GANPAT UNIVERSITY

B.TECH SEM-VI (MC) REMEDIAL EXAMINATION NOV-DEC 2017

2ME505 MECHANICAL MEASUREMENT & METROLOGY

SECTION : 1
Q-1 (A) Describe briefly measurement through Rotameter.
Ans. Rotameter is variable area flowmeter used to measure fluid
flow. It works on the principle of upthrust force exerted by fluid and
force of gravity. The buoyant force exerted on an immersed object is
equal to the weight of liquid displaced by the object. Under this
principle, the rotameter works with float-tapered tube system.
➢ Construction:-
A rotameter is made up of a
tapered tube and a float inside it.
The glass tapered tube has a scale
on the surface or a scale is placed
adjacent to it, according to
purpose.
Tapered tube:
The tapered tube is placed
vertically in the flow channel with
a conical shape inside. The
quantity measured is defined by
the height of float going up. Glass
tubes are used for both liquid and gas measurement. Metallic tubes
are used where the process fluid with high temperature and
pressure.
Float:
Stainless steal floats are commonly used, there are different types of
metals from lead to aluminium used as floats. A float material,
shapes are also varied according to applications considering
density.
Working:
Fluid enters from the bottom of the
tapered tube, then some of the fluid
strikes directly into the float bottom
and others pass aside the float. Now
the float experience two forces in
opposite direction, darg force upward and gravitational force
downward.
Fluid flow moves the float upward against gravity.At some point,
the flowing area reaches a point where the pressure-induced force
on the floating body exactly matches the weight of the float. The
float will find equilibrium when the area around float generates
enough drag equal to weight - buoyancy.
As the float weight and gravity are constant, the distance float
displaced upward is proportional to the flow velocity of the fluid
passing through the tapered tube.
Measuring Principles of Variable Area Flowmeters:

𝑃1 − 𝑃2
𝑄 = 𝑘√
𝜌

the difference in this application is that the value inside the

radicand is constant since the pressure difference will remain
constant and the fluid density will likely remain constant as well.
Thus, k will change in proportion to Q. The only variable within k
relevant to float position is the flowing area between the float and
the tube walls.
➢ Advantages:
No external power needed
Simple Reliable Design
Can Measure Liquid or Gas Flows
Scale is approximately linear
It can measure flow rates of corrosive fluid
Better rangeability
Low cost and low pressure drop
➢ Disadvantages:
It should be mounted vertically
And requires lining mounting
Uncertainty of measurement
Difficult to handle the glass type

Q-1 (B) Explain clearly the difference between venturimeter

and orificemeter.
Ans. Venturi meter is expensive and takes time to install. It needs to
be carefully proportioned and fabricated. On the other hand, orifice
plates are easy to make, and are very cheap in comparison. They
also get very easily installed in all applications.
The head lost in orifice meters is many times greater than with
Venturi meters. This translates into more loss of power, which
means that all the saving that accrues with cheap plates at the
beginning may be offset with loss of power. Thus it is prudent to
make use of orifice plates during testing period and get Venturi
meters prepared to be used for real time application.
In general, orifice plates are more flexible as installing a new orifice
plate for a wider or narrower opening is easier and cheaper than
arranging Venturi plates.
In same conditions, the ratio of reading of Venturi meter to that of
orifice plates is 1:2.58.
Orifice plates can be made of a material different that the system of
piping but material of the Venturi tube must be same as that of the
piping.
Orifice plates are placed between flanges requiring gaskets that may
leak but Venturi tubes are welded in the system and there is no
question of a leakage.

Q-1 (A) Explain briefly the following source of static error in

filled sysem.
Ans. (1)The ambient temperature effect:
The change of ambient temperature causes volume changes in the
capillary tube and the Bourdon tube thereby causing error in
measurement. As in the vapour-pressure thermometer, the liquid
surface temperature is the only determining factor, it does not need
correction for the ambient temperature effect.
(2)The head effect:
If the thermometer bulb is placed at a different height with respect
to the Bourdon tube, elevation errors are produced. The filling of
fluid is done at a high pressure compared with the height of the
bulb to avoid this error.
(3) The barometric effect:
The effect due to change in the atmospheric pressure is known as
the Barometric Effect. This error may be avoided by keeping the
filled system at a pressure sufficiently larger than the atmospheric
pressure.
(4) The Immersion effect:
If the bulb is not properly immersed or fully immersed and the head
of the bulb is not properly insulated, heat from the bulb is lost due
to conduction through the extension neck and thermal well. This
causes what is known as immersion error, and due to this a lower
temperature is indicated by the thermometer.

