1

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We express our heartfelt gratitude to our project guide Dr.N.Sajikumar,

Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering for the motivation and
valuable guidance for the successful completion of the project.

We express our sincere thanks to the Director, KERI, Peechi and the
Deputy director of Hydraulic Division, KERI, Peechi. We also grateful to
Prof.V.Jayakumari (Head of the Department, Department of Civil Engineering)
and Dr.K.S.Sumam, Department of Civil Engineering.
 2

ABSTRACT

The Climatic variation is widely discussed now a days. The periodical

measurements and analysis of meteorological parameters is essential for the
understanding of the atmospheric phenomena. This study is a step towards to this
end. This study was carried out by analyzing the meteorological data for the
period of 27 years from 1980 to 2007.The trend analysis for climatic parameters
like monthly rain fall, monthly average temperature, and monthly average
atmospheric pressure have been carried out to identify the changes in climate. It is
seen that the trend showed a positive slope for both maximum and minimum
temperature and a negative slope for both minimum and maximum pressure.
Mean while the trend of monthly rainfall shows marginal positive slope. This will
help for planning of development work of Thrissur.
 3

CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION

2. INDICATORS FOR CLIMATE

2.1 Pressure

2.2 Temperature

2.3 Precipitation

3. STUDY AREA AND DATA

4. METHODOLOGY-TREND ANALYSIS

4.1 Time series

4.2 Trend

4.3 Moving average

5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

6. CONCLUSIONS

7. ANNEXURE

7.1 Moving average curves

7.2 Monthly average datas

7.3 References

1. INTRODUCITON
 4

Compared to other Indian States Kerala lies closer to the equator. Kerala is

bestowed with a pleasant and equable climate throughout the year. This is

because of the nearness to the sea and the presence of fort like western ghats on

the east. Kerala receives copious rainfall (average 3000 mm) each year. State’s

average summer temperature is 360 (maximum) and 320C (minimum). The

average winter temperature is 260 (maximum) and 180C (minimum).

The climatic condition in Kerala can be divided into four seasons. Winter,

summer, south-west monsoon and North –East monsoon. Winter in Kerala starts

with the end of the North-East monsoon ie from later part of November lasting till

the middle of February. During this season the state witnesses lowest rainfall.

Towards the end of February, temperature starts increasing and this marks the

beginning of summer. Relatively higher temperature, low rainfall, and slightly

humid weather during summer season continues till the end of May or beginning

of June. The summer season is followed by South-West monsoon. The next few

months are periods of torrential rain. The South-West monsoon lasts till the end

of September. North-East monsoon hits Kerala during the return of the South-

West monsoon and it sometimes lasts till December. Almost 85% of the rain

received in Kerala is received during the monsoon season.

The climatic condition of the earth has been changing during the past few

years. This global change in weather have their effect on Kerala as well. Recent

news on the occurrence of off seasonal natural disasters, such as premonsoon

draught and flooding highlight the urgent need to look at the patterns of change in
 5

seasonal extremes. Also, variations in the starting of seasons indicate this

phenomenon. It is believed these problems are due to effect of changing of

climatic dynamics. This study aims on the predicting trend in climatic variation at

Thrissur.

2. INDICATORS FOR CLIMATE

2.1 Pressure

Atmospheric pressure is the force per unit area exerted against a surface by

the weight of air above that surface in the earth’s atmosphere. In most

circumstances, atmospheric pressure is closely appropriated by the hydrostatic

pressure caused by the weight of air above the measurement point. Low pressure

areas have less atmospheric mass above their location, whereas high pressure

areas have more atmospheric mass above their location. Atmospheric pressure

varies widely on the earth and these charges are important in studying weather

and climate. Atmospheric pressure shows diurnal cycle caused by global

atmospheric tides. This effect is strongest in tropical zones. The unit of

atmospheric pressure is ‘kpa ‘

2.2 Temperature

Temperature of the atmosphere varies with the height above the mean sea

level (altitude). It also changes in time, varying from season to season, from day

to night and irregularly to passing weather systems. The reason that temperature

is due to the sun and the way solar energy is deposited in atmosphere. The
 6

maximum highest and lowest temperature reached the daily cycle is of

considerable importance, and these temperatures are measured by special

thermometers.

The maximum thermometer is an ordinary mercury thermometer which has

a restriction in the bore near the bulb. As the temperature rises, the mercury is

forced past the restriction, and this continues until the maximum temperature is

reached.

