Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
in the
Upper Mantaro, Peru,
1982-1983:
Investigations of Inka Expansion and Exchange
With appendixes by
Bruce D. Owen
Marilyn A. Norconk
Illustrations by
Robert Keller
Glenn Russell
Monograph XXVIII
Institute of Archaeology, University of California, Los Angeles
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
(Monograph ; 28)
Bibliography: p.
1. Huanca Indians—Antiquities. 2. Incas—
Antiquities. 3. Indians of South America— Peru—
Antiquities. 4. Peru—Antiquities. I. Earle,
Timothy. II. University of California, Los Angeles.
Institute of Archaeology. III. Series: Monograph
(University of California, Los Angeles. Institute
of Archaeology) ; 28.
F3430.1.H8A7 1987 985'.01 87-16807
ISBN 0-917956-58-3
ISBN: 0-917956-58-3
Appendix 1
Table 16. Distribution of Floor, Subfloor, Patio, and Wall Fall Burials
Note: Percentages are the fraction of the burials in the column category
of the specified type.
2. Sex was identified only in mature Primary burials are defined as remains
individuals with suitable portions that are sufficiently articulated and
of the innominate bone present. complete that they appear to have been
We used a combination of criteria, interred before the body had decomposed
of which the excursion of the badly and that have not been significantly
iliopectineal line and the presence disturbed since. Primary burials may lack
of the ventral arc and subpubic crania or one or more extremities.
concavity were the most useful
(Bass 1971). Two individuals Secondary burials are defined as
found with fetal bones in their remains that appear to represent the
pelves helped establish the female interment of an individual, but that are not
pattern. sufficiently complete and articulated to be
considered primary. Secondary burials are
3. Dental wear was estimated using presumed to result from reburial,
the technique of Molnar (1971) for disturbance, or burial after the body had
all individuals over six years of largely decomposed. X-ray photographs of
age. See appendix 2 for a discus- Andean mummy bundles at The Field
sion of dental pathology. Museum of Natural History, Chicago show
extensive disarticulation in some instances
4. Long bone measurements were not unlike our "secondary" burials.
taken of complete long bones Naturally, there are some cases in which the
(humerus, radius, ulna, femur, distinction between primary and secondary
tibia, and fibula). Subadult bones burial cannot be clear. Except where noted,
were measured without epiphyses. primary and secondary burials are grouped
Diameters of the femoral and together in this analysis.
humeral heads and the
circumference of the femur at Except as stated otherwise, this
midshaft were recorded. This analysis considers only the primary and
analysis is not yet complete and is secondary Wanka II and III remains. It
not included in this report. excludes 16 Wanka IV individuals, all partial
burials, some scattered earlier remains from
For the purposes of this analysis, a Pancan, the isolated human bones and teeth
burial is defined as a set of remains that found throughout the excavations, and the
appears to represent the simultaneous redeposited or disturbed human bone in
interment of one or more individuals. The J7=2-1. Because of the incompleteness of
unit of analysis may be either the individual the data available for each individual,
or the burial, depending on the question figures for different categories of analysis
being considered. A number of isolated often will not add to the same total (see
body parts, including articulated extremities note in table 16). For analyses based on
and isolated crania, are labeled as "partial" ages, individuals are assigned to age
burials and are not included in this analysis categories according to the midpoint of
except for a brief description. Identifica- their estimated age range, rounding up when
tion numbers (e.g., 83-B6) were assigned in necessary. Individuals classified only as
108
Archaeological Field Research, Upper Mantaro, Peru
older than a certain age are assigned to the lines of evidence is conclusive, but together
age range that includes the specified they tend to support the working hypothesis.
minimum age. For example, an individual
of 40+ years falls in the 40-49 years of age Although the burials are considered to
category. be from the Wanka II and Wanka III
populations, they are not necessarily
Because of the small number of representative samples of these populations.
individuals recovered, this analysis does not At several sites human burials also occur in
divide the individuals into small, specific caves and in small circular structures that
categories such as "Wanka II commoner may be chullpas; other burial locations may
males." Instead, most parts of the analysis exist away from sites. These remains have
are done by dividing the entire population not been collected nor systematically dated.
into two opposed categories, such as Some are definitely colonial or later, but we
"Wanka II" and "Wanka III," or "Commoner" cannot rule out the possibility that some of
and "Elite." That is, the category "Wanka these unexamined burials may date to
II" includes remains from both commoner Wanka II or Wanka III times. However, the
and elite patios, and the category "Elite" survivorship data, sex distributions, and
includes remains from both Wanka II and range of associated grave goods are all
Wanka III contexts. consistent with samples from stable,
complete populations. No single class or
Individuals buried in Wanka II contexts range of individuals appears to be missing
are considered to be from the population of from the burial populations. This analysis
Wanka II times, and individuals buried in therefore treats the burials as representing
Wanka III contexts are considered to be formerly living populations.
from the population of Wanka III times.