Q-1(B) Explain thermocouple and also state advantage and

disadvantages of it.
Ans. The thermocouple can be
defined as a kind of temperature
sensor that is used to measure the
temperature at one specific point in
the form of the EMF or an electric
current. This sensor comprises two dissimilar metal wires that are
connected together at one junction. The temperature can be
measured at this junction, and the change in temperature of the
metal wire stimulates the voltages.
The amount of EMF generated in the thermocouple is very minute
(millivolts), so very sensitive devices must be utilized for calculating
the e.m.f produced in the circuit. The common devices used to
calculate the e.m.f are voltage balancing potentiometer and the
ordinary galvanometer. From these two, a balancing potentiometer
is utilized physically or mechanically.
➢ Thermocouple Working Principle:-
The thermocouple principle mainly depends on the three effects
namely Seebeck, Peltier and Thompson.
See beck-effect:- This type of effect occurs among two dissimilar
metals. When the heat offers to any one of the metal wire, then the
flow of electrons supplies from hot metal wire to cold metal wire.
Therefore, direct current stimulates in the circuit.
Peltier-effect:- This Peltier effect is opposite to the Seebeck effect.
This effect states that the difference of the temperature can be
formed among any two dissimilar conductors by applying the
potential variation among them.
Thompson-effect:- This effect states that as two disparate metals fix
together & if they form two joints then the voltage induces the total
conductor’s length due to the gradient of temperature. This is a
physical word which demonstrates the change in rate and direction
of temperature at an exact position.
➢ Advantages:-
Accuracy is high.
It is Robust and can be used in environments like harsh as well as
high vibration.
Thermal reaction is fast.
The operating range of temperature is wide.
Wide operating temperature range.
Cost is low and extremely consistent.
➢ Disadvantage:-
It has low-accuracy.
The thermocouple recalibration is hard.
Q-2(A)Sketch and describe the construction and working of
taylor-hobson-talysurf surface roughness tester.
Ans.
➢ Construction and working:-
This instrument also gives the same information as the previous
instrument, but much more rapidly and accurately.
The measuring head of this instrument consists of a diamond stylus
of about 0.002 mm tip radius and skid or shoe which is drawn
across the surface by means of a motorised driving unit.
The arm carrying the stylus forms an armature which pivots about
the centre piece of E-shaped stamping. On two legs of (outer pole
pieces) the Eshaped stamping there are coils carrying an a.c.
current.
These two coils with other two resistances form an oscillator. The
amplitude of the original a.c. current flowing in the coils is
modulated because of air gap between the armature and E-shaped
stamping. This is further demodulated so that the current now is
directly proportional to the vertical displacement of the stylus only.
The demodulated output is caused to operate a pen recorder to
produce a permanent record and a meter to give a numerical
assessment directly. In recorder of this instrument the marking
medium is an electric discharge through a specially treated paper
which blackens at the point of the stylus.
Q-2(B) Explain briefly hand speed indicator tachometers.
Ans. The handheld tachometer is a means of measuring revolutions
within the industrial sector, either optically or mechanically. The
handheld tachometer can be used for maintenance and calibration
of machines that have moving parts. The principle is similar to a
bicycle speedometer, where time will be measured until a wheel has
completely turned.The handheld tachometer has two different
measurement methods.
The handheld tachometer may have a contact connection to the
moving parts. Alternatively, the handheld tachometer works with
reflecting marks. This will be secured on the moving part. As the
laser strikes the reflecting mark during rotation, it will be reflected
and detected in the handheld tachometer via a sensor. Rotation
speed and speed can be seen on the handheld tachometer. The
handheld tachometer may combine both possibilities (contact and
non-contact connection). Next to the handheld tachometer you find
other devices for measuring revolutions at PCE Instruments.
Q-2(A) Explain working of dead weight tester.How pressure
gauge is calibrated on dead weight tester.
Ans. The dead weight tester apparatus consists of a chamber that is
filled with oil-free impurities and a piston-cylinder combination is
installed on top of the chamber as shown in the diagram. The upper
part of the piston is connected to a platform for loading weights. A
piston with handle has been provided to vary the pressure of the oil
in the chamber. The manometer to be tested is installed on an
appropriate plate.
➢ Operation
The dead weight tester is basically a device for measuring pressure
and producing pressure. It is used to calibrate manometers. The
following procedure is adopted to calibrate manometers. Gauge
calibration means entering a precisely known pressure sample into
the manometer under
test and then observing
the response of the
manometer. To create
this known pressure
accurately, the following
steps are followed.
Now, by operating the
plunger, fluid pressure is
applied to the other side of the piston until enough force is
developed to lift the piston-weight combination. When this
happens, the piston weight combination floats freely within the
cylinder between limit stops.
In this condition of equilibrium, the pressure force of fluid is
balanced against the gravitational force of the weights plus the
friction drag.
Therefore, PA = Mg + F
Hence : P = Mg + F / A
where, P = pressure
M = Mass; Kg
g = Acceleration due to gravity ; m/s²
F = Friction drag; N
A = Equivalent area of piston – cylinder combination; m²
Thus the pressure P which is caused due to the weights placed on
the platform is calculated.
After calculating P , the plunger is released.
Now, the pressure gauge to be calibrated is installed in an
appropriate place in the dead weight tester. The same known
weight that was used to calculate P is placed on the platform. Due to
the weight, the piston moves downwards and exerts a pressure P on
the fluid. Now the valve in the device opens so that the fluid
pressure P is transmitted to the meter, which causes the meter to
indicate a pressure value. This pressure value shown on the
indicator must be equal to the known inlet pressure P. If the
indicator indicates any other value than p, the indicator is set to
read a value equal to p. Therefore, the gauge is calibrated.
➢ Applications:
It is used to calibrated all kinds of pressure gauges such as
industrial pressure gauges, engine indicators and piezoelectric
transducers.
➢ Advantages:
It is simple in construction and easy to use.
It can be used to calibrated a wide range of pressure measuring
devices.
Fluid pressure can be easily varied by adding weights or by
changing the piston cylinder combination.
➢ Limitations:
The accuracy of the dead weight tester is affected due to the friction
between the piston and cylinder, and due to the uncertainty of the
value of gravitational constant ‘g’.