The minimum thermometer is an ordinary alcohol thermometer which is

mounted on horizontal position. Inside the alcohol, a little rod, or an index, which

rests on the floor of the bore and can be moved by tilting the instrument. When

the temperature rises, the alcohol expands past the index but when contracts so

much that the free end of the alcohol column touches the index, the surface

tension of the meniscus drags the index with it. When the temperature again rises,

the index is left behind as a record of the lowest point reached.

2.3 Precipitation

The major form of precipitation in Kerala is rainfall. It is the most

important meteorological parameter of interest to the hydrologist. All forms of

precipitation are essentially measured on the basis of vertical depth of water that

would accumulate on a level surface if the precipitation is retained where it fell.

Precipitation is usually measured in millimetres .Precipitation is measured by rain

 7

gauges. The rain gauges are of two types: Non recording type or ordinary rain

gauges and recording type or automatic rain gauges.

3. STUDY AREA AND DATA

Thrissur district is situated in Central Kerala. It has an area of 3032 km2 and is
bounded by north latitudes 100 111 & 110471 and east longitudes 750501 and 60551.
The district has in general an undulating topography with original westerly slope

Fig-1 Location map

The data for study was collected from the meteorological station, Peechi.

From Peechi reservoir, about 38 million litres of drinking water is supplied to the

Thrissur municipal corporation area and near by panchayats. Thus, there is more

significance in the study of meteorological data collected from meteorological

station, Peechi. The Peechi meteorological station is maintained by the Kerala

Engineering Research Institute under the Kerala Irrigation department. The data
 8

of rainfall, atmospheric pressure (maximum and minimum), atmospheric

temperature (maximum and minimum) for 27 years were collected for the study.

The monthly average data is derived from the daily data.

4. METHODOLOGY-TREND ANALYSIS

An attempt has been made to examine whether the climate is

actually changing in the study area. This has been done by trend analysis of the

available time series.

4.1 Time series

Time series is a sequence of data points, measured typically at successive

uniform time intervals. Time series analysis comprises methods for analyzing

time series data in order to extract meaningful statistics and other characteristics

of the data. Time series forecasting is the use of a model to forecast future events

based on known past events to predict data point before they are measured. Time

series can be classified into annual series and partial duration series. If annual

values which may be mean or minimum/maximum of a hydrologic variable over a

drainage basin are processed, then the series comprising of such values shall be

called annual maximum series. But if the series only include those values which

are above or below a certain limit fixed for a certain purpose, then the series is

called partial duration series. Monthly time series are used for the present

analysis. The four characteristics, which signify the series, are randomness,
 9

periodicity, catastrophes, and trend. Trend is the monotonic change in the mean

value observed in the time series.

4.2 Trend

Trend estimation is a statistical technique to aid interpretation of data,

when a series of measurements of a process are treated as a time series, then the

application of trend estimation can be used. The most hydrological time series

are characterized by high variability and large scale random variation about a

mean value. In spite of that, sometimes monotonic change in the mean value

(defined as trend) is observed in such series. The processing of a time series may

be complicated due to addition of random components to cyclic and trend

component. The trend may be estimated by moving average method or by least

square method.

4.3 Moving average

Moving average smoothens out the extreme variations and indicate the

trend or cyclic pattern, if any, more clearly. The procedure to construct the

moving average is as follows.

The moving average curve is constructed with a moving period of ‘n’

years. Let X1, X2, …….X3 be of given data in the chronological order. Let Yi
 10

denote the ordinate of the moving average curve ith year. Then for m = 6, Yi is

computed from

Y2 = X1+ X2+ X3+ X4+ X5+ X6

Y3 = X2+ X3+ X4+ X5+ X6+ X7

Yi = Xi-1+ Xi+ Xi+1+ Xi+2+ Xi+3+ Xi+4

Yn-1 = X n-5+ Xn-4+ Xn-3+ Xn+3+ Xn-2+ Xn-1+Xn

5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Trend analysis for various climatic parameters like monthly rainfall,

monthly average temperature, monthly average atmospheric pressure have been

carried out to identify the changes in climate. In order to smoothen out high

variability and large scale random variation, moving average have been used with

orders 6,12 & 24. Trend analysis of maximum and minimum temperature with
 11

moving average n = 24 have been carried out and is shown in fig. 2 & 3

respectively. It is seen that the trend showed a positive slope, indicating a

monotonic variation which increases with time ie, the maximum and minimum

temperature in Thrissur is in an increasing trend over the last 27 years.

(0.070C/year in maximum temperature and 0.070C/ year in the minimum

temperature.