This is a reasonable working hypothesis for Any classification of the burials as
several reasons. First, all but one of the commoner and elite is somewhat problem-
sites were occupied during only one of the atic. Individuals may not always have been
two periods. Second, if abandoned Wanka II buried in the patios in which they lived, and,
sites were used as burial grounds in Wanka in fact, the presence/absence and number of
III, one would expect to see some difference grave goods in burials seems to vary
in burial practices between the burials in independently of the architectural status of
patios in abandoned sites and those in the patio in which the burial was placed.
occupied sites. There may be temporal This lack of association of grave goods
differences in burial practices, but they are with elite patio burials suggests either that
not immediately apparent. Third, if indivi- individuals were not always buried in the
duals were buried in abandoned Wanka II patios in which they lived, or that burial
sites rather than in Wanka III patios, one treatments varied according to different
might expect a higher density of burials in criteria than did the quality of patio
Wanka II than in Wanka III patios. The architecture. Some parts of this analysis
density of burials is almost the same in divide burials into those found in elite
patios of both periods. Fourth, all seven patios and those found in commoner patios.
burials that contained copper objects are This division is only for the purpose of
from Wanka III patios. In nonburial elucidating the similarities and differences
contexts, copper was over three times more between burials in commoner and elite
ubiquitous in Wanka III than in Wanka II. patios, and is not meant to imply that the
Although copper cannot strictly be used as a individuals included in each category were
marker for the Wanka III period, the necessarily members of that social status
exclusive occurrence of copper in burials in category.
Wanka III patios suggests that these burials
date from Wanka III times and that burials
in Wanka II patios do not. None of these
109
Appendix 1: Human Burials Analysis
Table 17. Wanka II and III Individuals Excavated from 1977 through 1983
Age Unknown 13 0 2 8 10 3 7 5 1 1
Total 90 14 13 63 44 46 42 35 13 16
Burialsa
Partial
Burialsc 10 -- -- -- 6 4 7 2 1 --
Burials 57 -- -- -- 29 28 27 20 10 6
a. The headings Individuals and Burials refer to the number of bodies represented and the
number of graves, respectively.
b. Wanka IV individuals are included only in the far right column.
c. Partial burials, that is, burials of hands, feet, legs, or isolated crania, are not
included in the top half of the table, which describes the distribution of burials that
apparently represent most or all of the individual.
110
Archaeological Field Research, Upper Mantaro, Peru
111
Appendix 1: Human Burials Analysis
suggests that males in Wanka III ate more structures of the two periods appear to be
maize than did females, but this dietary quite different. Figure 73 shows the same
difference does not seem to have strongly two survivorship curves compared with the
affected male and female mortality rates. best-fitting stable population models from
Since there are virtually equal numbers of Weiss (1973). The survivorship curve for the
adult males and adult females, there was Wanka III individuals corresponds closely to
probably also little difference in overall Weiss's stable population model 25-55, which
infant and juvenile mortality between males is within the range he cites as being typical
and females. The figures also show that the of preindustrial societies (Weiss 1973:48-51).
excavated Wanka II and III populations The good fit suggests that the burial
seem to have rather different distributions of population reflects the survivorship of a
ages at death. This pattern is clearer when population.
the data are recast as survivorship curves.
The survivorship curve for the Wanka
The limited data suggest that there II burials, however, corresponds to Weiss'
may have been a significant drop in stable population model 15-30, which
mortality rates in Wanka III. Figure 72 features the highest juvenile and adult
illustrates the survivorship curves for Wanka mortalities that he calculates. Weiss does
II and Wanka III individuals, and for the two not cite any anthropological or archaeo-
populations combined. As suggested by the logical populations with mortality rates this
age-at-death pyramids (figs. 70-71), the age high. Weiss (1975:54-55) argues elsewhere
Figure 72. Survivorship curves for Wanka II, Wanka III, and both periods combined.
