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Like satellite television services, satellite Internet service can be affected by rain. During heavy
rain, there is degraded performance, and the service can stop altogether during downpours.
The reason for this is that, here in the North, the dish antennas are pointed low in the sky, so they
must see through many miles of wet atmosphere, before the signals can escape to space on their
way to and from the satellite.
If you don't lose connectivity during severe weather, you may find your service runs slower
during that time.
On rare occasions, your service may have a “weather outage” under clear skies. This is because
your service is also associated with a large hub — or gateway — that is typically located far
from your house. This gateway ground station also connects to the satellite and has a large
antenna.
Although it's rare for a large gateway antenna to lose connectivity due to weather, it is
possible. If this happened, the outage would likely be brief.
At the ground level, satellite service relies on dishes and antennas positioned on top or the side of
a building. That means the equipment is open not only to satellite signals, but all the
unpredictable forces of Mother Nature.
Correct input
Correct instruction
2 4 -9 -3
3 -6 9 2
SOLUTION
1 -2 3 1 1 -2 3 1
Row 4 -6 3 2 0 2 -9 -2
add -4 times the 1st row to the 2nd row
Operation
the determinant does not change
1: 2 4 -9 -3 2 4 -9 -3
3 -6 9 2 3 -6 9 2
1 -2 3 1 1 -2 3 1
Row 0 2 -9 -2 0 2 -9 -2
add -2 times the 1st row to the 3rd row
Operation
the determinant does not change
2: 2 4 -9 -3 0 8 -15 -5
3 -6 9 2 3 -6 9 2
1 -2 3 1 1 -2 3 1
Row
add -3 times the 1st row to the 4th row
Operation 0 2 -9 -2 0 2 -9 -2
the determinant does not change
3:
0 8 -15 -5 0 8 -15 -5
3 -6 9 2 0 0 0 -1
1 -2 3 1
1 -2 3 1
-9
Row 0 2 -9 -2 0 1 -1
multiply the 2nd row by 1/2
Operation
the determinant is multiplied by 1/2 2
4: 0 8 -15 -5
0 8 -15 -5
0 0 0 -1
0 0 0 -1
1 -2 3 1 1 -2 3 1
-9 -9
Row 0 1 -1 0 1 -1
add -8 times the 2nd row to the 3rd row
Operation
2 the determinant does not change 2
5:
0 8 -15 -5 0 0 21 3
0 0 0 -1 0 0 0 -1
1 -2 3 1
1 -2 3 1
-9
-9
Row 0 1 -1
multiply the 3rd row by 1/21 0 1 -1
Operation
2 the determinant is multiplied by 1/21
6: 2
0 0 21 3
1
0 0 1
0 0 0 -1
7
0 0 0 -1
1 -2 3 1 1 -2 3 1
-9 -9
0 1 -1 0 1 -1
Row 2 2
multiply the 4th row by -1
Operation
the determinant is multiplied by -1
7: 1 1
0 0 1 0 0 1
7 7
0 0 0 -1 0 0 0 1
1 -2 3 1
4 -6 3 2
Let us denote the original matrix: A =
2 4 -9 -3
3 -6 9 2
1 -2 3 1
-9
and the row echelon form obtained above: B =
0 1 -1
2
1
0 0 1
0 0 0 1
det(A) = -42.