Fig-2 Temperature (Maximum)

Fig-3 Temperature (Minimum)

celcius)
Temperature (degree

Similar analysis were carried out for rainfall, minimum and maximum

pressure. These were shown in figure 4,5&6. The trend showed a negative slope

for both minimum and maximum pressure. Meanwhile the trend of monthly

rainfall shows marginal positive slope.

Fig. 4
 12

Fig-5

Fig-6
Pressure (kpa)

6. CONCLUSION

The present study shows an increasing trend in temperature and marginal

increasing trend in rainfall. The trend for atmospheric pressure shows a

decreasing trend. The observation of the study may be used as a tool to forecast

the future climate in Thrissur district.

 13

7. ANNEXURE

7.1 Moving average curve

Fig-7 Atmospheric Pressure (Minimum)

Fig-8 Atmospheric Pressure (Maximum)

(kpa)
Atmospheric pressure

Fig-9

Fig-10 Temperature (Maximum)

Time (months)
 14

Fig.11 Temperature (Minimum)

celcis)
Temperature (degree

7.2 . MONTHLY AVERAGE VALUES

7.2.1 Atmospheric Pressure

Month Fort Anro

Sep-80 1011.43 1013.21

Oct-80 1011.81 1013.44
Nov-80 1012.64 1013.77
Dec-80 1012.39 1013.55
Jan-81 1014.28 1015.11
Feb-81 1012.98 1015.26
Mar-81 1013.13 1014.82
Apr-81 1012.16 1013.30
May-81 1011.16 1012.57
Jun-81 1010.58 1011.77
Jul-81 1010.37 1011.29
Aug-81 1010.90 1012.23
Sep-81 1010.81 1011.73
 15

Oct-81 1011.53 1012.74

Nov-81 1011.59 1012.76
Dec-81 1013.83 1015.24
Jan-82 1014.23 1015.81
Feb-82 1013.77 1015.29
Mar-82 1013.03 1014.92
Apr-82 1012.17 1013.32
May-82 1011.09 1011.87
Jun-82 1010.84 1011.05
Jul-82 1011.07 1011.48
Aug-82 1011.66 1012.40
Sep-82 1012.40 1012.83
Oct-82 1011.52 1013.11
Nov-82 1011.97 1013.28
Dec-82 1013.15 1014.68
Jan-83 1013.97 1015.79
Feb-83 1013.68 1015.79
Mar-83 1013.63 1014.84
Apr-83 1011.92 1012.93
May-83 1011.06 1011.58
Jun-83 1010.38 1011.67
Jul-83 1010.60 1011.37
Aug-83 1010.55 1011.26
Sep-83 1010.82 1011.60
Oct-83 1010.65 1012.16
Nov-83 1012.40 1013.90
Dec-83 1011.65 1012.74
Jan-84 1011.55 1012.94
Feb-84 1010.38 1011.52
Mar-84 1011.06 1012.77
Apr-84 1010.08 1011.40
May-84 1009.19 1010.52
Jun-84 1009.18 1010.23
Jul-84 1008.70 1010.19
Aug-84 1010.16 1011.48
Sep-84 1009.90 1011.00
Oct-84 1011.27 1012.61
Nov-84 1010.55 1012.22
Dec-84 1010.83 1011.28
Jan-85 1011.43 1012.77
Feb-85 1008.62 1010.64
 16

Mar-85 1010.68 1011.65

Apr-85 1009.30 1010.73
May-85 1007.61 1010.02
Jun-85 1009.25 1010.23
Jul-85 1009.23 1010.68
Aug-85 1009.27 1010.42
Sep-85 1009.65 1010.70
Oct-85 1009.35 1010.61
Nov-85 1009.93 1011.57
Dec-85 1010.87 1012.68
Jan-86 1010.50 1012.10
Feb-86 1011.09 1012.25
Mar-86 1010.35 1011.81
Apr-86 1008.72 1010.40
May-86 1009.66 1010.32
Jun-86 1008.40 1009.27
Jul-86 1009.50 1010.42
Aug-86 1010.13 1010.77
Sep-86 1010.27 1011.07
Oct-86 1010.69 1011.87
Nov-86 1010.98 1011.83
Dec-86 1012.26 1012.48
Jan-87 1012.11 1012.84
Feb-87 1012.80 1013.36
Mar-87 1011.10 1012.03
Apr-87 1011.20 1011.73
May-87 1010.63 1011.42
Jun-87 1008.97 1010.70
Jul-87 1010.06 1010.87
Aug-87 1010.16 1010.68
Sep-87 1010.40 1011.40
Oct-87 1010.74 1011.56
Nov-87 1011.08 1011.92
Dec-87 1012.60 1012.71
Jan-88 1012.81 1013.35
Feb-88 1010.98 1012.19
Mar-88 1010.60 1011.77
Apr-88 1009.82 1011.00
May-88 1009.34 1010.06
Jun-88 1009.12 1010.23
Jul-88 1009.29 1010.00
 17