112
Archaeological Field Research, Upper Mantaro, Peru
that the effects of sporadic events, such as Wanka II populations, living in dense, walled,
epidemics or warfare, are strongly and hilltop settlements under conditions of
quickly damped out in burial populations, so intense intersettlement hostility, were
a more continuous cause for the unusually severely stressed and suffered from un-
high Wanka II mortality rates is required. usually high mortality rates. When the Inka
pacified the region and resettled much of
It is possible that burial practices were the populace into lower altitude agricultural
significantly different in Wanka II than in sites, the stress was relieved and mortality
Wanka III, such that older juveniles and rates dropped to more normal levels.
older adults but not infants and young
adults, were selectively buried outside the The skeletal pathologies of the indivi-
residential settings. Such an unlikely burial duals excavated in 1983 show no indication
practice would account for the observed of long-term nutritional stress or unusual
Wanka II age-at-death distribution. How- prevalence of trauma in Wanka II. The
ever, one might expect other changes in skeletal evidence cannot confirm or reject
burial practices to accompany such a strong the presence of contagious disease encour-
shift in the location of burials. There may aged by dense settlement and poor
be some changes in burial practices over sanitation as the cause of the high mortality
time, but they are not clear or strong. rates in Wanka II.
Figure 73. Survivorship curves for Wanka II and Wanka III compared with the best-fitting
stable population models from Weiss (1973).
113
Appendix 1: Human Burials Analysis
indicates that there was probably no space does not seem to have been related to
important difference in mortality rates age, sex, or grave goods. There was no
between individuals buried in elite and particular orientation or special treatment
commoner patios. for patio burials. Table 16 summarizes the
locations of burials by period and patio
status.
BURIAL PRACTICES
Burial pits were visible in only ten
About 80 percent (42/53) of the burials cases, and the stratigraphically significant
were found in the floor or subfloor fill of top surfaces of the pits were poorly defined.
habitation structures. Roughly 17 percent Many burial pits were defined in part by
(9/53) were in open patio space, either in bedrock, and four were bordered by rocks
cultural fill or midden deposits. The or limestone slabs set in place. The wall fall
remaining two burials (3 individuals) were burials appeared to be in crude stone
postoccupation interments in the rubble of chambers.
collapsed structures. All the burials in
commoner patios are located inside Most primary individuals (about 85%) were
structures, while one-third of the burials in buried in a fully flexed position. Many of
elite patios are found in open patio areas. these were flexed extremely tightly,
This feature is one of the few apparent strongly suggesting binding of the corpse or
differences between burials in elite and mummy bundling. Another 10 percent were
common er p atios. Burial in open p atio buried with legs flexed but arms extended,
Figure 74. Survivorship curves for individuals from elite and commoner patios.
114
Archaeological Field Research, Upper Mantaro, Peru
generally alongside the torso. Some of suggest that some patios were used for
these were also very tightly flexed. Three burials while others were not.
individuals in two structures (J59=1-1 and
J7=3-1) were interred in vertical, seated The strongly clustered distribution of
positions inside structures, with their backs some unusual dental and skeletal traits that
against the wall. may be genetically determined suggests that
at least some individuals buried in the same
Individuals buried inside structures patio may have been genetically related.
were generally placed in the structure floor There are seven occurrences of shovel-
or subfloor fill close to the wall and parallel shaped incisors among the individuals
to it. Few burials extended more than 100 excavated in 1983. Three patios each
cm from the wall, and many were directly contained two individuals with shovel-
against it, facing up, down, to either side, shaped incisors, one patio contained one
toward or away from the wall. This individual with shovel-shaped incisors, and
placement suggests that the individuals in the remaining twelve patios with burials,
were wrapped as mummy bundles and the there were no individuals with shovel-shaped
position of the body inside the bundle could incisors. Similarly, occurrences of sutural
not be discerned. Burials were clearly not bones tend to be concentrated in particular
located according to compass directions or patios and even particular multiple burials,
to the position of the structure's door. rather than dispersed throughout the exca-
Placement of the burial along the wall was vated areas. Sutural bones may or may not
evidently determined primarily by the have a genetic component (see appendix 2
location of sufficient fill above the irregular for details).