1 -2 3 1 1 -2 3 1
Row 4 -6 3 2 0 2 -9 -2
Operation add -4 times the 1st row to the 2nd row
1: 2 4 -9 -3 2 4 -9 -3
3 -6 9 2 3 -6 9 2
1 -2 3 1 1 -2 3 1
Row 0 2 -9 -2 0 2 -9 -2
Operation add -2 times the 1st row to the 3rd row
2: 2 4 -9 -3 0 8 -15 -5
3 -6 9 2 3 -6 9 2
1 -2 3 1 1 -2 3 1
Row 0 2 -9 -2 0 2 -9 -2
Operation add -3 times the 1st row to the 4th row
3: 0 8 -15 -5 0 8 -15 -5
3 -6 9 2 0 0 0 -1
Row
1 -2 3 1 multiply the 2nd row by 1/2 1 -2 3 1
Operation
4:
0 2 -9 -2 -9
0 1 -1
0 8 -15 -5
2
0 0 0 -1
0 8 -15 -5
0 0 0 -1
1 -2 3 1 1 -2 3 1
-9 -9
Row 0 1 -1 0 1 -1
Operation 2 add -8 times the 2nd row to the 3rd row 2
5:
0 8 -15 -5 0 0 21 3
0 0 0 -1 0 0 0 -1
1 -2 3 1
1 -2 3 1 -9
-9 0 1 -1
Row 0 1 -1 2
Operation 2 multiply the 3rd row by 1/21
6: 1
0 0 21 3 0 0 1
7
0 0 0 -1
0 0 0 -1
1 -2 3 1 1 -2 3 1
-9 -9
0 1 -1 0 1 -1
Row 2 2
Operation multiply the 4th row by -1
7: 1 1
0 0 1 0 0 1
7 7
0 0 0 -1 0 0 0 1
1 -2 3 1 1 -2 3 1
Row -9 -9
Operation 0 1 -1 add -1/7 times the 4th row to the 3rd row 0 1 -1
8: 2 2
0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1
7
0 0 0 1
1 -2 3 1 1 -2 3 1
-9 -9
Row 0 1 -1 0 1 0
Operation 2 add 1 times the 4th row to the 2nd row 2
9:
0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1
1 -2 3 1 1 -2 3 0
-9 -9
Row 0 1 0 0 1 0
Operation 2 add -1 times the 4th row to the 1st row 2
10:
0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1
1 -2 3 0
1 -2 3 0
-9
Row 0 1 0 0 1 0 0
Operation 2 add 9/2 times the 3rd row to the 2nd row
11: 0 0 1 0
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1
0 0 0 1
1 -2 3 0 1 -2 0 0
Row 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0
Operation add -3 times the 3rd row to the 1st row
12: 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1
Row 1 -2 0 0 1 0 0 0
Operation 0 1 0 0 add 2 times the 2nd row to the 1st row 0 1 0 0
13:
0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1
0 2 -1
3 2 -1
SOLUTION
0 2 -1 3 -2 1
Row
interchange the 1st row and the 2nd row
Operation 3 -2 1 0 2 -1
the determinant is multiplied by -1
1:
3 2 -1 3 2 -1
-2 1
3 -2 1 1
Row
multiply the 1st row by 1/3 3 3
Operation 0 2 -1
the determinant is multiplied by 1/3
2:
0 2 -1
3 2 -1
3 2 -1
3 3 3 3
0 2 -1 0 2 -1
3 2 -1 0 4 -2
-2 1
-2 1 1
1 3 3
Row
3 3 multiply the 2nd row by 1/2
Operation -1
the determinant is multiplied by 1/2
4:
0 2 -1 0 1
2
0 4 -2
0 4 -2
-2 1 -2 1
1 1
3 3 3 3
Row
add -4 times the 2nd row to the 3rd row
Operation -1 -1
the determinant does not change
5:
0 1 0 1
2 2
0 4 -2 0 0 0
3 2 -1
-2 1
3 3
0 1
0 0 0
det(A) = 0.
0 2 -1
3 2 1
SOLUTION
0 2 -1 3 -2 1
Row
interchange the 1st row and the 2nd row
Operation 3 -2 1 0 2 -1
the determinant is multiplied by -1
1:
3 2 1 3 2 1
-2 1
3 -2 1 1
Row
multiply the 1st row by 1/3 3 3
Operation 0 2 -1
the determinant is multiplied by 1/3
2:
0 2 -1
3 2 1
3 2 1
-2 1 -2 1
1 1
Row
3 3 add -3 times the 1st row to the 3rd row 3 3
Operation
the determinant does not change
3:
0 2 -1 0 2 -1
3 2 1 0 4 0
-2 1 -2 1
Row 1 1
multiply the 2nd row by 1/2
Operation
3 3 the determinant is multiplied by 1/2 3 3
4:
0 2 -1 0 1 -1
0 4 0
0 4 0
-2 1 -2 1
1 1
3 3 3 3
Row
add -4 times the 2nd row to the 3rd row
Operation -1 -1
the determinant does not change
5:
0 1 0 1
2 2
0 4 0 0 0 2
-2 1 -2 1
1 1
3 3 3 3
Row