Aug-88 1008.95 1010.00

Sep-88 1008.27 1009.63
Oct-88 1010.95 1011.45
Nov-88 1011.32 1012.22
Dec-88 1011.76 1013.00
Jan-89 1010.76 1012.58
Feb-89 1011.77 1012.48
Mar-89 1011.03 1011.94
Apr-89 1010.20 1011.27
May-89 1008.55 1010.03
Jun-89 1009.72 1010.83
Jul-89 1009.16 1010.61
Aug-89 1009.84 1011.13
Sep-89 1010.30 1011.40
Oct-89 1010.45 1011.45
Nov-89 1011.07 1012.13
Dec-89 1012.76 1013.32
Jan-90 1011.31 1012.82
Feb-90 1011.96 1014.50
Mar-90 1011.90 1013.29
Apr-90 1010.62 1011.73
May-90 1009.15 1010.63
Jun-90 1009.13 1010.30
Jul-90 1010.68 1011.42
Aug-90 1011.03 1011.29
Sep-90 1010.87 1010.97
Oct-90 1010.73 1011.94
Nov-90 1011.43 1012.37
Dec-90 1013.45 1012.58
Jan-91 1010.77 1013.03
Feb-91 1011.11 1013.07
Mar-91 1010.45 1012.42
Apr-91 1009.70 1011.83
May-91 1008.94 1010.87
Jun-91 1008.33 1009.77
Jul-91 1009.32 1010.42
Aug-91 1009.52 1010.90
Sep-91 1010.27 1012.03
Oct-91 1008.90 1011.00
Nov-91 1010.50 1011.73
Dec-91 1011.32 1013.03
 18

Jan-92 1012.74 1014.13

Feb-92 1012.48 1014.07
Mar-92 1012.00 1013.42
Apr-92 1010.67 1012.53
May-92 1010.26 1011.61
Jun-92 1009.27 1009.93
Jul-92 1010.10 1011.23
Aug-92 1010.19 1011.48
Sep-92 1009.47 1010.80
Oct-92 1010.16 1011.48
Nov-92 1010.13 1011.10
Dec-92 1011.03 1012.77
Jan-93 1012.32 1013.71
Feb-93 1011.79 1013.11
Mar-93 1011.42 1012.45
Apr-93 1011.37 1012.27
May-93 1010.23 1011.03
Jun-93 1010.67 1010.47
Jul-93 1009.77 1010.39
Aug-93 1010.26 1011.35
Sep-93 1010.93 1011.80
Oct-93 1010.61 1011.32
Nov-93 1010.27 1011.93
Dec-93 1011.26 1012.39
Jan-94 1010.52 1013.87
Feb-94 1010.21 1013.54
Mar-94 1010.52 1013.74
Apr-94 1009.60 1011.30
May-94 1008.77 1011.35
Jun-94 1007.97 1010.23
Jul-94 1009.19 1011.13
Aug-94 1009.84 1010.65
Sep-94 1011.00 1011.77
Oct-94 1010.52 1011.74
Nov-94 1010.63 1012.00
Dec-94 1011.90 1014.00
Jan-95 1011.65 1014.23
Feb-95 1011.04 1013.11
Mar-95 1010.13 1012.71
Apr-95 1009.50 1010.83
May-95 1008.84 1010.29
 19

Jun-95 1006.80 1008.43

Jul-95 1007.00 1008.00
Aug-95 1008.13 1008.52
Sep-95 1009.20 1010.00
Oct-95 1008.55 1009.68
Nov-95 1008.40 1011.13
Dec-95 1010.68 1014.97
Jan-96 1009.26 1014.42
Feb-96 1009.76 1013.62
Mar-96 1010.00 1012.00
Apr-96 1009.90 1012.73
May-96 1009.68 1012.68
Jun-96 1009.03 1011.77
Jul-96 1007.87 1008.16
Aug-96 1009.39 1010.74
Sep-96 1008.87 1010.50
Oct-96 1009.03 1009.87
Nov-96 1008.34 1011.03
Dec-96 1011.97 1014.61
Jan-97 1009.19 1012.77
Feb-97 1009.79 1011.79
Mar-97 1010.55 1011.74
Apr-97 1009.27 1011.20
May-97 1009.68 1009.74
Jun-97 1009.07 1009.97
Jul-97 1009.55 1009.61
Aug-97 1008.23 1010.77
Sep-97 1008.13 1011.67
Oct-97 1008.77 1012.90
Nov-97 1008.67 1012.27
Dec-97 1009.00 1011.19
Jan-98 1009.68 1012.36
Feb-98 1011.46 1013.29
Mar-98 1010.10 1012.84
Apr-98 1009.10 1011.53
May-98 1008.39 1011.03
Jun-98 1009.47 1009.83
Jul-98 1008.71 1009.48
Aug-98 1009.55 1010.23
Sep-98 1009.80 1010.57
Oct-98 1009.74 1010.35
 20