bedrock. Secondary burials were placed
inside structures and in patio space in the About 72 percent of all burials con-
same manner as primary burials. tained only a single individual. Most of the
remainder contained two or three indivi-
Not all excavated patios produced duals. Table 18 and figure 75 summarize
burials. While the five patios fully exca- the distributions of single and multiple
vated in 1982 did have burials, only 16 of burials. The individuals in the small-size,
the 25 patios partially excavated in 1983 multiple burials are typical of the general
had burials. This discrepancy may be an population in age and sex distributions, and
artifact of the sampling strategy, or it may they are not differentiated by grave goods
Table 18. Distribution of Multiple Burials by Period and Patio Status
Number of
Individuals Total Patio Period Patio Status
In Burial Burials Wanka II Wanka III Commoner Elite
N % N % N % N % N %
1 38 72 21 72 17 71 17 68 13 72
2 7 13 5 17 2 8 4 16 2 11
3 4 8 2 7 2 8 2 8 1 6
4 1 2 0 0 1 4 1 4 0 0
5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
7 2 4 1 3 1 4 1 4 1 6
8 1 2 0 0 1 4 0 0 1 6
Note: Percentages are the fraction of the burials in the column category
that contained the specified number of individuals.
115
Appendix 1: Human Burials Analysis
In Wanka III, however, there were two Males and females and most age
large-size, multiple primary burials. One, in categories are represented in these large-
commoner patio structure J54=10-1, con- size, multiple burials. The age and sex
tained seven individuals, one of whom had distributions do not differ in any systematic
five gold, copper, and lead objects on his way from those of the rest of the popula-
chest. The chest cavities of these tion. The practice of interring several
individuals were without dirt, suggesting individuals in single burials persisted into
that the structure they were buried in was Wanka IV, as indicated by the five
not used after their interment; the rich individuals buried together in J2=701.
grave goods suggest that the individuals
might not have lived in the commoner patio In addition to the multiple burials from
in which they were buried. Wanka III and IV, there are two earlier
deposits of bone representing numerous
The other large multiple primary individuals. The large multiple secondary
burial, found in elite patio structure J54=7- burial of some seven individuals in the
116
Archaeological Field Research, Upper Mantaro, Peru
Wanka II elite structure J41=8-1 may or may found in secondary burials. This decline in
not be similar to the later multiple burials. secondary burial may indicate a change in
Some of the long bones in this burial were burial practices in Wanka III such that fewer
neatly bundled or stacked together with two individuals were reburied, disturbed, or
crania, while others were tossed in care- buried after substantial decomposition than
lessly. Associated with the remains were had been the case in Wanka II.
seven silver disks (possibly representing a Alternatively, the finding may suggest that
single item), a bone pin, and a perforated secondary burials in Wanka III times were
stone discoid. Although the burial was close more often placed outside residential areas.
to the surface, the bones were in very good Finally, the larger proportion of secondary
condition, suggesting that this may be a burials in Wanka II sites may simply be due
postoccupation interment. A dense deposit to the earlier burials being in the ground
of completely disarticulated bones repre- longer and so being exposed to more
senting up to seven individuals was found in disturbance by subsequent uses of the sites.
the Wanka II structure J7=2-1. The bones This last explanation would be especially
may have been redeposited unintentionally likely if a disproportionate fraction of the
as fill rather than as a secondary burial and Wanka III burials were from the end of the
are not included in any analyses. Wanka III period or the beginning of Wanka
IV, when epidemics swept the region and
The large-size, multiple burials could sites were quickly abandoned. These late
reflect epidemics resulting from European burials would have been subject to little
contact, or they could represent warfare, subsequent disturbance because the sites
special burial practices, or some more were abandoned and the regional population
ordinary event. Both of the large primary was significantly reduced. Table 19
Wanka III multiple burials were found at summarizes the distributions of primary and
Marca (J54), suggesting that they might be secondary burials.
due to the same cause, perhaps one of the
historically documented epidemics that About 54 percent (49/90) of all indivi-
swept the region before and after the duals, both primary and secondary, were
Spanish conquest. buried in pits containing one or more objects
or grave goods. In multiple burials the
Many more secondary burials come goods were sometimes clearly associated
from Wanka II contexts than from Wanka III. with a single individual; in other cases, the
About 60 percent of all Wanka II individuals goods could pertain to any or several of the
were found in secondary burials, while only individuals. In this analysis, such
13 percent of the Wanka III individuals were questionable goods are assigned equally to
N % N % N % N % N % N % N %
Primary 57 63 17 39 40 87 27 64 21 60 12 86 10 77
Secondary 33 37 27 61 6 13 15 36 14 40 2 14 3 23
117
Appendix 1: Human Burials Analysis
all individuals in the burial by dividing the dividing grave goods among all the indivi-
number of objects by the number of duals in each multiple burial. Table 21
individuals in the burial. summarizes the occurrences of grave goods
by age ranges as used in this analysis.
