack welds depend on pipe diameter and wall thickness. Tack welds with complete fusion should
be the same quality as the final weld.
All tack welds must be thoroughly cleaned before proceeding with the final weld.
Both ends of each tack weld, representing start and stop (which are weak points often having unacceptable defects), must
be ground to remove possible flaws and to present a very gradual slope that blends the weld's sides into the metal.
Additional Precautions
When tack welding is used as fixturing for brazing, the area surrounding the tack must be thoroughly cleaned to remove
oxides developed during welding.
In semiautomatic and automatic welding, the meeting points of the final weld electrode with tack welds can impair arc
voltage control and filler wire feeding, making manual assistance especially important for maintaining quality.
Tack welding is an essential ingredient in a successful welding project, be it simple or complex. It is therefore very
important to perform the process properly and minimize the risks associated with poor tack welding.
A Welding Procedure Specification (WPS) is the formal written document describing welding procedures, which
provides direction to the welder or welding operators for making sound and quality production welds as per the code
requirements . The purpose of the document is to guide welders to the accepted procedures so that repeatable and
trusted welding techniques are used. A WPS is developed for each material alloy and for each welding type used. Specific
codes and/or engineering societies are often the driving force behind the development of a company's WPS. A WPS is
supported by a Procedure Qualification Record (PQR or WPQR). A PQR is a record of a test weld performed and tested
(more rigorously) to ensure that the procedure will produce a good weld. Individual welders are certified with a qualification
test documented in a Welder Qualification Test Record (WQTR) that shows they have the understanding and
demonstrated ability to work within the specified WPS.
Contents
1Introduction
2See also
3References
4List of standards
Introduction
The following are definitions for WPS and PQR found in various codes and standards:
According to the American Welding Society (AWS), a WPS provides in detail the required welding variables for specific
application to assure repeatability by properly trained welders. The AWS defines welding PQR as a record of welding
variables used to produce an acceptable test weldment and the results of tests conducted on the weldment to qualify a
Welding Procedure Specification. For steel construction (civil engineering structures) AWS D1.1 is a widely used standard.
It specifies either a pre-qualification option (chapter 3) or a qualification option (chapter 4) for approval of welding
processes.[1]
The American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) similarly defines a WPS as a written document that provides
direction to the welder or welding operator for making production welds in accordance with Code requirements.[2] ASME
also defines welding PQR as a record of variables recorded during the welding of the test coupon. The record also
contains the test results of the tested specimens.
The Canadian Welding Bureau, through CSA Standards W47.1,[3] W47.2[4] and W186,[5] specifies both a WPS and a
Welding Procedure Data Sheet (WPDS) to provide direction to the welding supervisor, welders and welding operators.
The WPS provides general information on the welding process and material grouping being welded, while the WPDS
provides specific welding variables/parameter/conditions for the specific weldment. All WPS and WPDS must be
independently reviewed and accepted by the Canadian Welding Bureau prior to use. These CSA standards also define
requirements for procedure qualification testing (PQT) to support the acceptance of the WPDS. A record of the procedure
qualification test and the results must be documented on a procedure qualification record (PQR). All PQTs are
independently witnessed by the Canadian Welding Bureau.
In Europe, the European Committee for Standardization (CEN) has adopted the ISO standards on welding procedure
qualification (ISO 15607 to ISO 15614), which replaced the former European standard EN 288. EN ISO 15607 defines a
WPS as "A document that has been qualified by one of the methods described in clause 6 and provides the required
variables of the welding procedure to ensure repeatability during production welding". The same standard defines
a Welding Procedure Qualification Record (WPQR) as "Record comprising all necessary data needed for qualification of a
preliminary welding procedure specification".[6] In addition to the standard WPS qualification procedure specified in ISO
15614, the ISO 156xx series of standards provides also for alternative WPS approval methods. These include: Tested
welding consumables (ISO 15610), Previous welding experience (ISO 15611), Standard welding procedure (ISO 15612)
and Preproduction welding test (ISO 15613).
In the oil and gas pipeline sector, the American Petroleum Institute API 1104 standard is used almost exclusively
worldwide. API 1104 accepts the definitions of the American Welding Society code AWS A3.0.[7]
WPS is of two types- Prequalified WPS(pWPS) & qualified WPS.