Nov-98 1009.21 1010.79

Dec-98 1009.35 1011.16
Jan-99 1009.00 1011.13
Feb-99 1009.65 1011.15
Mar-99 1006.64 1010.60
Apr-99 1008.25 1011.38
May-99 1010.78 1011.35
Jun-99 1010.00 1010.73
Jul-99 1009.26 1010.19
Aug-99 1008.23 1010.80
Sep-99 1008.43 1011.18
Oct-99 1008.39 1011.52
Nov-99 1008.13 1011.37
Dec-99 1010.30 1012.47
Jan-00 1008.64 1011.40
Feb-00 1010.71 1011.79
Mar-00 1009.94 1010.97
Apr-00 1009.40 1010.70
May-00 1009.10 1010.29
Jun-00 1008.90 1011.03
Jul-00 1007.52 1010.61
Aug-00 1007.52 1010.23
Sep-00 1008.30 1011.07
Oct-00 1009.58 1011.19
Nov-00 1010.14 1011.14
Dec-00 1013.03 1014.84
Jan-01 1010.52 1011.71
Feb-01 1010.71 1011.79
Mar-01 1009.94 1010.97
Apr-01 1009.40 1010.70
May-01 1009.10 1010.29
Jun-01 1009.37 1010.07
Jul-01 1009.65 1010.39
Aug-01 1010.48 1010.71
Sep-01 1010.10 1011.00
Oct-01 1009.87 1010.52
Nov-01 1010.80 1012.43
Dec-01 1013.03 1014.84
Jan-02 1011.84 1013.58
Feb-02 1012.11 1013.43
Mar-02 1011.06 1014.10
 21

Apr-02 1012.40 1010.80

May-02 1009.52 1009.81
Jun-02 1009.43 1008.80
Jul-02 1010.84 1011.77
Aug-02 1010.45 1009.77
Sep-02 1011.50 1011.40
Oct-02 1012.68 1011.94
Nov-02 1013.10 1012.87
Dec-02 1016.97 1016.55
Jan-03 1017.39 1015.32
Feb-03 1014.71 1012.57
Mar-03 1010.94 1012.13
Apr-03 1012.40 1010.80
May-03 1009.68 1011.23
Jun-03 1010.27 1009.20
Jul-03 1011.03 1008.74
Aug-03 1009.32 1009.35
Sep-03 1010.60 1008.87
Oct-03 1011.45 1010.13
Nov-03 1014.10 1013.97
Dec-03 1012.03 1014.68
Jan-04 1012.00 1014.65
Feb-04 1013.21 1016.34
Mar-04 1010.97 1014.58
Apr-04 1009.27 1012.10
May-04 1007.74 1009.71
Jun-04 1007.63 1008.63
Jul-04 1007.10 1008.68
Aug-04 1008.06 1009.52
Sep-04 1008.83 1009.23
Oct-04 1014.35 1015.42
Nov-04 1014.10 1013.97
Dec-04 1012.03 1014.68
Jan-05 1012.00 1014.65
Feb-05 1013.29 1016.39
Mar-05 1010.97 1014.58
Apr-05 1009.27 1012.10
May-05 1007.74 1009.71
Jun-05 1007.63 1008.63
Jul-05 1007.10 1008.68
Aug-05 1008.06 1009.52
 22