Most grave lots contain one, two, or Because the population is so small, the
occasionally three items, generally trends illustrated in figures 77 and 78 are
recovered from the soil immediately around based on combined age categories. There
the remains but in no particular anatomical are not enough individuals to compare the
relationship to the individual. The number distributions of grave goods by age in Wanka
of grave goods is not clearly related to elite II and Wanka III. The overall pattern of
or commoner patio status, primary or association of grave goods with older indivi-
secondary burial, or sex. The fraction of duals is traditionally taken to suggest a
individuals buried with grave goods is almost society featuring attained, rather than
identical in Wanka II and Wanka III. Table ascribed, status.
20 and figure 76 summarize and illustrate
the distributions of grave goods in burial Examples of virtually all artifact
pits. types other than flaked stone tools were
found in burials. Table 22 summarizes the
Older individuals are more likely to be distributions of various types of grave goods
buried in pits with one or more grave goods by sex, period, and patio status. The most
than are younger individuals, as illustrated common grave good (found with 10% of all
in figure 77. Moreover, when goods are individuals) is a large sherd or several large
present, older individuals tend to be buried sherds covering the head of the individual,
with more of them than are younger indivi- and occasionally covering the body. In
duals, as illustrated in figure 78. The latter several cases, aryballoid bases appear to
pattern is not strong, probably in part have been specially prepared to cover the
because of the analytical strategy of head of t he d eceased , a p ractice found
Table 20. Numbers of Individuals from Pits According to Number of Grave Goods
Total
Number Indivi- Sex Patio Period Patio Status Burial Type
of Items duals Male Female Wanka II Wanka III Commoner Elite Primary Secondary
in Pit N % N % N % N % N % N % N % N % N %
0 61 68 7 50 8 62 31 70 30 65 29 69 23 66 39 68 22 67
1 14 16 3 21 2 15 5 11 9 20 6 14 7 20 8 14 5 15
2 7 8 0 0 1 8 5 11 2 4 3 7 2 6 4 7 3 9
3 2 2 1 7 1 8 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 3 2 4 1 3
4 1 1 1 7 0 0 0 0 1 2 1 2 0 0 1 2 0 0
5 1 1 1 7 0 0 0 0 1 2 1 2 0 0 1 2 0 0
6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
9 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 1 3 0 0 1 3
10 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 3
11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
13 1 1 0 0 1 8 0 0 1 2 0 0 1 3 1 2 0 0
14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
15 1 1 1 7 0 0 0 0 1 2 1 2 0 0 1 2 0 0
Note: Percentages are based on column totals. Sherds covering the head count as one grave good.
118
Archaeological Field Research, Upper Mantaro, Peru
Figure 76. Grave goods per burial pit, Wanka II and III.
Figure 77. Percentages of individuals of given age categories that were buried in
pits containing grave goods. Where a burial with one or more grave goods
contains more than one individual, each individual is counted as being buried
with grave goods.
119
Appendix 1: Human Burials Analysis
Figure 78. Median number of grave goods associated with individuals of given
age categories. Only individuals from burials with at least one grave good are
included. Goods not associated with a specific individual are divided equally
among all individuals in the burials.
Note: Goods in multiple burials that cannot be associated with a single individual
are divided among all the individuals in the burial. These data are
illustrated in figures 77 and 78. Sherds covering the head are counted as
one grave good.
