UNIVERSITY OF THE EAST-CALOOCAN

106 Samson Rd., Caloocan City

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

NEE 322 – 1EE

(Preliminary Period)
Student Name:

Lingan Jericho Russell T. (Group 4)

Student Number:

20141110750
Instructor:

Engr. Sinforoso D. Cimatu Jr.

Performance Date:

December 9, 2016
Submission Date:

December 16, 2016

 COMPUTATIONS AND EXERCISES

Exercise 1: From the results of Run 1 in Table 2.1, Calculate for each trial the
power in watts, the coil impedance ZL, the resistance RL, the reactance XL, and the
inductance of the coil and enter them in the table.
Trial 1:
𝑉 𝑉
𝑃 = 𝑉𝐼 cos 𝜃 𝑅𝐿 = 𝐼 cos 𝜃 𝑍𝐿 = 𝐼

6.9 6.9
= 6.9(2.9𝑚𝐴) cos(64.8) = 2.9𝑥10−3 cos(64.8) = 2.9𝑥10−3

𝑷 = 𝟖. 𝟓𝟐 𝒎𝑾 𝑹𝑳 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟏𝒌𝜴 𝒁𝑳 = 𝟐. 𝟑𝟕𝒌𝜴

𝑋
𝑋𝐿 = √𝑍𝐿 2 − 𝑅𝐿 2 𝐿
𝐿 = 2𝜋𝑓
2.14𝑘
= √(2.37𝑘)2 − (1.01𝑘)2 =
2𝜋(2000)
𝑿𝑳 = 𝟐. 𝟏𝟒 𝒌Ω 𝑳 = 𝟏𝟕𝟎. 𝟑 𝒎𝑯

Trial 2:
𝑉 𝑉
𝑃 = 𝑉𝐼 cos 𝜃 𝑅𝐿 = cos 𝜃 𝑍𝐿 =
𝐼 𝐼

7 7
= 7(1.5𝑚𝐴) cos(64.8) = 1.5𝑥10−3 cos(64.8) = 2.5𝑥10−3

𝑷 = 𝟒. 𝟒𝟕 𝒎𝑾 𝑹𝑳 = 𝟏. 𝟗𝟗𝒌𝜴 𝒁𝑳 = 𝟒. 𝟔𝒌𝜴

𝑋
𝑋𝐿 = √𝑍𝐿 2 − 𝑅𝐿 2 𝐿
𝐿 = 2𝜋𝑓
4.6𝑘
= √(2.37𝑘)2 − (1.01𝑘)2 = 2𝜋(2000)
𝑿𝑳 = 𝟐. 𝟏𝟒 𝒌Ω 𝑳 = 𝟑𝟑𝟓. 𝟖𝟐 𝒎𝑯

Trial 3:
𝑉 𝑉
𝑃 = 𝑉𝐼 cos 𝜃 𝑅𝐿 = 𝐼 cos 𝜃 𝑍𝐿 = 𝐼
7 7
= 7(1.0𝑚𝐴) cos(64.8) = 1.0𝑥10−3 cos(64.8) = 1.0𝑥10−3
𝑷 = 𝟐. 𝟗𝟖 𝒎𝑾 𝑹𝑳 = 𝟐. 𝟗𝟖𝒌𝜴 𝒁𝑳 = 𝟕. 𝟎𝟎𝒌𝜴
𝑋
𝑋𝐿 = √𝑍𝐿 2 − 𝑅𝐿 2 𝐿
𝐿 = 2𝜋𝑓
6.33𝑘
= √(7𝑘)2 − (2.98𝑘)2 = 2𝜋(2000)
𝑿𝑳 = 𝟔. 𝟑𝟑 𝒌Ω 𝑳 = 𝟓𝟎𝟑. 𝟕𝟑 𝒎𝑯
Table 2.1 RUN1: Determination of Resistance of a Coil
Trial V I(mA) θ P(mW) ZL RL XL L
1 6.9V 2.9mA 64.8o 8.52mW 2.37k 1.01k 2.14k 170.3mH
2 7V 1.5mA 64.8o 4.47mW 4.6k 1.99k 4.22k 335.82mH
3 7V 1mA 64.8o 2.98mW 7k 2.98k 2.98k 503.73mH

Exercise 2: From the results of Run 2 in Table 2.2, Calculate for each trial the
impedance ZL, and the reactance of the coil L3 using the coil resistance RL3 found in
Trial 3 of Run 1 and enter them in the table.