Q-2(B) Explain briefly Bourdon tube pressure gauge with neat

sketch.
Ans.
➢ Basic Principle of Bourdon tube pressure gauge:-
when an elastic transducer ( bourdon tube in this case ) is subjected
to a pressure, it defects. This deflection is proportional to the
applied pressure when calibrated.
The main parts of this instruments are as follows:-
An elastic transducer, that is bourdon tube which is fixed and open
at one end to receive the pressure which is to be measured. The
other end of the bourdon tube is free and closed.
The cross-section of the bourdon tube is eliptical. The bourdon tube
is in a bent form to look like a circular arc. To the free end of the
bourdon tube is attached an adjustable link, which is inturn
connected to a sector and pinion as shown in diagram. To the shaft
of the pinion is connected a pointer which sweeps over a pressure
calibrated scale.
➢ Operation of Bourdon tube:
the pressure to be measured is connected to the fixed open end of
the bourdon tube. The appilied pressure acts on the inner walls of
the bourdon tube. Due to the appilied pressure, the bourdon tube
tends to change in cross – section from ellipitcal to circular. This
tends to straighten the bourdon tube causing a displacement of the
free end of the bourdon tube.
This displacement of the free closed end of the bourdon tube is
proportional to the applied pressure. As the free end of the bourdon
tube is connected to a link – section – pinion arrangement,
thedisplacement is amplified and converted to a rotary motion of
the pinion.
As the pinion rotates, it makes the pointer to assume a new
posistion on a pressure calibrated scale to indicate the appilied
pressure directly. As the pressure in the case containing the
bourdon tube is usually atmospheric, the pointer indicates gauge
pressure.
➢ Applications of Bourdon Tube pressure gauge:-
They are used to measure medium to very high pressures.
➢ Advantages of Bourdon tube pressure gauge:-
These Bourdon tube pressure gauges give accurate results.
Bourdon tube cost low.
Bourdon tube are simple in construction.
They can be modified to give electrical outputs.
They are safe even for high pressure measurement.
Accuracy is high especially at high pressures.
➢ Limitations of bourdon tube pressure gauge:-
they respond slowly to changs in pressure
they are subjected to hysterisis.
They are sensitive to shocks and vibrations.
Ampilification is a must as the displacement of the free end of the
bourdon tube is low.
It cannot be used for precision measurement.