Sep-05 1008.83 1009.23

Oct-05 1008.97 1010.16
Nov-05 1007.93 1008.90
Dec-05 1009.03 1008.16
Jan-06 1009.32 1008.61
Feb-06 1010.21 1008.75
Mar-06 1013.06 1008.42
Apr-06 1010.30 1007.93
May-06 1007.97 1006.55
Jun-06 1007.57 1006.83
Jul-06 1009.00 1007.55
Aug-06 1008.68 1007.32
Sep-06 1008.37 1007.47
Oct-06 1009.42 1008.39
Nov-06 1009.77 1009.00
Dec-06 1009.32 1009.29
Jan-07 1009.03 1009.23
Feb-07 1009.43 1008.96
Mar-07 1008.90 1008.71
Apr-07 1008.17 1007.87
May-07 1006.97 1006.55
Jun-07 1006.10 1005.40
Jul-07 1006.10 1005.84
Aug-07 1006.68 1006.16
Sep-07 1007.30 1005.90
Oct-07 1008.03 1007.45
Nov-07 1006.70 1006.07
Dec-07 1007.10 1006.58

7.2.2 Temperature

Month Maximum Minimum

Sep-80 31.04 23.96

Oct-80 30.57 23.90
Nov-80 31.32 23.50
Dec-80 31.27 23.08
Jan-81 31.55 22.66
Feb-81 34.16 22.84
Mar-81 35.69 25.24
 23

Apr-81 35.28 26.08

May-81 33.40 25.69
Jun-81 27.10 23.20
Jul-81 28.20 23.56
Aug-81 27.69 23.25
Sep-81 28.20 23.52
Oct-81 30.74 23.85
Nov-81 31.15 23.53
Dec-81 30.31 22.90
Jan-82 30.60 21.39
Feb-82 34.21 22.79
Mar-82 35.85 25.08
Apr-82 35.97 25.99
May-82 33.90 25.18
Jun-82 29.02 23.58
Jul-82 28.48 23.15
Aug-82 28.08 23.10
Sep-82 30.93 23.87
Oct-82 31.74 23.82
Nov-82 30.35 23.72
Dec-82 29.47 22.32
Jan-83 31.13 21.40
Feb-83 34.52 23.45
Mar-83 36.15 24.89
Apr-83 36.73 25.77
May-83 35.17 25.87
Jun-83 31.53 24.37
Jul-83 29.00 23.27
Aug-83 27.90 23.73
Sep-83 29.28 23.22
Oct-83 30.92 23.34
Nov-83 31.65 22.85
Dec-83 30.67 22.74
Jan-84 31.53 22.45
Feb-84 33.15 23.32
Mar-84 34.67 23.94
Apr-84 33.91 24.66
May-84 35.15 25.78
Jun-84 28.49 22.09
Jul-84 28.06 23.38
Aug-84 29.05 22.48
 24

Sep-84 30.84 23.24

Oct-84 29.80 21.93
Nov-84 31.65 22.70
Dec-84 31.16 20.33
Jan-85 31.00 21.97
Feb-85 34.15 22.61
Mar-85 35.98 24.86
Apr-85 35.92 25.46
May-85 34.45 24.95
Jun-85 27.60 22.38
Jul-85 28.06 22.25
Aug-85 28.11 22.66
Sep-85 30.60 23.05
Oct-85 30.82 22.85
Nov-85 30.86 22.96
Dec-85 32.08 21.71
Jan-86 32.75 21.35
Feb-86 34.57 21.97
Mar-86 36.01 24.12
Apr-86 36.71 25.64
May-86 34.25 24.61
Jun-86 30.02 23.04
Jul-86 30.62 23.57
Aug-86 30.25 22.77
Sep-86 31.18 22.92
Oct-86 32.42 23.21
Nov-86 31.48 21.74
Dec-86 31.64 23.06
Jan-87 32.71 21.87
Feb-87 34.76 22.29
Mar-87 36.89 25.80
Apr-87 37.50 26.22
May-87 37.19 25.40
Jun-87 31.84 23.94
Jul-87 31.31 23.76
Aug-87 30.71 23.50
Sep-87 32.64 24.25
Oct-87 32.80 23.87
Nov-87 32.67 23.13
Dec-87 31.64 23.10
Jan-88 31.61 21.03
 25

Feb-88 36.11 23.38

Mar-88 36.75 24.89
Apr-88 36.05 24.88
May-88 34.81 25.77
Jun-88 30.57 23.75
Jul-88 29.61 23.10
Aug-88 29.98 23.59
Sep-88 31.34 23.50
Oct-88 33.22 23.96
Nov-88 32.65 23.25
Dec-88 33.02 22.08
Jan-89 33.37 21.80
Feb-89 36.24 21.54
Mar-89 36.91 23.89
Apr-89 37.04 25.63
May-89 35.05 24.75
Jun-89 29.83 22.75
Jul-89 30.11 22.95
Aug-89 30.94 23.27
Sep-89 31.01 23.48
Oct-89 32.00 23.60
Nov-89 31.84 23.26
Dec-89 32.39 22.25
Jan-90 32.81 20.16
Feb-90 34.92 23.29
Mar-90 37.12 24.35
Apr-90 36.69 25.13
May-90 33.10 24.28
Jun-90 30.20 24.04
Jul-90 28.47 22.67
Aug-90 29.46 23.19
Sep-90 31.47 23.70
Oct-90 32.99 23.56
Nov-90 32.45 23.20
Dec-90 31.86 22.56
Jan-91 33.75 21.95
Feb-91 36.13 22.90
Mar-91 37.78 25.86
Apr-91 36.41 25.52
May-91 36.61 26.02
Jun-91 30.37 24.19
 26

