Microcontroller Based Drip Irrigation System: Downloaded From

MICROCONTROLLER BASED DRIP IRRIGATION SYSTEM
ABSTRACT
The green house based modern agriculture industries are the recent
requirement in every part of agriculture in India. In this technology, the humidity
and temperature of plants are precisely controlled. Due to the variable atmospheric
circumstances these conditions sometimes may vary from place to place in large
farmhouse, which makes very difficult to maintain the uniformity at all the places
in the farmhouse manually. Therefore there is an intense need to develop such
Microcontroller based embedded system, which could maintain the physical
parameters uniform and also could keep the records for analytical studies. We
present in this paper, to the best of our knowledge for the first time an auto-control
network for agriculture industry, which could give the facilities of maintaining
uniform environmental conditions. The second part of the paper will explain the
concepts of irrigation systems. The third part will explain the design methodology
and their construction. The fourth part will conclude the paper.
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S.NO: LIST OF DIAGRAMS PAGES

1. BLOCK DIAGRAM OF DRIP IRRIGATION SYSTEM
2. ROUTE ZONE DRIPPING
3. DRIPPER
4. DRIP IRRIGATION PROCESS
5. DIFFERENT MODES OF DRIPPING
6. ATMEL 89C51 MICROCONTROLLER
7. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
8. PT100(PLATINUM RESISTANCE TEMPERATURE DETECTOR)
9. IRRIGATION DIAGRAM
10. SENSORS USED SUCH AS TENISIOMETERS
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S.NO: CONTENTS PAGES

1. INTRODUCTION 04
2. METHODOLOGY 05-06
3. IMPLEMENTATION 06
4. MODERN IRRIGATION SYSTEM 07-08
5. DESIGN OF MICROCONTROLLER BASED DRIP IRRIGATION 09-10
SYSTEM
6. MICROCONTROLLER UNIT 11
7. MODES OF OPERATION 12-13
8. APPLICATION TO FIELD 14-16
9. ADVANTAGES 17
10. DISADVANTAGES 18
11. CONCLUSION 19
12. REFERENCES 20
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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
The continuous increasing demand of the food requires the rapid improvement in food
production technology. In a country like India, where the economy is mainly based on agriculture
and the climatic conditions are isotropic, still we are not able to make full use of agricultural
resources. The main reason is the lack of rains & scarcity of land reservoir water. The continuous
extraction of water from earth is reducing the water level due to which lot of land is coming
slowly in the zones of un-irrigated land. Another very important reason of this is due to
unplanned use of water due to which a significant amount of water goes waste. In the modern
drip irrigation systems, the most significant advantage is that water is supplied near the root zone
of the plants drip by drip due to which a large quantity of water is saved. At the present era, the
farmers have been using irrigation technique in India through the manual control in which the
farmers irrigate the land at the regular intervals. This process sometimes consumes more water
or sometimes the water reaches late due to which the crops get dried. Water deficiency can be
detrimental to plants before visible wilting occurs. Slowed growth rate, lighter weight fruit
follows slight water deficiency. This problem can be perfectly rectified if we use automatic
microcontroller based drip irrigation system in which the irrigation will take place only when
there will be intense requirement of water.
Irrigation system uses valves to turn irrigation ON and OFF. These valves may be easily
automated by using controllers and solenoids. Automating farm or nursery irrigation allows
farmers to apply the right amount of water at the right time, regardless of the availability of
labor to turn valves on and off. In addition, farmers using automation equipment are able to
reduce runoff from over watering saturated soils, avoid irrigating at the wrong time of day,
which will improve crop performance by ensuring adequate water and nutrients when needed.
Automatic Drip Irrigation is a valuable tool for accurate soil moisture control in highly
specialized greenhouse vegetable
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production and it is a simple, precise method for irrigation. It also helps in time saving, removal
of human error in adjusting available soil moisture levels and to maximize their net profits.
The entire automation work can be divided in two sections, first is to study the basic components
of irrigation system thoroughly and then to design and implement the control circuitry. So we
will first see some of the basic platform of drip irrigation system.
CHAPTER 2 METHODOLOGY
A. Existing system
In the existing system farmers have to travel to fields often at odd hours just to switch ON/OFF
the motor due to erratic power supply. Existing aids like auto-starters are unreliable and
incapable of communicating the operating state of the motor, to the farmer, especially when a
farmer has more than one motor pump set; he has to run around to make sure that all the motor
pumps are working when the power is available. At times, motor pumps are left running for
longer than what is necessary because of the effort involved in switching OFF the motor. This
leads to wastage of both electricity and water.
B. Proposed system
To overcome the drawbacks of existing system like high cost, difficult in maintenance and
more wired connection, we introduce a new system which will have wireless connection between
server and nodes. We introduce a new design of embedded web server making use of GSM
network technology in this paper. Compared to the wired link web server system, this system is
characterized by having no wires between the web server and terminal nodes. In proposed
system the irrigation will take place only when there will be intense requirement of water.
Irrigation system uses valves to turn irrigation ON and OFF. These valves may be easily automated
by using controllers. Automating farm or nursery irrigation allows farmers to apply the right
amount of water at the right time, regardless of the availability of labor to turn valves on and off.
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Fig 1: Block Diagram of Microcontroller-based irrigation system
CHAPTER 3 IMPLEMENTATION
Earlier, farmer faced the problem of sending SMS and making calls, overcoming which we
are designing an Android application which does the work by button clicks, here the hardware
works in three modes of operation viz. Humidity, Automatic and Manual modes. In Humidity
mode, the moisture of the atmosphere is sensed and the switching on/off is done if the weather
is dry. In Automatic mode, the hardware automatically turns on the motor for the specified time
interval and turns off the motor. In Manual mode, user can turn on and off by pressing the
ON/OFF button. All the settings of these features is done via an Android application.
Here we have designed a module using a microcontroller and GSM. Initially farmer needs
to check the network by giving a ring to the particular modem number which is implemented
near the motor. A user enters the username and password given, which when matches allows
the user to switch between the different modes provided. If the password fails to match, no
action is taken. In every stage it will send the status to the farmer (authenticated user).i.e.,
whether the motor is on or off through an SMS. If the motor is on and the farmer needs to switch
off he just needs to send an SMS to the same number. The complete operation can be handled
by sending an SMS, i.e. by sending ON motor gets on, and by sending OFF motor gets off.
We have three modes of operation. In Humidity mode, the humidity sensor checks the
moisture content in the farm and accordingly provides the water required for the crops. In
Automatic mode, the timer is set and the motor turns ON/OFF automatically for a certain amount
of time. In Manual mode, the farmer has to press ON/OFF for the working of the motor.
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CHAPTER 4 MODERN IRRIGATION SYSTEM