Contents
Code Description
ASME BPVC Section II Part C: Specifications for Welding Rods, Electrodes, and Filler Metals.[a]
ASME BPVC Section Rules for Constructions of Nuclear Facility Components-Subsection NCA-General Requirements for Division 1
Code Description
AWS A2.4 Standard symbols for welding, brazing, and non-destructive examination
AWS A5.1 Specification for carbon steel electrodes for shielded metal arc welding
AWS A5.18 Specification for carbon steel electrodes and rods for gas shielded arc welding
API RP 582 Welding Guidelines for the Chemical, Oil, and Gas Industries
AS/NZS 1554.2 Structural steel welding - Stud welding (steel studs to steel)
AS/NZS 1554.4 Structural steel welding - Welding of high strength quenched and tempered steels
AS/NZS 1554.5 Structural steel welding - Welding of steel structures subject to high levels of fatigue loading
AS/NZS 1554.6 Structural steel welding - Welding stainless steels for structural purposes
AS/NZS 4855 Welding consumables - Covered electrodes for manual metal arc welding
CAN/CSA-ISO 14341:11 Welding consumables - Wire electrodes and weld deposits for gas shielded metal arc welding of non
(R2016) alloy and fine grain steels - Classification
G40.20-13/G40.21-13 General requirements for rolled or welded structural quality steel/ Structural quality steel
W48-14 Filler metals and allied materials for metal arc welding
W55.3-08 (R2013) Certification of companies for resistance welding of steel and aluminum
Standard
Description
Number
BS 499-1 Welding terms and symbols. Glossary for welding, brazing and thermal cutting
BS 499-2C Welding terms and symbols. European arc welding symbols in chart form
BS 2633 Specification for Class I arc welding of ferritic steel pipework for carrying fluids
BS 2971 Specification for class II arc welding of carbon steel pipework for carrying fluids
Standard
Description
Number
Specification for welding of steel pipelines on land and offshore - Part 1: Carbon and carbon manganese steel
BS 4515-1
pipelines
BS 4515-2 Specification for welding of steel pipelines on land and offshore. Duplex stainless steel pipelines
PD 6705-2 Structural use of steel and aluminium. Recommendations for the execution of steel bridges to BS EN 1090-2
Structural use of steel and aluminium. Recommendations for the execution of aluminium structures to BS EN
PD 6705-3
1090-3
Standard
Description
Number
ISO 2553 Welded, brazed and soldered joints - symbolic representation on drawings (1992)
Welding consumables. Covered electrodes for manual metal arc welding of non-alloy and fine grain steels.
ISO 2560
Classification
ISO 3580 Covered electrodes for manual arc welding of creep-resisting steels - Code of symbols for identification
Covered electrodes for manual arc welding of stainless and other similar high alloy steels - Code of symbols for
ISO 3581
identification
ISO 3834 Quality requirements for fusion welding of metallic materials, five parts.
ISO 4063 Welding and allied processes - Nomenclature of processes and reference numbers
Welding. Fusion-welded joints in steel, nickel, titanium and their alloys (beam welding excluded). Quality levels for
ISO 5817
imperfections
Welding and allied processes — Classification of geometric imperfections in metallic materials — Part 1: Fusion
ISO 6520-1
welding
Welding and allied processes — Classification of geometric imperfections in metallic materials — Part 2: Welding
ISO 6520-2
with pressure
Standard
Description
Number
ISO 6947 Welds. Working positions. Definitions of angles of slope and rotation
Welding and allied processes. Recommendations for joint preparation. Manual metal-arc welding, gas-shielded
ISO 9692-1
metal-arc welding, gas welding, TIG welding and beam welding of steels
ISO 9692-2 Welding and allied processes. Joint preparation. Submerged arc welding of steels
ISO 9692-3 Welding and allied processes. Joint preparation. Part 3: TIG and MIG welding of aluminium and its alloys
ISO 13847 Petroleum and natural gas industries - Pipeline transportation systems - Welding of pipelines
Welding - Guidance on the measurement of preheating temperature, interpass temperature and preheat
ISO 13916
mainteanance temperature
ISO 13918 Welding - Studs and ceramic ferrules for arc stud welding
ISO 13919-1 Welding - Electron and laser-beam welded joints - Guidance on quality level for imperfections - Part 1: Steel
Welding - Electron and laser-beam welded joints - Guidance on quality level for imperfections - Part 2: Aluminium
ISO 13919-2
and its weldable alloys
ISO 13920 Welding - General tolerances for welded constructions - Dimensions for lengths and angles - Shape and position
ISO 14112 Gas welding equipment - Small kits for gas brazing and welding
Welding consumables — Gases and gas mixtures for fusion welding and allied processes. Replaced EN 439:1994 in
ISO 14175
Europe.