TRIAL 1:
𝑉 6.7 V
𝑍𝐿 = = = 3.72 k Ω
𝐼 1.8 mA

𝑋𝐿 = √𝑍𝐿 2 − 𝑅𝐿3 2 = √3.72 k Ω2 − 2.98k Ω2 = 2 .23 k Ω

TRIAL 2:
𝑉 6.8 V
𝑍𝐿 = = = 3.78 k Ω
𝐼 1.8 mA

𝑋𝐿 = √𝑍𝐿 2 − 𝑅𝐿3 2 = √3.78 k Ω2 − 2.98k Ω2 = 2 .33 k Ω

TRIAL 3:
𝑉 6.9 V
𝑍𝐿 = = = 3.83 k Ω
𝐼 1.8 mA

𝑋𝐿 = √𝑍𝐿 2 − 𝑅𝐿3 2 = √3.83 k Ω2 − 2.98k Ω2 = 2 .41 k Ω

TRIAL 4:
𝑉 7.0 V
𝑍𝐿 = = =5 kΩ
𝐼 1.8 mA

𝑋𝐿 = √𝑍𝐿 2 − 𝑅𝐿3 2 = √5 k Ω2 − 2.98k Ω2 = 4.01 k Ω

 TRIAL 5:
𝑉 7.2 V
𝑍𝐿 = = = 14.4 k Ω
𝐼 0.5 mA

𝑋𝐿 = √𝑍𝐿 2 − 𝑅𝐿3 2 = √14.4 k Ω2 − 2.98k Ω2 = 14.09 k Ω

TRIAL 6:
𝑉 7.4 V
𝑍𝐿 = = = 14.8 k Ω
𝐼 0.5 mA

𝑋𝐿 = √𝑍𝐿 2 − 𝑅𝐿3 2 = √14.8 k Ω2 − 2.98k Ω2 = 14.5 k Ω

Table 2.2 RUN2: Variation of Reactance with Frequency

Trial f (kHz) V I (mA) ZL XL
1 5 6.7V 1.8mA 3.72k 2.23k
2 10 6.8V 1.8mA 3.78k 2.33k
3 100 6.9V 1.8mA 3.83k 2.41k
4 1k 7.0V 1.4mA 5k 4.01k
5 10k 7.2V 0.5mA 14.4k 14.09k
6 100k 7.4V 0.5mA 14.8k 14.5k
Exercise 3: Plot the graph of the reactance vs. frequency of Table 2.2 using the
axes suggested in Figure 2.5.

Based on the graph above, the inductive reactance

is related with the frequency. It shows that the inductive
reactance is directly proportional with the frequency. In
other words, if the reactance increases the frequency
increases as well.
 ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEMS

1. What relation can be drawn from the results of Run 1 in Table 2.1
regarding reactance XL and inductance L?
Answer:
Based on the data gathered the reactance XL is directly
proportional with the inductance L. In other words, when XL increases
L increases as well or vice versa.

2. What generalization can be drawn regarding the plot of Reactance

vs. Frequency in Figure 2.5.
Answer:
Based on the plot or Reactance vs. Frequency the
Inductive reactance is directly proportional to the frequency as the
back EMF generated in the inductor is equal to its inductance
multiplied by the rate of change of current in the inductor.