Q-3(A) Describe the method of measuring power with help of

prony brake dynamometer with neat sketch.
Ans.
 ➢ Construction & Working:-
A simplest form of an Absorption type Dynamometer is a Prony-
Brake Dynamometer. It consists of Two wooden blocks around a
Pulley fixed to the shaft of an engine, whose power is required to be
measured. The blocks are clamped by means of Two Bolts and Nuts.
A Helical Spring is provided between the nut and the upper block to
adjust the Pressure on the Pulley to Control its Speed. The upper
block has a long lever attached to it and carries a weight W at its
outer end. A Counter Weight is placed at the other end of the lever
which balances the Brake when Unloaded. Two stops S1 and S2 are
provided to limit the motion of the Lever.
In Prony Brake Dynamometer,when the Brake is to be put in
operation,the long end of the lever is loaded with suitable weights
W and the nuts are tightened until the engine shaft runs at a
constant speed and the lever is in Horizontal Position.Under these
conditions,the moment due to the weight W must balance the
moment of the Frictional Resistance between the Blocks and
Pulleys.
Let, W = Weight at the outer end of the lever in Newton
L = Horizontal Distance of the weight W from the Centre of the
pulley in Meter
F = Frictional Resistance between the blocks and the pulley in
Newton
R = Radius of the pulley in Meter
N = Speed of the Shaft in R.P.M.

We know that the Moment of the Friction Resistance or Torque on

the Shaft,
 T = W × L = F × R N-m
Work done in One Revolution = Torque ×Angle Turned in Radians
= T × 2π N-m
Work done per Minute = T × 2πN N-m
Brake Power of the Engine = B.P. = (Work done per minute)/( 60 )
= (T × 2πN / 60 )
= ( W × L × 2πN / 60 ) Watts
We can Calculate the brake power without knowing the value of
coefficient of friction between blocks and pulley , the radius of
pulley and the pressure exerted by tightening the nuts.

Q-3(B) Explain briefly hydraulic load cell with neat sketch.

Ans.
➢ Basic Priniple of Hydraulic Load cell:-
When a force is applied on a liquid medium contained in a confined
space, the pressure of the liquid increases. This increase in pressure
of the liquid is proportional to the appilied force. Hence a measure
of the increase in pressure of the liquid becomes a measure of the
appilied force when calibrated.
➢ Description of Hydraulic Load Cell:-
Main parts of a hydraulic load cell are as follows
Dirphragm,piston with a loading platform (as shown in figure)
placed on top of the diaphragm. A liquid medium which is under a
pre-loaded pressure is on the other side of the diaphragm. A
pressure gauge (bourdon tube type) connected to the liquid
medium.
➢ Operation of Hydraulic Load Cell:-
The force to be measured is applied to the piston.
The appilied force moves the piston downwards and deflects the
diaphragm and this deflection of the diaphragm increases the
pressure in the liquid medium (oil).
This increase in pressure of the liquid medium is proportional to
the applied force. The increase in pressure is measured by the
pressure gauge which is connected to the liquid meduim.
The pressure is calibrated in force units and hence the indication in
the pressure gauge becomes a measure of the force applied on the
piston.
As the hydraulic load cell is sensitive to pressure changes, the load
cell should be adjusted to zero setting before using it to measure
force.
This hydraulic load cell have an accuracy of the order of 0.1 percent
of its scale and can measure loads upto upto 2.5*10^5 Kgf.
The resolution is about 0.02 prcent.
 SECTION – 2
Q-4(A)Distinguish between “line standard” and “End standard”.
Give their example.
Ans.
➢ Line Standard:-
If the distance is measured as the length between 2 parallel lines it
is called line standard.
Examples: The scale is a good example for line standard. A scale
with divisions shown as lines is used as the measurement.
Characteristics of line standards:-
Accuracy is less because the thickness of the calibrated lines on the
scale is not taken into account during measure.
Scale is quick and easy to handle over a wide range.
Scales are subjected to paralyse error.
Scales markings are not subjected to wear.
 ➢ End standards :-
When the length is measured as the distance between 2 faces, it is
known as the end standards.
Examples:- Slip gauges, micrometer anvil, venier calliper etc.
Characteristics of end standards:-
High accuracy.
Time for measuring is high and cannot measure 2 or more length
simultaneously.
Subjected to wear on their faces and because of that, we are forced
to built the gauges with hard materials.
They are not subjected to paralyse error.
Q-4(B) Draw the conventional diagram of limits and fits and
explain the terms.
Ans.