Jul-91 29.28 23.06

Aug-91 29.10 23.41
Sep-91 32.30 23.96
Oct-91 31.70 23.85
Nov-91 32.00 23.20
Dec-91 31.51 21.90
Jan-92 31.54 20.86
Feb-92 34.79 24.18
Mar-92 36.61 25.30
Apr-92 37.48 25.76
May-92 34.78 25.52
Jun-92 30.48 24.06
Jul-92 29.10 22.92
Aug-92 29.50 23.49
Sep-92 30.96 24.17
Oct-92 31.59 23.76
Nov-92 31.17 23.02
Dec-92 30.00 21.85
Jan-93 30.82 21.58
Feb-93 33.02 23.12
Mar-93 36.74 24.25
Apr-93 37.48 26.35
May-93 35.61 25.11
Jun-93 31.15 24.04
Jul-93 29.12 23.14
Aug-93 29.70 23.82
Sep-93 31.80 24.20
Oct-93 31.74 23.48
Nov-93 31.59 23.93
Dec-93 31.51 22.97
Jan-94 32.92 22.29
Feb-94 35.91 23.08
Mar-94 37.19 24.34
Apr-94 35.43 24.80
May-94 34.95 25.00
Jun-94 30.04 23.33
Jul-94 29.43 22.46
Aug-94 30.20 23.44
Sep-94 31.94 24.76
Oct-94 32.94 23.26
Nov-94 32.15 23.07
 27

Dec-94 32.08 21.70

Jan-95 33.30 21.81
Feb-95 35.65 23.37
Mar-95 37.97 23.87
Apr-95 37.52 25.37
May-95 34.19 25.11
Jun-95 29.65 24.31
Jul-95 25.00 24.21
Aug-95 29.77 23.32
Sep-95 27.35 24.80
Oct-95 32.19 24.44
Nov-95 32.69 23.69
Dec-95 31.76 21.49
Jan-96 31.38 22.54
Feb-96 32.89 23.85
Mar-96 37.08 24.71
Apr-96 37.26 24.78
May-96 35.90 25.11
Jun-96 34.86 25.29
Jul-96 28.26 22.87
Aug-96 29.30 23.08
Sep-96 30.98 23.33
Oct-96 31.65 23.10
Nov-96 32.68 23.70
Dec-96 31.56 22.04
Jan-97 32.56 21.90
Feb-97 35.77 23.59
Mar-97 37.78 24.14
Apr-97 37.85 26.56
May-97 35.77 25.23
Jun-97 33.06 23.76
Jul-97 28.49 22.76
Aug-97 29.77 23.23
Sep-97 31.93 24.26
Oct-97 33.30 24.34
Nov-97 32.69 25.00
Dec-97 33.28 24.43
Jan-98 33.89 23.49
Feb-98 35.14 23.12
Mar-98 37.06 24.89
Apr-98 38.65 27.28
 28

May-98 36.94 27.22

Jun-98 32.39 24.22
Jul-98 30.11 23.78
Aug-98 30.18 23.75
Sep-98 29.57 23.24
Oct-98 30.20 23.41
Nov-98 32.70 23.05
Dec-98 29.46 23.19
Jan-99 32.35 21.00
Jan-99 35.88 22.46
Mar-99 38.91 24.24
Apr-99 38.65 27.28
May-99 36.94 27.22
Jun-99 32.88 23.40
Jul-99 30.70 22.42
Aug-99 32.31 23.32
Sep-99 33.89 22.88
Oct-99 33.15 23.03
Nov-99 32.63 22.26
Dec-99 32.20 21.63
Jan-00 32.35 21.00
Feb-00 38.54 25.91
Mar-00 39.70 29.37
Apr-00 38.19 29.39
May-00 38.30 27.62
Jun-00 32.85 23.91
Jul-00 29.86 23.55
Aug-00 28.46 25.34
Sep-00 32.20 26.26
Oct-00 31.94 26.83
Nov-00 31.13 25.78
Dec-00 32.35 21.00
Jan-01 35.27 24.10
Feb-01 38.54 25.91
Mar-01 39.70 29.37
Apr-01 38.19 29.39
May-01 38.30 27.62
Jun-01 34.37 24.04
Jul-01 34.19 21.85
Aug-01 34.59 23.66
Sep-01 35.50 24.50
 29