3. Enumerate at least ten devices having the property of inductance.

Answer:
-Air-Core Inductor
-Molded Inductors
-Radio-Frequency Inductor
-Solid-Ferrite Core Inductors
-Ferromagnetic-Core Inductor
-Variable Inductor
-Laminated-core inductor
-Choke
-Ferrite-core inductor
-Toroidal-core inductor

4. What is ideal or perfect inductor? Is there such device that has a

characteristic of ideal or perfect inductor? Explain your answer.
Answer:
An inductor is considered perfect if it has reactance without
any resistance. In other words, the real component of its impedance
would be zero. Loss of power as heat within the inductor is also zero.
The perfect inductor presents no impedance to a constant, yet opposes
any slightest change of current. Any non-superconducting material
cannot meet this condition, as it is bound to have some resistance,
hence, a perfect inductor would need to be made of superconducting
material.

5. A coil rated 600 Watts, 230 Volts, 60 Hz has a resistance of 30

Ohms. What is the inductance of the coil? If the coil is to be operated
at 230 Volts, 50 Hz supply, what will be its current, power and power
factor under this condition? Can the coil operate at 23 Volts, 50 Hz
supply without risk of damage?
Answer:
𝑃 600
𝐼=√ =√ = 4.472 𝐴 𝑋𝐿 = 2𝜋𝑓𝐿 = 2𝜋(50)(0.111) = 34.87 Ω
𝑅𝐿 30

𝑃 600 𝑍𝐿 = √𝑋𝐿 2 + 𝑅𝐿 2 = √34.872 + 302

cos 𝜃 = = = 0.5833
𝐼 𝑉 (4.472)(230) = 𝟓𝟎 Ω

𝑅𝐿 30 𝑅𝐿 30 Ω
𝑍𝑅𝐿 = = = 51.43 Ω 𝑃𝐹 = cos 𝜃 = =
cos 𝜃 0.5833 𝑍𝐿 50 Ω
= 𝟎. 𝟔 (𝒍𝒂𝒈𝒈𝒊𝒏𝒈)

𝑋𝐿 = √𝑍𝑅𝐿 2 − 𝑅𝐿 2 = √51.432 − 302 𝑉 230𝑉

𝐼= cos 𝜃 = (0.6) = 𝟒. 𝟔 𝑨
= 𝟒𝟏. 𝟕𝟕 Ω 𝑅𝐿 30Ω
𝑋𝐿 41.77
𝐿= = = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝒉𝒆𝒏𝒓𝒊𝒆𝒔
2𝜋𝑓 2𝜋(60)

𝑃 = 𝐼 𝑉 cos 𝜃 = (4.6)(230)(0.6) = 𝟔𝟑𝟒. 𝟖 𝑾

 DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

In this experiment we learned and discussed the concept behind the

Resistance and Inductance of a Coil. Resistance and Inductance are technical
words Engineering students must be familiar of, especially when we are dealing
with circuits and other electrical or electronic means. In this case, let us first
know what these two are. Inductance is basically the behavior of a coil of wire in
resisting any change of electric current through the coil. In other words it opposes
any change in the current. Inductors are basically coils or loops of wire that are
either wound around a hollow tube former. The reason why coils are a part of this
experiment, it really played a vital role in observing and understanding it and
affected the values we’ve obtained in the experiment as proved by the data that
will be discussed later on. Resistance in the other hand is the hindrance to the flow
of charge. Based in the term itself it resists the passage of current in a given
circuit. This parameter is tightly related to the voltage and current for it is the
ratio of the voltage to the electric current as shown and evident in the Ohm’s Law.
Upon doing the experiment we observed the relationship between the
voltage, current and the coil or inductor wherein it varies depending on the
inductors so called back EMF or self-induced value, especially with the growth of
current flowing into the inductor.
We started our experiment by determining or observing the Resistance
of the coil. As shown by the table below:

