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Types of RCC Foundation & Footing With Details - Civil Engineering

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Types of RCC Foundation & Footing


With Details
 Sheikh Mahdi

Foundation is one of the most important parts of the structure. Foundation is defined as that part
of the structure that transfers the load from the structure as well as its own weight over a large
area of soil in such a way that the load does not exceed the ultimate bearing capacity of the soil
and the settlement of the total structure remains within a tolerable limit. Foundation is the part of a
structure on which the building stands. The solid ground on which the foundation rests is called
the foundation bed.

Why a Foundation is Provided


Foundation should fulfill the following objectives:

Distribute the weight of the structure over a large area of soil.


Avoid unequal settlement.
Prevent the lateral movement of the structure.
Increase structural stability.

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Types of RCC Foundation & Footing With Details - Civil Engineering

Why There are Different Types of Foundation


As we know that there are different types of soil and bearing capacity of the soil is different for
each individual type of soil. So depending on the soil profile, size and load of the structure,
engineers chose different types of foundation.

Types of Foundation
In general, all foundations are divided into two categories, such as SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
and DEEP FOUNDATIONS. The terms Shallow Foundation and Deep Foundation refer to the
depth of the soil at which the foundation is placed. Generally, if the width of the foundation is
greater than the depth of the foundation it is labeled as “Shallow Foundation” and if the width of
the foundation is smaller than the depth of the foundation it is called as “Deep Foundation.”
However, shallow and deep foundations can be further classified as shown in the following chart.

Foundation SystemShallow FoundationDeep FoundationIsolated Spred FootingWall


FootingCombined FootingCantilever or strap footingRaft or Mat FoundationPile
FoundationPier FoundationCaisson Foundation 

Main aspects of different types of foundation along with their images are given below. As
economic feasibility is one of the main factors in foundation type selection, it is also discussed
briefly with each type of foundation. To know other factors which affect the selection of foundation
read: Factors Considered for Selection of Foundation.

Shallow Foundations
Several types of shallow foundations are discussed below:

1. Isolated Spread Footing


This is the most common and simplest type of foundation as this is the most economical type of
foundation. They are generally used for ordinary buildings (Generally up to five stories).

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Types of RCC Foundation & Footing With Details - Civil Engineering

Figure: Isolated Footing


Isolated footing type foundation consists of footing at the base of the column. This type of
foundations is independent footings. Usually, each column has its own footing. The footing
directly transfers the loads form the column to the soil. The footings may be rectangular, square
or circular in shape. The size of the footing can be roughly calculated by dividing the total load at
the column base by the allowable bearing capacity of the soil.

Isolated Spread Footing is economical when:

The load of the structure is relatively low.


Columns are not closely placed.
Bearing capacity of the soil is high at a shallow depth.

2. Wall Footing or Strip footing


This type of footing is used to distribute loads of structural load-bearing walls to the ground. Wall
foundation runs along the direction of the wall. The width of the wall foundation is generally 2-3
times of the width of the wall.

https://civiltoday.com/geotechnical-engineering/foundation-engineering/161-types-of-foundation[16-Jul-19 6:59:14 AM]


Types of RCC Foundation & Footing With Details - Civil Engineering

Figure: Wall Footing or Strip footing


The wall footing is a continuous slab strip along the length of the wall. Stone, brick, reinforced
concrete etc. is used for the construction of wall foundations.

Wall footing is economical when:

Loads to be transmitted are of small magnitude.


The footing is placed on dense sand and gravels.

3. Combined Footing
The combined footing is very similar to the isolated footing. When the columns of the structure
are closely placed, or the bearing capacity of the soil is low and their footing overlap each other,
combined footing is provided.

The foundations which are made common to more than one column are called combined
footings. They may be rectangular, tee-shaped or trapezoidal in shape. The main objective is the
uniform distribution of loads under the entire area of footing. For this is necessary to coincide the
center of gravity of the footing area with the center of gravity of the total loads.

Figure: Combined Footing


Combined foundations are economic when:

The columns are placed close to each other. 


When the column is close to the property line and the isolated footing would cross the
property line or become eccentric.
Dimensions of one side of the footing are restricted to some lower value.

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Types of RCC Foundation & Footing With Details - Civil Engineering

4. Cantilever or Strap Footing


Strap footings are similar to combined footings and reasons for considering or choosing strap
footing is similar to the combined footing.

In strap footing, the footings under the columns are built individually and connected by strap
beam. Generally, when the edge of the footing cannot be extended beyond the property line the
exterior footing is connected by strap beam with interior footing.

Figure: Cantilever or Strap Footing

5. Raft or Mat Foundation


Raft or Mat foundations are used where other shallow foundation or pile foundation is not
suitable. It is also recommended in situations where the bearing capacity of the soil is poor, the
load of the structure is to be distributed over a large area or structure is constantly subjected to
shocks or jerks.

Raft foundation consists of a reinforced concrete slab or T-beam slab placed over the entire area
of the structure. In this type of foundation, the entire basement floor slab acts as the foundation.
The total load of the structure is spread evenly over the entire area of the structure. This is called
Raft because in this case, the building seems like a vessel which floats on a sea of soil.

https://civiltoday.com/geotechnical-engineering/foundation-engineering/161-types-of-foundation[16-Jul-19 6:59:14 AM]


Types of RCC Foundation & Footing With Details - Civil Engineering

Figure: Raft or Mat foundations


Raft foundations are economic when:

The soil is weak and the load has to be spread over a large area.
The structure includes a basement.
Columns are closely placed.
Other kinds of foundations are not feasible.
Differential settlement is to be prevented.