The conventional irrigation methods like overhead sprinklers, flood type feeding systems usually
wet the lower leaves and stem of the plants. The entire soil surface is saturated and often stays
wet long after irrigation is completed. Such condition promotes infections by leaf mold fungi. The
flood type methods consume large amount of water and the area between crop rows remains
dry and receives moisture only from incidental rainfall. On the contrary the drip or trickle
irrigation is a type of modern irrigation technique that slowly applies small amounts of water to
part of plant root zone. Drip irrigation method is invented by Israelis in 1970s. Water is supplied
frequently, often daily to maintain favorable soil moisture condition and prevent moisture stress
in the plant with proper use of water resources.
Figure:2:route zone dripping figure:3:dripper
A wetted profile developed in the plant's root zone. Its shape depends on soil characteristics.
Drip irrigation saves water because only the plant's root zone receives moisture. Little water is
lost to deep percolation if the proper amount is applied. Drip irrigation is popular because it can
increase yields and decrease both water requirements and labour.
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Drip irrigation requires about half of the water needed by sprinkler or surface irrigation. Lower
operating pressures and flow rates result in reduced energy costs. A higher degree of water
control is attainable. Plants can be supplied with more precise amounts of water. Disease and
insect damage is reduced because plant foliage stays dry. Operating cost is usually reduced. Field
operations may continue during the irrigation process because rows between plants remain dry.
Fertilizers can be applied through this type of system. This can result in a reduction of fertilizer
and fertilizer costs. When compared with overhead sprinkler systems, drip irrigation leads to less
soil and wind erosion. Drip irrigation can be applied under a wide range of field conditions. A
typical Drip irrigation assembly is shown in figure () below. Fig4: Drip Irrigation
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CHAPTER 5 DESIGN OF MICRO CONTROLLER BASED DRIP IRRIGATION SYSTEM
The key elements that should be considered while designing a mechanical model: -.
• Flow: You can measure the output of your water supply with a one or five gallon bucket and a
stopwatch. Time how long it takes to fill the bucket and use that number to calculate how much
water is available per hour. Gallons per minute x 60=number of gallons per hour.
• Pressure (The force pushing the flow): Most products operate best between 20 and 40 pounds
of pressure. Normal household pressure is 40-50 pounds.
• Water Supply & Quality: City and well water are easy to filter for drip irrigation systems.
Pond, ditch and some well water have special filtering needs. The quality and source of water
will dictate the type of filter necessary for your system. .
• Soil Type and Root Structure: The soil type will dictate how a regular drip of water on one
spot will spread. Sandy soil requires closer emitter spacing as water percolates vertically at a fast
rate and slower horizontally. With a clay soil water tends to spread horizontally, giving a wide
distribution pattern. Emitters can be spaced further apart with clay type soil. A loamy type soil
will produce a more even percolation dispersion of water. Deep-rooted plants can handle a wider
spacing of emitters, while shallow rooted plants are most efficiently watered slowly (low gph
emitters) with emitters spaced close together. On clay soil or on a hillside, short cycles repeated
frequently work best. On sandy soil, applying water with higher gph emitters lets the water
spread out horizontally better than a low gph emitter.
• Elevation: Variations in elevation can cause a change in water pressure within the system.
Pressure changes by one pound for every 2.3 foot change in elevation. Pressure-compensating
emitters are designed to work in areas with large changes in elevation.
• Timing: Watering in a regular scheduled cycle is essential. On clay soil or hillsides, short cycles
repeated frequently work best to prevent runoff, erosion and wasted water. In sandy soils, slow
watering using low output emitters is recommended. Timers help prevent the too-dry/too-wet
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cycles that stress plants and retard their growth. They also allow for watering at optimum times
such as early morning or late evening.
• Watering Needs: Plants with different water needs may require their own watering circuits.
For example, orchards that get watered weekly need a different circuit than a garden that gets
watered daily. Plants that are drought tolerant will need to be watered differently than plants
requiring a lot of water.
Fig5: Different modes of dripping