Welding consumables. Wire electrodes and deposits for gas shielded metal arc welding of non alloy and fine grain
ISO 14341
steels. Classification
ISO 15607 Specification and qualification of welding procedures for metallic materials - General rules
Standard
Description
Number
Specification and qualification of welding procedures for metallic materials - Welding procedure specification, five
ISO 15609
parts.
Specification and qualification of welding procedures for metallic materials — Qualification based on tested welding
ISO 15610
consumables
Specification and qualification of welding procedures for metallic materials — Qualification based on previous
ISO 15611
welding experience
Specification and qualification of welding procedures for metallic materials — Qualification by adoption of a
ISO 15612
standard welding procedure
Specification and qualification of welding procedures for metallic materials — Qualification based on pre-production
ISO 15613
welding test
ISO 15614 Specification and qualification of welding procedures for metallic materials - Welding procedure test, 13 parts.
Gas welding equipment. Acetylene manifold systems for welding, cutting and allied processes. Safety requirements
ISO 15615
in high-pressure devices
ISO 15618-1 Qualification testing of welders for under-water welding. Diver-welders for hyperbaric wet welding
Qualification testing of welders for under-water welding. Diver-welders and welding operators for hyperbaric dry
ISO 15618-2
welding
ISO 17635 Non-destructive testing of welds. General rules for metallic materials
ISO 17660-1 Welding - Welding of reinforcing steel - Part 1: Load-bearing welded joints
ISO 17660-2 Welding - Welding of reinforcing steel - Part 1: Non-load bearing welded joints
Welding for aerospace applications. Qualification test for welders and welding operators. Fusion welding of metallic
ISO 24394
components
Standard
Description
Number
EN 287-1 Qualification test of welders — Fusion welding — Part 1: Steels. Withdrawn and replaced by EN ISO 9606-1 [b] [9]
Execution of steel structures and aluminium structures - Part 1: Requirements for conformity assessment of
EN 1090-1
structural components
EN 1090-2 Execution of steel structures and aluminium structures - Part 2: Technical requirements for steel structures
EN 1090-3 Execution of steel structures and aluminium structures - Part 3: Technical requirements for aluminium structures
EN 1011-1 Welding — Recommendations for welding of metallic materials — Part 1: General guidance for arc welding
EN 1011-2 Welding — Recommendations for welding of metallic materials — Part 2: Arc welding of ferritic steels
EN 1011-3 Welding — Recommendations for welding of metallic materials — Part 3: Arc welding of stainless steels
Welding — Recommendations for welding of metallic materials — Part 4: Arc welding of aluminium and aluminium
EN 1011-4
alloys
EN 1011-5 Welding. Recommendations for welding of metallic materials. Welding of clad steel
EN 1011-6 Welding. Recommendations for welding of metallic materials. Laser beam welding
EN 1011-7 Welding — Recommendations for welding of metallic materials — Part 7: Electron beam welding
EN 1011-8 Welding. Recommendations for welding of metallic materials. Welding of cast irons
Welding personnel. Approval testing of welding operators for fusion welding and resistance weld setters for fully
EN 1418
mechanized and automatic welding of metallic materials. (CEN version of ISO 14732)
Standard
Description
Number
EN 1708-2 Welding. Basic weld joint details in steel. Non-internal pressurized components.
EN 1708-3 Welding. Basic weld joint details in steel. Clad, buttered and lined pressurized components.
EN 1993-1-8 Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures – Part 1-8: General – Design of joints
EN 22553 Welded, brazed and soldered joints – Symbolic representation on drawings. (CEN version of ISO 2553)
Additional requirements for welding exist in CEN codes and standards for specific products, like EN 12952, EN 12953, EN
13445, EN 13480, etc.
Code Description
Schweißgeeignete Feinkornbaustähle - Richtlinien für die Verarbeitung besonders für das Schmelzschweißen",
SEW 088
Stahlinstitut VDEh
Merkblatt DVS
Metall-Schutzgasschweißen von Feinkornbaustählen", Deutscher Verband für Schweißtechnik e.V.
0916