You can also read:

Raft Foundation - When to Use, Types, Construction


Advantages and Disadvantages of Raft Foundation
 

Deep Foundations
Several Types of Deep Foundations Are Discussed Below:

1. Pile Foundation
Pile foundation is a common type of deep foundation. They are used to reduce cost and when as
per soil condition considerations, it is desirable to transmit loads to soil strata which are beyond
the reach of shallow foundations.

Pile is a slender member with a small cross-sectional area compared to its length. It is used to
transmit foundation loads to a deeper soil or rock strata when the bearing capacity of soil near the
surface is relatively low. Pile transmits load either by skin friction or bearing. Piles are also used
for resist structures against uplift and provide structures stability against lateral and overturning
forces.

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Types of RCC Foundation & Footing With Details - Civil Engineering

Pile foundations are economic using pile foundation when

Soil with great bearing capacity is at a greater depth.


When there are chances of construction of irrigation canals in the nearby area.
When it is very expensive to provide raft or grillage foundations.
When the foundation is subjected to a heavy concentrated load.
In marshy places.
When the topsoil layer is compressible in nature. • In case of bridges when the scouring is
more in the river bed.

Pile foundations can again be classified based on its material and its mechanism of load transfer
or function. Several types of pile foundations are shown in the following chart.

Pile Foundation Articles


What is Pile Foundation? Types of Pile Foundation
Uses of Pile Foundation
Factors Affecting Selection of Pile Foundation Type
Causes of Pile Foundation Failure
Difference Between Shallow and Deep Foundation
What is Friction Pile? Capacity Calculation & Details
Differences Between Pile and Pier Foundation
Difference Between Piles, Piers, and Caissons

3. Pier Foundation
Pier is an underground structure that transmits heavier load which cannot be transmitted by
shallow foundations. It is usually shallower than pile foundations.

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Types of RCC Foundation & Footing With Details - Civil Engineering

Figure: Pier Foundation


Pier foundation is a cylindrical structural member which transfer heavy load from superstructure
to the soil by end bearing. Unlike pile, it can only transfer load by bearing and by not skin friction.

Pier Foundation is economic when:

Sound rock strata lie under a decomposed rock layer at the top. 
The topsoil is stiff clay which resists driving the bearing pile.
When a heavy load is to be transferred to the soil.

4. Caisson Foundation
Caisson foundation is a watertight retaining structure used as a bridge pier, construction of dam
etc. It is generally used in structures which requires foundation beneath a river or similar water
bodies. Reason for choosing caisson foundation is that it can be floated to the desired location
and then sunk into place.

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Types of RCC Foundation & Footing With Details - Civil Engineering

Figure: Caisson Foundation


Caisson foundation is a ready-made hollow cylinder depressed into the soil up to the desired level
and then filled with concrete which ultimately converts to a foundation. It is mostly used as bridge
piers. Caissons are sensitive to construction procedures and lack construction expertise.

There are several types of caisson foundation such as:

1.  Box Caissons
2. Floating Caissons 
3. Pneumatic Caissons 
4. Open Caissons 
5. Sheeted Caissons
6. Excavated Caissons

Caisson foundations are economic when:

Pile cap requirement is to be minimized


Noise and vibration needed to be reduced
Foundation has to be placed beneath water bodies.
Highly lateral and axial loading capacity is required.

Caisson Foundation Articles


What is Caisson Foundation – Mechanism, Types, Construction
Uses of Caisson Foundation
Advantages & Disadvantages of Caisson Foundation
Difference Between Shallow and Deep Foundation

https://civiltoday.com/geotechnical-engineering/foundation-engineering/161-types-of-foundation[16-Jul-19 6:59:14 AM]


Types of RCC Foundation & Footing With Details - Civil Engineering

To conclude, the foundation is a structural supporting member which transfer the total load form
slab, beam, column, wall etc. The main objective of the foundation is to provide stability to the
total structure and safely transfer the total load from the structure to the soil at an optimum cost.

Foundation Civil Engineering

Types of Foundation  What is Civil Engineering?


Shallow vs Deep Foundation Contributions of Civil Engineers
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Foundation Type Associations of Civil Engineering
Raft Foundation  30+ Top Civil Engineering Quotes
Advantages and Disadvantages of Raft
Foundation
Design & Construction Precautions for Raft
Foundation
Pad Foundation 
Advantages and Disadvantages of Pad
Foundation
Grillage Foundation
Minimum Thickness of Concrete Footing
Difference Between Footing and
Foundation

Deep Foundation

What is Pile Foundation? Types of Pile


Foundation
Uses of Pile Foundation
Factors Affecting Selection of Pile
Foundation Type
Causes of Pile Foundation Failure
What is Friction Pile? Capacity Calculation
& Details
What is a Pier Foundation?- Details |
Types | Advantages | Location
Differences Between Pile and Pier
Foundation
Difference Between Piles, Piers, and
Caissons
What is the Caisson Foundation –
Mechanism, Types, Construction
Uses of Caisson Foundation

https://civiltoday.com/geotechnical-engineering/foundation-engineering/161-types-of-foundation[16-Jul-19 6:59:14 AM]


Types of RCC Foundation & Footing With Details - Civil Engineering

Advantages & Disadvantages of Caisson


Foundation

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Types of RCC Foundation & Footing With Details - Civil Engineering

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