The components of microcontroller based drip irrigation system are as follows: -
 Pump
 Water Filter
 Flow Meter
 Control Valve
 Chemical Injection Unit
 Drip lines with Emitters
 Moisture and Temperature Sensors.
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 Microcontroller unit
CHAPTER 6 MICROCONTROLLER UNIT

The microcontroller unit is now explained in detail:-AT89C51 is an 8-bit
microcontroller and belongs to Atmel's 8051 family. ATMEL 89C51 has 4KB of Flash
programmable and erasable read only memory (PEROM) and 128 bytes of RAM. It can be erased
and program to a maximum of 1000 times.
Fig6: ATMEL 89C51
The automated control system consists of moisture sensors, temperature sensors, Signal
conditioning circuit, Digital to analog converter, LCD Module, Relay driver, solenoid control
valves, etc.
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CHAPTER 7 MODES OF OPERATION

A. Humidity Settings Manager
This module is used to check the moisture content around the field area. The moisture sensor is
connected to the 8081 microcontroller which in turn is connected to the water pump, will sense the
moisture surrounding the farmer’s field area. If the moisture rate is below the threshold rate that is
mentioned while developing the embedded system, the water pump will be switched on automatically.
Else if the moisture rate is above the threshold rate then the water pump will not be turned on. The
Humidity Mode can be set by sending an SMS as SET1 to the GSM modem in the embedded system
connected to the system.
Fig : Flow Chart of Humidity Mode
B. Automatic Motor Controller:

This module is used to control the pump automatically. The pump will be turned on automatically every
day at a particular time for 2 minutes, immediately after 2 minutes the pump will turns off. The turning
on and off of the pump will work regardless of the moisture rate around the field area. This automatic
mode can be set by sending an SMS containing SET2 to the GSM modem in the embedded system
connected to the pump.
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Fig : Flow chart of Automatic Mode
C. Manual Controller Manager

This module is used to control the water pump manually, though without farmer’s physical presence. We
can turn on/off the pump when we require it to. There is no particular time to switch it on or there is no
time limit when to turn it off. This module works just by sending an SMS as ON to switch on the motor
and OFF to turn off the motor. This SMS has to be sent to the GSM modem connected to the pump.
Fig : Flow chart of Manual Mode
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CHAPTER 8 APPLICATION TO FIELD:
Fig: circuit diagram
The important parameters to be measured for automation of irrigation system are soil
moisture and temperature. The entire field is first divided in to small sections such that each
section should contain one moisture sensor and a temperature sensor. RTD like PT100 can be
used as a temperature sensor while Tensiometer can be used as the moisture sensor to detect
moisture contents of soil. These sensors are buried in the ground at required depth. Once the
soil has reached desired moisture level the sensors send a signal to the microcontroller to turn
off the relays, which control the valves.
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Fig8: PT100 (platinum resistance temperature detector)
Figure:9: Irrigation diagram
The signal send by the sensor is boosted upto the required level by corresponding amplifier
stages. Then the amplified signal is fed to A/D converters of desired resolution to obtain digital
form of sensed input for microcontroller use.
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A 16X1 line LCD module can be used in the system to monitor current readings of all the sensors
and the current status of respective valves. The solenoid valves are controlled by microcontroller
though relays. A Chemical injection unit is used to mix required amount of fertilizers, pesticides,
and nutrients with water, whenever required. Varying speed of pump motor can control pressure
of water. It can be obtained with the help of PWM output of microcontroller unit. A flow meter
is attached for analysis of total water consumed. The required readings can be transferred to the
Centralized Computer for further analytical studies, through the serial port present on
microcontroller unit. While applying the automation on large fields more than one such
microcontroller units can be interfaced to the Centralized Computer.
Fig10: Sensors used such as Tenisiometers
The microcontroller unit has in-built timer in it, which operates parallel to sensor system. In
case of sensor failure the timer turns off the valves after a threshold level of time, which may
prevent the further disaster. The microcontroller unit may warn the pump failure or
insufficient amount of water input with the help of flow meter.
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CHAPTER 9 ADVANTAGES
1) Are relatively simple to design and install.