120
Archaeological Field Research, Upper Mantaro, Peru
121
Appendix 1: Human Burials Analysis
year old male was found with a collection grave lots persisted into Wanka IV. In the
of metal items on his chest: three copper triple burial in J2=701, the male 77-B6 had
disks, a packet of small lead laminae, and a sherds on his head, colonial beads around his
piece of rolled repoussé gold sheet. neck, and a shell fragment nearby. Two
groundstone items, an iron knife, a worked
There are several examples of paired bone implement, a copper axe, two large
items in two-piece grave lots, such as the copper and lead balls with suspension holes,
two bone implements with 83-B1, the two a copper clip, a tumi-shaped ornament, and
phyllite slabs with 83-B38, the two copper sherds of several reconstructable vessels
needles with 83-B40, and the two ceramic could be associated with any of the three
vessels with 83-B5. Larger grave lots tend individuals.
to be made up of several sets of similar
items, such as the three copper needles, six Finally, the secondary remains of the
ceramic vessels, and three bone implements seven individuals, 79-B1 through 79-B5,
with 83-B3, as well as the five or six which were stacked and jumbled in a single
camelid mandibles and five worked stone pit in elite patio J41=8-1, were buried with
items with the secondary burial in J7=3-51. seven silver disks and a perforated stone
The homogeneity of goods within grave lots discoid. If the silver disks are the remains
and the heterogeneity between them of a single valuable item, a textile with
suggests that the items buried with each silver bangles sewn on it, for example, then
individual may have been expressions by the this grave lot is not unusually rich.
survivors of ideas or roles specific to the
deceased individual, rather than ideas Except for this strange secondary
pertaining to generalized notions concerning Wanka II burial, all three large precolonial
death for which the same assortments of grave lots are from Wanka III. This
goods could have served for all individuals. association may suggest a change in beliefs
regarding the afterlife or in economic,
Most grave lots contained one to three social, ritual, or other stratification in
items, but there were a few notable Wanka III. However, the data set is too
exceptions. The 35 to 45 year old Wanka III small to infer secure conclusions.
woman 83-B3 from elite patio J2=1-1 was
buried with six ceramic vessels, three small In addition to the comparatively
bone implements, and some sort of plain complete burials, there were nine burials of
woven textile gathered around her throat isolated, fully or partially articulated body
and preserved by three copper needles parts representing nine or ten individuals.
pinning it together. She lay on limestone These finds probably do not represent the
slabs, and her head was covered with large interments of individuals, but rather some
sherds. The 25 to 30 year old Wanka III ritual, surgical, or other practices. As such,
man 83-B43 in the large primary multiple they are not included in any of the analyses
burial in commoner patio J54=10-1 was in this appendix.
buried with three copper disks, a packet of
small lead laminae, and a gold ornament on In Wanka II there were five such
his chest. The two Wanka III adults, 82- partial burials: an articulated leg and foot in
B12 and 82-B13, and two or three children a midden in the open patio space of elite
were buried in commoner patio J54=2-1 patio J7=7, an adult's feet and hands under
with a stone discoid, a lead ball, a copper and inside the door of commoner structure
fragment, two shell fragments, two manos, J41=4-1, an infant's torso and arms in
a pestle, three bone implements, a stone commoner structure J41=5-2, a cranium and
hoe, and two guinea pig crania. The whole mandible in structure J41=6-1, and an
burial was covered by a phyllite slab. associated arm and vertebral column with
sacrum in the open patio space of J7=3. The
The burial of individuals with large arm and vertebral column may represent
122
Archaeological Field Research, Upper Mantaro, Peru
123
Appendix 2
Marilyn A. Norconk
[The primary data table for Appendix 1 (Owen and Norconk 1987, Analysis of the Human Burials, 1977-
1983 Field Seasons: Demographic Profiles and Burial Practices) was included in Appendix 2, which
begins on this page and continues through page 133. The table was prepared by Bruce Owen for Appendix
1, and is reproduced here with the published pagination. The age and sex determinations shown in the
table were done by Marilyn Norconk.]
124
Archaeological Field Research, Upper Mantaro, Peru
Table 23. Burial Data from 1983, 1982, 1979, and 1977
Floor/ Number
Com- Primary/ Subfloor/ of
ID oner/ Secondary/ Patio/ Indivi-
Provenience Number Phase Elite Age Sex Partial Wall Fall duals Associated Artifacts and Comments
1983 Burials
J2=1-1-3-5-6 83-B3 W III E 35-45 F Primary Subfloor 1 Sherds on head. Body lies on
limestone slabs. Textile with
three copper needles at throat.
Aryballoid. Olla. Four other
vessels. Two bone tools. One
bone pin. Charcoal.
J2=1-1-3-5-7 83-B8 W III E 2-4 - Primary Subfloor 1 Sherds cover body. Head rests on
grindstone, body on two limestone
slabs.