(a)Basic size:-
It is a standard size of hole or shaft which is decided during the
designing process with which limits are to be decided.
(b)Lower deviation
It is defIned as the difference between lower limit size and the
corresponding basic size. It is represented by EI for hole and ei for
shaft. It is positive when the lower limit size is greater than the
basic size. It is negative when the lower limit size is less than the
basic size.
Lower deviation = Lower limit size - Basic size
(c)Allowance
Maximum clearance between shaft and hole
(d)Zero line
It is straight line which is drawn to represent the basic size. All
limits and fits are explained with the reference of the zero line.
(e)Upper deviatin
It is defined as the difference between upper limit size and the
corresponding basic size. It is represented by ES for hole and es for
shaft. It is positive when the upper limit size is greater than the
basic size. It is negative when the upper limit size is less than the
basic size.
Upper deviation = Upper limit size - Basic size
(f)Fundamental deviation
It is one of the two deviations which is chosen to define the position
of the tolerance zone.

Q-4 (A) What are the various possible sources of erros in

measurement?Differentiate between systematric error and
random error.
Ans.

Basis For Random Error Systematic Error

Comparison
Definition The random error occurs It is a constant error
in the experiment which remains same for
because of the uncertain all the measurements.
changes in the
environment.
Causes Environment, limitationIncorrect calibration and
of the instrument, etc.incorrectly using the
apparatus
Minimize By repeatedly taking the By improving the design
reading. of the apparatus.
Magnitude of Vary Constant
Error
Direction of Occur in both the Occur only in one
Error direction. direction.
Types Do not have Three (Instrument,
Environment and
systematic error)
Reproducible Non-reproducible Reproducible

Q-4(B)Design a general purpose Go and No-go plug gauge for

inspection a hole of 25 D,With the following information.
(a)i = 0.45(D)1/3 + 0.001D in microns
(b)The fundamental deviation for hole D = 16 D0.44
(c)IT = 25i diameter 25 fall in step 18. 30mm

D= √18 × 30 = 23.2379𝑚𝑚
1
i= 0.45(23.2379) + 0.001× 23.2379
3

= 1.3074 microns
Fundamental deviation
= 16D0.41 = 16(23.2379)0.44
= 63.8626 microns
Q-5(A)Explain with neat sketch measurement of effective
diameter screw thread using three wire method and derive
equation.
Ans. This method is more accurate than two wire method as it
ensures alignment of micrometer faces parallel to the thread axis.
Here, three wires of exactly known diameters are used, one on one
side & the two on the other side. The wires may be held in hand or
hung from a stand.
From the fig, M=diameter over the wires
E= effective diameter (to be found)
d= diameter of wires
h=height of wire center above the pitch line
r=radius of wire
H=depth of thread
 D=major diameter of the thread.