2) This is very useful to all climate conditions any it is economic friendly.
3) This makes increase in productivity and reduces water consumption.
4) Here we are micro controllers so there is error free.
5) This is safest and no man power is required. permit other yard and garden work to continue
when irrigation is taking place , as only the immediate plant areas are wet.
6) Reduce soil erosion and nutrient leaching.
7) Reduce the chance of plant disease by keeping foliage dry.
8) May be concealed to maintain the beauty of the landscape, and to reduce vandalism and
liability when installed in public areas.
9) Require smaller water sources, for example, less than half of the water needed for a
sprinkler system.
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CHAPTER 10 DISADVANTAGES
1) This is only applicable for large size farms.

2) Equipment is costlier.
3) Require frequent maintenance for efficient operation.
4) Have limited life after installation due to the deterioration of the plastic components in a
hot, arid climate when exposed to ultraviolet light.
5) Are temporary installations and must be expanded or adjusted to the drip line as plants
grow.
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CHAPTER 11 CONCLUSION
The Microcontroller based drip irrigation system proves to be a real time feedback control system
which monitors and controls all the activities of drip irrigation system efficiently. The present
proposal is a model to modernize the agriculture industries at a mass scale with optimum
expenditure. Using this system, one can save manpower, water to improve production and
ultimately profit.
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CHAPTER 12 REFERENCES
1. Clemmens, A.J. 1990. Feedback Control for Surface Irrigation Management in: Visions of
the Future. ASAE Publication 04-90. American Society of Agricultural Engineers, St. Joseph,
Michigan, pp. 255-260.
2. Fangmeier, D.D., Garrot, D.J., Mancino , C.F. and S.H. Husman. 1990. Automated
Irrigation Systems Using Plant and Soil Sensors. In: Visions of the Future. ASAE Publication 04-
90. American Society of Agricultural Engineers, St. Joseph, Michigan, pp. 533-537.
3. Gonzalez, R.A., Struve, D.K. and L.C. Brown. 1992. A computer-controlled dripirrigation
system for container plant production. HortTechnology. 2(3):402-407.
Wanjura, D.F., Upchurch, D.R. and W. M. Webb. 1991. An automated control system for
studying microirrigation. ASAE Annual International Meeting, Paper No. 91-21
BIBLIOGRAPHY :
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• www.ProjectsTopics.com
• www.SeminarsTopics.com
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S.NO: LIST OF DIAGRAMS PAGES

S.NO: CONTENTS PAGES

Fig 1: Block Diagram of Microcontroller-based irrigation system

CHAPTER 4 MODERN IRRIGATION SYSTEM

Figure:2:route zone dripping figure:3:dripper

CHAPTER 5 DESIGN OF MICRO CONTROLLER BASED DRIP IRRIGATION SYSTEM

Fig5: Different modes of dripping

 Chemical Injection Unit

 Drip lines with Emitters

 Moisture and Temperature Sensors.

CHAPTER 6 MICROCONTROLLER UNIT

Fig6: ATMEL 89C51

CHAPTER 7 MODES OF OPERATION

Fig : Flow Chart of Humidity Mode

B. Automatic Motor Controller:

Fig : Flow chart of Automatic Mode

C. Manual Controller Manager

Fig : Flow chart of Manual Mode

CHAPTER 8 APPLICATION TO FIELD:

Fig: circuit diagram

Fig8: PT100 (platinum resistance temperature detector)

Figure:9: Irrigation diagram

Fig10: Sensors used such as Tenisiometers

1) Are relatively simple to design and install.

1) This is only applicable for large size farms.

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