J2=2-1-1-4-5 83-B7 W III C 2-4 - Primary Subfloor 1 Missing cranium, mandible, right
leg, right and left feet.
J2=3-53-3-6-6 - W III E Child - Partial Patio 1 One or two isolated feet found in
pit defined by placed rocks and
bedrock.
J2=3-53-4-6-7 83-B16a W III E 0-1 - Primary Patio 1 Missing cranium and various bones.
J2=6-1-3-2-4 #1 83-B19 W III C 4-5 - Primary Subfloor Three infants buried in a linear
pit defined by bedrock and the
J2=6-1-3-2-4 #2 - W III C 8-12 - Primary Subfloor 3 structure wall. Numbers 2 and 3
not fully removed due to caliche
J2=6-1-3-2-4 #3 - W III C 4-6 - Primary Subfloor deposit.
J7=5-1-2-1-3 - W II C Adult ? Secondary Wall Fall 1 Only cranium, spine, ribs, femur.
Postoccupation.
J7=5-1-3-2-4 83-B5 W II C Adult ? Secondary Subfloor 1 Missing some vertebrae and ribs.
Two broken vessels.
125
Appendix 2: Paleopathology Report
J41=5-2-1-2-2 83-B22 W II C 2-3 - Partial Subfloor 1 Articulated torso and arms. Small
lead ball
J41=5-2-1-3-3 83-B23 W II C 0-1 - Primary Subfloor 1 Large sherds cover body. Missing
mandible, various long bones.
J41=6-1-1-3-6 #1 83-B25 W II ? 9-12 - Primary Subfloor B25 has burned arm bones and
cranium, and burned textile
J41=6-1-1-3-6 #2 83-827 W II ? 18-25 M Primary Subfloor 3 fragments. B27 lacks cranium and
mandible. Possibly pertains to
J41=6-1-1-3-6 #3 83-B26 W II ? 0-2 - Primary Subfloor cranium and mandible in 41=6-1-1-
3-1. Folded silver disk could be
associated with any of three
individuals.
J54=7-1-1,2-4-4 #2 83-B31 W III E 45-50 F Primary Subfloor Copper pin may be associated with
B31 or another of these
individuals.
Post-publication note: This copper pin, metal
J54=7-1-1,2-4-4 #3 83-B32 W III E 30-40 M Primary Subfloor ID 610, was cataloged as J54=7-1-2-3-4
J54=7-1-1,2-4-4 #4 83-B33 W III E 30-40 F Primary Subfloor
8
J54=7-1-1,2-4-4 #5 83-B34 W III E 30-40 M Primary Subfloor Sherds on head of B34.
J54=7-1-1,2-4-4 #6 83-B35 W III E 0-3 - Primary Subfloor Infant B35 on chest of male B34;
sherds on head of infant B35.
J54=7-1-1,2-4-4 #7 83-B36 W III E 30-40 M Primary Subfloor Small vessel covered by phyllite
slab near head of B36
J54=7-54-1,2-5-3 83-B38 W III E 20-35 M Primary Patio 1 Two phyllite slabs define one side
of pit. Two aryballoid bases
cover cranium.
126
Archaeological Field Research, Upper Mantaro, Peru
J54=9-1-2-3-5 #3 83-B40a W III C 50+ F Secondary Subfloor 1 Copper needle. Lacks cranium,
hands, and feet.
Post-publication note: Only
J54=9-1-2-3-5 #4 83-B40b W III C 6-8 - Primary Subfloor one copper needle, metal ID
2 Copper needle. 655, was cataloged from
J54=9-1-2-3-5 #5 83-B40c W III C 0-2 - Primary Subfloor J54=9-1-2-3-5
J54=9-1-1-3-13 #6 83-B40d W III C 0-2 - Primary Subfloor 1 Lacks cranium and mandible. Rocks
define pit.
J54=9-1-1-3-7 #7 83-B42 W III C 50+ M Primary Subfloor B43 missing mandible and feet.
2 Ceramic spoon, stone mortar, and
J54=9-1-1-3-7 #8 83-B41 W III C 0-1 - Primary Subfloor pestle. Each body has a spindle
whorl blank at top of cranium
J54=9-1-1-3-7 #9 83-B41a W III C Adult F Secondary Subfloor 1 Dismembered and partially burned.