Oct-01 36.00 25.11

Nov-01 36.57 24.43
Dec-01 35.52 21.58
Jan-02 37.62 22.04
Feb-02 39.42 22.20
Mar-02 40.57 27.69
Apr-02 40.72 31.89
May-02 37.47 30.27
Jun-02 34.98 29.59
Jul-02 34.82 29.37
Aug-02 30.72 26.83
Sep-02 36.09 29.28
Oct-02 32.31 28.42
Nov-02 32.28 28.85
Dec-02 28.49 26.00
Jan-03 32.13 23.19
Feb-03 31.96 24.93
Mar-03 31.42 24.73
Apr-03 31.87 27.87
May-03 30.42 26.92
Jun-03 30.73 25.62
Jul-03 27.58 22.84
Aug-03 26.60 22.19
Sep-03 28.48 23.45
Oct-03 27.71 22.73
Nov-03 27.23 22.17
Dec-03 30.11 24.75
Jan-04 33.35 25.16
Feb-04 32.38 23.91
Mar-04 38.45 26.19
Apr-04 37.35 28.93
May-04 37.90 26.76
Jun-04 33.48 25.20
Jul-04 33.00 24.44
Aug-04 32.26 24.55
Sep-04 31.42 24.80
Oct-04 33.97 24.21
Nov-04 33.35 23.47
Dec-04 35.40 23.39
Jan-05 32.13 23.19
Feb-05 37.13 24.13
 30

Mar-05 38.45 26.19

Apr-05 37.35 28.93
May-05 37.90 26.76
Jun-05 33.48 25.20
Jul-05 33.00 24.44
Aug-05 32.26 24.55
Sep-05 31.42 24.80
Oct-05 33.97 24.21
Nov-05 33.35 23.47
Dec-05 35.40 23.39
Jan-06 34.56 22.77
Feb-06 36.88 22.63
Mar-06 38.63 25.13
Apr-06 36.67 26.48
May-06 35.66 26.18
Jun-06 33.18 24.77
Jul-06 32.03 24.50
Aug-06 32.42 24.53
Sep-06 32.82 24.40
Oct-06 34.05 24.42
Nov-06 33.80 24.83
Dec-06 33.16 23.61
Jan-07 34.19 22.42
Feb-07 37.09 23.29
Mar-07 39.24 26.39
Apr-07 39.47 27.23
May-07 36.39 26.42
Jun-07 33.75 25.37
Jul-07 30.26 23.85
Aug-07 31.15 24.06
Sep-07 31.45 24.38
Oct-07 33.27 24.15
Nov-07 34.52 23.38
Dec-07 33.71 23.23

7.2.3 Rainfall

Month Rainfall
 31

Sep-80 101.50
Oct-80 431.30
Nov-80 206.80
Dec-80 0.00
Jan-81 0.00
Feb-81 0.00
Mar-81 2.10
Apr-81 63.50
May-81 147.60
Jun-81 1105.10
Jul-81 560.00
Aug-81 610.90
Sep-81 534.70
Oct-81 100.40
Nov-81 142.10
Dec-81 3.80
Jan-82 0.00
Feb-82 0.00
Mar-82 14.00
Apr-82 81.80
May-82 192.70
Jun-82 766.90
Jul-82 602.60
Aug-82 680.40
Sep-82 83.50
Oct-82 195.20
Nov-82 84.40
Dec-82 7.00
Jan-83 0.00
Feb-83 0.00
 32

7.3 Reference

Sverre Pettersen, Introduction to meteorology Mc.GAW-Hill Book Company

Dr.P.Jaya Rami Reddy, A Txt book of Hydrology, Laxmi publications.

K.Subramanya, Engineering Hydrology, Tata, Mc Graw-Hill Publishing

Company Limited.
 33

MINI PROJECT
ON
ASSESSMENT OF CLIMATIC VARIATION IN THRISSUR

Submitted by

Abdul Latheef.M.A
Firoz.M
Mohan .G
Sadasivan.E
Shabeer.A
Stephen Ashok
kumar

Department of Civil Engineering

Government Engineering College, Thrissur, Kerala
 34

2010