𝜃 𝑑 𝜃
From the triangle e ABD, AB cosec 2 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2
2
𝜃 𝑃 𝜃 𝐻 𝑃 𝜃
H = DE 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 and CD = 2 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2
2 4
𝑑 𝜃 𝑃 𝜃
Further h = (AD - CD) = [ 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 ] − [ 4 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 ]

Distance over the wires , M = E + 2h + 2r

Ie,
𝜃 𝑃 𝜃 𝜃 𝑃 𝜃
M = E + 2 {r cosec2 − 4 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 }+2𝑟 = 𝐸 + 2𝑟 {1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 } − 2 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2

For Whitworth thread, 𝜃 = 550 ,depth of thread = 0.64P

𝜃 𝜃
E = D – 0.64P,𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 = 2.1657, and 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 = 1.921
 M = D + 3.1657 – 1.605P Where D is the major diameter of the
thread. For Metric threads, depth of thread = 0.6495
𝜃 𝜃
E = D – 0.6495P , 𝜃 = 600 , 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 = 2 , 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 = 1.732

M = D + 3d – 1.5155P
We can measure the value of M practically & then compare with the
theoretical values usig foemulae derived above. After finding the
correct value of M, as d is known, E can be found out.
Q-5(B) Explain constant chord method for measuring gear
thooth thickness with neat sketch.
Ans. Defined as “The chord joining those points, on opposite faces
of tooth, which make contact with the mating teeth when the
centerline of the tooth lies on the line of the gear centers”.
Constant chord measured where the tooth flank touches the flank of
the basic rack. The teeth of the rack are straight and inclined to
their Centre line at the pressure angle. Tooth thickness of rack along
pitch line is equal to the arc tooth thickness of gear round its pitch
circle.
Property used :-
“The gear tooth and rack space are in contact in the symmetrical
position at the points of contact of the flanks, the chord is constant
at this point irrespective of the system of gear in mesh”.
In fig.
PD=PF=arc PF=1/4×circular pitch
1 𝜋𝑃𝐶𝐷 1
=4× =4×𝜋×𝑚
𝑁

AP is tangential to the base circle, <CAP=x

𝜋
∴ in ∆APD, AC = PD cos x = ( 4 ) × m.cos2x
 𝜋
C= constant chord =2AC= ( 2 )mcos2x

Where x→pressure angle

𝜋
For helical gear, constant chord= ( 2 )𝑚𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑋𝑛

Where mn=NORMAL MODULE Xn=NORMAL PRESSURE ANGLE

𝜋
Now PC=AP sinx = ( 4 )m cosx sinx
𝜋
∴ d = addendum − PC = m − ( 4 ) m cos x sin x
𝜋
=m( 1 − 4 cos x sin x )
𝜋
[ for helical gear , d = mn( 1 − 4 cos xn sin xn) ]

Also PC= πm 4 sin x cos x = πm 8 sin 2x

Q-5(A) Enumerate the source of error in micrometre and
explain how to correct any two of them.
Ans. Sources of errors:-
1. Incomplete definition
2. Failure to account for a factor
3. Environmental factors
4. Instrument resolution
5. Failure to calibrate or check zero of instrument
6. Physical variations
7. Parallax
8. Instrument drift
9. Lag time and hysteresis
Parallax (systematic or random)
This error can occur whenever there is some distance between the
measuring scale and the indicator used to obtain a measurement. If
the observer's eye is not squarely aligned with the pointer and
scale, the reading may be too high or low (some analog meters have
mirrors to help with this alignment).
Failure to calibrate or check zero of instrument (systematic) –
Whenever possible, the calibration of an instrument should be
checked before taking data. If a calibration standard is not available,
the accuracy of the instrument should be checked by comparing
with another instrument that is at least as precise, or by consulting
the technical data provided by the manufacturer. When making a
measurement with a micrometer, electronic balance, or an electrical
meter, always check the zero reading first. Re-zero the instrument if
possible, or measure the displacement of the zero reading from the
true zero and correct any measurements accordingly. It is a good
idea to check the zero reading throughout the experiment.
Q-5(B) Explain the method for measuring an angle with help of
sinebar.
Ans.
The application of trigonometry applies to sine bar usage.
A surface plate, sine bar, and slip gauges are used for the precise
formation of an angle.
It is possible to set up any angle ϴ by using the standard length of
side AB, and calculating the height of side BC using BC = AB * sin(ϴ).
The angle ϴ is given by ϴ = asin(BC/AB).
Figure shows a typical sine bar set up on a surface plate with slip
gauge blocks of the required height BC to form a desired angle ϴ.