J54=10-1-3-4-6 #1 83-B43 W III C 25-30 M Primary Subfloor Rolled silver repoussé sheet,
packet of lead laminae, three
J54=10-1-3-4-6 #2 83-B44 W III C 20-25 M Secondary Subfloor copper disks, all on chest of B43.
All chest cavities are open and
hollow -postoccupation? B44 lacks
finger phalanges.
7
J54=10-1-3-4-5 #3 83-B45 W III C 18-20 M Primary Subfloor Post-publication note: The repoussé sheet
appears to be gold, not silver, with no
J54=10-1-3-4-5 #4 83-B46 W III C 1-2 - Primary Subfloor corrosion products.
J59=1-1-1-1-3 83-B28 W III C 50-60 F Primary Floor 1 Seated with back to wall.
Postoccupation.
J59=1-1-2-2-5 83-B29 W III C 40-45 M Primary Floor 1 Seated with back to wall.
Possibly postoccupation. Prior to
B28.
J74=1-1-3-1-3 83-B50 W III C Adult F? Primary Floor 1 Missing cranium, one leg, both
hands and feet. Postoccupation.
1982 Burials
127
Appendix 2: Paleopathology Report
J7=2-4-2-4-4 82-B9 W II E 14-22 ? Primary Subfloor 1 Missing cranium, pelvis, one leg,
part of one arm. Disturbed.
Looted in excavation.
J54=1-1-1-4-7 82-B1 W IV? E 20-30 F Primary Subfloor B1: copper tumi near head,
2 phyllite slab covers head.
J54=1-1-1-4-7 82-B1b W IV? E Fetus - Primary Subfloor B1b cranium in pelvis of B1. No
postcranials.
1977 Burials
J2=701-0-0-3-1 77-B1a W IV? ? 1-3 - Secondary Subfloor B1a extremely fragmentary: cranial
fragments and illiac crest only.
J2=701-0-0-3-1 77-B4 W IV? ? 40+ M Primary Subfloor 1 May be associated with B1-B3
above. Large sherd on head,
sherds over body. Copper pin,
bone bead, ceramic bowl.
J2=701-0-0-3-1 77-B5 W IV? ? 2-3 - Primary Subfloor B5 lacks pelvis, tibia, many small
2 bones.
J2=701-0-0-3-1 77-B5a W IV? ? 0-1 - Secondary Subfloor - B5a lacks cranium, assorted bones.
129
References
135
References
1978b Preliminary report of the 1978 1984 Preliminary report of the 1983
field season of the Upper field research of the Upper
Mantaro Archaeological Re- Mantaro Archaeological Re-
search Project. Unpublished search Project. Unpublished
Ms. submitted to the Instituto Ms. submitted to the Instituto
Nacional de Cultura, Lima. Nacional de Cultura, Lima,
and to the National Science
Earle, T., C. Hastorf, C. LeBlanc, and T. Foundation, Washington, D.C.
D'Altroy
Espinoza, S.W.
1980a Preliminary report of the 1979
field season of the Upper 1969 Lurinhuaila de Huacjra: un
Mantaro Archaeological Re- ayllu y un curacazgo huanca.
search Project. Unpublished Huancayo, Peru: Casa de
Ms. submitted to the Instituto Cultura de Junín.
Nacional de Cultura, Lima.
1971 Los Huancas aliados de la
Earle, T., T. D'Altroy, C. LeBlanc, C. conquista. Anales científicos
Hastorf, and T. LeVine de la Universidad del Centro
del Peru 1:9-406. Huancayo.
1980b Changing settlement patterns
in the Yanamarca Valley, Flecker, H.
Peru. Journal of NewWorld 1942 Time of appearance and fusion
Archaeology 4(1). of ossification centers as
observed by roentgenographic
Earle, T., T. D'Altroy, and C. LeBlanc methods. In Basic Readings on
the Identification of Human
1981 Imperial expansion and Skeletons, edited by T.D.
economic transformation in the Stewart and M. Trotter, pp.
Yanamarca Valley, Peru. Un- 97-159. New York: Wenner-
published grant proposal to the Gren Foundation.
136
Archaeological Field Research, Upper Mantaro, Peru
137
References
Howe, E. Bechtman, H.
138
Archaeological Field Research, Upper Mantaro, Peru
139
References
140
Archaeological Field Research, Upper Mantaro, Peru
Trigger, B. Wing, E.
141