multiply the 3rd row by 1/2
Operation -1 -1
the determinant is multiplied by 1/2
6:
0 1 0 1
2 2
0 0 2 0 0 1
0 2 -1
Let us denote the original matrix: A =
3 -2 1
3 2 1
-2 1
3 3
0 1
0 0 1
det(A) = -12
PROBLEM
0 2 -1
3 2 1
SOLUTION
0 2 -1 1 0 0
3 2 1 0 0 1
Step 2: Transform the matrix to the reduced row echelon form (Hide
details)
- -
0 2 1 0 0 3 1 0 1 0
1 2
Row
interchange the 1st row and the
Operation - -
3 1 0 1 0 2nd row 0 2 1 0 0
1: 2 1
3 2 1 0 0 1 3 2 1 0 0 1
-2 1 1
3 -2 1 0 1 0 1 0 0
Row
3 3 3
Operation 0 2 -1 1 0 0 multiply the 1st row by 1/3
2:
0 2 -1 1 0 0
3 2 1 0 0 1
3 2 1 0 0 1
- -
1 1 1 1
Row 2 2
add -3 times the 1st row to the
Operation 1 0 0 1 0 0
3rd row
3:
3 3 3 3
3 3
- -
0 2 1 0 0 0 2 1 0 0
1 1
3 2 1 0 0 1 -
0 4 0 0 1
1
-2 1 1
-2 1 1 1 0 0
1 0 0 3 3 3
Row
3 3 3
Operation multiply the 2nd row by 1/2 -1 1
4:
0 2 -1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0
2 2
0 4 0 0 -1 1
0 4 0 0 -1 1
- -
1 1 1 1
2 2
1 0 0 1 0 0
3 3 3 3
3 3
Row
- add -4 times the 2nd row to the -
Operation 1 1
1 3rd row 1
5:
0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0
2 2
2 2
- - -
0 4 0 0 1 0 0 2 1
1 2 1
Row
Operation 1 -2 1 0 1 0 multiply the 3rd row by 1/2 1 -2 1 0 1 0
6:
3 3 3 3 3 3
-1 1 -1 1
0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0
2 2 2 2
0 0 2 -2 -1 1 -1 1
0 0 1 -1
2 2
- -
1 1 1 1
2 2
1 0 0 1 0 0
3 3 3 3
3 3
- -
1 1
Row 1 1
add 1/2 times the 3rd row to the
Operation 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0
2nd row
7:
2 4
2 4
- -
1 1
1 1
- -
0 0 1 0 0 1
1 1
2 2
2 2
Row - - -
1 1 add -1/3 times the 3rd row to 1 1
Operation 1 2 0 0 1 2 0 1
the 1st row
8:
3 3 3 3 3 2 6
- -
1 1
1 1
0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0
4 4
4 4
- -
1 1
1 1
- -
0 0 1 0 0 1
1 1
2 2
2 2
- -
1 1 1 1
2 1
1 0 1 0 0 0
3 2 3 3
3 6
-
- 1
1 1
Row 1
add 2/3 times the 2nd row to the 0 1 0 0
Operation 0 1 0 0
1st row
9: 4
4 4
4
-
- 1
1 1
1 -
- 0 0 1
0 0 1 1
1
2
2 2
2
The matrix in reduced row echelon form obtained above can be interpreted as [ C | D ], where
both C and D are 3x3 matrices.
1 0 0
Since C = 0 1 0 equals I3
0 0 1
1 1
3 3
-1 1
4 4
-1 1
-1
2 2
PROBLEM
1 x1 +2 x2 -3 x3 = 1
1 x1 +3 x2 +4 x3 = 2
2 x1 +5 x2 +1 x3 = 3
SOLUTION
Step 1: Transform the augmented matrix to the reduced row echelon form
Step 2: Interpret the reduced row echelon form
1 2 -3 1 1 2 -3 1
Row
Operation 1 3 4 2 add -1 times the 1st row to the 2nd row 0 1 7 1
1:
2 5 1 3 2 5 1 3
1 2 -3 1 1 2 -3 1
Row
Operation 0 1 7 1 add -2 times the 1st row to the 3rd row 0 1 7 1
2:
2 5 1 3 0 1 7 1
1 2 -3 1 1 2 -3 1
Row
Operation 0 1 7 1 add -1 times the 2nd row to the 3rd row 0 1 7 1
3:
0 1 7 1 0 0 0 0
1 2 -3 1 1 0 -17 -1
Row
Operation 0 1 7 1 add -2 times the 2nd row to the 1st row 0 1 7 1
4:
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 7 1
0 0 0 0
1 x1 -17 x3 = -1
1 x2 +7 x3 = 1
0 = 0
No equation of this system has a form zero = nonzero; Therefore, the system is consistent.
A leading entry on the (i,j) position indicates that the j-th unknown will be determined using the
i-th equation.
Those columns in the coefficient part of the matrix that do not contain leading entries,
correspond to unknowns that will be arbitrary. The system has infinitely many solutions:
x1 = 17 x3 -1
x2 = -7 x3 +1
x3 = arbitrary