Table 2.1 RUN1: Determination of Resistance of a Coil

Trial V I(mA) θ P(mW) ZL RL XL L
o
1 6.9V 2.9mA 64.8 8.52mW 2.37k 1.01k 2.14k 170.3mH
2 7V 1.5mA 64.8o 4.47mW 4.6k 1.99k 4.22k 335.82mH
3 7V 1mA 64.8o 2.98mW 7k 2.98k 2.98k 503.73mH

In this part, I observed that as we move the connections from one

terminal to the other and as we connect more coils or inductors in series with each
other the value of the current decreased as manifested by the values obtained
from Trials 1 to 3. The opposite thing happened with the values of the Load
resistance wherein it increased as we connect or add more coils in series. Hence
the coil or inductor really resists change in the flow of current. The current
doesn’t flow instantly it will take time for it to reach its maximum value with the
presence of an inductor, so the larger the number of inductor the slower the
current to reach its maximum value. As noticed the values of the Voltage remained
constant, in this case 7V. The Power varies as well depending on the arrangement
and number of coils, based on the table it decreased from 8.52mW to 2.98mW.
This parameter will show us the effective resistance of the coil. The inductive
reactance and resistance of the coil are related with each other according to the
table the values of XL (inductive reactance) and RL (Resistance of the Coil) varies
directly with each other, as XL increase RL increase as well.

Table 2.2 RUN2: Variation of Reactance with Frequency

Trial f (kHz) V I (mA) ZL XL
1 5 6.7V 1.8mA 3.72k 2.23k
2 10 6.8V 1.8mA 3.78k 2.33k
3 100 6.9V 1.8mA 3.83k 2.41k
4 1k 7.0V 1.4mA 5k 4.01k
5 10k 7.2V 0.5mA 14.4k 14.09k
6 100k 7.4V 0.5mA 14.8k 14.5k

In Run 2: Variations of Reactance with Frequency, we measured

almost the same parameters as Run 1 yet with the presence of frequency. It is
observed that as the frequency increases the values of the current, impedance and
inductive reactance increases as well. This means that these parameters especially
the inductive reactance is directly proportional with the frequency.
 FINDINGS AND CONCLUSION

This experiment helped us understand the concepts, theories

and applications about the Resistance and Inductance of a Coil. Based on the
procedures, findings and data we have obtained and gathered. I come up with some
conclusions that are focused on my own understanding regarding this experiment.
At the start of this experiment, I observed that for each trial a coil is added and
as the number of coils in series increase the values of the current decrease and
the value of resistance increase, with this findings I concluded that the coil which
acts as an inductor, proved its function which is to resist change in the flow of
current. It is said that with the presence of an inductor it will take time for the
current to reach its maximum value. This is the reason why the value of current
decrease, as the number of inductor in series increases the time for the current to
reach its maximum value increases as well. Since the value of the current
decreased, the resistance will increase since they are inversely proportional.
Another quantity relationship observed is the relationship between the inductive
reactance and the resistance of the coil which varies directly with each other. I
also found out that the frequency has a huge effect in the values of the different
parameters involved in this experiment especially in the inductive reactance which
varies directly with the frequency. Lastly, the amount of voltage that will be
produced in an inductor depends on how rapidly the current through it will
decrease.
At the end of this experiment, I can say that I have learned a lot. I
can now be able to relate each parameter, observe their relationships, analyze
their characteristics and purpose and compute for their respective values. I also
understand how to determine the resistance of a coil, its voltage and current
values. I became knowledgeable about the nature of the coil or inductor and its
capacity to resist change in current and voltage drop and became familiar with
resistance and inductance.

The gist is that the objectives of this experiment were met and the
values obtained are the desired and expected values. Therefore our experiment is
very accurate. It precisely proved the concepts we are taught in our lecture class.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Cimatu, S. & Rebong, A. (n.d.). Resistance and Inductance of a Coil.

Laboratory Manual in AC Circuits

Characteristics of Inductors. (n.d.). Retrieved from:

https://www.eeweb.com/blog/andrew_carter

Inductive Reactance and Frequency. (n.d.). Retrieved from:

http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/accircuits/ac-inductance.html