The term wringing refers to a condition of intimate and complete

contact by tight adhesion between measuring faces. Wringing is
done by hand by sliding and twisting motions. One gauge is placed
perpendicular to other using standard gauging pressure then a
rotary motion is applied until the blocks are lined up. In this way
air is expelled from between the gauge faces causing the blocks to
adhere. This adherence is caused partially by molecular attraction
and partially by atmospheric pressure. Similarly, for separating slip
gauges, a combined sliding and twisting motion should be used.
1. To set an angle on any sine bar, you must first determine the
center distance of the sine bar (C), the angle you wish to set (A) and
whether the angle is in degrees-minutes-seconds or decimal
degrees.
2. Next, enter that information in the appropriate input areas below.
Use a decimal point for the separator, whether the angle is in
degrees-minutes-seconds or decimal degrees.
3. Hit the ‘Calculate’ button and then assemble a stack of gauge
blocks (G) to equal the size that is returned. The units of the stack
will match the units of the center distance (i.e., If you enter the
center distance as 5 for a 5 inch sine plate, the gage block stack will
also be in inches.).
4. Place these slip gauges blocks under the gauge block roll of the
sine device and the desired angle is set.
5. Tighten the locking mechanism on those devices that have one
and you’re ready to go.
If you just want to set an
angle with a sine bar and
stack of blocks, then take
the sine of the desired
angle on your calculator
and multiply the result by
the distance between the
centers of the cylinders in the sine bar. Assemble a stack of blocks
equal to this value and put it under one of the cylinders.
➢ SINE BAR SET-UP CALCULATION :-
To calculate the gauge block’s height needed to set-up a sine bar to
a specific angle all you have to do is take the SIN of the angle and
multiply it by the sine bar length.  The length of the sine bar is the
distance between the centers of the sine bar gauge pins.
Q-6(A) Define fits.Explain the various types of fits in detail with
neat sketch.
Ans.

➢ The types of fits are depending on the clearance they are.

Clearance fit
Transition fit
Interference fit
➢ Clearance fit:-
Clearance fit is arises at the Diameter of the shaft is smaller then
the hole.
The minimum diameter of hole is grater then large diameter of the
shaft.
Clearance value is positive when in this type of fit.
Maximum Clearance : It is the difference between the maximum size
of hole and minimum size of shaft.
Minimum clearance : It is the difference between the maximum size
of shaft and minimum size of the hole
➢ The most commonly used fits of the clearance type are:-
Slide fit
Easy Slide
Running Fit
Slack running Fits
Loose Running Fits
➢ TRANSITION FIT:
The transition fit is obtained. when the diameter of the largest
hole is grater then diameter of the smallest hole.
➢ The transition fit is two types they are:-
Wringing Fit
Push fit
Interference fit:-
The interference type of fit the minimum allowable diameter of the
shaft is larger then the maximum permissible diameter of the hole
as the diameter of the shaft is larger then the diameter of hole.
The hole and shaft are intended to be attached permanently
➢ The interference fits are classified into 3 types they are.
Force fit
Tight fit
Heavy Force and shrink fit
Q-6(B) Explain the sigma comparator with neat sketch.
Ans. Sigma Comparator is one of the Types of Mechanical
comparators.
This Sigma Comparator is also provided with a frictionless linear
movement of the plunger as like Reed Type Mechanical Comparator.
The number of parts in sigma comparator is more than the other
Mechanical comparators types.

➢ Construction and working of Sigma comparator:-

The Plunger will hold the contact with the workpiece, and it is
positioned in place with the help of slit diaphragms.
The plunger will have a notch at its centre as shown in the figure.
A knife Edge is attached to the plunger to magnify the linear
movement of the plunger. and which is connected to the Cross strip
with the help of moving the block.
The Y-shaped metallic arm is connected to the cross strip to Driving
drum. This arm rotated and make the drum to rotate and hence the
pointer will move on the scale.
The first step of magnification take place at the knife edge and cross
strip and the second step of magnification is done at the drum
diameter and the pointer length.
➢ Advantages of Sigma Comparator
If any shock loads forced on the plunger those will not affect the
inside equipment, due to the knife edge will be dis-engage after
some extent of movement.
Constant measuring pressure can be achieved by using the magnetic
plunger in sigma comparator.
➢ Disadvantages of Sigma Comparator
Due to more number of moving parts, there will be wear in moving
parts.
Less sensible due to friction in moving parts